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DOI 10.1007/s00253-011-3651-2
MINI-REVIEW
Received: 27 July 2011 / Revised: 30 September 2011 / Accepted: 17 October 2011 / Published online: 4 November 2011
# Springer-Verlag 2011
Abstract The production of shrimp waste from shrimp Keywords Shrimp waste . Toxic chemicals . Chitin .
processing industries has undergone a dramatic increase in Pigments . Therapies
recent years. Continued production of this biomaterial
without corresponding development of utilizing technology
has resulted in waste collection, disposal, and pollution Introduction
problems. Currently used chemical process releases toxic
chemicals such as HCl, acetic acid, and NaOH into aquatic Aquaculture is the world's fastest growing food-production
ecosystem as byproducts which will spoil the aquatic flora sector in the recent years, providing an acceptable, protein
and fauna. Environmental protection regulations have rich supplement to, and substitute for, wild aquatic animals
become stricter. Now, there is a need to treat and utilize and plants. Asia plays a leading role in shrimp farming,
the waste in most efficient manner. The shrimp waste accounting for almost 80% of world shrimp production
contains several bioactive compounds such as chitin, (Fuchs et al. 1999; Rosenberry 1998). Shrimp is a high-
pigments, amino acids, and fatty acids. These bioactive value aquacultural product, and is processed for the meat,
compounds have a wide range of applications including leaving the carapace and head as waste products (Omum
medical, therapies, cosmetics, paper, pulp and textile 1992; Knorr 1991). Shrimp landed by large trawlers are,
industries, biotechnology, and food applications. This however, deheaded at sea or supplied to processing
current review article present the utilization of shrimp industries. The main unutilized source of marine protein
waste as well as an alternative technology to replace and oils is heads of shrimp from packaging and processing
hazardous chemical method that address the future trends industry. Heads are usually removed in peeling sheds near
in total utilization of shrimp waste for recovery of bioactive the landing or at packing plants. Generally, shrimp is
compounds. exported in frozen form without exoskeleton. About 45
48% by weight of shrimp raw material is discarded as waste
depending on species (Sachindra et al. 2005).
P. Kandra (*) : M. M. Challa An inevitable increase in waste produced by the
Department of Biotechnology, GITAM Institute of Technology, processing industry is of no use (Subasinghe 1999).The
GITAM University,
biomaterial or biowaste contains many valuable compounds
Visakhapatnam 530045 Andhra Pradesh, India
e-mail: chprameela5@gmail.com that after appropriate processing can add substantially to
overall profitability. This shrimp biomaterial can be
M. M. Challa
e-mail: drmurali@gitam.edu valorized without fractionation. Usually, it is applied as
such for feeding in veterinary practice and aquaculture.
H. Kalangi Padma Jyothi Medium- and large-scale processing has been developed to
Department of Biochemistry, College of Science & Technology,
dry the waste and to mix it with other agricultural raw
Andhra University,
Visakhapatnam 530045 Andhra Pradesh, India materials to produce animal feed. The most common
e-mail: hemalathakpj@gmail.com technique for shrimp waste utilization is the artisan practice
18 Appl Microbiol Biotechnol (2012) 93:1729
of sun drying. This procedure has low hygienic control and from the nutritional point of view. The amount of shrimp
the products are limited for animal consumption. Shrimp waste (4048%) contains head and body carapace (Sachin-
waste is then considered in landfills, soil dumping, and dra et al. 2005). Only 5% of shrimp waste is used mostly
discarded in sea water resulting in the major surface for animal feed. The shrimp waste composed mainly of
pollution, unpleasant smell in coastal areas, and constituting protein (40%), minerals (35%) and chitin (1430%)
an important concern of environmental pollution. Usually, (Synowiecki and Al-Khateeb 2000) and is very rich in
shrimp waste is dried on the beaches which encourage carotenoid pigments mainly Astaxanthin (Britton 1997;
environmental problems (Mathew and Nair 2006). Gimeno et al. 2007). In efficient utilization of these marine
In particular, discarding of shrimp waste is a serious shrimp waste becomes an accumulation from processing
environmental problem because valuable living resources are plants.
wasted. Populations of endangered species are threatened due Shrimp head waste fermented in the presence of sugar
to environmental pollution (Morgan and Chuenpagdue 2003). molasses by using Lactobacillus plantarum was co-dried
In any case, it is widely accepted that ecological impact is with 15% feather meal is used as silage meal. Fermented
significant by discarding shrimp waste (Kelleher 2005). shrimp head waste meal can be used to replace fish meal
Coastal aquaculture is diverse in terms of the resources used; (30%) for feeding to African catfish Clarias gariepinus
the scale and nature of the practices adopted and varied (Nwanna and Daramola 2001). Use of fish silage for partial
environmental characteristics. A major problem with shrimp or complete replacement of fish meal in diets of Nile tilapia
biomaterial valorization is the high perishability of the (Oreochromis niloticus) and African catfish (C. gariepinus)
material (Anonymous 1997). Under tropical climatic con- (Al-Azab 2005; Soltan et al. 2008). Shrimp head waste is
ditions, decay starts within an hour after processing and leads also currently used in the preparation of prawn head soup
to the production of biogenic amines with a very offensive (B.B.C. Food recipes).
smell. If this decay is unavoidable or not prevented, the
biomaterial turns into real waste, and due to its high protein
content, it becomes a real threat to the environment and a Chitin
financial burden if not discarded properly.
