Reference Grammar The definite article masculine feminine neuter sg nom 6 6 the acc tov 6 (see also page 142) gen 100 0d dat ® 0 pl nom ot xe acc 10% te gen tv tov dat wig 0g Nouns: First declension Pattern of endings for singular: nom -nf-oe (adds -¢ if masculine) ace -yyhav gen ong/-as, (changes te -ov if masculine) dat “We All plurals are -an, -2, -ev, -ag. country sg. nom xdp-a ace xap-ay gen xeop-og dat xap-e plo nom typed xop-an ace Ty-tig xop-o5 gen tidy xop-Ov dat npg xop-ong masculine: sea judge young man Bédacc-x — xis veavi-ag Bidace-ov xpit-iy veavi-ay Gorsoo-ng — xpr-0d veavi-ov Gorsso-n — xpitfi ~) veavi-g (oc xpee-ay (wor veavi-a) Cédacc-or xpirai —veavi-on Caricr-as xpirds —reavi-ag Cadacso xpi-dv — veam-av Sarésoo-mg xpirais —-vearvi-ag 155Nouns: Second declension masculine: * word sg nom —Réy-06 ace Rey-ov gen Royo” dat ore (voc hore) pl nom — eon ace 2é6y-006 gen oy-ov dar 2éy-o1g bap-0 dap-a Bép-av Bap-01G * feminine nouns such as vf\o0g island are identical in declension (the masculine vos mind and ros voyage have contracted forms -08s, -oBv for the original -60¢, -dov) Nouns: Third declension Pattern of endings: 3g nom (wide range of possibilities) for masc and fem; same as nom if neuter acc stem+a gen stem +0g dat stem +1 pl nom stem +e ace stem+ag gen stem +@v dat stem + ou)* for masc and fem; stem + a if neuter for masc and fem; stem + a if neuter * the muis added if the next word begins with a vowel, or at the end of a sentence Examples: guard (stem 4v2.0%-) sg nom oak, ace godox-o gen db axx-0g dat gohoxt pl nom obaK-e5 ace do2aK-06 gen gvheK-ov dat oda) [dat pl represents ¢vhax-ou(v)] old man (stem yepovt-) yepov yepovr-e yepovt-og yepover (voc yépov) ‘epovr-es, teoveas TEpOvr-wY yepovor(v) {dat pl represents yepovt-o(v)] (The noua yépey is the model for the masculine of present, future and second aorist active participles, e.g. nordanv: see page 163.) 156giant (stem pryavt-) sg nom ‘tras ace ye gen pryavt-og dat yates pl nom —yyave-es acc yiyavt-og gen pyavrov dat yao) [dat pi represents yryavr-or(v)] These three examples are al! masculine, but feminine nouns e.g. vbE, voxtéc (stem voxt-) night decline in the same way. (The noun ylyag is the model for the masculine of first zorist active participles, e.g. nosoug: see page 163, and also for the adjective néic all.) Neuter example: body (stem capat-) sg nom oat ace Opa gen odporr-og dat odpor-1 pl nom odpora ace opar-a gen ompért-ov dat odpaou(r) [dat pl represents cwpor-or(v)] 157irregular third declension nouns fish (m) father (m) man (m) sg nom x06 norhp vip ace tev —YEv-o0g dat wiper reve pl nom tprip-e evn ace spree evn gen cpiip-ov —yev-Ov dat aprip-eov) yév-eor(v) woman (f) Zeus (m) orth Zee Footen Sta, qvancds | arts) oven \ae? povaix-es povaiix-ag pax-ay spovanki(v) 158Adjectives 2-1-2 declensions* ‘masculine feminine neuter sg nom 0-05 50h s0d-6v wise acc cob-bv sog-fy cod-bv gen 30h-00 606-Ai¢ G0b-09 dat c0b-— 608-5) o0-@ pl nom — gob-ot cotati oog-t ace 60}-0%6 o0d-i5 o0F-6 gen o0p-v cod-av 309-7 dat 90$-0%g, sop-aig sop-015 Voriant feminine singular if stem ends with a vowel or rho: sg nom bhi friendly ace diay gen G1At-ag dat gig * i.e. 2(an)-I(f)-2(n): like the three nouns 2byos, ty, Bépov (but in conventional gender order, rather than declension order; the variant feminine $iASa: is like the noun xé@pa) ‘Some adjectives (normally compounds: stem has a prefix, or more than