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OF
PERSONALITY
Introduction
How
Useful
are
Theories?
-Does
the
theory
encourage
further
research?
Who
am
I?
-Can
the
theory
be
tested?
How
did
you
know?
-does
the
theory
integrate,
content,
existing
-other
peoples
comments
knowledge
-how
we
perceive
ourselves
-can
the
theory
guide
in
finding
appropriate
to
existing
question?
PERSONALITY
-
is
the
theory
consistent
with
itself?
-persona
-is
the
theory
simple
and
straightforward?
-mask
worn
during
Greek
theater
-does
it
lessen
the
use
of
untested
-mask:
something
underneath
assumptions?
-
represents
actors
roles
-pattern
of
relatively
stable
traits
and
unique
Philosophical
Influences
to
Consider
characteristics
that
give
both
consistency
and
1. Freewill
vs
Determinism-
can
we
choose
individuality
to
a
persons
behavior
who
to
become?
2. Pessimism
vs
Optimism-
can
we
function
What
makes
me
who
I
am?
optimally
or
will
we
experience
conflict
TRAITS
all
our
lives?
-Contribute
to
individual
differences
3. Causality
vs
Teleology-
are
we
influenced
-
high
or
low
extraversion
(e.g.)
more
by
our
path
or
our
visions
of
the
-stable,
OCEAN
future
-makes
act
us
consistently
over
time
4. Seen
vs
Unseen-
are
there
unseen
-makes
behavior
stable
across
situations
(unconscious)
forces
guiding
our
behavior?
CHARACTERISTICS
5. Biological
vs
Social
Influences-
how
much
-unique
qualities
of
an
individual,
talents
of
each
determines
our
personality?
Does
-artistic
musical,
athletic
it
vary
from
person
to
person?
-not
necessarily
traits
6. Uniqueness
vs
Similarity-
Do
we
focus
on
what
makes
similar
to
each
other
or
on
Why
am
I
me?
what
makes
us
different
from
each
other?
-can
we
know
for
sure?
Issues
in
the
Study
of
Personality
THEORY
1. Theory
of
Personality
-set
of
related
assumptions
that
allow
us
to
use
2. Approach
to
assessment
logical
deductive
reasoning
to
formulate
testable
3. Research
procedures
for
testing
personality
hypothesis
4. Applications
derives
from
the
theory
including
methods
of
personality
change
(eg
ELEMENTS
OF
A
SCIENTIFIC
THEORY
therapy)
Theoretical
Constructs
- basic
terms
and
building
blocks
- invented
to
describe
and
explain
behavior
Relational
Propositions
-statements
that
describe
the
relationships
of
the
constructs
Purpose
of
Having
Theories
-organize
and
clarify
observations
-providing
a
sense
of
understanding
-guiding
future
research
PSYCHOANALYTIC
THEORY
- love:
your
self-love
displaced
on
Sigmund
Freud
another
person
- creativity/libido
Core
Assumptions
of
Depth
Psychology
2. THANATOS-
death
(Psychoanalytic
and
others)
- we
are
driven
to
return
to
an
inorganic
state
1. Primacy
of
Unconscious-
reason
behind
- associated
with
aggression
and
everything
destruction
2. Psychic
Causality-
no
such
thing
as
random
- violence
event
in
life
(theres
always
an
intrapsychic
cause
from
unconscious)
INSERT
EROS
AND
THANATOS
TABLE
3. Critical
Importance
of
Early
Experiences-
HERE!!!!!!!!!!
where
unconscious
came
from
LEVELS
OF
MENTAL
LIFE
(Topography)
Where
do
these
drives
reside?
Contributions
of
Psychoanalytic
Theory
to
Personality
Theory
1. UNCONSCIOUS-
motives,
feelings,
that
are
beyond
awareness
1. Existence
of
Drives-
instincts
- motivates
words,
feelings,
action
-Trieb:
drive/impulse
- -reason
behind
dreams,
slips
of
tongue,
-not
inherited
necessarily
but
something
and
repressions
in
you
when
you
were
born
- sexual,
aggressive,
generally
2.
Topography
of
mind-
conscious,
preconscious,
inappropriate
content
w/c
tries
to
unconscious
come
out
but
hindered
by
PRIMARY
3.
Psychosexual
Stages-
people
are
CENSOR
developing/changing
- will
go
back
to
unconscious:
4.
Structure
of
Personality-
id,
ego,
superego
REPRESSION
- SECONDARY
SENSOR:
SUPPRESSION;
BASIC
DRIVES
we
experience
anxiety
when
we
do
this
-constant
motivational
force
that
cant
be
so
repression
is
engage
again;
so
that
escaped
the
anxiety
will
not
be
felt
-
present
at
birth
(not
necessarily
inherited)
- CONTENTS:
strong
sexual
and
-PERSONALITY:
by-product
of
the
ways
by
which
aggressive
motives
drives
are
expressed
Anxiety-producing
motives
Unacceptable
impulses-
DIMENSIONS
OF
DRIVES
oedipal
complex
1. Impetus-
how
strong
is
the
drive?
Phylogenetic
endowment-
- amount
of
force
exerted
early
experiences
of
ancestors
2. Source-
what
part
of
the
body
feel
the
that
have
been
passed
on
tension?
- hunger:
mouth,
stomach
2. PRECONSCIOUS-
not
immediately
paid
3. Aim-
why
do
you
need
to
do
it?
attention
to
but
can
be
retrieved
readily
-to
reduce
existent/tension
- SOURCES/CONTENTS:
4.