It is obvious for both environmental and economic Chitin is one of the most abundant renewable biopolymers
reasons that, wherever possible, appropriate technology on earth that can be obtained as a cheap biopolymer from
should be applied to prevent decay and to convert the marine sources (Muzzarelli 1997). After cellulose, chitin is
biomaterial into valuable products. Technology should the most abundant polysaccharide in nature and is primarily
provide systems for the delay or prevention of decay and present in the exoskeletons of crustaceans (such as crabs,
procedures for fractionation. Therefore, there is a signifi- shrimp, lobsters, etc.) and also in various insects, worms,
cant interest regarding recycling of shrimp waste. This fungi, and mushrooms in varying amount (Arcidiacono and
review focuses on present utilization and recent findings; Kaplan 1992). It is biocompatible, biodegradable, and bio-
well-known biotechnologies commonly used for the treat- absorbable, with antibacterial and wound-healing abilities
ment of shrimp waste that address the future trends in total with low immunogenicity. Therefore, there have been many
utilization of shrimp waste for recovery of bioactive reports on its biomedical applications (Jolls and Muzzarelli
compounds. However, before presenting the specific features 1999). Accordingly, a very broad range of applications in
of selected technologies, it is first necessary to briefly different fields such as food technology, material science,
summarize the existing chemical method for degradation of microbiology, agriculture, wastewater treatment, drug delivery
shrimp waste. systems, tissue engineering, and bionanotechnology have
been reported (Feisal and Montarop 2010).
Henri Braconnot, a French professor of natural history,
Present utilization of shrimp waste discovered chitin in 1811 after the discovery of a material
particularly resistant to usual chemicals by Hachett, an
The higher protein content used in Asian diets fits with the English scientist in 1799. In 1843, Lassaigne demonstrated
more carnivorous feeding habits of the main shrimp species the presence of nitrogen in chitin (Jeuniaux 1996). Henri
cultured. Moreover, carnivorous shrimp species are less Braconnot named it as fungine. In 1823, Odier found the
able to harness the natural pond biota than their more same material in insects and plants and named it as chitine
omnivorous or detrivorous counterparts (Tacon and (Muzzarelli and Mozzarelli 2009). Chitin is not only an
Akiyama 1997). Shrimp for human food represents around essential component of invertebrates but may also be
78% both in developed and developing countries, leaving present in vertebrates. Unlike cellulose, chitin can be a
about 22% for non-food uses (Vannuccini 2004). Therefore, source of nitrogen as well as carbon (C:N=8:1) (Struszczyk
shrimp and it's derived byproducts are considered important 2006).
Appl Microbiol Biotechnol (2012) 93:1729 19
Homogenization
Alcalase &/ or Triton x- 100
Precipitate Supernatant
Chitin
constant sugar and inoculum levels. In this case, the for demineralization of deproteinized crustacean shells for
selection criteria used was low pH (Fagberno 1996; chitin production. Synowiecki and Al-Khatab (2003)
Prameela et al. 2010a, b). Many researchers have studied studied the essential amino acids index and protein
the lactic acid fermentation combined with chemical treat- efficiency ratio value of an Alcalase 2.4 L digestion of
ments (Healy et al. 1994; Shirai et al. 1997; Zakaria et al. shrimp waste discards. The removal of protein and calcium
1998) and with different carbon sources as a natural energy from shells is by a combination of enzymatic activity and
source as well (Hall and Silva 1992; Fagberno 1996; mineral solubilization by organic acid produced in bacterial
Prameela et al. 2010b). Treatment of minced scampi waste growth (Luis et al. 2003; Prameela et al. 2010a). Growth
by culture of Lactobacillus paracasei strain A3 was and temperature of microorganisms in culture medium has
investigated by Zakaria et al. 1998. All these studies were an effect on chitin and astaxanthin recovery from shrimp
on deproteinization of raw material and how demineraliza- waste (Carr et al. 2002; Neith et al. 2009). Microorganisms
tion was affected by various inoculum amounts (Meraz et studied include Lactobacillus plantarum (Rao et al. 2000;
al. 1992; Shirai et al. 2001; Rao et al. 2002; Prameela et al. Prameela et al. 2010a, b), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Wang
2010c). and Chio 1998), Pseudomonas maltophilia (Wang and Chio
Srinivas et al. (2006) studied fermentable shrimp waste 1998), Bacillus subtilis (Yang et al. 2000; He et al. 2006),
under different salt concentrations with amylolytic and non- L. paracasei (Shirai et al. 2001), Lecanicilecium fungicola
amylolytic Lactobacillus strains for chitin production. (Laura et al. 2006), Pencillium chrysogenum (Patidar et al.
