MINISTRY OF ELECTRICITY AND WATER

Rules and Regulations for the Design of Air-conditioning

Systems under Kuwaits Environmental Conditions

CODE OF PRACTICE
MEW/R-7 (Revised)

Second Edition 2010

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 Table of Contents

1.0 Introduction ..... 1

2.0 Geographical Data ....... 1
3.0 Climatic Data ...... 1
4.0 Design Conditions ....... 2
5.0 Noise Level ...... 5
6.0 Electrical Supply .. 76
7.0 Water Supply ....... 7
8.0 Seawater Utilization for Large Cooling Plants Close to the Sea .... 7
9.0 Protection Against Fire 9
10.0 Safety Regulations ... 9
11.0 HVAC Systems 9
12.0 Accepted Standards . 9
13.0 Building Envelope ... 10
14.0 Design Criteria for Air-Cooled Equipment .... 10
15.0 Design Criteria for Water-Cooled Equipment .... 10
16.0 Design Criteria for Air-Handling-Unit Coils .. 11
17.0 Maximum Allowable Power Rating 11
18.0 Smoke Management 12
19.0 Kitchen Ventilation ..... 12
20.0 Filters ...... 14
21.0 Trade Names .... 14

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 List of Tables

1. Indoor Design Conditions .... 3

2. Outdoor Air Requirements for Ventilation for Some of Common Applications:
Non-Smoking (Reference: ASHRAE Standard 62-2001) .. 4
3. Maximum Permissible Noise Ratings . 6
4. Typical Analytical Data for Fresh and Brackish Water ... 8
5. Maximum Allowable Power Rating 12
6. Guidelines for Filter Selection for Some Common Applications (Efficiency in
Accordance with to ASHRAE Standard. 52.1) ... 1

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The Building and Energy Department at the Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research
would like to express its gratitude to the following people from the Ministry of Electricity and
Water for their dedicated support in providing necessary information and eradicating
difficulties for the KISR team to complete this report. They are:
From the Technical Services Sector:
Engr. Abdulhamid Qambar / Director of Design and Supervision Dept.
Engr.Nahida Abdulla Dashti / Director of Planning and follow-up Department.
Engr. PULLIYATTU CHACKO GEORGE / Chief Specialist Engineer (Mechanical).
Engr. Ahmad Al-Sahhaf / Senior HVAC Engineer.

From the Electrical Distribution Network Sector, Electrical Installation Dept.:

Engr. Saad Hussain Ali Al-Mishwat / Director of Electrical Installation Dept.
Engr. Adel Ahmed Mohd. Al-Ruwayeh / HVAC Section Head.
Engr. Zainab Ahmed Mohd. Al-Rasheed / Specialist HVAC Engineer.

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 1. 0 INTRODUCTION

1.1 These regulations are applicable to heating, ventilation and air-conditioning (HVAC)
services for comfort applications in commercial, institutional and residential buildings
in the State of Kuwait.

1.2 The regulations do not cover all aspects and details of the HVAC systems. Reference
shall be made to other particular specifications, conditions and requirements that
should also be fulfilled, and other related publications and codes of practice issued by
the Ministry of Electricity and Water (MEW).

1.3 Compliance with these general rules and regulations is mandatory for approval of
HVAC drawings by the MEW. Where requirements other than those stipulated
hereunder are considered necessary by the HVAC design engineer for any project, the
MEW shall be consulted in writing with justification in order to obtain approval of
such a design.

2. 0 GEOGRAPHICAL DATA

1.4 Altitude: 55 m

1.5 Latitude: 29.22 North

1.6 Longitude: 47.98o East

3. 0 CLIMATIC DATA

3.1 Extreme recorded conditions

Maximum sun radiation temperature (black bulb temperature) in summer: 84C.
Maximum ambient temperature in summer: 52C.
Maximum relative humidity: 100% at 30C.
Minimum ambient temperature in winter: -3C.

3.2 Sand and dust storms

Violent sand and dust storms are common, and dust remains suspended in air even on
comparatively still days. During dust storms, visibility may vary from average to nil.

3.3 Prevailing winds

Normally northerly to northwesterly winds are predominate. The annual average
speeds for coastal and interior areas are 3.7 m/s (12 ft/s) and 4.0 m/s (13 ft/s) at 10 m

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 above ground surface. The maximum recorded wind speed during a storm is 36.0 m/s
(118 ft/s).