one element) do not have separate feminine but use masculine form again (i.e. are 2-2 rather than 2-1-2), for example: &Buxos -ov unjust B&pBapoc-ov _ barbarian, foreign Irregular 2-1-2 (singular staxts as if 3-1-3): ‘masculine feminine 5g nom —Kohbg nodA-A much, pl many acc ROMY. nod-Y gen KON-09 © RODA-FIG dat OM nOMA-A pl nom — 022-01 nod-at face ROMO, ROMA-Lg gen ROMY. ROAA-Y dat nOAA-oig —noAA-ctig S& nom péyos, peyaa-n ace péyav peyoX-nv gen peyaA-ov beyaa-ns, dat peyeh«p Beye pl nom = peyéhor —peyh-on = peytth-ar ace peyaA-ovg wey peyad-a, gen peyedov — weyGhov —peydeh-ov dat neydd-o1g = peydA-cig —peyith-o1g 159 big, great3-1-3 declensions sg nom gen gen da ff The 3- 163. ‘masculine, feminine ap-tia Bap-ciav Bap-eias Bap-eig. Bap-etar fap-eav Baptov_ Bap cow) Bap-eiars 3 adjectiveRsG; Reon, né&v (navt-) all declines like the first aorist participle: see page neuter Bap Bap» Bap-éog, Bap-et fale op papa Bap-éou(y) heavy 3-3 declensions (no separate feminine): (a) with epsilon contraction ara ep: my © sg nom — &AnO-Aig ace eano-A gen 0-085 dat GABE pl npm dn b-eig acc GAN B-eig gen ADV dat ednd-éour) n an b-é6 GAnB-£5 Gn 9-095 GAn6-ci GA8-7 aAno-7 eAn0-av eAn0-40uv) true 3.3 declensions (no separate feminine): (b) irregular comparative sg nom ace gen das pl nom ace gen dat milf peitov peiZov-a peiov-og peifov-r peiCov-es peifov-ac peiSov-ov peiZocr(v) n peigov peifov neilov-o¢ peiGov- peiGov-a bigger, grealer neifov-a pertov-av peifoor(v) Alternative forms (losing the nu, and the resultingly adjacent vowels contracting) are: mf acc sg and n nom/ace pl eit ‘m/f nom and ace pl peifovg 160Comparison of adjectives ‘positive’ (normal adjective) comparative Regular patterns: 0d6¢-}-6v wise sopdrtepos -a “ov pidioc-@yov friendly guAubtepos -a -ov Bewwég=f-Ov strange; terrible Sevdtepac -a -ov Bapic-eta-> heavy Baptepog -a -ov BANGS -t¢ true VY eAn&akepos -a -ov irregulars: (# = alternative form) teyaB6 --S¥ good épetvov -ov BeAti@v -ov* aioxpes-t-v shameful alcxiav -ov bx8pos-G-dv hostile 2xQiav -ov Bbc -eta-§ == sweet a Gre toog-n-oy equal isetepog -tx -oV wads -f\-ov bad ‘kiki@y -ov eipev -ov* rokdg-H-ov fine xadi@v -ov péyas pepeeAn eyo. big peilop-ov ptxpég-G-6v small v poodle pos “ar -oy Odiyog-N-Ov small (amount of), ov -ov na SAfyor-cn-e few Eécooves -a rokic OAH ond much \/_—smei@y -ov/ndé@v -ov* nodQoi -ci -& — many mheloves -a/rhgoves -0* Pediog-a-ov easy pay -ov raxdc-eia-0 swift Basowy -ov gidog-n-ov dear VV Battrepos a -ov superlative codtirtatos -7 -ov gureret05 -7 -ov Berdracros -n -ov Bapérarog -1 -ov ANBEotAtOG -n -ov &pratos -1 -ov BéAtict0s -y -ov aloxiot0¢ -1 -ov Ex@tot06 -n -ov fiBiow0s --ov loaitatos -n ov KEKIETOS -7 -Ov xeiptotos -n -ov ‘xd Motos - -ov pENotos -7 -Ov _Buxpétatos -7.-0¥ iKV970G 1 -OV Brargioror at -e mAsiotog - -0v ‘RAeistOr -O - BHCTOS -n -OV xéeq1ot0s --0¥ Gdaitatos -n -ov (1) Comparatives ending -tepog decline like $1210; comparatives ending in ~av decline like petG@v; all superlatives decline like 6096, (2) Length of last or only syllable of stem determines -otepog or -@zepog, by compensation: short adds ‘omega, Jong adds omicron. 