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SISTEMAS AEROESPACIAIS
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Jungpyo Lee
Name : Jungpyo Lee
Nationality : Republic of Korea (South Korea)
E-Mail : jpleerocket@gmail.com
EDUCATION
Ph. D., Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, Korea Aerospace University, Rep. of Korea, 2013
Thesis : A Study on the Combustion Instability Attenuation of the Hybrid Rocket Using Diaphragm
M. S., Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, Korea Aerospace University, Rep. of Korea, 2007
Thesis : A Study on Burning Rate with Mass Transfer Number(B Number) of Solid fuel in Single Port Hybrid
Rocket
RESEARCH EXPERIENCE
Evaluation :
1. Paper exam (3)
2. Quiz/Home work/Attendance
3. Question (Bonus)
Jungpyo Lee
Books
Theoretical:
Anderson D.J., Fundamentals of Aerodynamics, Fifth Edition, McGraw-Hill
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Part 1. Fundamental Principles
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Douglas DC-3 Boeing 707 Bell X-1
Those who have command of the seas have control of the world. (16 century)
Those who have command of the space have control of the world. (Present)
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1.1 IMPORTANCE OF AERODYNAMICS: HISTORICAL EXAMPLES
2. Aerodynamic heating
- Energy of reentry goes into heating both the body and the air
around the body.
The law of the Energy Conservation Contrast of aerodynamic heating for slender and blunt reentry vehicles,
: The total energy of an isolated system remains constant.
(a) Slender reentry body (b) Blunt reentry body
- It is conserved over time.
- Energy can neither be created nor destroyed; rather, it
transforms from one form to another.
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1.2 CLASSIFICATION AND PRACTICAL OBJECTIVES
- Phase
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1.2 CLASSIFICATION AND PRACTICAL OBJECTIVES
- Phase
When a force is applied tangentially to the surface of a solid,
the solid will experience a finite deformation, and the tangential force per unit area (the
shear stress) will usually be proportional to the amount of deformation.
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1.2 CLASSIFICATION AND PRACTICAL OBJECTIVES
*Fluid dynamics
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1.2 CLASSIFICATION AND PRACTICAL OBJECTIVES
1. The prediction of forces and moments on, and heat transfer to, bodies
moving through a fluid. (External aerodynamics)
Ex)
- Lift, drag, and moments on airfoils, wings, fuselages, engine nacelles, and whole airplane configurations
- Wind force on buildings, ships
- Hydrodynamic forces on surface ships, submarines, and torpedoes
- Aerodynamic heating of flight vehicles ranging from the supersonic transport
Ex)
- Flow properties inside rocket and air-breathing jet engines and to calculate the engine thrust
- Flow conditions in the test section of a wind tunnel
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1.3 ROAD MAP
1. Pressure
: Normal force per unit area exerted on a surface due to the time rate of change of
momentum of the gas molecules impacting on the surface
(Point property)
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1.4 SOME FUNDAMENTAL AERODYNAMIC VARIABLES
2. Density
(Point property)
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1.4 SOME FUNDAMENTAL AERODYNAMIC VARIABLES
3. Temperature
: The temperature of a gas is directly proportional to the average kinetic energy of the
molecules of the fluid. (Point property)
3
=
2
- k is the Boltzmann constant
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1.4 SOME FUNDAMENTAL AERODYNAMIC VARIABLES
4. Flow Velocity
- The rate of change of its position with respect to a frame of reference, and is a function of time.
- The velocity of a flowing gas at any fixed point B in space is the velocity of an infinitesimally small
fluid element as it sweeps through B.
- Point property, Vector
p(s)
Aerodynamic force R
Aerodynamic moment M
Aerodynamic surface
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1.5 AERODYNAMIC FORCES AND MOMENTS
- Aerodynamic Forces
V : Freestream velocity
- Relative wind velocity
- The flow velocity far ahead of the body
Resultant aerodynamic force and moment on the body. Resultant aerodynamic force and the components
into which it splits.
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1.5 AERODYNAMIC FORCES AND MOMENTS
Case 2.
C (Chord)
: The linear distance from the leading edge to the trailing edge of the body
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1.5 AERODYNAMIC FORCES AND MOMENTS
- Aerodynamic Moment
x
Pitch up Pitch down
- Bottom surface
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1.5 AERODYNAMIC FORCES AND MOMENTS
p(s), (s) ?
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1.5 AERODYNAMIC FORCES AND MOMENTS
*S = c(1) = c
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1.5 AERODYNAMIC FORCES AND MOMENTS
- p : Freestream pressure
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1.5 AERODYNAMIC FORCES AND MOMENTS
: Center of pressure
Center of pressure for an airfoil - The location where the resultant of a distributed load effectively acts on the body
- The point on the body about which the aerodynamic moment is zero
If 0 , sin 0 and cos 1 LN
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1.6 CENTER OF PRESSURE
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1.7 DIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS: THE BUCKINGHAM PI THEOREM
- What physical quantities determine the variation of the forces and moments?
- R depends on the freestream velocity, the freestream density, the viscosity, the size of the body,
the compressibility of the fluid
-
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1.7 DIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS: THE BUCKINGHAM PI THEOREM
: Dimensionless
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1.7 DIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS: THE BUCKINGHAM PI THEOREM
d = 1, b = 2, e = 2
: CR , Force coefficient
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1.7 DIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS: THE BUCKINGHAM PI THEOREM
1.