3.4 Mean temperature at 90 cm below ground surface

Summer: 35C
Winter: 20C

4. 0 DESIGN CONDITIONS

4.1 Outdoors
Summer season (June - September): Based on a frequency of occurrence of 1% for
dry-bulb temperatures (DBTs) and 2.5% for wet-bulb temperatures (WBTs), the
design conditions are:
- 47.4C (117.3F) DBT and 31.8C (89.2F) WBT with daily range of 13.3C
(24.0F) for coastal areas (within 2.5 km from the coast)
- 48.0C (118.4F) DBT and 25.5C (77.9F) WBT with daily range of 13.3C
(24.0F) for the interior areas (beyond 2.5 km from the coast).
Winter season (October - May): Based on a frequency of occurrence of 1% for DBTs
and 2.5% for WBTs, the design conditions are:
- 4.5C (40.1F) DBT and 2.0C (36.6F) WBT with daily range of 13.3C (24.0F)
for coastal areas (within 2.5 km from the coast)
- 4.5C (40.1F) DBT and 2.0C (36.6F) WBT with daily range of 13.3C (24.0F)
for interior areas (beyond 2.5 km from the coast).

4.2 Indoors
Table 1 presents the generally accepted design conditions for specific applications.

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Table 1. Indoor Design Conditions
Type of space Summer Winter
Residence
Office
Assembly hall
23.9 C (75.0 F) & 50% RH 21.1 C (70.0 F) & 30% RH
Shop
Shopping mall
Showroom
Hotel

Guest room
Cafeteria 23.9 C (75.0 F) & 50% RH 21.1 C (70.0 F) & 30% RH
Restaurant
Gymnasium
Sports hall 26.7 C (80.0 F) & 55% RH 21.1 C (70.0 F) & 30% RH
Swimming pool
Kitchen 26.7 C (80.0 F)
Hospital

Patient room
23.9 C (75.0 F) & 50% RH 21.1 C (70.0 F) & 30% RH
ICU
Surgery 20.0 C (68.0 F) & 50% RH
Workshop* 32.2 C (90.0 F) 12.8 C (55.0 F)
ICU = Intensive care units; RH = Relative humidity.
* Spot cooling is recommended for workshops.
Note: for spaces not specified above, refer to ASHRE fundamentals.

4.3 Ventilation
Unless otherwise mentioned, all residential and commercial sector buildings shall
have 0.50 air change per hour (ACH) pressurization. This is likely to maintain a
positive pressure of 20 to 50 Pa in buildings of good construction quality. The
ventilation rate should be the higher of the following two values:
- 0.50 ACH pressurization plus exhaust air from kitchen, toilets and other areas.
- Recommended air quantity per person or floor area as shown in Table 2. This
table may be taken as a guide only, as the standards are revised from time to time.

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Table 2. Outdoor Air Requirements for Ventilation of Some Common Applications:
Non-Smoking (Reference: ASHRAE Standard 62-2001)
Application Occupancy Outdoor Air Requirement
per 100 m2 Occupancy Related Area Related
CFM/person l/s/person CFM/ft2 l/s/m2
Residences
Living area 15 7.5 - -
Kitchen* 25 (total) 12 (total) - -
Bath/toilet** 20 (total) 10 (total) - -
Offices
Office space 7 20 10 - -
Reception area 60 15 8 - -
Conference room 50 20 10 - -
Educational buildings
Classroom 50 15 8 - -
Laboratory 30 20 10 - -
Library 20 15 8 - -
Auditorium 150 15 8 - -
Hotels
Bedroom - 30/room 15/room - -
Living room - 30/room 15/room - -
Bath - 35/room 18/room - -
Lobby 30 15 8 - -
Conference room 50 20 10 - -
Assembly hall 120 15 8 - -
Dormitory 20 15 8 - -
Food and beverage areas
Dining room 70 20 10 - -
Cafeteria/fast food area 100 20 10 - -
Kitchen (cooking)*** 20 15 8 - -
Hospitals
Patient room 10 25 13 - -
Operating room 20 30 15 - -
ICU and recovery room 20 15 8 - -

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Table 2. Continued
Application Occupancy Outdoor Air Requirement
per 100 m2 Occupancy Related Area Related
CFM/person l/s/person CFM/ft2 l/s/m2
Garages & Warehouses
Enclosed parking - - - 1.5 7.5
Auto repair room - - - 1.5 7.5
Warehouse 5 - - 0.05 0.25
Factory - - - 0.10 0.50
Sports & Amusement
Areas
Spectator area 150 15 8 - -
Game room 70 25 13 - -
Swimming pool (pool
and deck area) - - - 0.5 2.5
Gymnasium 30 20 10 - -
Ballroom 100 25 13 - -
Bowling alley 75 25 13 - -
Note: latest ASHRAE standard shall be considered.
* Continuous minimum exhaust: 5 ACH. ** Continuous minimum exhaust: 2 ACH or 20 CFM (10
l/s), whichever is greater. *** Refer to kitchen ventilation, item 19.

