Well testing

EP 21019_a_A_ppt_01 - Well testing

PRESENTATION SUMMARY

Objectives of Well Testing

Introduction

Theoretical concepts

The Superposition principle

Interpretation History and Methodology

Well Test and Pressure Transient Analysis

Conclusions

References

Symbols and Units

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Exercises 1&2
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Objectives of Well Testing

With regards to Reservoir Engineering:
Reservoir Characterization in terms of permeability, faults,
boundaries
Measure initial reservoir pressure and temperature
Well productivity and completion efficiency
Fluid sampling for PVT analysis

With regards to Stock Markets
Show through the media productive discoveries to enhance the
companys image and sometimes boost the share values
In order to book reserves, the SEC requires that they are
supported by production tests

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The objectives will vary depending on whether it is an
exploration, delineation or development well
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 Introduction

The well Test Principles: Observe and record downhole pressures
to production changes with time
open Draw Down
Pressure
Dbit

closed
Time Time
Build Up
open
Pressure
Dbit

closed
Time Time

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Buid Up tests are preferred because it is easier to control a rate
when it is zero
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Introduction

Schematic example of pressure response in space and time during
drawdown
r
p
ri
pi 1% of P
P
pwf t
ri is radius of investigation=f(t)
Pwf is well flowing pressure r
W

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Pi is initial reservoir pressure
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 Introduction
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Introduction

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 Introduction

Three types of well
testing:
Impulse: investigation of
near well bore
Conventional: can be of
long duration and can
detect reservoir limits
Interference: measures
the transient in an
observation well caused
by impulses in an active
well, it yields inter well
transmissivity and

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storativity
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Theoretical Concepts: Principles of WT

The basic principle: we produce a well at time t=0, at a given constant flow rate
and we observe the induced pressure response.

The pressure can be measured:
At the well bore P (r=rw, t) : draw down test
At a distance from the well bore P (r=ro,t) : interference test
Flow rate: q
uy
uz
ux ro

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flow
flow
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 Theoretical Concepts

EQUATIONS FROM FLUID DYNAMICS IN POROUS MEDIA:
EXPRESSION OF CONTINUITY AND MASS CONSERVATION
r
div( u ) + =0
t
r a a y a z
div a = x + + z
x y z
EXPRESSION FROM DARCYs LAW
uz
r K r r
u = ( grad P g z ) x y
uy
r v r v r v r ux
gr a d v = i + j+ k
x y z
EQUATION OF STATE

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= o e c ( P P ) = o [1 + co ( P Po ) ]
o
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Theoretical Concepts

In radial coordinates, the combination of the two previous equations gives:
1 k p
( r )=
r r r t
Taking p

c =
t t

The equation becomes

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1 k p p
( r ) = c
r r r t
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 Theoretical Concepts

For fluids of small and constant compressibility,
we derive the radial Diffusivity Equation
1 p c p
(r )=
r r r k t

Fluid density:

Porosity:

Effective permeability: k

Compressibility: c

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Fluid viscosity:

Pressure: p
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Theoretical Concepts

The bad news is that the previous equations are complex

The good news is that they have been solved by some talented people .

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 A bit more of theory..

THE CONSTANT TERMINAL RATE SOLUTION

During the initial transient flow period, the constant terminal rate solution of the radial diffusivity equation, can be
approximated by the line source solution which assumes that in comparison to the reservoir, the well bore radius is
negligible.

This leads to a considerable simplification in the mathematics.

With all the assumptions made so far, the DIFFUSIVITY EQUATION can be solved by making use of Boltzmanns
transformation
r 2 c 1 cr 2
s= * * =
4 k t 4 kt

The line source solution gives the pressure as a function of position (r) and time (t)

q e s

(equ.16)
p r ,t = p i ds
4kh cr 2
s
x=
4 kt

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q
p r ,t = p * ei ( x )
i
4kh
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A bit more of theory..
The integral


es
s
ds
cr 2
x=
4 kt
is a standard integral, called the exponential integral ei(x)

For x<0.01, ei(x) can be approximated by

es
ei ( x ) = s
ds ln( x )
cr 2
x=
4 kt

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being = e0.5772 = 1.781
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 A bit more of theory..

The significance of this approximation, is that reservoir engineers are frequently concerned with the
analysis of pressures measured in the wellbore at r=rw
Since in this case crw2 will be less than 0.01


x=
4 kt

Then
q 4 kt
p rw ,t = p wf = pi ln( )
4kh crw2
(equ.17)
q 4 kt
p = p [ln( ) + 2S ]

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wf i (equ.18)

Or with a skin factor S 4kh crw2

All preceding equations are expressed in Darcys units
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A bit more of theory..

The line source solution can be expressed in dimensionless variables
kh
PD = * p
141 .2 qB
kt
t D = 0 .0002637
c t rw2
r
rD =
rw

k, h, p, q, B, , t, r being expressed in US field units

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 A bit more of theory..