3) Comparison is expressed either with (than) and same case after as before, or simply by putting the second item in the genitive. (4) Ordinary adverb is usually formed by changing - “To take(onceV «to take for onselffto_to be taken (once to have taken (once)/to have taken to have been taken for oneself perfect MEROUKEVOR nexarbobar to have stopped to have ceased to have been stopped (effect (fect (effect continuing) continuing) continuing) 175Correlation of indicative/imperative/infinitive/participle: present imperfect Ist (weak) aor 2nd (strong) aor perfect active middle passive active middle passive active middle passive active middle passive active middle passive active passive indicative imperative (15g) (38) xabo nave xobopat ravov (all same as middle) nado 7 abcoum =~ novotcopa Exavov - exavopny —- (Same as middle) travoa xadoov éxavoépny — xadoon éxavotny (maxbo8qn) ®apov Rape PaBopny —-aBoo eaAgeny Agen) néxavxa, : éxavpan : (same as middle) infinitive mabe navesBor evboetv noboroBar navoPijoecbor nadoat xaboaobat navobfvat DaBetv AaBéoBon Anpeavar nenauxévor nenadoOat participle (mm nom sg) natnov avdpevos navcav Ravaspevos avebnaspev0s nabous avoepievos, ravoteis dopav AaBopevos Angieis nenawxtis, nenarpévog, 176Subjunctive forms active middle passive middle/passive present se 1 nad-o noxb-open 2 naé-11¢ nod, e xorb-7 rot-njtan plot nord-copev nov-dpeba 2 ot-te nos-no8e 3 ras-wor(v) rossovtan first (weak) aorist se 1 nabo-« nado-opar —-navo-06 2 nato-ns nadvo-7 ROvG-BAS 3 abo nato-nter ——-narv0-6) pil ravo-oev —-xxvo-dueQa —ave-Bayev 2 nojo-nte xotc-node — nave-OAte 3 nabo-oov) nado», —arv0-B@ax(v) second (strong) aorist ve sgl Repo A6B-opor ang-6o 2 aB-n¢ A6B-n and-Ons 3 Rap-n ASB-yror and-A pl 2B-mpev AoB-peda An Banev 2 eB-nee aP-nobe ang-OAce 3 MPoo(y) —-AGBovear A h-B@OWW) Notes: (1) Subjunetive endings are simply vowei-lengthened versions of the normal active and middle/passive primary ones (if the vowel is Jong already, it stays the same, and ambiguous forms have to be determined from context; upsilon disappears). As usta the aorist passive uses active endings. active (and aorist passive) middle/passive (except aorist passive) indicative subjunctive indicative subjunctive sg 1 -o 0 oper open 2-25 “11s an n 3 nq en non pl 1 -opev -onev -ope8a ~oped01 2 ee ome -eo8e “160 E) -ova(y) -wonty) -ovrat ~@vtan * indicative alternative ending -e1, but subjunctive must be -p (2) For the subjunctive of contracted verbs see pages 179-81; for the subjunctive of ely and other irregular verbs see pages 182-3; and for the subjunctive of -p verbs see page 186. 7Optative forms active middlelpassive present sel oot ‘neev-oipny 2 not-o15, 8016-010 3 exd-ot ‘aarb-o10 plod nob-oyiev ‘neey-oipe0o, 2 nab-o1te ncb-o108e 3 nad-o“v nab-o1t0 future sgl rada-ount nave-oiuny —-xavo8no-oluqy ec etc etc first (weak) aorist sel ovbo-crypt xave-aiyny —_narvo-Beinv 2 nape-cacé-as nabo-a10 navo-Being 3 nade-cu(v)/-a nobdo-ctto nave-Bein pol nodc-cpev — navo-cipeba —narvo-Betpev 2 nabo-arte nabc-ccde —-narvo-Oette 3 nado-e1av/-mev nado-cvto navo-Beiev second (strong) aorist. seaen sgl CAGB-o1nt JoB-oipny And-Beiny 2 ao RaB-o1o Ang-Geins, 3 Gor 2&B-o110 And-Bein pool aB-omev AaP-oive0a —-And-Geipev 2 ap-orne RaPorate Ind-Beice 3 2éB-ov 2aB-owro And-Geiev Notes: (1) The optative is easily recognised by the distinctive diphthong in its ending (ot in the present, future, and second aorist forms, at in the first aorist and et in the aorist passive and in optative forms of some imegulat verbs - see next note). The subjunctive endings are lengthened versions of the normal primary ones (used for present and future tenses); itis not so immediately obvious that the optative endings are historic, but compare the middlefpassive optative -oypny -oto -o1to etc with the -ouny -0v -et0 of the imperfect middlefpassive or second aorist middle indicative. In both cases the form corresponds to the use: subjunctive in primary sequence, optative in historic: see page 148. (2) For the optative of contracted verbs see pages 179-81; for the optative of eit and other irregular verbs see pages 182-3; and for the subjunctive of -pt verbs see page 186. 