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BASICS OF SURVEYING
What is surveying?
Surveying is the art of measuring distances, angles and
positions on or near the surface of the earth.
It is an art?
3. Control survey:
used to reference preliminary and layout surveys.
Horizontal control:
arbitrary line tied to property line or HWY center or
coordinated control stations.
Vertical control:
Benchmarks: points whose elevation. above sea level is
carefully determined.
4- Total station.
5- GPS (global positioning system) receivers.
Total station
Thedilite
GPS
1.6 SURVEY GEOGRAPHIC
REFERENCE
P P
C P
A A A
Example:
True Distance Measured Distance Error
Cloth tape 157.22 157.3 0.08
Steel tape 157.22 157.23 0.01
- More precise method resulted in more accurate.
- More precise method may result in less accurate measurement.
Example: Repaired tape.
1.14 ACCURACY RATIO
Error of closure: The difference between the measured
location and the theoretical correct location (repeated
measurement, mathematical analysis).
1.15 ERRORS
- No measurement (except count) can be free of error.
-True value is determined statistically (mean) to calculate
error.
Random Error:
- Error due to surveyor skill.
- Tend to cancel each other.
- Little significance except for high precision survey.
- Unskilled or careless surveyor can make problem.
- Large random error doesnt result in accurate work even if
they cancel.
1.16 MISTAKES
1.17 STATIONING
40.50
21.20 22.23
5+58
0+00 2+50 4+96 6+00