Object-
to
whom/what
will
you
do
you
want
to
Conscious
perception-
images
do?
from
conscious:
stored
in
-person/thing
thats
the
means
of
preconscious
satisfaction
Unconscious-
but
are
pushed
back
down
by
censors
Why
do
we
do
the
things
we
do?
3. CONSCIOUS-
mental
elements
in
awareness
1. EROS-
sexuality,
sex
drive/impulse
at
any
given
point
- life/procreation
- Only
level
thats
directly
available
to
us
- CONTENTS:
Perceptions-
medium
for
- Parents
tell
you
what
to
do
and
not
to
perceiving
external
stimuli
do;
introjection:
claim
positive
qualities
Non-threatening
ideas
from
of
other
people
as
theirs
preconscious
(disguised
ideas
-
from
the
unconscious)
*insert
venn
diagram
of
id,
ego,
superego
STRUCTURES
OF
PERSONALITY
ANXIETY
(Psychodynamic
Theories)
1. ID-
do
bad
things
-felt,
affective,
unpleasant
state
with
physical
- It
sensation
- not
fully
accepted
by
yourself
-warns
of
impending
danger
- not
yet
owned
component
of
personality
3
types:
- not
in
contact
with
reality,
not
altered
o Neurotic
Anxiety-
afraid
of
id
taking
by
tim
or
experience
control;
lead
to
punishment
- no
morality,
no
concept
of
good
and
evil
o Moral
Anxiety-
appears
as
guilt
or
shame
- PLEASURE
PRINCIPLE
o Realistic
Anxiety-
related
to
fear,
real
- E.g
baby:
instant
world
events
gratification/satisfaction
- Inborn
Defense
Mechanism-
to
protect
ego
a) Repression
2. EGO-
I
-
push
back
anxiety-inducing
to
- in
contact
with
reality
unconscious
- makes
decisions
on
the
preconscious,
b) Reaction
Formation
unconscious
and
conscious
levels
-
opposite
reaction
or
to
what
you
- reconcile
demands
od
id,
superego
and
are
really
feeling
external
environment
-obsessive
compulsive
- when
does
the
ego
develop?
When
the
c) Displacement
child
begins
to
realize
that
he
is
not
-an
object
or
thing
(transfer)
alone
and
he
needs
to
consider
other
-not
the
target
people
d) Fixation
- REALITY
PRINCIPLE
-stocked
in
a
current
state
-because
moving
on
will
give
you
3. SUPEREGO-
More
than
I
much
anxiety
- MORALITY
PRINCIPLE
e) Regression
- Moral
and
ideal
aspect
of
personality
-comeback
to
childhood
state
- Guided
by
moralistic/idealistic
principle
-temporary
- No
contact
with
the
outside
world
f) Projection
- SUBSYSTEMS:
-see
whats
in
you
in
other
people
Conscience:
what
you
should
-seeing
yourself
in
other
people
not
do
g) Introjection
Ego-ideal:
should
do;
rewarded
-incorporate
positive
attributes
of
behavior
others
to
yourself
- Directs
the
ego
to
repress
sexul
and
-to
add-on
to
your
self-worth
aggressive
impulses
h) Sublimation
- Ego
vs
conscience:
GUILT
-channeling
your
creative
energy
- Ego
vs
ego-ideal:
FEELINGS
OF
to
something
beneficial
to
the
INFERIORITY
society
- Strives
blidnly
and
unrealistically
to
-converting
our
eros
drive
into
perfection
positive
- When
does
it
develop?
5
to
6
years
old
-all
art
are
beneficial
-high
eros
by
creative
people
-catharsis:
release
energy
by
doing
-blurring
boundary
between
the
ego
and
something
like
punching
bag,
superego
drawing
-ego
is
strong
enough
not
needing
superego
PSYCHOSEXUAL
STAGES
Where
is
Freud
now?
1. Oral
Phase
(0-2
y/o)
-psychotherapy
Erogenous
Zone:
mouth
-transference
2
phases
-each
persons
unconscious
can
a. oral-receptive
phase-
putting
things
in
communicate
with
other
persons
your
mouth
(feelings
of
frustration-
unconscious
mother)
-want
to
know
what
is
in
unconscious
b. oral
sadistic
phase-
biting
-insight
about
your
unconscious
-during
development
of
teeth;
inflict
hurt
TALK
THERAPY
and
FREE
ASSOCIATION
THUMB
SUCKING-
autoerotic
behavior
2. Anal
Phase
(2-3
y/o)
Dream
Analysis-
symbolism
of
dreams
Erogenous
Zone:
anus
-dream:
royal
road
to
the
unconscious
-bed
wetting;
potty-training
-taking
out
a. Early
Anal-
destruction
-Thanatos
Drive
b. Late
Anal-
pleasure
from
defecating
(Eros
drive)
-anal
triad:
orderliness,
stinginess,
obstinacy
-being
neat
represents
control
3. Phallic
Phase
(3-5
y/o)
Erogenous
Zone:
genitals
-suppression
of
masturbation
-male/female
Oedipus
complex
-Castration
complex:
sexual
drive
vs.
castration
-Superego:
destruction
of
castration
complex
-penis
envy:
eros
towards
father
4.
Latency
Period
(5-13
y/o)
-dormant
sexual
activity
-energy
towards
school,
friends,
hobbies
-internalized
feelings
of
shame,
anxiety
(superego)
when
feeling
the
eros
drive
5.