Mahmoud et al. (2007) found unconventional approaches 2005), Pediococcus acidolactici (Bhaskar et al. 2007;
22 Appl Microbiol Biotechnol (2012) 93:1729
Prameela et al. 2010d). Homemade natural probiotic (curd) Chitin has an interesting property of converting itself to
was used in extraction of chitin and carotenoids from oligosaccharides because oligosaccharides are water soluble
shrimp waste (Prameela et al. 2010c). The composition of and possess versatile functional properties such as anti-
natural probiotic was evaluated and found to be composed tumor activity and antimicrobial activity (Suzuki et al.
of Lactobacillus acidophilus, L. plantarum, Lactobacillus 1986; Wang et al. 2006, 2008; Liang et al. 2007). Chitin
bulgaricus, Pediococcus acidilactici, and Streptococcus and its derivatives have many properties that make them
thermophilus (unpublished data). Kyung-Taek et al. attractive for a wide variety of applications, from food,
(2007) studied demineralization of crab shell waste by P. nutrition and cosmetics to biomedicine, aquaculture, and
aeruginosa F 722. Deproteinization of the biowaste occurs the environment (Knapczyk and Brzozowski 1982; Lang
mainly by proteolytic enzymes produced by added micro- and Clausen 1985; Holland 1986). Chitin has many
organisms and protease present endogenously in the applications including functional food ingredients, medi-
biowaste (Bautista et al. 2001; Shirai et al. 2001; Cira et cines, pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, textiles, fine chemicals,
al. 2002). An integrated bioconversion of shrimp was for water treatment and biodegradable packaging films
proposed, whereby protein, pigment, and main biopolymer (Park et al. 2005; Bautista et al. 2001; Yang et al. 2000).
chitin can be isolated for industrial for common use. In this Their antibacterial, antifungal and antiviral properties make
context, a process which involves the total utilization of them particularly useful for biomedical applications such as
shell waste is highly valuable (Fig. 3). wound dressing, weight loss agent, blood cholesterol
control, surgical sutures and aid in cataract surgery and
periodontal disease treatment (Stanford 1987; Rockway
Shrimp head waste 2000; Taha and Swailam 2002). In the present review, a
variety of applications are summarized in Table 1.
Grinding
Future trends in total utilization of shrimp waste
(Shrimp waste: distilled water 1:1 w/v)
It is clear that the shrimp waste and discards utilization
situation has changed dramatically since 1970s. Now, there
are more possibilities for enhancing returns by extraction
Mixing and utilization of shrimp byproducts (Gildberg 2002), but
(5% inoculum, 15% carbon source, 2% salt)
there are still more to come. The existing hazardous
chemical method causes environmental pollution as well
as great loss to the bioactive compounds that can be
Incubation at 370C 10C in an orbital shaker at 100rpm isolated from shrimp waste such as protein, pigments, and
fatty acids. The enzymatic processes of extraction of chitin
are costly for the high expenses in commercial enzymes.
Fermentation for 72h There is now a need to develop an efficient, simpler, eco-
friendly, economical, and commercially viable method for
extracting all the possible bioactive compounds present in
Filtration shrimp head waste. Automation of the extraction process is
(Cheese cloth) an essential future trend for the minimization of expenses
and safety of the labor involved in the process. In this
Filtrate Protein section, we mention some of these new components that
can be obtained from shrimp waste and could constitute an
Residue incipient industry or possibility of becoming so.
Table 1 Applications of bioactive compound chitin and chitosan from shrimp waste
Table 1 (continued)
Intelligent materials or Chitin-based polyurethane Shape memory materials can remember and regain Zia et al. 2009
composites their original shape after the removal of the stimulus
Energy production Chitin Chitin has also been utilized by Clostridium Evvyernie et al. 2000;
paraputrificum M-21 to produce hydrogen gas. This Morimoto et al. 2005
gas is considered to be a potential source of
alternative energy
(Amar et al. 2000). Shrimp waste protein hydrolysates are operation. Therefore, extensive research should be carried out
known to be nutritionally superior as feed ingredients due to explore bioactive compounds and their activities from
to high amount of essential amino acids (Gildberg and shrimp waste.
Stenberg 2001). The amino acid composition of the
fermented liquor obtained during degradation is also made Acknowledgements KP is grateful to Prof. K. Aruna Lakshmi and
Prof. R. Sinha for helpful discussion.
up of essential amino acids required by marine Penaeus
shrimp (Millamena et al. 1996a, b; 1997, 1998 and 1999).
Sachindra and Bhaskar (2008) have evaluated and reported
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