178Verbs (2): contracted (ending in -ao, -e0, -0@) (a) With alpha contraction Rules of contraction: «followed by an e sound (¢ or n) becomes long a «a. followed by an 0 sound (0 or @) becomes @ 1 becomes subscript, and v disappears Thonour present active middle/passive sg ft np Typo 2 tapes mE 3 nye ap-iton plod tyGpev ‘Ty-opeBa 2 cupete ‘nip-to8e 3 Tov) Tota patticiple tv -@oa Ov ttpdpevos -n -ov (stem rove) infinitive tay ‘ipdofan imperative sg tipo pl pare 5g 16 pl mpacBe imperfect sg] e-tipov E-ay-dpny 2 Exip-og Eo 3 étipo, Ecyt-teto pl é-ry-@pev e-rp-opeba 2 é-ry-tete e-np-tote 3 itipov enp-Ovto present subjunctive present optative active middle/passive active _ ‘middlelpassive sg od myo tip-@par y-onv up-oany 2 TUS ye a-gng | tauy-Go 3 etc: as indicative etc: as indicative ty-on, tito Pd 4 Tuev tapped 2 : S) Bedee aip-Gode 3 ae Tgvr0 Other tenses (not involving contraction, because the sigma/other consonant inserts a barrier) active middle passive middle/passive Future ahoo nipfoopar TNOAconat Ist (weak) aor étipnoa enpnoapny — enphOnv perfect teripnxce reriunuan 179(b) With epsilon contraction Rules of contraction: € followed by e becomes eu £ followed by 0 becomes ov & followed by a long vowel or diphthong disappears Tike, Tove present active middlelpassive seo} ao gud-oopar 2 gL-eig HAA or et 3 gut guetta pt $u.-odpev gob peba 2 $u-eice gu ei08e 5 $u-080() obra pariciple Av -odca.-00y dr ob peEv0s -7 -ov (stem giA00vt-) infinitive Aetw $udeto8ar imperative 5g Gide pl udetre 5g $00 pl puisiobe imperfect sg £-4(2-o0v é-pu-oopny 2 26iL-e15 2-12-08 3 ie &gu-eit0 pil é-¢u-oopev b-pud-obpe00 2 bgu-ctte 2-prd-etoBe 3 2-4iL-ovy Egu-00v10 present subjunctive present optative active middle/passive active middle/passive sgl very $2-apar g-oiny gu-ofpav 2 gO-fis oA q2-0ing, q-o10 3 of pura gu-089 $u-oft0 pled $U-aper Adopt. q-otpev br-oiueBa. 2 eu-Ate tA-flate gu-otte whotate 3 $-Bov) Orton $u-otev $u-o1w10 Other tenses (not involving contraction, because the sigmafother consonant inserts a barrier) active middle passive middlelpassive future ghoo PAjooper ——-guANBAGOp Ist (weak) aor &tAqoo erAnoduny — &UONY perfect nepidnne. egiaqpon 180(c) With omicron contraction Rules of contraction: © followed by a long vowel becomes © followed by a short vowel becomes ov any combination with 1 becomes ot Ishow present active middle/passive sg 7 Sno BqA-odpon 2 BnA-oig By-ot 3 BnA-ot Bqd-odtar plod ‘SnA-obpev SrA-ovpe6a 2 Snd-odte SnA-oda8e 3 SnA-odar(v) Snd-oovtanr participle ByA@v-odea-odv ——-BNodpevog-n-ov (stem ndovvt-) infinitive Snhoov Sqdodabar imperative sg ShAOv plSnrodte —_sg SNAOd pl Endodobe imperfect sed i-Sh-ovv &-Snd-oopny 2 B-BhA-og 8-n2-08 3 -Bi-ov &8n-o670 pl o7 &-5n)-odpev 2-Bnd-obpeda. 