Genital
Period
(13
and
up)
-reawakening
of
the
sexual
aim
-directing
sexual
energy
towards
another
person
-
vagina
is
sought
after
-vagina
before
is
scary
because
of
castration
complex
6.
Maturity
-balance
among
the
id,
ego
and
superego
-minimal
need
to
repress
sexual
and
aggressive
urges
INDIVIDUAL
PSYCHOLOGY
5. The
self
consistent
personality
structure
Alfred
Adler
develops
into
a
persons
style
of
life
-flavor:
goal,
self-concept,
feelings
of
Six
tenets
of
this
theory:
others,
attitude
to
the
world
1. Striving
for
success
and
superiority
is
the
-Heredity
x
Environment
(more
powerful
one
dynamic
force
than
heredity)
x
Creative
Power
(most
-personal
superiority
vs
success
of
powerful;
ability
to
live
your
life)
humankind
-established
4-5
y/o
-being
born
weak
and
inferior
pushes
-unhealthy:
very
rigid,
inflexible
in
ones
development
reacting
to
the
environment
-push:
need
to
overcome
inferiority
-healthy:
actively
trying
to
solve
the
3
-pull:
desire
for
completion
tasks
2. Subjective
perception
shape
behavior
and
a.
occupation-
willingness
to
make
personality
contributions
-fictions:
ideas
that
do
not
objectively
b.
sexual
love-
personal
courage,
exist
but
influence
people
as
if
they
exist
take
chances
(you
will
be
-teleology:
explanation
of
behavior
in
vulnerable,
weak)
terms
of
final
purpose
c.
love
(neighborly)-
through
-private
logic:
you
know
why
did
you
do
it
cooperation
might
be
unconscious
6. Ones
creative
power
molds
one
style
of
3. Personality
is
unified
and
self-consistent
life
-each
person
is
unique
and
indivisible
-freedom
to
create
ones
own
style
of
life
-organ
dialect:
disturbance
in
one
part
of
-all
people
are
responsible
for
who
they
the
person
disturbs
the
entire
person
are
and
how
they
behave
-harmony
between
conscious
and
-we
are
the
architects
of
our
lives
and
we
unconscious
can
choose
to
create
a
useful
or
useless
unconscious:
not
clearly
life
formulated
and
understood
conscious:
understood
and
They
could
really
dance
with
the
load
under
regarded
as
helpful
towards
which
they
stagger
success
-view
on
abnormal
behavior
4. The
value
of
all
human
activity
must
be
-strongman
pretends
that
the
load
is
seen
from
the
view
point
of
social
interest
heavy
-feeling
of
ones
with
humankind
-incorporating
the
community
into
*insert
feelings
of
inferiority
table
yourself
-Gemeinschaftsgefhl
ABNORMAL
BEHAVIOR
Gemein:
community,
neighborship
-underdeveloped
social
interest:
please
only
Schafts:
making,
maintaining
themselves
Gefhl:
feeling
-setting
goals
to
high
-indicative
of
psychological
health
-live
in
own
private
world
-thinking
about
other
people
-rigid
and
dogmatic
style
of
life:
not
allowing
-develops
from
mother-child
relationship
your
creative
power/yourself
to
control
during
infancy
your
life
Mother:
develop
healthy
love
-over
concern
about
the
self
relationship
for
family
and
others
Father:
avoid
emotional
CONTRIBUTING
FACTORS
detachment
and
authoritarianism
-exaggerated
physical
deficiencies
-standard
for
evaluating
how
useful
a
life
-pampered
style
of
life
is
-neglect:
feel
that
being
not
given
attention,
detached
from
community
DEFENSE
MECHANISM
vs
SAFEGUARDING
TECHNIQUE
protect
against
anxiety
-shield
against
id,
-
shield
against
superego
and
fear
public
disgrace
-present
only
in
neurotic
-present
in
healthy
individuals(
have
individuals
abnormal
behavior;
neurosis)
-unconscious
-partly
conscious
SAFEGUARDING
TECHNIQUES
1. EXCUSES
(Yes,
but)
2. AGGRESSION
a. Depreciation-
belittle
other
people
b. Accusation-
blame
others
for
your
own
mistakes
c. Self-accusation-
self
pity
3. WITHDRAWAL
a. Moving
backward-
move
back
to
a
place
you
are
comfortable
b. Standing
still-
afraid
of
taking
chances
-afraid
of
moving
on
c. Hesitating-
holding
back;
if
you
do
not
try,
you
wont
do
any
mistakes
d. Constructing
obstacles-
blaming
prof
4. MASCULINE
PROTEST
-overemphasis
on
being
manly
APPLICATIONS
1. Family
Constellation
-birth
order
-Eldest:
superior
(but
have
inferiority
with
the
2nd
child)
-middle:
compete
for
attention
-youngest:
pampered
-only
child:
superior;
social
interest
(late)
2.
Early
Recollections
3.
Dreams
-self
deception
-deceive
you
that
you
can
set
your
goals
too
high
4.
