Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
INTRODUCTION TO
MANAGEMENT
Every organization have their own objective and goals in
order to compete with existing and new organization in
industry.
The Egyptian pyramids and the Great Wall of China are proof that
projects of tremendous scope, employing tens of thousands of people, were
completed in ancient times.
It took more than 100,000 workers some 20 years to construct a
single pyramid. Who told each worker what to do? Who ensured that there would
be enough stones at the site to keep workers busy? The answer is managers.
Someone had to plan what was to be done, organize people and materials to do
it, make sure those workers got the work done, and impose some controls to
ensure that everything was done as planned.
Another example of early management can be found in the city of Venice, which
was a major economic and trade center in the 1400s. The Venetians developed an
early form of business enterprise and engaged in many activities common to todays
organizations. For instance, at the arsenal of Venice, warships were floated along
the
canals, and at each stop, materials and riggings were added to the ship.2 Sounds a
lot like a car floating along an assembly line, doesnt it? In addition, the Venetians
used warehouse and inventory systems to keep track of materials, human resource
management functions to manage the labor force (including wine breaks), and an
accounting system to keep track of revenues and costs.
Although weve seen how management has been used in organized efforts
since early history,the formal study of management didnt begin until
early in the twentieth century. These first studies of management, often
called the classical approach, emphasized rationalityand making
organizations and workers as efficient as possible.
Two major theories comprise the classical approach: scientific
management and general administrative theory. The two most important
contributors to scientific management theory were Frederick W. Taylor
and the husband-wife team of Frank and Lillian Gilbreth. The two most
important contributors to general administrative theory were Henri Fayol
and Max Weber.
Classical Approach
a) Scientific Management Theory
This approach emphasis on the importance of
conducting scientific studies on working
methods with the purpose of improving
employee efficiency.
a) Scientific Management Theory
i. Frederick W.Taylor (1856-1915)
Father of Scientific Management
Study on the relationship between employees and the
job designed
Suggested that job should be divided into smaller
elements in order to eliminate unnecessary work
movement.
Four basic principles to increase efficiency at
workplace:
- Conducting
- Selecting
- Allocating
- Implementing
a) Scientific Management Theory
ii. Frank Gilbreth (1868-1924)
Contributes towards time and motion study
It emphasis on reducing workflow to the most basic
work movements.
Objectives:
TECHNOLOGICAL SOCIOCULTURAL
Were going to look at three ways the environment constrains and challenges
managersfirst, through its impact on jobs and employment; next, through the
environmental uncertainty that is present; and finally, through the various stakeholder
relationships that exist between an organization and its external constituencies.
Jun 2014
Question 1
(a) Define management intoduced by Certo (1997)(3m)
(b) Explain the responsibilities of managers that can be seen from their roles in three
important aspects:
(i) Functional manager
(ii) General manager
(iii) Project manager
(10m)
(c ) Describe 3 main levels in management system (6m)
(d) Explain 3 roles of managers in an organization.(6m)
Dis 2013
1 (a) Henri Fayol is known as the Father of modern Management. Explain FIVE (5) of
Henri Fayols Managemnt Principles. (15m)
2. According to Robert L.Kartz, managers are required to have THREE(3)
types of skills to perform their duties effectively. Discuss ALL the skills
(10m)
DIS 2012
1. Managers are individuals who are hired to influence, lead and train
employees in an organization.
(a) Briefly explain FIVE (5) management functions to Henri Fayol (10m)
(b) Successful managers can be determined from several qualities
demonstrated by them while performing managerial duties. Explain FIVE
(5) characteristics of successful managers in achieving organizational
goal with an appropriate examples.(15m)