2 2Snh-o6te E-Snd-oda0e 3 &-5A-ovv 8-5n2-od¥t0 present subjunctive _~ present optative active middjelpassive acti middie/passive nl into \ Smdount —Infoiny) §—Btotuny 2 Bnd-oig BnA-j bdo Snr-cio 3 SyAot Sn Gym Sn-ofn Sn A-otto a ot Byd-dper Sny-opedar BnA-oipev Bd-oipeda 2 Snore ) snr-dobe SnA-otte SnA-ciobe 3 SnA-GaY — SnA-Gvrar Snd-oiev $nd-otvt0 Other tenses (not involving contraction, because the sigma/other consonant inserts a barrier) active middle passive middle/passive ‘ture Bnddow SnAdoopar BndwPjoopor Ist (Weak) aor 25h2oca. Bqocépny — ESqAGONV verfect Beha. Se5hopar 181Verbs (3): irregniar The verb to be - ett Iam: present indicative subjunctive optative sg alpt 6 2 al is 3 éori(v) a ely pli topév dpev elev (or etnpev) 2 dort ie elte (or efyze) 3 eioi(v) dour) elev (or einoav) participle bv oda Sv (stem due) infinitive elven imperative sg Yo pl fate imperfect future sel (oriy) Eoopen 2 i080, Eon (or toe) 3 iv Foren pl juev Fo6pedo, 2 ine Foeote 3 jou Eoovrat future participle Zsdpevos -n -ov future infinitive’ EoecBonr future optative gooiuny ete etn I shall go indicative subjunctive sel et to 2 at ing 3 elou(v) in pl ipev Touev 2 te Inte 3 iao(v) iwouv) participle iv lodoa idv (stem tovt-) infinitive iévon imperative sg 16 plire ‘This is the ‘other etp’ to be carefully distinguished from the more common tip ‘am (above). It is usec as the future of Bpzopen, but note that in parts other than the indicative the meaning is usually present rather than future, 182oida I know present* indicative subjunctive sg 1 otba ei8a 2 oloda els 3 olfe(v) eldh plo Topev elSQuev eldeipey (or etdeinnev) 2 iote elbarte elBeite (or eldeinte) 3 icaou(v) el8dou(v) eibeiey (or eideinoav) participle eldidg vier ~6g (stemt etSor-) infinitive elven imperative sg to®t pliowe past* 98 fin fénode HBer(v) Fier jrote f fiSeoay) fo Hea) * the present tense is strictly a perfect (= J have come to see, i.e. I do now know), the past a pluperfect - from. the same root as elSov / saw (aorist of 6pt). pl wen une onnt Tsay present indicative subjunctive sed onnt $0 2 hs fis as 3 onoi(y) mn gain plod gapév dopey daipev 2 gourd ate daite (or gaxinte) 3 gasi(v) dour) daisy participle &axwov -ov00. -ov (stem gasxovt-; formed from alternative present 0K) infinitive dara imperative sg $401 pl Giese imperfect sg ol Eonv 2 Epnoda 3 eon pod Eoapev 2 Rate 3 easav 183Verbs (4): ending in -pt (a) Active forms yt of present Iplace Isend sg 1 TiOq Imat 2 ti6ng ing 3 jo) «tg pl 1 ti@epev ‘iepev 2 ti@ere tes 3 nOsuor(v) dade) imperfect sg 1 exi8gy 2 erited 3 iti pl 1 tri®épev 2 eridere 3 Eri®ecav aorist sg 1 B8qKa. “Axo 2 EOnxag -fixag 3 ®Onxe(v) Arey) pl 1 ®Oeyev elev 2 kere elte 3 Wecov eloav Imake to stand I give Ishow Torna Bay Seixvop tors Bibag Beixvos Toro) BiBwoulv)—_Beixevoa(v) teveer diGopev Beixvopey iota: BiBore deixvore iota) —-HiBgac(v) —_Serxvdac(v) tomy 23i300v abeixvey forms 8BiB0vg SBeixvos tom éidov eBeixvn foropev —«tSiBopev —BcixvupieW forare e5i5ore Betxvote ioracay —BiBgaav —abeixvvoev fomoa BBeoxet Bea ete (reg aor 1) EBcoxcag ete (reg aor 1) EBeoxe(v) Bouev ore Booav Alternative third-person plurals ESaxav, EOmxav (on the model of the singular) are also found. Many other parts of these verbs have endings like the equivalent tenses of ordinary verbs: fuuure Pow “ow perfect fOqxot -elxa. imperatives (sg then pl for each) Present Oe, ridere tet, Tere aorist 6s, BE fs, bre infinitives present n18évot tévon aorist —Getva elvan resent pasticiples nBeic -cica-tv (stem mOevt-) leig letoa tev (stem leve) torag ~ “Rowe Flo8npar éxchxoa ‘Anepmxa eOv KO &xtxtova ~ aorist passive (* active sense aredony floxovOny axobo8nv