Proceedings CEEM'2015/HangZhou

EMP Coupling to Buried Cables in the

Frequency-Dependent Soil
Jiang Wenwen Shi Lihua Huang zhengyu
National Key Laboratory on Electromagnetic Environmental Effects and Electro-optical Engineering,
Nanjing Jiangsu, 210007, China
wwabm19900116@163.com

Abstracr--Buried cables are widely used in power systems. It solving the field-to-transmission line coupling of buried
is an important research on electromagnetic pulse (EMP) cables. In order to simplify calculation, Vector-Fitting method
coupling on buried cables. In this paper, based on Agrawal is applied to deal with the convolution calculation in the
model of transmission line (TL) equations and the finite-difference time domain (FDTD). The impact of the
finite-difference time domain (FDTD) method, the coupling constant and frequency-dependent electrical parameters of
problem of buried cables is studied. By using Vector-Fitting soil on EMP coupling to underground cables is analyzed.
method, we represent soil impedance and admittance by a

rational function approximation to form a convolution

calculation. The impact of the frequency-dependent electrical

11. TL EQUATIONS IN Lossy GROUND

parameters of soil on EMP coupling on underground cables is TL model used in field-to-transmission line coupling
analyzed. includes Agrawal model, Rachidi model and Taylor model. It
had been proved that they have common characteristics.
Index Terms - Buried cables, frequency-dependent electrical
Agrawal model is chosen to deal with the EMP coupling of
parameters of soil, vector-fitting, field-to-transmission line
buried cables in this paper. The cross section of the buried
coupling.

cable is shown in Fig. 1. The soil impedance Zit and

1. INTRODUCTION

admittance Yg are introduced to the buried conductor. The

I vanous electrical
contemporary, buried cables are widely used in
power systems. EMP coupling on
TL equations in the frequency domain can be expressed as[7]:
dV(z,jOJ)+ (jOJL+R+Z, ) J(z,jOJ)=E,(z,jOJ)
buried cables is an important way of electromagnetic pulse
(1)
coupling of power electronic systems. For coupling problems
dz
dI( z,jOJ ) + (jOJC+G+ *) V ( z,jOJ ) =0
of transmission lines above lossy ground and buried cables,
the soil impedance and soil admittance bring great complexity
dz (2)
to the time-domain analysis O. Therefore, there are many
where:
papers discussing how to solve the convolution calculation
caused by soil impedance and soil admittance[2]-[4]. The (3)
significance of the frequency-dependent electrical parameters
of soil on calculation is reported by Smith-Rose[5]. The L, C, R, G, Z and Yare the per-unit-length longitudinal
g g

impact of frequency-dependent electrical parameters of soil

inductance, transverse capacitance, wire impedance,
on lightning overvoltage induced on overhead lines over lossy
transverse conductance, soil impedance and soil admittance
ground is analyzed by Silveira [6].
respectively, which are shown in Fig. l.
In this article, Agrawal coupling model IS proposed for

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For the soil impedance Z and the transverse

Ii

per-unit-length admittance Y, the formulas we chose were

proposed by where
1) (j is the soil conductivity;
i(z,jw) E,(z,-d,jW) jwL R 7(z+dz,jW)
2) (Yo is the low-frequency conductivity(l OOHz);

jwC
3) cr is the relative permittivity;

4) c /Co = 12 IS the relative perminttivity at higher

dz frequencies;
--I
Fig 1. Differential equivalent coupling circuit for a buried cable and the cross

section of the buried cable.

6) r = 0.54 is constants related with the physical property
Vance[7]:
of soil.
OJf..Lo jOJ-log
Z, ""-+ . f..Lo .fi8
-- (4) Fig. 2 shows the frequency dependent soil conductivity and
g 8 2Jr rob
permittivity, considering soils with the different
low-frequency conductivity.
( JaC+G)
y =-----"-- (5)
jaC+G+r;

where ro =1.781 , the per-unit-Iength soil admittance

<1 2Ht;: I
10
'
10
'
10
Frequency(Hz)
'
10
'
10
'
10
'
10
Frequency(Hz)
'
10
'