Psychotherapy
-
high
courage,
low
inferiority,
high
social
interest
(ideal)
ANALYTICAL
PSYCHOLOGY
4. ANIMUS
Carl
Gustav
Jung
-masculine
archetype
in
women
*insert
diagram
-symbolic
of
thinking
and
reasoning
The
Psyche
-irrational
thinking
and
illogical
opinions
-the
whole
of
ben=ing
-seeking
growth
equilibrium
5. GREAT
MOTHER
- fertility
and
nourishment
Levels
of
Psyche
- power
and
destruction
a. Conscious
-EGO
center
of
consciousness;
6. WISE
OLD
MAN
anyone
who
has
any
ego- - wisdom
and
meaning
consciousness
at
all
takes
it
for
- pre-existing
knowledge
of
lifes
granted
that
he
knows
himself
mysteries
-but
the
ego
knows
only
its
own
- can
be
projected
into
unworthy
contents,
not
the
unconscious
b. Personal
Unconscious
7. HERO
-repressed,
forgotten,
subliminally
- powerful
person
who
fights
great
ods
perceived
experiences
- frees
one
from
impotence
and
misery
-complex
- must
have
a
vulnerability
c. Collective
Unconscious
-ancestors
experiences
*insert
dynamic
of
personality
and
transmitted
through
generations
psychological
types
-inherited
response
tendencies
-same
for
everyone
8
BASIC
PERSONALITY
TYPES
1. EXTROVERT
THINKING
CONTENTS=
ARCHETYPES
-Charles
Darwin,
Karl
Marx
-emotionally-toned
collections
of
-scientist/economists
associated
images
from
the
collective
-direct
themselves
into
fix
rules
and
unconscious
principles
-high
emotional
charge
-natural
laws
-powerful,
compelling
effect
on
an
-interested
in
reality,
order
abd
material
individual
facts
-recurring
across
eras
and
cultures
-SELF:
regulating
center
of
the
psyche;
2. INTROVERT
THINKING
facilitates
individuation
-philosophers,
psychologist
-formulate
questions
and
seek
to
1. SHADOW
understand
themselves
-qualities
that
we
do
not
want
to
-neglect
the
world
and
often
dwell
on
own
acknowledge
ideas
-attempt
to
hide
from
others
-knowing
the
shadow
is
the
1st
test
of
3. EXTROVERT
FEELING
courage
-begin
and
end
relationship
quicjly
-chat
show
hosts,
stars
2. PERSONA
-can
be
moody/sentimental/surprising
- side
of
the
personality
shown
to
the
-controversial
and
well
adjusted
to
time
world
-into
fashion/changeable
- different
form
self
-personal
and
social
success
3. ANIMA
- feminine
side
of
men
4. INTROVERT
FEELING
- reason
behind
irrational
moods
and
- monks,
nuns,
musicians
feelings
- mysterious
and
enigmatic
- attract
powerful
extrovert
members
of
-I
can
be
the
subject
and
opposite
sex
object
- inaccessible
but
appear
harmonious
and
2. YOUTH
(Puberty
Middle
Life)
self
sufficient
-gaining
psychic
and
physical
- still
water
runs
deep
independence
from
parents
-overcome
CONSERVATIVE
5. EXTROVERT
SENSATION
PRINCIPLE
(do
not
want
to
move
- builders,
speculators
on;
want
to
go
back)
- seek
pleasure
through
5
senses
3. MIDDLE
LIFE
(35-40
y/o)
- external
facts,
practical,
hard
headed
-surrender
lifestyle
of
the
youth
- amiable/enjoyers
of
life
(but
can
lead
to
-begin
to
become
introverted
to
addictions,
perversions
and
expand
consciousness
compulsions)
4. OLD
AGE
-psychological
rebirth
6. INTROVERT
SENSATION
-self
realization
-connoisseur,
aesthetics
-preparation
for
death
-difficulty
in
expressing
our
own
vision
and
creativity
INDIVIDUATION
-feed
on
sense
impression
and
immerse
-process
of
becoming
whole
themselves
-assimilated
unconscious
into
personality
-aesthetic
7. EXTROVERT
INTUITION
Word
Association
Test
-PR,
adventures
COMPLEXES-
emotionally
toned
images
-project
or
relationship=
haywire
Myers-Briggs
Type
Indicator
-future
novelty
-judging
and
perceiving
-charismatic
leaders
but
unfit
for
longer
-16
possible
types
stability
8. INTROVERT
INTUITION
-mystics,
poets
-can
seen
like
cranks,
eccentric
-follow
inner
vision,
day
dreamers
often
gifted
in
clairvoyance,
seek
themselves
as
misunderstood
geniuses
struggling
with
unique
experience
*insert
hierarchy
of
functions
DEVELOPMENT
OF
PERSONALITY
1. CHILDHOOD
(Infancy
Puberty)
-anarchic
consciousness:
dont
understand
the
world
-chaotic
-monarchic:
verbal
thinking
and
ego
are
developing
-dualistic:
divide
into
object
vs
subject
-self,
other
-can
do
things
in
environment
PSYCHOANALYTIC
SOCIAL
THEORY
prestige
against
Karen
Horney
-personal
isolation
-1st
women
to
study
med
in
Germany
admiration
Culture
and
childhood
experience
leads
in
-ambition
and
shaping
personality
(collective:
Jung)
personal
-subjective
perception:
Adler
achievement
Modern
culture
is
based
on
competition.:
-to
gain
personal
The
development
of
neuroses
superiority
1. competition
and
basic
hostility
-why
do
wee
2. feelings
of
isolation
need
to
be
3. need
for
affection
superior?