fwapriony BtohGhexa », - pre oiynon BEByxo Bépanxa BéBraga BePoodnpar yerapnna BeBe BeBeypor SéQ0apKa ‘meaning future aorist (* middle) (t imperfect) announce yyeho jneda dead ao Fproryov. take/choose* aiphow elov alphoopa* raise pio hpa perceive aic®jconct fcounv disgrace aloxuvin —floxvva hear _Ssaiboquar ixovea miss (Cpapsiooe iwxptoy die noBavéopar axtBavov answer &moxpwiopat axexpwepny - kill troxteviwo — denéxretva destroy/petish* énodéo aexddeca &nodopar* énewdounv* rulefbegin® pew Roke GpSopart = pbapnv® arrive &gigonon —&huxdpny go Bicopar EBny throw Barto eBarov hana Badryeo eBhowa, wish, want — BovAjjoopan ~ marry yopéo __ Epo lavgh Jedéoopa ) tyihaca become yevconor — eyevdunv gettoknow — yadaopar —-Eyvaov write ypeyo Eypaya itisnecessary Sehoer BbEnoe(v) eet show Beigo Bberba receive BéEopar Bebauny destroy Bagiepia Hréhapa Fexeny eBAROny epAeBny eBovanOnve* byeddoGny abeixOqy eBéxOnv BiehBGpnvpresent BiBéoxe BiSopt idee Boxéo Sovepen tao 0th eit Badvo Bxo eanito txewio éniotopon Eropan Eprona pots to¥io ebploxo io AAdopan Canto Savpito ina Tomar ra6eb50 ravito Kaio xadéo Win meaning (* middle) teach give chase seem/think be able allow be willing be drive drag hope praise know how follow golcome eat find have enjoy be amazed send/let go (make) stand future diago 8600 SudEopar dogo Svvfoopt 600 Bedjoo Eoopen eo ko mio éxawéicw tmorhoonan Eyouan eas tparjow épfoopar EBopen ebphoo Ewloxhow foBjcopor Bayo Scvpésoner foo oxhoo xabesdico xabicn xabo0 _ weve aorist (f imperfect) Bidaza Eoxa eBiaga Boga Bvvdpnvt elaoa AOEANoO iit or vt aca eDxvoa moo Exjveoo, Amorpnvt éoxdeny ABov Apomoa ‘Apouny Ehoryov ndpov Eoyov elyovt Ebaya #obpaca fyeo Eotnoo. perfect aorist passive (#* active sense) SeBiBaxa ——-B61BGxGqY BédooKe. 2568nv BeBiaye ——-eradyxOnv BeBoyar Bedovqpar — edvvhOnv eloxa elGOnv HOAnKa - Bihaxa — HAGOnv eDexonn eidxboOny Fmxet HAnig@nv Exfvera ——exvéOny : Amothony Knee | Fpormcx —porheny ebiSoxa = SEoENV alonxa ndpéeny Eoxnxa, - 7 Hobny eOapp10n (pass) Exedy xeOnbpaKa 2avpdctyy efxa. etOny Foray Eosnv (1 stood) Eornxa (I stand intrans) Exievdovt xabnddovt exé0100, Exavon éxéheoo Exheyo. 189 ieéxerv Kot xbxano, xexhopa, éxav@ny exanOny exdéemnySuvopt nvvBévonar onpaive oxoxéo orto oo thoso ‘meaning future (# middle) hiveut Koyo judge xpwio obtain wrhoopat take Agyoucn escape notice Ajow say dew épéo leave detyo learn HaOAcopar fight propor be aboutto — weAAjow stay pevéo think/consider voné@ know eloopat swear Sp£opan Syopen suffer neigonat persuade/obey* neioo neicopor* ty nerp&copon send népyo drink iopar fall nectopat sail heboropten doffare pate enquire/find out nedcopen signal onpavto look at oxtyouat send otehio save ofc draw up 6EO aorist (t imperfect) Exoya Expwva axenotiny Bhafov Badov Beto elnov Baunov EyaBov épayectuny sp2Ono Epewa Evopioa, font Gpoca el5ov Sapa (-20-)t ExaBov Exeioa, EmO6ynv* énetpasduny Enepya. txpaka éxvOounv sovpnva: doxeyeuny Eorea, tows Eroba. 