be designated as secondary because the moment resistance is low, relative (o the entire system resis- tance; and 3. ‘The secondary designation may be used where a ‘component, intended in the original design of the building to be primary, is deformed beyond the point where it can be relied on to resist earthquake ‘effects. For example, it is conceivable that coupling beams connecting wall piers Will exhaust their deformation capacity before the entire structural system capacity is reached. In such cases, the ‘engineer may designate these as secondary, allow- ing them to be deformed beyond their useful limits, provided that damage to these secondary ‘components does not result in loss of gravity load ‘capacity. 2.4.4.3 Deformation-Controlled and Force= Controlled Actions All actions shall be classified as either deforma- tion-controlled or force-controlted using the compo- nent force versus deformation curves shown in Fig. 2-3, ‘The Type 1 curve depicted in Fig. 2-3 is represen tative of ductile behavior where there is an elastic range (points 0 to 1 on the curve) followed by a plastic range (points 1 t0 3) with non-negligible residual strength and ability to support gravity loads at point 3, ‘The plastic range includes a strain-hardening or softening range (points 1 to 2) and a strength- degraded range (points 2 10 3). Primary component actions exhibiting this behavior shall be classified as deformation-controlled ifthe strain-hardening or softening range is such that e = 2g; otherwise, they shall be classified as force-controlled. Secondary com- ‘Type 1 curve Type 2 curve ASCEISEI 41-06 ponent actions exhibiting Type I behavior shall be elassitied as deformation-conttolled for any e/g ratio. ‘The Type 2 curve depicted in Fig. 2-3 is represen- tative of ductile behavior where there is an elastic range (points 0 to 1 on the curve) and a plastic range (points 110 2) followed by loss of strength and loss of bi 1 support gravity loads beyond point 2 Primary and secondary component actions exhibiting {his ype of behavior stall be elustied as defonn tion-controlled if the plastic range is sueh that ¢ = 2g; otherwise, they shall be classified as foree-controlled. ‘The Type 3 curve depicted in Fig. 2-3 is represen- {ative of a britle or nondoetile behavior where there is an clastic range (points Oto on the curve) followed by loss of suength and loss of ability to support grav- ity loads heyosd point 1. Primary and secondary com= ponent actions displaying Type 3 behavior shall be classified as foree-controlled €2.44.3 Deformation-Controlted and Force- Controlled Actions ‘Acoeptance criteria for primary components that exhibit Type 1 behavior typically are within the clastic or plastic ranges between points 0 and 2, depending on the performance level. Acceptance crite- ria for secondary components that exhibit Type 1 behavior can be within any ofthe performance ranges. ‘Acceptance criteria for primary and secondary ‘components exhibiting Type 2 behavior will be within the elastic or plastie ranges, depending ou the pes formance level. ‘Acceptance criteria for primary and secondary components exhibiting Type 3 behavior wil always be in the elastic range. 4,23 ae a” 0 T a Type 3 curve FIGURE 2-3. Component Force Versus Deformation Curves. 0