2.
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1.7 DIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS: THE BUCKINGHAM PI THEOREM
- is constant.
- Physical variables : Heat transfer, Temperature, Specific heat, Thermal conductivity of the fluid,
Temperature of the body surface (wall temperature),
- Fundamental dimension : Temperature [K]
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1.8 FLOW SIMILARITY
2. The distributions of V/V , p/p , T/T , etc., throughout the flow field are the same when plotted
against common non-dimensional coordinates.
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1.8 FLOW SIMILARITY
- Similitude
- Dynamic similarity : Same direction and kind of forces, but different scale. Same flow regime
Ratios of all forces acting on corresponding fluid particles and boundary surfaces in the two systems
are constant. The term dynamic similitude is often used as a catch-all because it implies that
geometric and kinematic similitude have already been met.
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1.8 FLOW SIMILARITY
1. The bodies and any other solid boundaries are geometrically similar for both flows.
- Flows over geometrically similar bodies at the same Mach and Reynolds numbers are dynamically
similar in a limited sense.
- Lift, Drag, Moment coefficients will be identical for the bodies.
- Perfect similarity is impossible due to
: Other similarity parameters, Surface roughness, Laminar or Turbulent, Compressibility, Limit in test facility
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- Importance of CL and CD - For an airplane of given shape, given Mach and
Reynolds number,
- Steady, Horizontal flight CL , CD = f()
-L=W
-T=D
- L/D 15 to 20 for conventional cruising flight *Stall : What happens when an airfoil can not make enough lift to keep the aircraft in
level flight. Stalling is risky and can be dangerous during low-level flying. Jungpyo Lee
1.9 FLUID STATICS: BUOYANCY FORCE
- = 0 ,
- Forces on a fluid element in a stagnant fluid
- Liquid
Ex 1.) Hydrostatic pressure distribution
on the walls of a container
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1.9 FLUID STATICS: BUOYANCY FORCE
- Buoyancy Force (gas or liquid) - Vertical force on the body due to the pressure
distribution over the surface (Buoyancy force)
: Upward force exerted by a fluid that opposes the
weight of an immersed object
d - Mean-free path ()
: Mean distance that a molecule travels between collisions with neighboring molecules
1) Continuum Flow
- The individual molecular collisions are not important
Inviscid flows
- No friction, No thermal conduction, no diffusion
- Limit as the Re number goes to infinity
- Pressure distribution, Lift, Streamlines, Flow field away from the body
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1.10 TYPES OF FLOW
Compressible
- Subsonic if M < 1
- Sonic if M = 1
- Supersonic if M > 1
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1.10 TYPES OF FLOW
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1.10 TYPES OF FLOW
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1.10 TYPES OF FLOW
Ramjet engine 54
Scramjet engine
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1.10 TYPES OF FLOW
Aerodynamics
B. Low-density and
A. Continuum flow
free-molecular flow
D, F : Chap. 7
E. Incompressible flow
F. Compressible flow
- pa = pb
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1.11 VISCOUS FLOW: INTRODUCTION TO BOUNDARY LAYERS
V T
1. Laminar flow : Streamlines are smooth and regular and a fluid element moves smoothly along a streamline.
2. Turbulent flow : Streamlines break up and a fluid element moves in a random and irregular
Smoke pattern illustrating transition from Velocity profiles for laminar and turbulent boundary layers. Note that the
laminar to turbulent flow turbulent boundary layer thickness is larger than the laminar boundary layer
thickness
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1.12 APPLIED AERODYNAMICS : Aerodynamic Coefficients
- Application of aerodynamics to the practical evaluation of the aerodynamic characteristics of real configurations
What are some typical drag coefficients for various aerodynamic configurations?
- c :
- d :
- The drag on a circular cylinder is the same as that on the streamlined
body which is 10 times thicker
- e : CD decreased so precipitously at the higher Reynolds number
It is connected with the smaller wake behind the cylinder
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1.12 APPLIED AERODYNAMICS : Aerodynamic Coefficients
- The drag on any aerodynamic body is composed of pressure drag and skin friction drag
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1.12 APPLIED AERODYNAMICS : Aerodynamic Coefficients
CD : 0.12
CD : 2.0 CD : 1.2
CD : 1.2
CD : 0.6
- CL
- Airfoil :
L/D ratio : Order of magnitude is 100
- Complete airplane :
L/D ratio : Order of magnitude is 10
- Fuselage, engine nacelles, etc. are elements with other functions than just
producing lift, and indeed produce only small amounts of lift while at the same
time adding a lot of drag to the vehicle.
- Wing on an airplane experiences a much higher pressure drag than an airfoil due
to the adverse aerodynamic effects of the wing tips (Induced drag)
Variation of section lift coefficient for an NACA 63- - L/D ratio for an airplane is expected to be much less than that for an airfoil alone.
210 airfoil. Re = 3 106. No flap deflection.
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Summary
1. The normal, axial, lift, drag, and moment coefficients for an aerodynamic body can be
obtained by integrating the pressure and skin friction coefficients over the body surface from
the leading to the trailing edge. For a two-dimensional body,
Jungpyo Lee
Summary
dp = g dy
For a constant density medium, this integrates to
Such equations govern, among other things, the operation of a manometer, and also lead
to Archimedes principle that the buoyancy force on a body immersed in a fluid is equal to
the weight of the fluid displaced by the body.
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