190 perfect aorist passive (* active sense) réxoga exomny wexpuco. éxpidny réxepat — deehiOny eng aangony dH da. 7 Bae xonv elena Eppa dove BhetdOny pepa@yxa = - henaynpar wepévyxa vevou:ka —_évopioOnv Sudpoxa —poodny Sopaxa &oOqv néxovoa- én éneio®yy reneipayon énerpa0ny nénonga Emu Onv néxoxa, en6Oqv nimvoxa | ~ némhevxa — exdzeboOnv rénpaxa —-xpaxxnv épexyor (have fared) néxvopar 7 Eonpeveny Toxeppor Roradxa Eon stowxa sodomy terogo, eeéxonypresent ‘cman «pene pix aeyxéve tomo Smozvionar baive dépo gebyo ont ave doBEopon dvidooo Xpeopon promise show/appear* carry/win* flee say do first fear T guard Tuse it is necessary ‘future tepéo Aso tpeyo Spapéopan rebE open xoyo dnooxhoopar gavin dovéonax* oicw oicona* devour bhoo $@Aocnan oBAsopar visto xeAsopar aorist perfect (f imperfect) Etepov cétunka EOnKa éOnxa, éxpeya térpoga. EBpapov Sedpepnna Exvqov reroyneee roy 7 Smeoxounv — dnéoxnpar tonva nEonvat eonvepnyt fverna/-ov — Evvoga ‘Ayveysipny/-ounv* Epvyov négevya. Fonoa tony t 8000 5 — Eonv : repgoBnuar raza edhe. eypnodpny — wéypnpar @Oxpavt : aorist passive (** active sense) expheny bxéOnv Expégony éxpamny arbgeny ehevOny jwixOny 24oBROnv** eovdaZenv exphotqy 191Appendix 1: Words easily confused (including those distinguished only by accent and a few actually identical, which have to be worked out from their context) ope, marketplace ep 6c field av leading (pres pple of txye») axptov (-v06) contest S8vpeo Tam despondent &nopio Tamat a loss aipéo Take aipa raise aio Task for, Ibeg atinog responsible, to blame for (+ gen) GAnehs tue doeBag impious dobevig weak aobcnag safe ane but sda other things &vipetog brave. eavip (-5p65) man &no®vfjewa — [ die, Lam killed anoxteive kill dpa pa; abr she herself etc (fof aibrdc) aim, his (woman) (fof obt0s) abrtov himself (&avtév contracted) abeég the same (crasis of 6 axi<6c) Babog deep Bapis heavy Bpabis slow Bio force Bios life Bovied@ I discuss, I plan (oft mid) Boddon — I want, I wish reyvopon ‘nydoKo Beixvopt Séxopar tig els etoi(v) elou(v) beet Enel, énexBA, inert T become Iget to know I show (aor stem 8e18-) receive (aor stem 8eE-) show Jamaslave Tenslave if ‘you (sg) are (eipi) you (sg) will go (eiy::) I saw (aor of opéus) I said (aor of Aye) lam I shall go (fur of Epxopan) into (+ acc) ‘one (m nom 5g) they are he/shefit will go there when, since then, next (cf téte then, at that time "Padss (-6806) Greece “ERAny (-nvos) Greek ey b vere évexe & & excavéo naponvéo eb00g ebpic 192 in (+ dat) one (7 nomvace 5g) (aor stem of $épo) ‘on account of (foll gen) out of (+ gen) (= éx before vowel) six Ipraise Tadvise imamediately broadAOenov AA80v ‘6n in ‘pets ‘dpets ‘ApEEpOS ‘dpétepos Iwas willing (impf of 00) I came (aor of Epxoucn) now, already Tknew (past of ot6a) we you (pl) our your (of you pl) Une was if (contraction of ééev) whom (face sg) go! (sg impy of eli) be! (sg impy of eipi) know! (sg impv of ot5a) Teall Torder I prevent, I hinder empty common ong the (mm nom pl of 8) ‘who (m nom pl of 8s) to where (rel of not;) (atthe time) when that, because what (ind qu); whatever not therefore (the place) where odxoty rotog; nd00G; ROREHIOL ROREHOS 6G nolitng nohig étepov npétepov nporepaig, rf np6 mpos cada cobés oxpareia oxpartevpa orpané ospazés otparnyis otparkirns oxparonedov ropésoo 1é500 ratte ratte sax 2405 ‘ro109t06, roo0dt05 donep bore therefore therefore ... not where from? where 10? when? where (at)? how? what sort of? how big? (pl: how many?) enemy war city citizen much whether previously on the previous day in frout of (+ gen) towards (+ ace) clear wise expedition army army army general soldier camp I throw into confusion draw up these things the same things (crasis of ti atré) swift wall of such a sort so big (pl: so many) just as, as if (with the result) that (see also page 167 for other parts of the definite article and relative pronoun distinguished only by accent, and pages 166-7 