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DESIGN
Science of Mechanism
The science of mechanism is divided into two parts:
Pure Mechanism or Kinematics of Machines
Treats of the motion and forms of the parts of
a machine, and the manner of supporting and
guiding them, independent of their strength.
Constructive Mechanism or Machine Design
Involves the calculation of the forces acting on
different parts of the machine;
Selection of materials on the basis of strength
durability, and other physical properties in
order to withstand these forces,
The convenience for repairs and facilities for
manufacture also being taken into account
Stress
The force intensity at a point, called stress, which plays a central role
in the design of load-bearing members.
It is the force per unit area
Measured in or , .
2
= ; =
Analysis of Internal Forces: STRESS
=
=
=
,
For ordinary steel usually falls between 28,000 to
31,000 ksi, and most designers use either 29,000 or
30,000 ksi.
TABLE AT-7
Deformation
= (1)
= = (2)
0 0
= (3)
0
= =
Bending TENSION
3
=
12
Table AT 1 Properties of Sections @ pg 563
Torsion
Torsion
Torsion describes a twisting effect, where different parts of an object
undergo different angular displacements (referred to as the angle of
twist) about the rotational axis. To create torsion, a torque is necessary.
Depends on the ff:
Magnitude of Torque
Type of Material
Shape of the Material
Torsion Formula: Angle of Twist
=
:
,
, , ,
, ,
, 4 4
Torsion Formulas: Maximum Shear Stress
Maximum Shear Stress
=
:
, lb-ft, N-m
,
, 4 4
=
Torsion Formulas
Polar Moment of Inertia
Solid Shaft (in4 or cm4)
4 4
= =
2 32
Hollow Shaft (in4 or cm4)
(4 4 ) ( 4 4 )
= =
2 32
Maximum Shear Stress (MPa or psi)
Torsion Formulas
Polar Moment of Inertia
Solid Shaft (in4 or cm4)
4 4
= =
2 32
Hollow Shaft (in4 or cm4)
(4 4 ) ( 4 4 )
= =
2 32
Maximum Shear Stress (MPa or psi)
Poissons Ratio
In 1811,Simeon D. Poisson showed that the ratio of the
transverse strain to the axial strain is constant for
stresses within the proportional limit. This constant,
called Poissons ratio, is denoted by (lowercase Greek
nu).
=
Shear Loading:
The shear strain, which measures the amount
of distortion, is the angle (lowercase Greek
gamma), always expressed in radians.
= =
=
2(1 + )
:
G= shear modulus, modulus of
elasticity of shear, modulus of
rigidity or transverse module
Thin Walled Vessels Torsion Formula
= 2
; =
2 (2 3 )
Considering the thin wall buckling locally before elastic stresses are
exceeded.
3 3
= 2
; =
2 2 3
Torque
Torque
Torque is defined as a twisting force that tends to cause rotational
motion.
Force, Direction, and Separation of Forces Applied
=
:
Power Transmission
=
:
,
, ,
, /
= 2 = 2
:
,
, ,
,
, /
Factor of Safety
There will always be uncertainties in characterizing the magnitude of
applied loads and their associated stress levels for in-service
applications; ordinarily load calculations are only approximate.
Furthermore, virtually all engineering materials exhibit a variability
in their measured mechanical properties.
Consequently, design allowances must be made to protect against
unanticipated failure.
Factor of Safety would indicate by what factor the design is safe.
Design Factor
=
Where:
=
Where:
Design Factor
Design Factor
Selection of N will depend on a number
of factors:
Economics, previous experience, the
accuracy with which mechanical forces
and material properties may be
determined, and, most important, the
consequences of failure in terms of loss
of life and/or property damage.
Factors of Safety Table (Table 1.1 on pg. 20)
Table AT 7 Typical Properties of Wrought
Ferrous Metals pg. 576
Table AT 7 Typical Properties of Wrought
Ferrous Metals pg. 576