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DOI 10.1007/s13369-014-1279-0
Received: 17 July 2013 / Accepted: 30 November 2013 / Published online: 10 July 2014
King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals 2014
123
7184 Arab J Sci Eng (2014) 39:71837188
factors that are considered in order to determine the best loca- The DG must operate within the minimum and max-
tions and sizes of the DGs. Different approach has been used imum DG output range. Since the DG is operating at
by Dias et al. [15] to find the optimum locations of DG. The certain power factor (PF), the reactive power supplied
authors used the sensitivity factors in their analysis. By rank- by DG is limited by Eq. (2).
ing the buses based on sensitivity factor in descending order, (b) Supplydemand balance constraint:
the priority lists for DG location is obtained. The top-ranked
k
buses in these priority lists are taken for the placement of DG. PDG < PLoad + PLosses , k = no. of DG (3)
However, most of the above literatures focus on the deter- i=1
mination of optimal DG capacity and location for a grid-
connected distribution system. In this paper, the operation of The total power generated by all DG units must be equal
remotely located distribution network that has no grid con- to the summation of the total demand and the power loss
nection is considered. For this kind of a system, it is important values. It is very important to ensure that the supply
to ensure that the DG output is sufficient enough to support demand balance can be achieved.
the total demand of all the consumers that are served by the (c) Voltage constraint:
distribution system. Even though the self-sufficiency of the
system is the ultimate objective, it is, however, also important 0.95 p.u Vbus
new
1.05 p.u (4)
to operate the DGs at their optimal output to realize the opti-
mum system operations. By doing so, the minimum power The voltage value at each bus in the system after the DG
losses could be achieved that will in turn lead to lower DG connection must be within the acceptable limit, which
output and hence causing the total generation costs of the sys- is in between 5 % from the rated value. Furthermore,
tem to be lowered. This is due to the fact that total generation the DG should also give better overall voltage profile
of DG is the summation of its load demand and the losses. pattern compared to without DG unit in the system.
Therefore, it is unmistakable to reduce the power losses to
achieve the minimum costs incurred through generation of Therefore, in this study, the GSA, which is one of the meta-
the DGs. heuristic techniques, will consider all these constraints in
In this study, the gravitational search algorithm (GSA) is the optimization process. The analysis was performed using
used to determine the optimum distributed generation output MATLAB 7.8 on a computer with a Core2Duo processor,
that will minimize the power loss in the system. The problem clocked at 2.00 GHz and with 2 GB RAM.
is formulated in the next section followed by the explanation
of the GSA implementation. In the fourth section of the paper, 3 GSA Implementation
the results with its detailed discussions are presented, ending
the paper with concluding remarks of the study in the final The GSA was first introduced by Esmat et al. [16] in 2009.
section. The authors have developed the algorithm based on the law
of gravity, where the gravity that exists between the objects
2 Problem Formulation will cause them to accelerate towards each other. In general,
the gravitational force formula for two objects is directly pro-
For the autonomous system that has a single DG unit, the portional to the product of their masses and inversely propor-
DG unit will be fully utilized to supply the whole demand, tional to the square of distance between these two objects as
including the power loss in the network. On the other hand, shown in Eq. (5).
for the multiple DG unit case, the harmonization of the out-
put from each DG unit can help to reduce the power loss Ma j M pi
Fi j = G (5)
value, indirectly improving the distribution network perfor- R2
mance. Thus, by optimizing the DG output, the power loss in where, F = gravitational force, G = gravitational constant
the system will be minimized. However, several constraints Mi = mass of object i, M j = mass of object j, R = distance
have to be considered in order to ensure that the distribution between objects i and j.
network to operate safely. The lists of constraints, which are However, after several investigations on optimization
included in this paper, are shown below: problem, the authors in [16] have proposed some modifi-
cation on the gravitational force formula, where the power of
(a) Active and reactive power DG constraint: distance in GSA has been set to 1 as shown in Eq. (6). This
change is necessary to improve the GSA in finding the opti-
mal solution. Thus, for the GSA implementation on optimal
Pimin PDGi Pimax (1)
DG outputs problem, the DG output is set as the object (xi )
Q DGi = PDGi tan cos1 (P F) (2) and the performance of GSA is measured by the power loss
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Arab J Sci Eng (2014) 39:71837188 7185
end
Continue to Step 2
where, i = 1, 2, 3,, N , fit = Fitness (Ex: power loss
___________________________________________________________________________ in this study), worst = The worst fitness value (highest
power loss) from the current set, best = The best fitness
Fig. 1 The pseudo code for optimal DG output in autonomous system
analysis
value (lowest power loss) from the current set.
iii. Total force that act on object i
N
f id = rand j f idj (11)
j=1, j=i
Object 1 F12 Object 2
Smaller Mass
Larger Mass
(High Ploss)
where, d = dimension.
(Lower Ploss)
iv. Acceleration, velocity and new position
f id
X2 aid = (12)
X1 Mi
Fig. 2 The illustration on the relationship between object mass and the vidnew = randi vidold + aid (13)
distance
xidnew = xidold + vidnew (14)
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7186 Arab J Sci Eng (2014) 39:71837188
DG
33-bus distribution network with
19
20
21
22
3 DG units
31
32
33
27
29
28
30
26
DG
17
18
10
13
15
11
14
16
12
1
9
2
5
4
DG
23
24
25
Table 1 Comparison single and
multiple DG performance given Single DG analysis Multiple DG analysis
by GSA technique DG at bus 3 DG at bus 9 DG at bus 31 GA [17] GSA
Fig. 4 The voltage profile in 1.04 GSA & PSO GA Vmax = 1.035 p.u
autonomous 33-bus distribution
system 1.03
Vmax = 1.002 p.u
1.02
1.01
Voltage (p.u)
1.00
0.99
0.96
0.95
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33
Bus Number
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Arab J Sci Eng (2014) 39:71837188 7187
104
109
114
119
124
129
134
139
64
69
74
79
84
89
94
99
27.5
27.3
27.1
1
9
17
25
33
41
49
57
65
73
81
89
97
105
113
121
129
137
145
153
161
169
177
185
193
No. of Iteration
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7188 Arab J Sci Eng (2014) 39:71837188
GA results. Lastly, the smaller number of iteration to reach 8. Quoc, H.D.; Mithulananthan, N.; Bansal, R.C.: Analytical expres-
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