4. overvaluing
of
love
Battle
hostility
5. love
and
affection
is
the
solution
to
all
of
others
problems
6. desperate
need
for
love
7. low
self
esteem,
high
hostility,
basic
Normal
Neurotic
anxiety,
high
competitiveness,
high
need
-conscious
of
-unaware
of
basic
for
love
and
affection
(neurosis)
strategies,
of
those
attitude
needs
-forced
to
act
Contributions
of
Culture
to
Personality
-freedom
to
choose
-severe
and
insoluble
1. kinship,
humility,
aggressiveness,
actions
conflict
superiority
-mild
conflict
-limited
to
single
2. demand
for
success
and
achievements
-employs
a
variety
of
trend
3. illusion
of
freedom
through
hard
work
vs
strategies
deterministic
genetics,
social
position
and
other
competitiveness
Theory
of
the
Self
Aim:
Self-
realization
Basic
Hostility
and
Basic
Anxiety
- establish
our
identity/
own
self
v Basic
Hostility-
dissatisfaction
for
safety
and
-idealized
self-
extravagantly
positive
view
security
of
the
self
that
exist
early
in
belief
system
v Basic
Anxiety-
feeling
of
being
isolated
and
-standard
for
self
evaluation
alone
in
a
potentially
hostile
world
Aspects:
v What
is
their
relationship?
search
for
glory-
need
for
perfection
Protection
against
basic
anxiety
neurotic
claims-
self
entitlement;
treated
the
way
v Affection
we
want
to
be
v Submissiveness
v Striving
for
power,
prestige,
possession
neurotic
pride-
based
on
your
idealized
self
but
v Withdrawal-
isolate
yourself
not
on
your
real
self
Neurotic
Trends
and
Needs
(Strategies)
Self-hatred:
hate
yourself
for
not
reaching
your
Moving
Moving
Moving
Away
idealized
self
Toward
Against
-affection
and
-restrict
life
to
-self
approval
of
narrow
sufficiency
and
powerful
borders
independence
partner
power
-perfection
-protect
from
-exploit
others
and
helplessness
-social
unassailability
recognition/
-to
battle
b. AGGRESSION:
overcome
opposition
PERSONOLOGY
forcefully;
fight,
attack
another
Henry
Murray
c. EXHIBITION:
make
an
impression;
to
Murrays
System
of
Needs
be
seen
or
heard;
show-off
-
Needs:
drive
personality
d. INFRAVOIDANCE:
avoid
humiliation;
-
personality
is
rooted
in
the
brain
quit
embarrassing
situations;
fear
of
-
people
act
to
reduce
the
tension
that
they
feel;
failure
so
quit
action;
avoid
failure
the
mere
act
of
reduction
is
satisfying
e. NURTURANCE:
give
sympathy
to
-we
need
tension
helpless
other;
take
care
other
people
-personality
continues
to
develop
overtime
f. SUCCORANCE:
to
be
nursed,
-each
person
is
unique
but
also
similar
to
others
supported;
to
be
taken
care
of
3. DIGNITY
ID,
EGO,
SUPEREGO
a. AUTONOMY:
get
free,
shake
off
1.
ID-
repository
of
innate
impulsive
tendencies
restraint;
resist
restriction
and
(including
empathy,
love,
mastery
of
coercion;
independent
and
free
to
act;
environment)
defy
conventions;
dont
want
to
be
2.
SUPEREGO-
shaped
not
only
by
parent-child
trapped
interaction
but
also
by
culture
and
literature
b. COUNTERACTION:
make
up
for
a
3.
EGO-
rational
governor
of
personality
and
is
failure;
making
bawi;
obliterate
not
a
slave
of
the
id
humiliation;
overcome
weakness;
maintain
self-respect
and
pride
on
Why
do
people
do
what
they
do?
high
level
1. Needs:
arouse
a
level
of
tension
which
c. DEFENDANCE-
defend
yourself
individual
tries
to
satisfy
against
attach,
assault,
blame;
conceal
2. Needs
energize
and
direct
behavior
a
misdeed
or
failure
3. Needs
differ
in
terms
of
urgency
4. SURVIVAL
4. Press:
situational/environmental
influence
a. HARMAVOIDANCE:
avoid
pain,
injury;
on
behavior
escape
from
dangerous
situation;
take
precautionary
measures
MURRAYS
LIST
OF
NEEDS
b. SEX:
form
and
further
an
erotic
1. POWER
relationship;
have
sexual
intercourse
a. ABASEMENT:
submit
passively
to
5. OTHER
external
force;
admit
inferiority;
need
a. PLAY:
act
for
fun,
without
further
for
others
to
dominate
you
purpose
b. ACHIEVEMENT:
accomplish
b. ORDER:
put
things
in
order;
achieve
something
difficult;
master
an
object;
cleanliness,
organization
surpass
others
c. UNDERSTANDING:
inclined
to
analyze
c. DEFERENCE:
admire
and
support
events,
discuss;
argue;
show
interest
other;
acknowledge
that
someone
is
in
science,
math;
driven
by
need
to
better
understand
the
world
d. DOMINANCE:
control
ones
d. SENTIENCE:
seek
and
enjoy
sensuous
environment;
influence/convince
impressions;
sensual
pleasure;
we
others
need
to
feel
that
we
exist
and
alive;
e. REJECTION:
exclude/abandon
to
an
stimulate
our
senses
inferior
other;
exclude
other
people
to
make
yourself
special
TYPES
OF
NEEDS
2. SOCIAL
1. PRIMARY
NEEDS-
for
survival;
arise
a. AFFILIATION:
draw
near
and
internally
cooperate
with
an
allied
other;
adhere
2. SECONDARY
NEEDS-
developed
from
and
be
loyal
to
a
friend
primary
3. REACTIVE
NEEDS-
aroused
only
when
environmental
cues
appear
like
for
eg
abasement
4. PROACTIVE
NEEDS-
spontaneous
and
independent
of
environment
COMPLEXES
Each
stage
leaves
a
mark
on
our
personality
1. CLAUSTRAL
- simple
claustral:
in
the
womb;
safe;
warm;isolated
- in
support:
fearing
open
places,
exits;
unsafe
- anti-claustral/egression:
need
to
be
free/to
exit
2. ORAL
- Oral
succorance:
need
to
be
taken
care
of
by
giving
milk/feeding
- Egression:
can
now
hurt
others
- Rejection:
rejecting
only
show
of
help;
independence
3. ANAL
- anal
rejection:
disorganized
and
dirty
people
- anal
retention:
over
controlling;
clean;
hoarding
things;
control
environment
4. URETHRAL
- excessive
ambition
- aiming
to
high
5. GENITAL
- fear
of
castration;
penis
cut
off
POST-
FREUDIAN
THEORY
Erik
Erickson
Has
a
crisis
been
EGO-
synthesis
of
past,
present
and
perceptions
experienced?
