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Chapter 4
P F
P F ave
ave A 2A
A A
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Bearing Stress in Connections
Bolts, rivets, and pins create
stresses on the points of contact
or bearing surfaces of the
members they connect.
Deformation
A vector that represents a movement of a point in a body (due to applied loads)
relative to another body point
The shape and size of the body change (being deformed)
Volume may be unchanged (special cases)
Strain
Intensity of deformation
Objects of the same materials but different sizes demonstrate different effects when
subjected to the same load
Normal strain (): measures the change in size (elongation/contraction)
Shearing strain (): measures the change in shape (angle formed by the sides of a
body)
P
stress 2P P
A
P
2A A A
normal strain 2
L
L 2L L
2
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Example Problem 4-9
= 1000 m/m = 10-3
Determine the displacement of A (A)
A L 0.00110 0.01mm
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Example
Normal strain along a diameter = the ratio of the net
diameter change to the original diameter
Circumferential strain = the ratio of the net circumference
change to that of the original circumferential
F F
expands
Department of Mechanical Engineering
F F
Stress
vs. strain
Thermal strain
Deformation of axially loaded
members
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Stress vs. strain relationship
Structural analysis and design requires understanding of
the system of the applied forces and the material
behavior
The behavior of a material can be studied by means of
mechanical testing
Stress vs. strain diagrams are often used to describe the
material behavior
Stress vs. strain diagrams are supposedly/theoretically
identical for the same material, but technically there is
always some differences
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Why stress vs. strain?
Force vs. deformation and stress vs. deformation
diagrams cannot uniquely describe the material
behavior
Force depends on the application area
Displacement depends on the length of the specimens
region
For shearing,
G
use G = modulus of rigidity or shear
modulus
Relates the G to E E 21 G
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Poissons Ratio
For a slender bar subjected to axial loading:
x
x y z 0
E
The elongation in the x-direction is
accompanied by a contraction in the other
directions. Assuming that the material is
isotropic (no directional dependence),
y z 0
Poissons ratio is defined as
lateral strain y
z
axial strain x x
E, G, and related by
E 21 G
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Nonlinear
behaviors
Nonlinear elastic
Elastic but not linear
Rubbers
Bio soft tissues
Elastoplastic:
Nonlinear but bi-linear
Easy to formulate
Ductile Ductile material
Able to sustain plastic deformation (high strain but low
stress)
Gradual stages prior to rupture safe
Steels, Plastic
Brittle
The opposite of ductile
No gradual stages before rupture Brittle material
Concrete, Alloys, Bones, cold steel
Strain hardening or strain stiffening
Strain softening
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Effect of composition
Example:high alloy content causes the steel to
become ductile
Strong, brittle Low alloy content
Soft, ductile
Multiple loads/sizes
n n
Pi Li
i
i 1 i 1 Ei Ai
P2 15 103 lb
P3 30 103 lb
Pi Li 1 P1L1 P2 L2 P3 L3
A
i i iE E 1A A 2 A 3
1
60 103 12 15 103 12 30 103 16
29 106 0.9 0.9 0.3
A1 A2 0.9 in 2 A3 0.3 in 2
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Thermal Strains and Stresses
A temperature change results in a change in length or
thermal strain. There is no stress associated with the
thermal strain unless the elongation is restrained by
the supports.
Treat the additional support as redundant and apply
the principle of superposition.
PL
T T L P
AE
thermal expansion coef.
The thermal deformation and the deformation from
the redundant support must be compatible.
T P 0 T P 0
P AE T
PL
T L 0 P
AE E T
A
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Example Problem
Solution:
The change in length resulting from the temperature
change is
Notes:
Tube A experiences shortening
Cylinder B experiences extension
Total Displacement = A + B
L
Px
dx
0
E x Ax
y
b = width of the
tapered section
(varies with y)
PL L
P 1
dx
E 0 Ax
EA
Department of Mechanical Engineering