The line source solution would then be
1 r2
P D (tD , rD ) = Ei ( D ) (equ.19)
2 4t D
tD

For >8 , (Equ.19) can be approximated by
rD2
1 t
PD ( t D , rD ) = (ln D + 0 .8091 )
2 rD2 (equ.20)

The use of (Equ.19) will be illustrated in the interference test exercise

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A bit more of theory..

The line source solution (Equ.19) is illustrated on the following type curve

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 A bit more of theory..

Coming back to field variables, the wellbore pressure behaviour is the following:
qB kt
P (t ) = P 162 .6 (
wf i )(log( ) 3 .23 + 0 .87 S ) (equ.21)
kh c t rw2

And the pressure distribution in the reservoir is the following:
qB kt
P ( r , t ) = P 162 .6 (
i )(log( ) 3 .23 ) (equ.22)
kh ct r 2
For r>20rw and t>8*ctr2/(0.0002637k)
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Theoretical Concepts
Afterflow and Wellbore Storage(C)
Afterflow Calculation for Liquid-Filled Wellbore
Surface
Shut-In q
C = c wbV wb
qaft
Tubing
Where:
Packer cwb
= average compressibility of
fluids in wellbore, 1/psi
Vwb = wellbore volume, bbls

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Perfs qaf
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 Theoretical Concepts
Wellbore with Damaged Region
Wellbore
Pressure Profile
re
Damaged ka
Zone Pe
Formation
k
Pw Pa
Ps
S=Sd+Spp+Sdev
Sd>0: damaged zone
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Pw Sd<0: stimulated zone
rw ra Spp: partial penetration
Sdev:deviated well
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The Superposition Principle

Principle of Superposition: the response of a system to a number of
perturbations is exactly equal to the sum of the responses of each perturbation
taken independently

This is true if the system is linear, e.g. it would not apply if there is hysterisis

This principle applies in space and time

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 The Superposition Principle

Application in time: multi rate solutions
q1
q2 q
q1
q
t1
Multiple rate
t
t1 t q q2-q1
t1 t
q1
q1 q
q
t1
Build Up
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t
t1 q
t
t1 t
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The Superposition Principle

Application in space: image wells in constructing boundaries

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 Interpretation History: the Drawdown
open
Pressure

D.D
Rate

closed
Time Time
qB k
p i p wf = 162 .6 ( Log (t ) + log( ) 3 .23 + 0 .87 S )
kh c t rw2
qB
kh = 162 .6

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m
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Interpretation History: the Drawdown
p p1 h k
S = 1 .151 ( i Log ( ) + 3 .23 )
m c t rw2

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 Interpretation History: the Horner Plot

The Horner Analysis in Build Up: qB tp + t
Pws = Pi 162.6 log t
the equation is derived by using kh
the principle of superposition
Pws = Shut-in bottom-hole pressure (psi)
Pi = Initial reservoir pressure (psi)
q = Flow rate (stb/d)
B = Formation volume factor (rb/stb)
= Viscosity (cp)
k = Formation permeability (md)
h = Formation thickness (ft)
tp = Equivalent production time
th = Horner time

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t = Time since shut-in
qB
m = 162.6
kh
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Interpretation History: the Horner Plot
HORNER PLOT
p*
1700
1600
1 hr
Pressure (psi)

1500

and
after production
distortion due to
welbore damage
1400
1300
1200
1 10 100 1000
(t+dt)/dt
Calculation of the
(P P )

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Skin Factor k + 3.23
S = 1.151 w 1 wf
Log
m 2
c t rw
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 Interpretation History: the advent of derivatives

Introduced in the 1980s by D.Bourdet, the derivative analysis is still today a
cornerstone in pressure transient analysis
dPD t dPD

It is defined as PD' = = D *
tD cD tD
dLn d
cD cD

Excellent tool for identification of flow regimes and reservoir models
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But sometimes, the differentiation of pressure data leads to significant noise
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Interpretation Methodology
Late Times Middle Times Early Times

Early Times (Near Well Bore effect):
Wellbore Storage
Skin
Fractures, HW, PP

Middle Times (Reservoir Behaviour):
Homogeneous
Heterogeneous, 2 , 2K, composite

Late Times (Boundary Effects)
Constant pressure

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Outer boundaries
Early Times Middle Times Late Times
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 Interpretation Methodology: ET
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Interpretation Methodology: ET

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 Interpretation Methodology: MT & LT
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Pressure Transient Analysis

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 Pressure Transient Analysis
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Pressure Transient Analysis
m2
m1
d2 >>> derivative d2 =2*d1 >>> Slope m2 =2*m1
d1

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 Pressure Transient Analysis
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Conclusions
Main points:

Pressure transient analysis can help assess some of the well and reservoir
characteristics

essentially, it is based on the observation of the donwhole pressure response
to a change in surface rate

known analytical solutions have been developed over time to predict the
system response

from the recognition of the response pattern, one can infer the properties of
the system

