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P. R.D. Fernando
Chartered Engineer
B.Sc.(Hons), M.Eng. C.Eng., MIE(SL)
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1. Carriageway - CW
2. Shoulder (Hard & soft) - SW
3. Center Median - CM
4. Platform (CW+SW + CM)
5. Cross-fall (Pavement & Shoulder)
6. Drain
7. Cut Slope (1:4 H:V) & Fill Slope (1:1.5 V:H)
8. ROW (total clear width used for the road including the
reservation for utility and any widening in future.)
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CARRIAGEWAY
SHOULDERS
The surface of the road on which the vehicles are expected to
run To accommodate vehicles to stand or for emergency
It can be single lane, two lanes, four lanes or multi lanes. situations.
A traffic lane is demarcated by lane markings for the use of a As Pedestrians walkway
single line of traffic. For motorists, better utilization of road capacity.
The desirable lane width is 3.7m 3.0m width is desirable while 1.8m minimum width.
The absolute minimum lane width is 3.1m
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DRAINS
CENTRE MEDIN
To discharge of storm water in efficiency.
Runoff (m3 / sec) will decide the size of drain.
Generally use for 4 lane or multi-lane roads. The minimum 0.6m width will be preferable for cleaning
To avoid conflicts of opposing traffic. purpose.
Refuge for pedestrians. The cross section will be rectangular or trapezoidal.
Enhance the safety on road. Lead away drains to discharge the side drains water to natural
streams or low land areas.
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RSERVATION Crossfall
For road widening & utility services. To remove the road surface water.
To avoid disturbing the existing road. Excessive crossfalls will make driving uncomfortable.
Services will be water, electricity etc; Recommended crossfalls;
Concrete - 2.0%
Asphalt paving - 2.5%
Bitumen seals - 3.0%
Gravel roads - 4.0%
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Topography
Flat Terrain Road Capacity
Any combination of geometry features permitting heavy vehicles to maintain
appropriately the same speed as passenger car. (grades of no more than 3%).
Road capacity is maximum rate of
traffic flow that can be accommodated
Rolling Terrain along road segment at Level of Service
Any combination of geometry features that causes heavy vehicles to reduce - E.
their speed substantially below those of passenger cars. (grades between 3 -
8%). Define in passenger car unit / hour
(pcu / hr).
Mountainous Terrain
Any combination of geometry features that causes heavy vehicles to operate at Ideal capacity of 2-lane road
their limiting speed on the given grade for significant distance. (grades of more 2800 pcph.
than 8%)
Ideal capacity of multi lane road
2000 pcphpl.
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Definitions
Definitions
Annual Average Daily Traffic (AADT)
Annual traffic average on daily basis.
Both directions Design Hourly Volume(DHV)
Basis of Highway planning Basis of highway design (design calculations)
Unit is Vehicles / day Expected hourly volume at peak hour in target design year
Average Daily Traffic (ADT) Generally, 30~50th largest hourly volume among 1 year (30th highest is
Definitions
Example
Directional Distribution Factor (D)
In Sri Lankan road has AADT of 25500, what is the DHV? The percentage of the design hourly
volume that is in the predominant
direction of travel.
Factor reflecting proportion of peak
hour traffic travelling in the peak direction.
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DDHV = D * K * AADT 20
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Traffic Composition
Mix of Vehicle Traffic is characterized by a variety of transport modes.
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Equivalent Passenger Car Unit PCU for Two Lane two way Roads
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Example
DESIGN VEHICLES
A road has following traffic composition within the day and
calculate the PCU value for that road. The geometric features of the road are related directly with the
dimension of the design vehicle. Vehicle width, Length, Height,
Vehicle Type Number and Minimum turning radius
Passenger Car 450
Motor Cycle 800 Passenger Car [P]
Three Wheeler 1200 Single Unit Bus [BUS]
Small Bus 20 Single Unit Truck [SU]
Large Bus 50
Comb. Truck Intermediate Semi trailer [WB-12]
Heavy Truck 80
Comb. Truck Large (Semi trailer) [WB-15]
Truck Trailer 10
Comb. Truck Large (Full trailer) [WB-18]
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Design Speed
Volume / Capacity Ratio
Design Speed is the maximum safe speed that can be
maintained over a specified section of highway.
The choice of design speed will be depended on v/c ratio is a measure of sufficiency
The surrounding terrain and the functional class of the of existing or proposed road capacity.
highway (Primary).
traffic volume and composition, cost of ROW and v/c = flow (volume)
aesthetic considerations. capacity
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Divide in to 6 grade (A F)
Describing the operation conditions on the road facility.
Road Class Design Speed Design Level of Volume
Qualitative measure of speed, degree of freedom to (kmph) Service Capacity Ratio
travel, traffic interruption, comfort and safety. (v/c)
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LOS - A
LOS - B
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LOS - B
LOS - E
LOS - C
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V SF V15 * 4
PHF
V15 * 4
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Two roads both of having peak hour volume of 2000 veh/hr. The first road has
The Service Flow Rate is the maximum hourly rate of a
1000 vehicles arriving in the highest 15-min interval, and the second road has lane or roadway under prevailing roadway, traffic and
600 vehicle arriving in the highest 15-min interval. Determine the PHF for control conditions while maintaining a designated Level
both roads. Of Service.
fw= Adjustment factor for narrow lanes and restricted shoulder width,
E HV 1 (0. 25 PT / HV )( E 1)
fg = Adjustment factor for the operational effects of grades on passenger cars.
fHV= Adjustment factor for heavy vehicles in the upgrade traffic stream.
SFR for multi Lane road
SFi = MSFi * N * fw * fg * fHV * fE PP = Proportion of passenger cars in the upgrade traffic stream, expressed as a
decimal.
MSFi C j * (v / c) i
IP = Impedance factor for passenger cars.
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SFR cont..
Example
EHV= Passenger car equivalent for specific mix on heavy vehicles present in the upgrade traffic 1. A two lane highway has following parameters and calculate the service
stream flow of the road at capacity.
E = base passenger car equivalent for a given percent of grade and a given speed selected. fd = 0.83
fw= 0.88
E0 = base passenger car equivalent for zero percent grade and a given upgrade speed selected
fHV= 0.916
PT/HV = Proportion of trucks among heavy vehicles
fE = Adjustment factor for the development environment and type of multilane (fE = 1.0 divided
highway)
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Example Safety
1. A two lane B class highway has following parameters and it will plan Safety is a major goal of road design irrespective of
to keep the road as LOS D. Construction work will be completed in
2018. assume growth traffic rate is 4% until completion of the project whatever design standard is adopted. To enhance
road and this value is 6% after completion of the project. How long road safety on rehabilitation road project;
will last LOS D ?
fd = 1.0 Provide adequate sight distance on HA & VA.
fw= 0.81 Improve the improper curves and grades.
fHV= 0.84
Propose suitable advance signs or lane markings.
AADT in 2015 = 4500 veh/hr
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