Provision for automatically regulating outdoor air quantity shall be provided for places
of assembly with varying occupancy. A CO2 differential level of 500 700 ppm
between the indoor air and the outdoor air may be acceptable for most applications.
However, the total CO2 level shall not exceed 1000 ppm.

5.0 NOISE LEVEL

5.1 The HVAC system must be designed to operate quietly, and in addition, sound
attenuators, silencers, acoustic lining, insulation panels, vibration isolators, etc., shall
be provided where necessary to achieve the required sound and noise reduction in the
air-conditioned space.
5.2 In general, noise rating room criteria (RCs) shall not exceed the values given in Table
3.

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Table 3. Maximum Permissible Noise Ratings
Room Type Room Criterion (RC)
General office 40
Conference room 35
Teleconference room 25
Corridor & lobby 45
Individual room/suite 35
Meeting/banquet area 35
Private room in hospital 35
Operating room 35
Ward 40
Auditorium 35
Dramatic arts/theaters 25
Concert/recital hall * 25
Music practice room 35
Testing/research space 55
Mosque 35
2 2
Classroom up to 69.4 m (750 ft ) 40
Classroom over 69.4 m2 (750 ft2) 35
Large lecture room without speech amplification 35
Library 40
Cafeteria 45
Gymnasium/indoor swimming pool ** 50
Large seating-capacity spaces with speech amplification ** 55
Notes: * An experienced acoustical consultant shall be employed for guidance on acoustically critical
spaces (below RC 30) and for all performing arts spaces. ** RCs for these spaces need only be
selected for the desired speech and hearing conditions.

5.3 Sound measurements shall be made at a 1-m distance from the grill or diffuser within
the area served using an approved sound level meter.

6.0 ELECTRICAL SUPPLY

6.1 The electrical voltage supply system in Kuwait has the following characteristics:
Voltage (3 phase 4 wire): 400 V + 10 % or -6 %

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 Voltage (single phase): 230 V + 10 % or -6 %
Frequency: 50 HZ + 4 %
Neutral: solidly earthed
Fault level: 31 MVA at 415 V
Fault operation: 0.15 s

6.2 For more details on electrical power supply requirements, reference should be made to
the relevant sections of the recent edition of the MEW Regulations and Codes of
Practice.

7.0 WATER SUPPLY

7.1 All information with regard to water supply, consumption, pressure, etc., shall be
obtained from the Water Department of the MOE.
7.2 Sufficient water storage for water-cooled A/C plants shall be provided for 24-h
operation at full load for use should the main water supply be interrupted.
7.3 Acceptable analytical data for fresh and brackish water are given in Table 4 for
guidance (up-to-date analyses are to be obtained from the Water Department of the
MEW).
7.4 Water Treatment: equipment for treatment of condenser water shall be included for
automatic control, with provision for manual control of the pH, total dissolved solids
(TDS) and biocide concentration to ensure protection against corrosion, scaling and
growth of microbiological organisms.
7.5 Similar provisions shall also be made for treatment of the chilled water, hot water and
feed water for steam boilers.