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a combination of the main techniques (Horner, log-log, derivative) can be used
to build a coherent picture of the observed behavior
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 Conclusions
Also...

real data is never quite so straight as in our models

viewed in isolation, the results of YOUR analysis could contradict
other pieces of information

the answer is ALWAYS non-unique: it will depend as much on the
quality or your data than on who does the analysis
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References

L.P.Dake, Fundamentals of Reservoir Engineering, Elsevier

D.Bourdet, Well Test Analysis: the Use of Advanced
Interpretation Models, Elsevier

G.Bourdarot, Well Testing: Interpretation Methods, Technip

Oil Field Review April 1992, Schlumberger

I.Chaperon, Well Test Analysis, TOTAL

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 Symbols and Units
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Symbols and Units

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 Exercise 1: drawdown, system with fault

A Well is opened at 12:00 and flows at 2000BOPD for 500hrs.

The Pressure before opening is (Pi)= 5000psi

Test Informations:
Rw=0.3ft
h (Pay zone)= 45ft
Porosity Phi = 18%
Oil Viscosity=0.8 Cp
Oil Formation Volume Factor Bo=1.2 Bbl/bbl
Total Compressibility ct = 3E-5 psi-1

Calculate kh, S, and C, and, if a fault is present, the distance from the well to
the fault

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See in annex the pressure data listing
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Exercise 1: drawdown, system with fault
Methodology

draw the semi log plot and identify the radial infinite acting time interval

Calculate slope m (psi/cycle)

Slope m2=2*m is indicative of a sealing fault at a distance from the well

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 Exercise 1: drawdown, system with fault
Methodology
Calculate k*h and k with qB

kh = 162 . 6
m
p i p1h k

Calculate the Skin with S = 1 .151( Log ( ) + 3 .23 )
m c t rw2

Where pi is the reservoir initial pressure

p1hr the pressure on the line of slope m at t=1hr

Calculate the Wellbore Storage Coefficient C with the slope of the
graph p=alpha* t at early time (it should be a straight line)
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C=qB/(24*alpha) in (bbl/psi)
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Exercise 1: drawdown, system with fault
Methodology

Calculate the Wellbore Storage Coefficient C with the slope of the graph p=f(
t) at
early time (it should be a sraight line)

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 Exercise 1: drawdown, system with fault
Methodology

Distance to the fault: let ti be the time when the straight lines with the slopes
m and 2m meet. The distance can be determined with kt i
r = 0 .012 *
d
ct
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Exercise 2: build up, homogeneous system

Well DEG 1 found an oil bearing reservoir.

Its initial test was made of a 200 hours flow period, with a permanently one-
phase liquid flow, followed by a 48 hours Build-up period.
Data :
Bo = 1.49 = 0.30
qo = 1 200 bbl/day Sw = 0.20
rw = 0.3 foot co = 12 . 10-6 psi-1
o = 0.41 cP cw = 2.8 . 10-6 psi-1
h = 42 feet cp = 28 . 10-6 psi-1

Pwf at shut-in = 2 742 psi

The purpose of this exercise is to analyze the Build-up period.

See in annex the pressure data listing

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The methodology is described in the following slides
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 Exercise 2
Methodology HORNER PLOT
2900 P*=Pi
2890
Slope m
2880
2870
P(dt=1hr)
2860
2850
p 2840
2830
2820
2810
2800
2790
2780
2770
2760
2750
2740
2730
1 10 100 1000 10000 100000

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(t+dt)/dt
Flowing time t can be approximated as:
cumulative fluid produced / production rate just before closing in
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Exercise 2
Methodology

draw the semi log plot and identify the radial infinite acting time interval

Calculate slope m (psi/cycle)
qB

Calculate kh with kh = 162 .6
m
k: effective fluid permeability (mD)
h: reservoir thickness (ft)
q: fluid rate before shut in (Bopd)
: fluid viscosity (cp)
B: fluid FVF
m: slope of the straight line (psi per cycle)

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Extrapolate straight line to t=infinity to obtain p*=pi
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 Exercise 2

Evaluate the skin
p p k
s = 1 .151 1hr wf

log 2 + 3 .23
m c t rw
s: skin factor (dimensionless)
p1hr: pressure at t = 1 hr on the straight line (psi)
pwf: bottom well flowing pressure just before shut in (psi)
k: effective fluid permeability (mD)
: formation porosity
: fluid viscosity (cp)

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ct: total compressibility (co*So + cw*Sw + cp) (psi-1)
rw: well radius (ft)
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Exercise 2
PRODUCTIVITY INDEX
Qo
PI actual =
p p wf
QO
PIideal =
P Pwf pskin
PI actual
Flow efficiency =
PI ideal
p skin = 0 .87 * s * m
0 .00708 * kh

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PI = Field units
re
o Bo [ Ln + S 0 .75 ]
rw
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