(a)

l!'---2
--'---'-
--- 1----' :E: I
propagation constant of the soil.
For the time-domain calculation, the following equations
will be used:
o' ' ' ' ' ' 3 '

d (z,t) d
10 10 10 10 10 10 10
Frequency{Hz) Frequency(Hz)
V l(z,t)
zd
+L- dt-+Rl(z,t)+';(t)l(z,t) E=(z,t) (6) (b)

1!1'-
,2
. --'---- . . 1 1S I
.
al( z,t) aV( z,t)
+C +GV( z,t)+7]( t)V( z,t) 0 (7)
az at
where q(t)=F-l(ZJ,1J(t)=F-l() and F-10 Frequency{Hz)
.
Frequency(Hz)
.,

(c)
is the inverse Fourier transform.
Fig 2. Frequency dependence of conductivity (left) and pennittivity (right)
The model improved of the frequency dependence of
for different low-frequency conductivity, (a)ao = 0.001 S/m, (b)ao = 0.0001
electrical parameters of soil had been developed by Alipio
S/m, (c)ao = 0.00001 S/m.
and Visacro[8]:

Ill. COMBINATION OF FDTD WITH VECTOR-FITTING

(8)
Vector-fitting method [9] fits the frequency response f (s)

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by means of a rational function approximation:

c* = C +ai2,G* = G+bi2 (19)

(10)
Bn = (_1 J-1 [(_1 JBn-1
kl
f..t
_ PiZ
2 f..t
+ PiZ
2 kl
+r
12
V;'
+

2
V;1-1l (20)

Then conductor impedance Z(jm) can be expressed as:

The boundary conditions for the TL are as follow:

Z(Jm) = jOJan +bn + L lil

N

(11)
i=1 jm- Pi!
.

Introducing (11) into (1), we can get an expression as:

dV (z,jOJ) l' ) (z,jOJ) (12)
r
---'----'----'-+
- jOJL +R*+
L -- . 1'- I (z,jOJ) =Ez
dz ;=1 jOJ- Pn (22)
where

(13)

Let

A(Jm) = jm-zlPi! 1(Jm)

.
r
(14)
(24)
then it can be discretized as:

An = (_1
kl !J.t
_ Pi!
2
Tl
)
[(_1 )lAn-1 t1 1; 1;-1 1
M
+ Pi!
2 kl
+
r
+

2
(15)
where Ro and RL are the loads at each end of the

transmission line.

Equations (12) can be converted into the time domain with

IV. NUMERlCALREsULTS
(15):
:
dV ,t) + * dI ,t) + R*
L :
I( z,t) + A( z,t) = Ez ( z,t) (16)
In this section, a 50-m-Iong cable buried under ground is
analyzed. The depth is d = 1m. Two 50 Q conductors are

Rearranging the differential equation of (16), we can get the connected at both the ends respectively. The low-frequency

expression of induced current as: soil conductivity 0" 0 was varied from 0.00001 to 0.001 Sim

and soil relative permittivity cr = 12 .

Fig. 3 shows the simulated terminal induced-voltages of the

buried cable, assuming the constant soil parameters

By the same approach, the induced voltage can be ( 0" = 0"

0
, cr = 12 ) and frequency-dependent soil
expressed as:
parameters. The results indicate that the amplitude of induced
voltages at the extremity of the buried cable decrease with
increasing the soil conductivity. Also, the
frequency-dependence effect of soil parameters contributes to
reduce the amplitude of terminal induced-voltages. According
where
to Table 1, considering the effect of frequency-dependent soil

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 Proceedings CEEM'2015/HangZhou

1500r--------r_==;',..,==",,""m=.0il" induced-voltage at the end of buried cable is studied. It is

Tome OOmlW\

1000
found that the frequency-dependence effect of soil parameters
2.5
causes a reduction of the amplitude of terminal
500
1.5 induced-voltages. With the decreasing of the low-frequency

05 L 500
soil conductivity, the effect of frequency-dependent electrical
parameters of soil becomes more obviously.
0.5 .1000----''---'-----;;-----;:-----:'
'
o 4 10 0 4 6 0
Time(rs) Time(rs)