8. 0 SEAWATER UTILIZATION FOR LARGE COOLING PLANTS CLOSE TO

SEA

8.1 Use of seawater is mandatory for A/C plants of 5,000 RT and above for building
complexes close to the sea.

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Table 4. Typical Analytical Data for Fresh and Brackish Water
Parameter Fresh Water Brackish Water
Neutral electrical conductivity at 20 C ohm 736 6,307
Calculated TDS, ppm 524 4,544
pH 7.5 7.6
Free caustic NaOH, ppm Nil Nil
Total caustic NaOH, ppm Nil Nil
Total alkalinity (CaCO3), ppm 26 125
Chlorides (Cl), ppm 115 1,020
Sulphates (SO4), ppm 170 1,460
Phosphates (PO4), ppm 0.05 --
Total hardness (CaCO3), ppm 200 1,650
Permanent hardness (CaCO3), ppm 173 1,525
Temporary hardness (CaCO3), ppm 27 125
Free chlorine (Cl2), ppm 2 Nil
Free carbon dioxide (CO2), ppm 0.5 1.02
Calcium (Ca), ppm 50 475
Magnesium (Mg), ppm 20 187
Ammonia (NH3), ppm 0.05 Nil
Total iron (Fe +++), ppm 0.1 0.036
Dissolved iron (Fe +++), ppm 0.04 --
Fluoride (F2), ppm 0.4 2.15
Sodium (Na), ppm 67 558
Potassium (K), ppm 4 21
Carbonates 3), ppm 4 15
Silicon oxide (SiO2), ppm 2 21
Nitrates (NOs), ppm -- 0.5
Hydrogen sulphate (H2SO4), ppm -- --
Boron (B2), ppm -- --
Maximum temperature, C 45 33
TDS: total dissolved solids.

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 9.0 PROTECTION AGAINST FIRE

9.1 The HVAC system shall be designed and installed with provisions for protection
against fire hazards. All information with regard to fire protection must be obtained
from the Kuwait Fire Department (KFD) of the Municipality of Kuwait in the
preliminary design stage. Also Smoke Management, Item 18, should be used.

10.0 SAFETY REGULATIONS

10.1 The HVAC system and all related mechanical and electrical works shall be designed
and installed in accordance with the local and other recognized international safety
regulations and/or codes to avoid damage to persons, equipment and/or buildings.

11.0 HVAC SYSTEMS

11.1 It shall be the responsibility of the consultant to design an appropriate HVAC system
that will suit the required application. The consultant must consider all technical and
economic aspects of the system, its reliability, durability, suitability to the
environment, simplicity in operation and maintenance, and other aspects of noise and
engineering design.
11.2 Generally, the total load for main cooling and heating plants must be divided across a
reasonable number of machines, and controlled in steps to avoid complete interruption
of service should one machine fail, and to improve the plants performance under
partial load operations.
11.3 A reasonable margin in a plants central cooling capacity shall be provided as stand-
by. As a guide, one additional refrigeration machine, one additional chilled water
pump, one additional condenser water pump and one additional cooling tower cell
shall be incorporated in the scheme.

12.0 ACCEPTED STANDARDS

12.1 The following standards are accepted for HVAC services provided that necessary
corrections and provisions are made to suit Kuwaits climatic and design conditions,
power supply system and other required codes:
ASHRAE : American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air Conditioning
Engineers

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 CIBSE : Chartered Institute of Building Services Engineers (UK)
BSI : British Standards Institute
BRI : British Research Institute
ASME : American Society of Mechanical Engineers
ARI : Air Conditioning and Refrigeration Institute (USA)
ASTM : American Society for Testing and Materials
AWS : American Welding Society
ISO : International Standards Organization
UL : Underwriter Laboratories (USA)
CTI : Cooling Towers Institute (USA)
NFPA : National Fire Protection Association

12.2 Other international standards may be considered provided they meet with the
minimum set in the above listed standards.

13.0 BUILDING ENVELOPE

13.1 For insulation of walls, roof, columns and beams, and for allowable glazing areas and
types, refer to the MEW relevant regulations.

14.0 DESIGN CRITERIA FOR AIR-COOLED EQUIPMENT

14.1 Air-cooled equipment shall give the required performance when the air DBT entering
the condenser is 48 C (118.4 F), unless the specifications call for higher temperatures
for special applications. In addition, the equipment shall continue to function
satisfactorily without tripping at a maximum outside DBT of 52 C (125.6 F).

15.0 DESIGN CRITERIA FOR WATER-COOLED EQUIPMENT

15.1 For water-cooled A/C plants, the condenser shall be selected to give the required
performance when the temperature of water entering the condenser is 34.4 C (94 F)
and water leaving the condenser is 40 C (104 F). Factory-built control shall be
provided so that the chiller does not trip or unload up to a condenser water entry
temperature of 36 C (96.8 F) by resetting the chilled water temperature.