for sichns) 193,Appendix 2: Greek and Latin constructions compared GREEK LATIN Use of cases: = Prepositions: motion to + accusative + accusative motion from + genitive + ablative resting in + dative + ablative = time (or distance): how long accusative accusative within which genitive ablative atapoint dative ablative - person after Passive verb agent’) dx + genitive a{b) + ablative - thing after Passive verb (‘instrument’) dative (no preposition) ablative (no preposition) - participle phrase separate from main clause genitive absolute ablative absolute ~ comparison: use word for than quam (with same case after as before) = or without word for than ‘comparative adjective + genitive of comparison ablative of comparison Indirect statement: (3 methods) (just one method) Su clause (verbs of saying) usu + indicative; can be ++ optative if introductory verb is past or participle construction (verbs of perception) or infinitiy infinitive construction (‘acc + inf’) subject of inf (or in Gk participle) ‘same as that of main vb: nom (or nothing) + inf/pple seflexive acc (c.g. sé) + inf «= any of these has tense of infinitive has tense of ‘original direct speech original direct speech - Engl ‘moves back a tense’ if introductory verb is past likewise Direct question: indicative vero indicative verb ~ asking if a statement true: open -ne ... 2 (on end of first word) expects yes none... ? expects 10 uae. 2 - requesting specific info: question word usu begins with x question word usu begins with Indirect question: indicative verbs, can be optative subjunctive verb if introductory verb is past ~ has tense of original direct speech (as ind statement) _ tense by sense (like English) - word for if / whether el num ~ alternative question xbrepov ... utrum..an 194Direct command: + negative Indirect command: negative Purpose clause: Result clause: : - usu a signpost so... word. ‘or more specific ones - a word for that Conditional clause: -a.word for if - open/unknown type - closed/remote type future remote present closed past closed imperative (aorist imperative if referring to one occasion) i (with imperative, or with aorist subjunctive if one occasion) infinitive (aorist if one occasion) uh + infinitive (whereas indirect statement has ob + infinitive) Twa/dmeeg + subjunctive or (historic sequence) optative - if negative, [va + ph 4g + future participle (neg. 0b) (especially for presumed purpose) obta(c) usu begin with + (eg-t0go0r00) bate verb is indicative or infinitive (indicative stresses actual result) - if negative, Gore + 0b indicative, Gore + ya with infinitive et ev in future open) indicative verbs (but fut normally ‘has 2é&v + subj in protasis) always has &v in apodosis ‘optative in both halves imperfect indicative in both past (usu aorist) indicative in both = negative for any type is ni in protasis (so eg. et pi), . 08 in apodosis 195 imperative rnoli, plural nolite + infinitive infinitive only with iubeo/veto otherwise ur + subjunctive (tense by sequence) ne + subjunctive (tense by sequence) (unless using veto) ut + subjunctive (tense by sequence) if negative, ne instead of ut tam, adeo usu begin with 1 (eg. tantus) uw verb is subjunctive (tense by sense) negative is non (as well as ut, ie, ut non) si indicative verbs present subjunctive in both halves: imperfect subjunctive in both pluperfect subjunctive in both ~ negative for any type is. nisi in protasis, znon in apodosis