Bernoullis Energy Theorem

1) Neglecting frictional losses, the total head or total amount of energy per unit of weight
is the same at every point in the path of flow.

Total Energy = velocity head + Pressure head + elevation head

   

 = + +  ;
 = + + 
2
2

2) Considering frictional losses, as well as energy added (i.e. from pumps) or derived (i.e.
turbines) from flow, the Bernoulli equation takes the form:

   
+ +  +  = + +  +  + 
2
2

Where:


= Velocity head



= Pressure head


 = Elevation head

 = Head supplied by a pump

 = Head supplied to a turbine

 = Head loss between sections 1 and 2

Note:

A) Pumps add energy to the flow, while Turbines derives or extract energy from the flow.
B) Power HP due to pump or turbine results in an equivalent energy E in accordance
with the equation:
Energy Losses or Head-loss Term

The head-loss term hL accounts for the conversion of mechanical energy to internal energy
(heat). Head loss results from:

A. Major losses

Major head losses come from resistance to flow (caused by friction) at the conduit wall. This
energy loss can be estimated either of the following:

1. Darcy - Weisbach Formula - for closed conduit flow (such as pipes), the most
widely used formula is the so-called Darcy-Weisbach formula.
2. Mannings Equation for open channel flow, this is the most widely used formula in
estimating friction losses.
3. Hazen-Williams Formula
4. Chezy Equation
B. Minor losses

Minor head losses come from dissipation of turbulence usually occurring with separated flow
such as bends, fittings, expansion and contraction of cross-sectional flow area, etc. These
energy losses are usually expressed as a function of the kinetic energy otherwise known as the
velocity head.

Exercises:

1. Water is flowing through a pipe of 100 mm diameter under a pressure of 19.62 N/cm2 and
with mean velocity of 3.0 m/s. Find the total head of the water at a cross-section which is 8
m above the datum line.
2. A pipe through which water is flowing is having diameters 40 cm and 20 cm at the cross-
sections 1 and 2 respectively. The velocity of water at section 1 is given 5.0 m/s. Find the
velocity head at the sections 1 and 2 and also the rate of discharge.
3. The water is flowing through a pipe having diameters 20 cm and 15 cm at sections 1 and 2
respectively. The rate of flow through pipe is 40 litres/s. The section 1 is 6 m above datum
line and section 2 is 3 m above the datum. If the pressure at section 1 is 29.43 N/cm2, find
the intensity of pressure at section 2.
4. Water is flowing through at pipe having diameters 30 cm and 15 cm at the bottom and upper
end respectively. The intensity of pressure at the bottom end is 29.43 N/cm2 and the
pressure at the upper end is 14.715 N/cm2. Determine the difference in datum head if the
rate of flow through pipe is 50 li/s.
5. The water is flowing through a taper pipe of length 50 m having diameters 40 cm at the
upper end and 20 cm at the lower end at the rate of 60 litres/s. The pipe has a slope of 1 in
40. Find the pressure at the lower end if the pressure at the higher level is 24.525 N/cm2.
6. A pipe of diameter 30 cm carries water at a velocity of 20 m/s. The pressures at the points
A and B are given as 34.335 N/cm2 and 29.43 N/cm2 respectively, while the datum head at
A and B are 25 m and 28 m. Determine the equivalent length of the pipe if darcy friction
factor is taken to be 0.02.
7. A conical tube of length 3.0 m is fixed vertically with its smaller end upwards. The velocity of
flow at the smaller end is 4 m/s while at the lower end it is 2 m/s. The pressure head at the
smaller end is 2.0 m of liquid. The loss of head in the tube is 0.95 (v1 v2)2/2g, where v1 is
the velocity at the smaller end and v2 at the lower end, respectively. Determine the pressure
head at the lower end. Flow takes place in downward direction.
8. A pipeline delivering water from a reservoir is shown in the figure below. A pump adds
energy to the flow and 45 li/s of water is discharged to atmosphere at the outlet. Calculate
the power delivered by the pump. Assume the headloss in the pipe as two times the velocity
head at the suction side and 10 times the velocity head in the delivery pipe.
 SOME IMMEDIATE APPLICATIONS OF THE ENERGY EQUATION:
Flow-Measuring Instruments
VENTURI METER a device usually installed across a pipe line for the purpose of measuring
the quantity of fluid flowing in the line.

NOZZLE is a converging tube, connected to the end of a pipe or hose and is used in
engineering practice for the creation of jets and streams for a variety of purposes as well as for
metering. Ordinarily, a nozzle is in the shape of a frustum of a cone similar to that of the
converging section of Venturi meter, although it may also assume a shape where the inside of
the converging section is convexed.

Nozzle increase the velocity, and if discharged to the atmosphere, the pressure head term will be
zero.