NS 102

LYMPHATIC SYSTEM

- One-way system that begins with lymphatic capillaries

FUNCTIONS:

1. Collects fluid lost from the blood and returns it to the circulatory system.
2. Filters fluid to rid it of bacteria and other pathogens.
3. Collects fat from the small intestine and delivers it to the circulatory system.
4. Generates and stores WBCs called lymphocytes that fight infection.

Components of the Lymphatic System:

A. Lymph fluid collected in lymph vessels

- Clear straw colored fluid same basic component as plasma
B. Lymph vessels structures that collect lymph and deliver it back to the
circulatory system
- Valves within keep the lymph moving in one direction
C. Lymph nodes - series of cleaning filters
- Lymph moves slowly through the nodes
- WBCs attack and engulf bacteria and pathogens in nodes
D. Lymphocyte- type of white blood cell produced in lymph nodes.

Other Lymph organs:

1. Tonsils
o Patches of lymphatic tissue located around the pharynx
o First to encounter pathogens that enter via the nose and mouth
2. Spleen
o Located in upper left region of abdominal cavity just beneath diaphragm
o Cleanses blood
3. Thymus Gland
o Located along trachea behind the sternum in upper thoracic cavity
o Produces thymic hormones
4. Red Bone Marrow
o Origin for all types of blood cells
o Area of maturation for most white blood cells

Process Involved in Lymphatic System:

One of the lymphatic system's major vessels is the thoracic duct. The thoracic duct starts near the lower part of
the spine and gathers lymph nodes from the pelvis, abdomen, and lower chest. The thoracic duct goes up
through the chest and empties into the blood which runs through the large vein near the left side of the neck.
The right lymphatic duct is the other important lymphatic vessel that gathers lymph from the right side of the
neck, chest, and arms. They then empty into a large vein near the right side of the neck.
To carry out waste, lymph fluids drain into lymph capillaries which are tiny vessels. Then the fluid is pushed
along when a person breathes or when the muscles contract. If the lymphatic system didn't get rid of excess
fluid from the tissues, the lymph fluid would amplify in the body's tissue. The result is the swelling of tissue.
When lymph fluid leaks this way, it is called interstitial fluid.
The lymphatic lymph fluid comes in through the lymph nodes, which is also where macrophages fight off
unknown bodies like bacteria, removing them from the bloodstream. After these substances are removed, the
lymph fluid leaves the lymph nodes and returns them to the veins. There they re-enter the bloodstream and the
process is repeated.
 NS 102
EXCRETORY SYSTEM
FUNCTION:
1. Excretion / Elimination; Removal of waste materials from
the body as a result of metabolic processes

Types of Metabolic Wastes:

1. Solid feces
2. Gas carbon dioxide and nitrogen
3. Liquid urine and perspiration

Accessory Organs of Excretion:

1. Lungs
2. Skin (sweat gland )
3. Large intestine
4. Salivary glands
5. Trachea and gills

Anatomy of the Excretory Organ:

1. Kidney
main excretory organ; bean shaped in
structure and located outside the abdominal cavity
(retroperitoneal); symmetrically paired organ

Functions:
1. Regulates water content and normal consistency of the blood
2. Forms the urine
3. Regulates normal osmotic pressure

Parts:
1. Renal capsule membrane covering the kidney
2. Cortex outer peripheral substance
3. Medulla inner main substance
4. Hilus concavity of the kidney
5. Pelvis anterior expanded portion of the ureter
6. Nephron structural and functional unit of the kidney

2. Ureter a muscular tube connecting the kidney to the urinary

bladder
- conveys urine from the kidney to the bladder
3. Urinary bladder pear shaped structure for the temporary
storage of urine
4. Urethra muscular tube that conveys urine from the bladder
to the outside
5. Urethral orifice posterior opening

Anatomy of Nephron
a. Renal corpuscle or malphigian body
1. Bowmans capsule a cup shaped structure leading to the renal tubule
2. Glomerulus a fine network of capillaries enclosed by the Bowmans capsule; acting as
filters in the nephron
3. Renal tubules

Processes Involved in Nephron:

1. Filtration takes place between the glomerulus and Bownmans capsule
2. Reabsorption takes place in the renal tubules; proximal convoluted tubule
3. Secretion taks place at the distal convoluted tubule
Micturation the act of urinating