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EXPERIMENT NO. 7(A)

HARTLEY OSCILLATOR
AIM:

To study and calculate frequency of oscillations of Hartley oscillator. Compare the frequency of
oscillations, theoretically and practically.

APPARATUS:

1.Oscilloscope Caddo 802 or equivalent

2. +12V DC Adapter
3. Patch Cords

THEORY:

Hartley oscillator is very popular and is commonly used as a local oscillator in radio receivers. It
has two main advantages viz... Adaptability to wide range of frequencies and easy to tune. The
tank circuit is made up of L1, L2, and C1. The coil L1 is inductively coupled to coil L2, the
combination functions as auto transformer. The resistances R2 and R3 provide the necessary
biasing. The capacitance C2 blocks the d.c component. The frequency of oscillations is
determined by the values of L1, L2 and C1 and is given by,

F=1/(2 (C1(L1+L2)))

The energy supplied to the tank circuit is of correct phase. The auto transformer provides 180
out of phase. Also another 180 is produced

By the transistor. In this way, energy feedback to the tank circuit is in phase with the generated
oscillations.

Hartley Oscillator :

The Hartley oscillator is one of the simplest and best-known oscillators and is used extensively
in circuits, which work at radio frequencies. Figure 1 shows the basic Hartley oscillator circuit
configuration. The transistor is in voltage divider bias, which sets up Q-point of the circuit. The
output voltage is fed back to the base and sustains oscillations developed across the tank circuit,
provided there is enough voltage gain at the oscillation frequency. The Hartley oscillator is an
LC electronic oscillator that derives its feedback from a tapped coil in parallel with a capacitor
(the tank circuit). Although there is no requirement for there to be mutual coupling between the
two coil segments, the circuit is usually implemented as such. A Hartley oscillator is essentially
any configuration that uses a pair of series-connected coils and a single capacitor. Hartley
oscillator is similar to Colpitts oscillator with minor modification. Instead of using tapped

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capacitance, two inductances L1 and L2 are placed across a common capacitance C and the
center of the inductors is tapped as shown in figure1.The tank circuit is made up of L1, L2 and C.

Circuit Operation :
When the circuit is turned on, the capacitance is charged. When this capacitance is fully charged,
it discharge through coils L1 and L2 setting up oscillations of frequency determined by
experiment (1). The output voltage of the amplifier appears across L1 and feedback voltage
across L2. The voltage across L2 is 180 out of phase with the voltage developed across L1
(Vout) as shown in figure 1. It is easy to see voltage fed back (i.e., voltage across L2) to the
transistor provides positive feedback. A phase shift of 180 is produced by L1-L2 voltage
divider. In this way, feedback is properly phased to produce continuous undamped oscillations.
Feedback fraction in Hartley oscillator, the feedback voltage is across L2 and output voltage is
across L1.
Feedback fraction:
Mv = Vf/Vout = XL2/XL1 =L2/L1
Or
Mv =L2/L1
Here, the Inductor used is the Equivalent Inductance. In Hartley oscillator the circulating current
passes through the series combination of L1 and L2. Therefore equivalent Inductance is,
LT = L1 + L2 + 2 M
Where, M is the mutual inductance between two inductors.
M = K L1 L2
Where, K is the coefficient of coupling, lies between 0 to 1.The coefficient of coupling gives the
extent to which two inductors are couple. Starting condition for oscillations is AB > l Where, B
is approximately equal to L2/L1.
The feedback should be enough to start oscillations under all conditions as different transistor,
temperature, voltage, etc. but it should not be much that you lose more output than necessary.
Either changing the value of inductor can change the resonant frequency or changing the value of
capacitor but the combination of the three components should satisfy the above given two
conditions for oscillation.
Advantages of the Hartley Oscillator:
1. The frequency is varied using a variable capacitor.
2. The output amplitude remains constant over the frequency range.
3. The feedback ratio of the tapped inductor remains constant.
Disadvantages :
1. Harmonic-rich content of the output.
2. It is not suitable for a pure sine wave.
Uses :
The Hartley oscillator was extensively used on all broadcast bands including the FM 88-108
MHz bands.