YES
NO
of
the
self
Has
a
YES
Identity
foreclosure
-has
the
ability
to
unify
experiences
and
commitment
achievement
actions
adaptively
been
made?
NO
moratorium
Identity
-emerges
from
and
is
largely
influenced
diffusion
by
society
-developed
by
adolescence
-ego
and
identity
is
the
basis
of
personality
-identity:
how
you
show
yourself
EGO
1. Body
Ego-
physical
comparison
with
others
2. Ego-Ideal-
ideal
self
that
we
want
to
achieve
3. Ego
Identity-
image
of
yourself
in
different
social
role
PSYCHOSOCIAL
STAGES
EPIGENETIC
PRINCIPLE-ego
develops
according
to
a
pre-determined
rate
in
fix
sequence
-stage
is
built
upon
but
does
not
replace
earlier
stage
DIALECTICAL-psychological
health
is
founded
on
resolution
of
conflict
between
antithetical
states
SYNTONIC:
harmonious
DYSTONIC:
destructive;
can
destruct
your
comfort
zone
-both
harmonious
and
disruptive
events
are
necessary
for
proper
adaptation
BASIC
STRENGTH:
arises
from
resolution
of
conflict
CORE
PATHOLOGY:
underdeveloped
basic
strength
*insert
psychosocial
table
IDENTITY
CRISIS
- turning
point
of
increased
vulnerability
and
potential
- opportunity
for
adaptive
or
maladaptive
adjustment
HUMANISTIC
PSYCHOANALYSIS
-spontaneous
and
full
expression
without
Erich
Fromm
self
conscious
and
constraints
Individual
personality
can
only
be
understood
-components:
LOVE
and
WORK
(express
in
the
light
of
human
history
yourself)
HUMAN
DILEMMA
o Character
orientation-
relatively
permanent
-isolation
from
the
natural
world
and
way
of
uniting
with
people
and
things
awareness
of
this
isolation
o Personality-
inherited
and
acquired
psychic
-survival
vs
war
is
bad
qualities,
characteristic
of
an
individual
and
-impossible
dichotomies
makes
him
unique
-live
vs
death
o Character-
relatively
permanent
system
of
-goal
of
self
realization
but
life
is
non-
instinctual
strivings
thru
which
man
too
short
related
to
the
world
-
alone
but
cannot
tolerate
isolation
NON-PRODUCTIVE
CHARACTER
ORIENTATION
-failing
to
move
close
to
positive
freedom
and
*insert
table
self
realization
o Receptive-
source
of
good
lies
outside
the
Freedom
(no
constraints,
do
whatever)
is
a
self
burden.
o Exploitative-
aggressively
taking
what
is
desired
1. Reason
is
both
a
curse
and
a
blessing.
o Hoarding-
possess
rather
than
letting
it
2. Reason
is
responsible
for
our
feelings
of
grow
isolation
o Marketing-
seeing
self
as
a
commodity;
I
3. But
through
reason,
we
can
be
reunited
with
am
as
you
desire
me;
consumer
good;
the
world;
address
our
needs
through
reason
highest
bidder
4. Basic
anxiety-
being
alone
in
the
world
without
mothers
security
PRODUCTIVE
CHARACTER
ORIENTATION
-no
one
is
there
to
help
you
o Dimensions-
working,
loving,
reasoning
-
How
is
it
different
form
Hornet?
The
o Work
is
creative
self-
expression
world
is
hostile,
angry
world
o Love-
concerned
interest
in
another
person
or
object
Mechanism
of
Escape
-to
free
from
freedom
CONCLUSION
(for
depth
psych)
Freud-
sex
and
aggression
1. AUTHORITARIANISM
Murray-
needs
- give
up
independence
Adler-
inferiority
complex/social
interest
- MASOCHISM-powerless,
helpless,
Jung-
archetypes
and
collective
unconscious
makes
inferiority
Horney-
basic
anxiety
and
hostility
- SADISM-
make
others
dependent
on
self
Klein-
object
2. DESTRUCTIVENESS
Erickson-
psychosocial
stages
-
feelings
of
aloneness
and
isolation;
Fromm-
human
dilemma
rejection
3. CONFORMITY
Determinism
- giving
up
individuality
Causal
Pessimistic
POSITIVE
FREEDOM
Negative/Weak
first
then
getting
stronger
-free
and
not
alone
normal
-critical
but
not
filled
with
doubts
-independent
but
part
of
mankind
HOLISTIC-
DYNAMIC
THEORY
Abraham
Maslow
Pathological
Effects
Basic
assumptions:
Self
Actualization-
metapathology:
love
has
no
1. HOLISTIC-
whole
individual,
not
just
parts,
is
purpose,
meaningless
motivated
Esteem-
doubt,
inferiority,
dependence
2. COMPLEX-
there
are
multiple
possible
motives
for
a
single
behavior
Love
and
Belongingness-
loneliness,
insecurity,
3. CONTINUING-
people
are
continually
indifference,
isolation,
desperation,
aggression
motivated
by
our
need
or
another
4. UNIVERSAL-
basic
needs
are
universal,
ways
Safety
and
Security-
helplessness,
paranoia,
fear,
of
satisfying
these
vary
stress,
suspicious,
dread
5. HIERARCHIC-
lower
level
needs:
basic
to
survival;
higher
needs
are
less
basic
to
Physiological-
hunger,
death,
fatigue,
sickness,
survival
health,
malnutrition
Other
Needs
1. Aesthetic
Needs
-
non
universal
-need
for
beauty
and
aesthetically
pleasing
experiences
-SICK:
not
fulfill
this
need
2.