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15.2 For interior areas: The cooling tower shall be selected to give the required
performance when the ambient WBT is 29.4 C (85 F) with a cold-water temperature
of 32.2 C (90 F) and a hot water temperature of 37.8 C (100 F). For coastal areas,
the capacity shall be increased by 15% to compensate for the higher WBT. The
cooling tower fan shall be provided with a variable frequency drive (VFD) for energy
and water conservation and its water flow rate shall not be less than 4.64 l/s/kW (55
USGPM/HP) for a cooling tower capacity of up to 499 RT and 6.76 l/s/kW (80
USGPM/HP) for capacities of 500 RT and above.
15.3 Generally, for small- and medium-sized A/C plants, the chilled water outlet and inlet
temperatures from and to the cooling machine shall be 6.7 and 12.2 C (44 and 54 F),
respectively. However, for large complexes and district cooling systems, lower supply
temperatures and higher differentials may be considered to achieve economical design.
15.4 For water-cooled A/C plants, using seawater for condenser cooling, the peak seawater
temperature shall be considered as 35 C (95 F). The exact seawater temperatures at
each site shall, nonetheless, be determined.
15.5 Fouling factors for water-cooled condensers shall be 0.00013 m2 K/W (0.00075
ft2hrF/Btu), and for evaporators the same shall be 0.00004 m2 K/W(0.00025
ft2hrF/Btu).
15.6 Allowable pressure drop across the condenser and evaporator is 5-6 m (16.4-19.7 ft) of
water.

16.0 DESIGN CRITERIA FOR AIR-HANDLING-UNIT COOLING COIL

16.1 The cooling coils inlet chilled water temperature should be taken as 0.55C (1F) and
1.1C (2F) higher than the chillers outlet chilled water temperature for system
capacities below and above 500 RT, respectively. For instance with a 6.7C (44F)
chilled water system, the cooling coil should be set at 7.2C (45F), for system
capacity below 500 RT.
16.2 The maximum pressure drop across the coil shall not exceed 5 m (16.4 ft).

17.0 MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE POWER RATING

17.1 The maximum allowable power rating for different air-conditioning systems is as
presented in Table 5.

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Table 5. Maximum Allowable Power Rating for Different Air-conditioning Systems
A/C System Power Rating (kW/RT)
Type RT Chiller Total

Packaged and ducted splits All -- 1.70

Air-cooled All 1.60 2.00

Water-cooled <250 0.95 1.50

250-500 0.75 1.30
>500 0.70 1.25
A/C = air-conditioning.

18.0 SMOKE MANAGEMENT

18.1 The engineer shall ensure compliance with NFPA 90A & B, BS 5588, BRI
specifications, and KFD regulations. All designs shall be approved by the KFD. The
designer shall provide (where applicable) the following.
Stair case pressurization
Elevator shaft pressurization
Basement exhaust and makeup
Underground car park supply and exhaust
Dynamic smoke control (pressure sandwich) in high-rise buildings
Smoke exhaust and makeup air for high-population-density areas such as theaters,
multipurpose halls, convention centers, etc.
Atriums makeup and exhaust air systems.

19.0 KITCHEN VENTILATION

19.1 Kitchen ventilation and air-conditioning have at least three purposes: (1) to provide a
comfortable environment in the kitchen, (2) to ensure the safety of personnel working
in the kitchen by removing combustion products and effluent generated during the
cooking process, and (3) to prevent the migration of smells and odors to areas adjacent
to the kitchen. Energy-efficient methods shall be employed for fulfilling the above
requirements.
19.2 For the indoor design criteria, refer to Tables 1, 2 and 3 above. It should be noted that
the ventilation rate requirement in Table 2 is for human requirement only. Makeup air