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PROCEDURE:

1. Connect +12V DC supply (adaptor) to the trainer board NV6505.

2. Now connect +12V terminal on board to TP1 and Gnd to Gnd using patch cord
as shown in figure 2.
3. Connect terminals a and b together.
4. Similarly connect d and Gnd together.
5. Switch on the mains supply.
6. Connect oscilloscope between Vout (TP4) and Gnd.
7. If you want to check the unfiltered output waveform, you may observe the signal on TP3 also.
8. Measure the value of output frequency on oscilloscope.
9. Record it into the observation table.
10. Calculate the resonance frequency (theoretical) using equation (1).
11. Compare measured frequency with the theoretically calculated value.
12. Switch "off the supply.
13. Remove the patch cord connected between terminals a and b and connect it between a and c.
14. Similarly remove the patch cord connected between terminals d and Gnd and connect it
between e and Gnd.
15. Follow the procedure from step 5 to 12.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

Figure :- Circuit Diagram of Hartley oscillator

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Figure :- Circuit Diagram of Hartley oscillator

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OBSERVATIONS:

S.No. Inductors LT (Equivalent Output frequency Output frequency

Inductance) (Measured) (Theoretical)

MODEL GRAPH:

Figure :- Model Graph Hartley oscillator

PRECAUTIONS:

1. All the connections should be correct.

2. Terminals must be identified properly.
3. Reading should be taken without any parallax error.

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RESULT: Thus we have studied the Hartley Oscillator.Frequency of oscillations of Hartley

Oscillator is measured practically and campared with theoritical values .

Conclusion:

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SUMMARY
Oscillator circuits are amplifiers that have the output routed back to the input. No
external input is required except for the DC operating voltage.
To sustain oscillations at a given frequency, the three main requirements of an
oscillator is:
Amplification
Regenerative feedback
A resonant circuit
Hartley oscillators generate a sine wave output and use split inductors.
The output frequency of the Hartley oscillator can be varied by changing component
values in the resonant circuit.
The power requirements for transistor oscillators are low.
Either a PNP or NPN transistor can be used in oscillator circuits.
Oscillators are normally operated Class C for maximum efficiency.
The series-fed Hartley oscillator has DC current flow through part of the resonant circuit.
The shunt-fed Hartley oscillator does not have DC current flow in the resonant circuit.
Base leak bias makes the Hartley oscillator self starting. Base leak bias is self adjusting to
the amplitude of oscillations.

VIVA QUESTIONS:

1. What are the applications of LC oscillations?

2. What type of feedback is used in oscillators?

3. What the expression for frequency of oscillations?

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4. Whether an oscillator is dc to ac converter?

5. What is the loop gain of an oscillator?

6. What is the difference between amplifier and oscillator?

7. What is the condition for oscillations?

8. How many inductors and capacitors are used in Hartley Oscillator?

9. How the oscillations are produced in Hartley oscillator?

10. What is the difference between damped oscillations undamped oscillations?

SAMPLE OBSERVATIONS TABLE :-

S.No. Inductors Capacitor Output frequency Output frequency

(Measured) (Theoretical)
1 13.2 H 1 nf 1 M Hz

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EXPERIMENT NO. 7(B)

COLPITTS OSCILLATOR

AIM: To study and calculate frequency of oscillations of colpitts oscillator.

APPARATUS:

1. Oscilloscope Caddo 802 or equivalent

2. +12V DC Adapter
3. Patch Cords

THEORY:

The tank circuit is made up of L1,C4 and C5 .The resistance R2 and R3 provides the necessary
biasing. The capacitance C2 blocks the D.C component. The frequency of oscillations is
determined by the values of L1,C4 and C5, and is given by f = 1 / (2 (CTL1)1/2) Where CT =
C1C2 / ( C1 + C2).The energy supplied to the tank circuit is of correct phase. The tank circuit
provides 1800 out of phase. Also the transistor provides another 180 0 . In this way, energy
feedback to the tank circuit is in phase with the generated oscillations.

