Design of miniaturised UWB antenna for oil out to improve the impedance matching. A rectangular stub of 2.

2
pipeline imaging 7.1 mm2 is extended from this eye-shaped slotted monopole through
the ground planes to provide a coplanar waveguide feed. The nal
T. Kumar, A.K. Gautam, B.K. Kanaujia and K. Rambabu design is obtained using computer simulation technology (CST)
Microwave Studio (MWS) [8].
A novel design of miniaturised ultra-wideband (UWB) antenna for oil
pipeline imaging is presented. The proposed prototype uses a simple
eye-shaped slot radiator and two ground planes at the same side of
the dielectric substrate. The proposed antenna design exhibits an
enhanced bandwidth of 20.3 GHz from 3.2 to 23.5 GHz (for return
loss <10 dB) which provides a wide usable fractional bandwidth of
more than 152% with ultra-compact area of 14 mm 12 mm. The simu-
lated and measured results conrm the benets of the proposed design
and reduction in the antenna size with enhanced UWB performance.
A/m
10
Introduction: Ultra-wideband (UWB) technology has a wide variety of
applications in short-range high data rate communications and radar a b
9
near-eld imaging. For example, radar near-eld imaging is used in 8
crude oil pipeline imaging to study the corrosion, microwave holography
for tissue imaging, and monitoring the subsurface conditions of different 7
objects. The critical requirement for pipeline inspection using radar 6
imaging is antenna needs to be operated in crude oil of dielectric constant
5
2.5, and the size of the antenna should be as small as possible. Recently,
many antenna designs have been reported to satisfy the wideband oper- 4
ations [17]. In [1], a modied mono-cone with a top-cross plate which is 3
coaxially fed through the ground plane is used to achieve UWB and ver-
2
tical polarisation. The modied ground plane and the feed technique is
used in [2], a bent junction, round patch end, and modied microstrip 1
feeding structure are utilised to enhance the bandwidth in [3]. In [4],
an inverted L-strip type of radiator along with vertically extended
c d
ground towards two sides of this single radiator is used to enhance the
impedance bandwidth, and in [5] two printed wide-slot antennas with
Fig. 2 Current densities for proposed antenna at various frequencies
E-shaped patches and slots are used. A compact monopole radiator
a 3.8 GHz
etched with a half-elliptical slot and two symmetrical open-circuit b 11 GHz
stubs which are extended from the ground plane are used to achieve an c 16 GHz
UWB [6]. Although in [7], a beak-shaped radiating patch fed by a d 21 GHz
microstrip-line and a square ground plane which is defected by a hexago-
nal slot is used to obtain UWB. All the antennas discussed above are To verify the UWB operation of the proposed antenna, the simulated
larger in size and offer a relatively lower impedance bandwidth. surface current distribution, at different frequencies, is shown in Fig. 2.
In this Letter, a novel design of coplanar waveguide (CPW)-fed It is observed from Figs. 2a and b that the strong surface current ows
monopole antenna that can operate in crude oil with enhanced band- along the eye-shaped slot, edges of the ground planes, and the feed line.
width and miniaturised dimensions is presented. The antenna can be As expected, the eye-shaped slot in the circular radiator is mainly
easily t into a pipeline without obstructing the ow of the liquids. responsible for the resonance of frequencies from 3.2 to 14 GHz. The
The antenna is also able to provide seamless operation in crude oil. results in Figs. 2c and d reveal that surface current of the higher resonant
mode (20 GHz onwards) is mainly distributed on entire eye-shaped slot
12 radiator and the ground plane.

10
8.4
3.1 20
return loss, dB

14 30

40 simulated CST
2.2 measured
7.1
50

4.4 2.2 4.4 60

5 8 11 14 17 20 23
frequency, GHz
2.2

Fig. 3 Return loss variation with frequency for proposed antenna

Fig. 1 Geometry of proposed antenna with enhanced ultra-wide bandwidth.
All dimensions are in millimetres
Antenna design and congurations: The proposed antenna is shown in
Fig. 1. It is printed on FR4 substrate of thickness 1.6 mm and relative
permittivity of 4.4 and loss tangent tan = 0.02. The radiating element
consists of a circular shaped monopole radiator with a radius of
4.2 mm from which an eye-shaped slot is eliminated to achieve a
better impedance bandwidth. Some upper part of the circular patch
lying outside the boundary of the substrate is removed due to the practi-
cality of physical construction. The ground plane is composed of two
square-shaped segments which has the dimension of 4.4 4.4 mm2
each, from each of these segments a triangular shaped slot is etched
Results and discussion: After optimisation, the proposed antenna was
fabricated with the MITS-Eleven Lab PCB machine. Then to validate
the simulated results, the antenna return loss is measured by submerging
the antenna in diesel using the Agilent N5230A vector network analyser.
Diesel has the same dielectric constant as crude oil. Fig. 3 shows the
variation of the return loss with frequency for the proposed antenna. It
is found that the antenna shows an enhanced ultra-wide bandwidth of
20.3 GHz from 3.2 to 27.5 GHz. The measured result shows good agree-
ment with the simulated result.
The pulse handling capability along with delity factor calculation of the
proposed UWB antenna is measured by time-domain analysis using CST
MWS. These studies are carried out by placing two antennas (transmitter

ELECTRONICS LETTERS 8th October 2015 Vol. 51 No. 21 pp. 16261628

and receiver) in a medium of r = 2.5 in the far-eld region (face-to-face XY-plane YZ-plane XZ-plane
and side-by-side). The transmitter is excited by a Gaussian signal. Fig. 4
shows the input and received signals in the far-eld region. 30
0
30
0
0.00 30 30
0.00
10.00 10.00
60 20.00 60 60 60
20.00
30.00 30.00
40.00 40.00
1 90 90 90 90
input
side-by-side
120 120 120 120

0 150 150 150 150

180 180
a b

0 0
30 30 30 30
0.00
1
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 10.00 10.00
60 20.00 60 60 20.00 60
30.00 30.00
1
40.00 40.00
normalised amplitude

input
90 90 90 90
face-to-face

0 120 120 120 120

150 150 150 150

180 180

c d
1
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
time, ns
Fig. 6 Radiation pattern of proposed antenna at various frequencies
a 3.8 GHz
b 11 GHz
c 16 GHz
Fig. 4 Input and received pulse in different orientations of proposed antenna d 21 GHz

Conclusion: We have proposed a simple eye-shaped monopole antenna

2 100
1 95
group delay, ns
with two small ground planes on the same side of the PCB board to
provide CPW fed for enhanced ultra-wide bandwidth performance.
The proposed antenna is a potential candidate for super ultra-wide appli-
cations where size of the antenna is of major concern with stable radi-
ation characteristics.

efficiency, %

0 90
The Institution of Engineering and Technology 2015
Submitted: 29 May 2015 E-rst: 30 September 2015
doi: 10.1049/el.2015.1822
efficiency
1 85
One or more of the Figures in this Letter are available in colour online.
group delay
T. Kumar and A.K. Gautam (G B Pant Engineering College, Pauri
Garhwal, India)
2
3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24
80 E-mail: gautam1575@yahoo.co.in
frequency, GHz B.K. Kanaujia (Ambedkar Institute of Advanced Communication
Technologies & Research, Delhi, India)
K. Rambabu (University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada)
Fig. 5 Group delay for proposed antenna
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ELECTRONICS LETTERS 8th October 2015 Vol. 51 No. 21 pp. 16261628