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 for hood exhaust may require more ventilation. The sum of the outdoor air and
transfer air of an acceptable quality from adjacent spaces shall be sufficient to provide
an exhaust rate of not less than 7.5 l/s/m2 (1.5 cfm/ft2). This is to be considered a
minimum rate. However, if this rate is less than that specified in the 2003 or later
editions of Chapter 31 of the ASHRAE Application Handbook, the higher value shall
be taken as the final design rate, in which case, additional outdoor air shall be required
to compensate for the exhaust from the kitchen hood.
19.3 For energy-efficient design, a minimum quantity of air-conditioned outdoor air shall
be used. In other words, the kitchen hood exhaust air quantity shall be an optimum
combination of supply air (treated outdoor air dedicated to the comfort conditioning of
the space), transfer air (treated air transferred from adjacent areas) and makeup air
(outdoor air supplied to the hood directly). During summer when the outdoor air
temperature is high, causing discomfort for cooks, consider cooling the air to 26 C
(79 F), and supplying it via air curtains built into the hood or diffusers located at the
hoods perimeter. Ensure that air terminal velocities and air throw direction do not
entrain or diffuse cooking fumes into the space. Velocities at the diffuser face in
excess of 1.5 m/s (300 ft/min) should be avoided. As the winter is not severe in
Kuwait, heating of makeup air, in winter, may not be required. It may be noted that
the short-circuit-type hood (internal discharge type) has limited applications, as it
tends to reduce the effectiveness of the hood in capturing the up-draft cooking fumes.
19.4 To prevent migration of smell and odor to adjacent areas, the kitchen shall be
maintained under negative pressure in the range of 20 to 30 Pa. This is equivalent
to 30 l/s (60 cfm) per single door in the closed position.
19.5 The design, construction, installation and maintenance of commercial kitchen exhaust
hoods shall be in accordance with NFPA Standard 96, the IMC (International
Mechanical Code), the 2003 or latest edition of the ASHRAE Application Handbook,
(chapter 31) and KFD stipulations.
19.6 The kitchen exhaust duct design velocity shall be within the range of 7 m/s to 8 m/s
(to carry over grease particles into the airstream and discourage their settlement on the
duct walls). Access for cleaning of such ducts shall be provided every 5 m.
19.7 In general, exhaust air shall be discharged a minimum of 1.5 m above the highest
point (parapet level) of the building. Discharge velocity shall be 11 m/s or greater
directed vertically upwards. Where adjacent buildings are taller than or at close
proximity to the discharge location of the chimney, then the exhaust system shall be
designed in accordance with the 2003 ASHRAE Application Handbook, (Chapter 44)

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 entitled Building Air Intake and Exhaust Design or as agreed upon by the
Environment Public Authority (EPA) in Kuwait and other authorities having
jurisdiction.

20.0 FILTERS

20.1 Provision of suitable filters is required to ensure adequate indoor air quality. The
general guidelines for filter selection are shown in Table 6.

21.0 TRADE NAMES

21.1 The consultant shall avoid specifying any trade names in the tender documents for
requirements and/or materials. Sufficient technical description shall be provided in the
specifications to cover the required items.
21.2 The consultant shall avoid in his design scheme and in the tender documents any
equipment, that is limited to a single manufacturer in order to obtain competitive
prices.

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Table 6. Guidelines for Filter Selection for Some Common Applications (Efficiency in Accordance with to ASHRAE Standard. 52.1)*
Application Pre-Filter Pre-Filter/ Filter Final Filter
Arrestance Dust Spot Type of Filter Arrestance Dust Spot Type of Filter and DOP Efficiency Type of Filter
Efficiency and Material Efficiency Material and Material
Residential 70-80% (>10 Washable aluminum mesh
(Minimum filtration) m particle Less than Disposable fiberglass
N/A N/A None size) 20% N/A None

Better residential, 70-80% < 20% Washable >90% (3-10 Pleated filters (25-125
commercial buildings, (>10 m aluminum m particle 25-35% mm (1-5 in) thick cotton
industrial workplaces particle size) mesh size) polyester media)
Throwaway Cartridge synthetic media N/A None
disposable Disposal synthetic media
fibre glass
Superior residential 70-80% < 20% Washable > 95% (1-3 Bag filters with micro-
Better commercial (>10 m aluminum m particle 40-75% fine-fibre-glass or
Hospital laboratories particle size) mesh size) synthetic media, 300-900 N/A None
Throwaway mm (12-36 in) deep box
disposable filters 150-300 mm (6-12
fibre glass in) deep paper media
Superior commercial buildings 70-80% < 20% Washable > 98% (0.3 Bag filters with micro-
Hospital inpatient care (>10 m aluminum 1.0 m particle 80-95% fine fiberglass or
General surgery particle size) mesh size) synthetic media, 300-900
Throwaway mm (12-36 in) deep box N/A None
disposable filters 150-300 mm (6-12
fibre glass in) deep paper media
Clean rooms 70-80% < 20% Washable > 98% (0.3 Bag filters with micro- >99. 97 - HEPA and
Pharmaceutical manufacturing (> 10 m aluminum 1.0 m particle 80-95% fine fiberglass or 99.999% ULPA filters
Orthopedic surgery particle size) mesh size) synthetic media, 300-900 efficiency
Throwaway mm (12-36 in) deep box < 0. 3 m
disposable filters 150-300 mm (6-12 particle size
fibre glass in) deep paper media
N/A= Not applicable, DOP= Dioctphthalate HEPA= High-efficiency particulate air; ULPA= Ultra-low penetration air
* For more information refer to the ASHRAE Systems and Equipment Handbook.

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