Colpitt Oscillator :

The Colpitt oscillator is one of the simplest and best-known oscillators and is used extensively in
circuits, which work at radio frequencies. Figure 3 shows the basic Colpitt oscillator circuit
configuration. The transistor is in voltage divider bias, which sets up Q-point of the circuit. In the
circuit note that Vout is actually the AC voltage across C2. This voltage is feed back to the base
and sustains oscillations developed across the tank circuit, provided there is enough voltage gain
at the oscillation frequency. It uses two capacitors C1 and C2 placed across a common inductor
L and the center of the two capacitor is tapped. The tank circuit is made up of C1 and C2 and L.

Circuit Operation :

When the circuit is turned on, the capacitors C1 and C2 are charged. The capacitor discharge
through L, setting up oscillations of frequency determined by experiment (1). The output voltage
of the amplifier appears across C1 and feedback voltage is developed across C2.The voltage
across C2 is180out of phase with the voltage developed across C1 (Vout) as shown in figure 3.
It is easy to see that voltage feedback (voltage across C2) to the transistor provides positive
feedback. The transistor and a further phase shift of 180is produced by C1-C2 voltage divider
produce a phase shift of 180. In this way, feedback is properly phased to produce continuous
undamped oscillation.

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Feedback fraction MV :The amount of feedback voltage in colpitts oscillator depend upon
feedback fraction MV of the circuit.
For this circuit Feedback fraction:

MV=Vf/Vout=Xc1/Xc2=C1/C2
Or
Mv = C1/C2

Because, the circulating current for the two capacitors is the same further, capacitive reactance is
inversely proportional to capacitance.

CIRCUITDIAGRAM:

Figure :- Circuit Diagram of Colpitts oscillator

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Figure :- Circuit Diagram of Colpitts oscillator

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PROCEDURE:

1. Connect +12V DC Supply (adapter) to the trainer NV6505.

2. Now connect +12V terminal to TP2 and Gnd to Gnd as shown in figure 4.
3. Connect terminals a and b and similarly d and Gnd together.
4. Switch on the mains supply.
5. Connect oscilloscope between Vout and Gnd on NV6505 board.
6. Measure the value of output frequency on oscilloscope.
7. Calculate the resonance frequency (theoretical) using equation 1.
8. Compare measured frequency with the theoretically calculated value.
9. Switch off the supply.
10. Remove the patch cord connected between terminals a and b, and connect it
between a and c.
11. Remove the patch cord connected between terminals d and Gnd and connect it
between e and Gnd.
12. Follow the procedure from point 4 to 9.

OBSERVATIONS:

S.No. Capacitors Ceq. (Equivalent Output frequency Output frequency

Capacitance) (Measured) (Theoretical)

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MODEL WAVEFORM:

Figure :- Model Graph Colpitts oscillator

PRECAUTIONS:

1. The connections should be correct.

2. Terminals should be identified properly.
3. Readings should be taken without parallalox error.

RESULT:

Thus we have studied the colpitts oscillator.Frequency of oscillations of colpitts oscillator is

measured practically and campared with theoritical values .

Conclusion:

_
_
_
_

SUMMARY
To sustain oscillations at a specific frequency, the requirements are:
Amplification
Regenerative feedback
A resonant circuit
Colpitts oscillators generate a sine wave output and use split capacitors.

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The output frequency of the oscillator can be varied by changing the value of the
components in the resonant circuit.
Power requirements are normally low for transistor oscillators.
Before applying power to any transistor circuit, you must check the power supply
voltage and polarity to insure that they are proper for the circuit.
Either PNP or NPN transistors may be used in oscillator circuits.
Oscillators are normally operated Class C for best efficiency.

VIVA QUESTIONS:

1. What are the applications of LC oscillators?

2. What type of feedback is used in oscillators?
3. What is the expression for the frequency of oscillations of colpitts oscillator?
4. Is an oscillator DC to AC converter?
5. What is the loop gain and loop phase shift of an oscillator?
6. How does colpitts differ from Hartley?
7. Which pair in circuit forms stabilizing circuit?
8. What is the function of input and output capacitor?
9. What is the condition for sustained oscillations in this oscillator?
10. Output capacitor acts as a?

SAMPLE OBSERVATIONS TABLE :-

S.No. Inductors Capacitor Output frequency Output frequency

(Measured) (Theoretical)
1 2 H 14.02 nf 714.28 k Hz

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