Cognitive
Needs
-desire
to
know,
solve
mysteries,
be
curious
-necessary
to
fulfill
other
needs
-undegrad,
masters,
phd,etc
3.
Neurotic
Needs
-non
productive,
does
not
contribute
to
style
of
life
Self
actualization
-
no
value
for
self-
actualization
-
motivation
to
reach
his
or
hell
full
-compulsion:
if
not
fulfill
this
need
potential;
morality,
creativity,
spontaneity,
problem
solving,
lack
of
prejudice,
accepteance
INSTINCTOID
NEEDS
of
facts
-innately
determined
(in-born)
-need
to
eat
Jollibee
Sundae-
learned,
not
Esteem
instinctoid
-
self-esteem
(to
see
yourself),
confidence,
-thwarting
produces
pathology
positive
achievement,
reputation
(how
others
-persistent
will
see
you)
-satisfaction
leads
to
psychological
health
-species:
specific
Love
and
Belongingness
-unique
to
human
beings
-
adequately
satisfied;
never
experienced
-can
be
molded,
inhibited
or
altered
by
love
(incapable
of
love);
strongly
motivated
to
environment
seek
more
NEEDS-
high
level
needs
develop
higher
on
the
evolutionary
ladder
Safety
and
Security
-high
level
need
develop
later
in
the
-
cannot
be
over
satisfied
lifespan
-basic
anxiety:
when
safety
needs
are
not
-high
level
needs
produce
more
happiness
satisfied
and
peak
experiences
Physiological
Needs-
recurring
-a
person
who
has
reached
self-
actualization
would
have
no
motivation
to
return
to
a
lower
stage
of
development
THINKING
CRITICALLY
-is
the
hierarchy
followed
at
all
times?
-No,
whole
satisfying
one
need,
this
need
can
also
satisfy
another
-should
lower
level
needs
become
100%
before
moving
to
higher
needs?
SELF-
ACTUALIZATION
-free
from
psychopathology
-had
progressed
thru
hierarchy
of
needs
-
embracing
of
Being
Values
(B-Values)
-full
use
of
talents,
capacities,
potentialities
CHARACTERISTICS
OF
SELF-
ACTUALIZERS
1. more
efficient
of
perception
of
reality
2. accepts
self,
others
and
nature
3. spontaneous,
simple
and
natural
4. interested
in
problems
outside
the
self
5. detached;
alone
but
not
lonely
6. autonomous
7. freshness
of
appreciation
8. peak
experience
9. social
interest
10. profound
interpersonal
relationships
11. friendly
and
considerate
with
other
people,
willing
to
learn
from
them
12. distinguishes
between
means
and
ends
13. philosophical,
non-hostile
humor
14. creative
15. transcends
cultural
norms
and
transactions
BEING
VALUES
(B-
VALUES)
-indicators
of
psychological
health
-truth,
goodness,
beauty,
wholeness/transcendence
of
dichotomies,
aliveness/spontaneity,
uniqueness,
perfection,
completion,
justice
and
order,
simplicity,
totality
effortlessness,
self-sufficiency
-thwarting
leads
to
existential
illness
PERSON
CENTERED
THEORY
-the
symbolic
representation
(not
Carl
Rogers
necessarily
in
verbal
symbols)
of
some
Overview
portion
of
our
experiences
-All
human
beings
have
the
innate
capacity
to
-synonymous
with:
become
whole,
fully
functioning
persons
-consciousness
-However,
this
innate
capacity
needs
-symbolization
necessary
and
sufficient
conditions
to
be
fully
realized:
LEVELS
OF
AWARENESS
OR
SYMBOLIZATION
1.
congruence
-below
the
threshold
2.
unconditional
positive
regard
-ignored
3.
emphatic
understanding
-denied
-subception:
perceived
but
not
BASIC
ASSUMPTIONS
accepted
into
awareness
1. Formative
Tendency
-accurately
symbolized
o tendency
of
all
matter
to
evolve
from
-non-threatening
simple
to
more
complex
forms
-consistent
with
existing
self-
2. Actualizing
Tendency
concept
o tendency
within
human
beings
to
move
towards
completion
or
fulfillment
of
DISTORTED
FORM
potentials
-not
consistent
with
view
of
self
3. Actualization
involves
the
whole
person
-reshaped
to
be
assimilated
into
self
(false
o psychological
and
intellectual
memories)
o rational
and
emotional
o conscious
and
unconscious
DENIAL
OF
POSITIVE
EXPERIENCES
4. Not
limited
to
humans
-negative
self
concept:
then
deny
it
5. Realized
only
under
certain
conditions
completely
o congruent
only
under
certain
conditions
o empathy
and
unconditional
positive
regard
NEEDS
*insert
phenomenological
idiographic
1. Maintenance
- satisfaction
of
basic
needs
such
as
food,
infant
me
actualizing
tendency
self- air,
and
safety
actualized
- resist
change
and
to
seek
status
quo
2. Enhancement
Self
subsystem
- the
need
to
become
more,
to
develop
and
to
achieve
growth
1. Self-concept
- willingness
to
learn
things
that
are
not
-includes
all
those
aspect
of
ones
being
immediately
rewarding
and
ones
experiences
that
are
perceived
3. Positive
Regard
in
awareness
- a
need
to
be
loved,
liked
or
accepted
by
2.