(a) TABLE T
200o,-----r_,=.q==y
PEAK VALUES OF TNDUCED- VOLTAGES AT THE TERMINAL OF THE BURIED
I
Frequency Dom..
-----Time Domatn -----TimeDom..,
10 1S00
CABLE FOR CONSTANT AND FREQUENCy-DEPENDENT SOIL PARAMETERS
1000

6 SOO (jo(S/m) (j=(jo,8,=12 (j=(j(W),8,=8(W) %
g g
11 "
I .

soo 0.001 30500.0 1249.0 -95.9

0 -1000 0.0001 111800.0 1801.7 -98. 4

2 -1500
0 4 10 0 4 6 10 0.00001 333800.0 2557.8 -99.2
Time(rs) Time (rs)

(b)
3. Sx lOS
3000
I
FrequencyOomain -Frequenc:yOomain
-----Torne Domain -----TimeDomain

2000
2.5 REFERENCES
2
,.
i 1000
!l' [1] A. Semlyen, A. Debulenau. Fast and accurate switching transient
g 1.5 g
11 "
I 1 . calculations on transmiaaion lines with ground return recursive

0.5
o __ ---j
-1000 convolution. IEEE Trans. Power App. Syst.,voL 94, no. 2, pp. 561-571,

.0.5 .20000!;----;:----:-4---;;:6--,0 Mar. 1975.

'\- 4 -----;C------;'------:'
0 f-------:
- C- - "0
Time(rs) Time(rs)

(c) [2] O. Saad, G. Gaba, M. Giroux, A Closed-Form Approximation for

Fig 3. Voltages induced at the extremity of the buried cables for constant Ground Return Impedance of Underground Cables. IEEE Trans. Power

(left) and Frequency-dependence soil parameters (right) for different Delivery, voL 11, no. 3, pp. 1536-1545, July. 1996.

low-frequency conductivity ao, (a)ao = 0.001 Slm, (b)ao = 0.0001 Slm, (c)ao [3] Zhou Ying-Hui, Shi Li-Hua, Gao Cheng, Zhou Bi-Hua, and Chen Bin,

= 0.00001 S/m. Combination of FDTD Method With Digital Filter in Analyzing the

Field-To-Transmission Line Coupling. IEEE Trans. on

electrical parameters, the decrease of the amplitude of
Electromagnetic Compatibility, voL 50, no. 4, pp. 1003-1007, Nov.
induced voltages is extremely obvious. About 95.9%, 98.4%
2008.
and 99.2% reductions are observed on induced-voltages for
[4] Yang Bo. Foundational Study on Cloud-to-Ground Lightning
low-frequency soil conductivity of 0.001, 0.0001, and Electromagnetic Pulse Effects.PLA university of Science and
Technology,2011.
0.00001 Slm, respectively. We can found that with the
[5] R. L. Smith-Rose, The electrical properties of soils for alternating
decreasing of the low-frequency soil conductivity, the effect currents at radiofrequencies, Proc. Roy. Soc., voL 140, no. 841A, pp.
of frequency-dependent electrical parameters of soil becomes 359-377, 1933.

more obviously. [6] F. H. Silveira, S. Visacro, R. Alipio, D. Conti,Lightning-induced

Voltages Over Lossy Ground:The Effect of Frequency Dependence of

v. CONOLUSION Electrical Parameters of SoiL IEEE Trans. On Electromagnetic

Compatibility, voL 56, no. 5, pp. 1129-1136, Oct. 2014.

In this paper, the coupling problem of buried cable in TL
[7] E. F. Vance, Coupling to Shielded Cables. New York, NY: Wiley,
equations based on Agrawal model and FDTD method are
1978.
analyzed. The vector-fitling method is used to simplify the
convolution III TL equations. And the influence of
frequency-dependent electrical parameters of soil on the

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[8 ] R. Alipio, S. Visacro, Modeling the Frequency Dependence of

Electrical Parameters of Soil, IEEE Trans. On Electromagnetic

Compatibility, vol. 56, no. 5, pp. 1163-1171, Oct. 2014.

[9] B. Gustavsen and A. Semlyen, "Rational approximation of

frequencydomain responses by vector fItting," IEEE Trans. Power Del.,

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