Ideal
Self
another
person
-ones
view
of
self
as
one
wishes
to
be
4. Positive
Self-Regard
- stems
from
satisfaction
or
frustration
of
*venn
diagram
their
need
for
positive
regard
- positive
regard:
a
need
to
be
loved,
liked
Carl
Rogers
self
concept
or
accepted
by
another
person
-self
image
- after
the
self
has
emerged
-
ideal
self
- becoming
a
person:
make
contact
- experience
of
prizing
or
valuing
self
Awareness
- autonomous
and
self-
perpetuating
BARRIERS
TO
PSYCHOLOGICAL
HEALTH
1. Conditions
of
Worth
PERSON-CENTERED
THERAPY
-people
perceive
that
parents,
peers,
partners
love
and
accept
o A
therapist
cannot
possibly
understand
them
only
if
they
meet
these
clients
as
well
as
clients
understand
peoples
expectation
and
approval
themselves
2.
Criterion
by
which
a
person
accept
or
o Clients
rather
than
therapists
are
reject
their
experiences
responsible
for
changing
themselves
3.
External
evaluation
do
not
foster
o The
therapist
provides
the
atmosphere
physiological
health
but
prevent
people
within
which
clients
are
able
to
help
from
being
completely
open
to
their
own
themselves
experiences
v Condition
PHYSIOLOGICAL
STAGNATION
o Counselor
congruence-
authentic
INCONGRUENCE-
not
congruent
with
sense
of
o Unconditional
positive
regard
self
o Empathic
listening
o Vulnerability
unaware
of
the
discrepancy
between
their
organic
self
v Process
and
their
significant
experience
o Stages
of
therapeutic
change
o Anxiety-
a
state
of
uneasiness
or
o Theoretical
explanation
for
therapeutic
tension
whose
cause
is
unknown
change
o Threat-
an
awareness
that
their
self
is
v Outcomes
no
longer
whole
or
congruent
DEFENSIVENESS
IF
the
following
conditions
exist:
o Distortion-
people
misinterpret
an
1) A
vulnerable
or
anxious
client
experience
in
order
to
fit
into
some
2) Contacts
a
counselor
who
posses
aspect
of
their
self-
concept
3) Congruence
in
the
relationship
o Denial-
people
refuse
to
perceive
an
4) Unconditional
positive
regard
for
experience
in
awareness
client
and
5) Empathic
understanding
for
the
DISORGANIZATION
clients
interval
frame
of
reference
o When
in
congruence
between
peoples
and
perceived
self
and
their
organismic
6) The
client
perceives
condition
3,
4
experience
is
either
too
obvious
or
and
5
and
the
3
necessary
and
occurs
too
suddenly
to
be
denoed
or
sufficient
conditions
for
therapeutic
distorted
growth
o Inconsistent,
unpredictable
behavior
because
of
shattered
self-concept
THEN
therapeutic
change
occurs;
the
client
will:
Blue-
happen
within
therapy;
Personality
Theory
of
Carl
Rogers
black-
happen
outside
the
therapy
Basic
human
others
result
1) Become
more
congruent
needs
responses
2) Be
less
defensive
3) Become
more
open
to
experiences
need
for
unconditional
self-
4) Have
a
more
realistic
view
of
the
self-concept
positive
actualiza-
world
regard
tion
5) Develop
positive
self
regard
6) Close
the
gap
between
ideal
self
and
need
for
conditional
self
real
self
positive
regard
positive
discre-
7) Be
less
vulnerable
to
threat
regard
pancies
8) Become
led
anxious
9) Take
ownership
of
experiences
10)Become
more
accepting
of
others
11)Become
more
congruent
in
relationship
with
others
STAGES
OF
THERAPEUTIC
CHANGE
o Stage
1-
unwillingness
to
communicate
anything
about
oneself
o Stage
2-
client
become
slightly
less
rigid
o Stage
3-
client
talks
more
freely
about
self,
although
still
as
an
object
o Stage
4-
client
begin
to
talk
of
deep
feelings
but
not
ones
presently
felt
o Stage
5-
clients
undergo
significant
change
and
growth
o Stage
6-
clients
experience
dramatic
growth
and
an
irreversible
movement
toward
becoming
fully
functioning;
end
of
therapy
o Stage
7-
can
occur
outside
the
therapeutic
encounter;
become
fully
functioning
persons
of
tomorrow
FULLY-
FUNCTIONING
PERSON
o More
adaptable
o Open
to
their
experiences
o Live
fully
in
the
moment-
appreciate
o Harmonious
relations
with
others
o More
integrated
o Basic
trust
of
human
nature
o Greater
richness
in
life
CONCLUSION
FOR
HUMANISM
More
on
FREEWILL,
TELEOLOGICAL,
OPTIMISTIC
AND
POSITIVE