INTRODUCTION

WHAT IS RADAR?
The basic idea behind radar is very simple: a signal is transmitted, it bounces off an object
and it is later received by some type of receiver. This is like the type of thing that happens when
sound echo's off a wall. (Check out the image on the left) However radars don't use sound as a
signal. Instead they use certain kinds of electromagnetic waves called radio waves and
microwaves. This is where the name RADAR comes from (RAdio Detection And Ranging).
Sound is used as a signal to detect objects in devices called SONAR (SOund NAvigation Ranging).
Another type of signal used that is relatively new is laser light that is used in devices called LIDAR
(you guessed it...LIght Detection And Ranging).
http://www.ig.utexas.edu

RADAR TYPES

Radar Types - Pulse Radars, Doppler Radars, Frequency-Modulated FM Radar

There are two Types of Radar Detectors:
1. Pulse radar
2. Continuous-wave radar
• Doppler Radar
• Frequency-Modulated Radar
Pulse Radar sends out signals in short (few millionths of a second) but powerful bursts or pulses.
Pulse Radar determines distance (range) by measuring the time it takes a radar wave to get to the
target object and to come back (time of flight) and then divides that time in two (distance to the
target). Since all radio waves travel at the same speed of light, this known speed multiplied by the
time of flight can be used to determine distance. By continuing to track an object with a pulse radar
the speed of the object can also be determined.

Continuous-Wave Radar sends out a continuous signal instead of short bursts. There are two types
of Continuous Wave Radar:
a. Doppler Radar
b. Frequency Modulated (FM radar)
a) Doppler Radar is used mostly to make precise speed measurements and is most often utilized by
police traffic radars. Doppler Radar transmits a continuous wave of a constant frequency. When this
frequency strikes a moving object the frequency is changed and the new frequency returning to the
radar is used to determine the speed of the moving target. Examples of Doppler Radar - Decatur
Police Radar Guns. A lot of sports radar guns, such as Bushnell Velocity Speed Gun, are Doppler
Radars as well.

b) Frequency-Modulated Radar also transmits a continuous signal, but it rapidly increases or

decreases the frequency of the signal at regular intervals. As a result FM Radar, unlike Doppler
Radar, can determine distance (range) as well as velocity (speed).
http://www.radarguns.com
PURPOSE OF THE RAPORT
SPEED DETECTION
What is Speed?
Speed(s) is the distance travelled divided by the total time it took to get from the starting point to
the ending point, or:
s=(Dx)/(Dt)

MANUAL SPEED DETECTION

There are several methods of manual speed detection, but they are all based on obtaining a known
distance and comparing it to the time it took to travel that distance. The other methods include
using a stopwatch and timing a vehicle on a known distance, either from the ground or in an
aircraft, and pacing a vehicle. Pacing a vehicle involves either matching speeds with the vehicle
and checking your speedometer or locating distinct markings and counting so that you can again
divide distance by time to obtain a speed.

RADAR SPEED DETECTION

Radio Detection and Ranging (RADAR) Speed detection instruments send out a pulse of radio
waves which is then reflected back by the target. Radar speed detection is dependent on the fact
that moving objects will echo the radio waves back at a different frequency than stationary objects.
This phenomenon is known as the doppler shift.

LASER SPEED DETECTION

Light Amplification by Simulated Emission of Radiation (LASER) speed detection devices work by
emitting a focused beam of light and receiving the light reflected by the targeted object. The light
travels from the laser gun at about 3x108 meters/second. After the light hits the target, it is reflected
back towards the source. The laser measures the amount of time in nanoseconds and determines the
distance by the following formula:

x = ((3x108 meters/second)*(Dt))/2

The formula is divided by two because the gun measures the time for the light to travel from the
laser gun to the target and back to the gun.

The gun continues to emit an infrared light while this calculation is

being made. It then repeats the above calculation. Finally, it
determines your speed by the following formula:
s=(Dx)/(Dt)

A laser speed gun can determine your speed very quickly, so quickly that it can make a speed
determination about 1,000 times per second!

The advantages of Laser speed detection over radar speed detection are that it is undetectable and
that a target can be picked out independent of surrounding vehicles or other obstacles
THE DOPPLER EFFECT

The doppler effect was discovered by Christian Johann Doppler. He found that with motion, waves
of light (and in our case sound) will compress when an object moves in opposition to the motion of
the waves as shown above. When moving in the same direction of the waves, the waves expand.

This is the reason why when you hear a loud siren or train coming toward you, the sound is first
lower pitched and becomes higher pitched as it nears your position.

The sound generated by the police car or train doesn't change, what changes is the frequency.
Because the sound originator is travelling torward you, the waves become compressed, resulting in
a higher pitch. When the sound originator travels away from you, the waves expand resulting in a
lower pitch.

Why does this happen? The amount of time the sound has to travel to your ears changes. When the
sound originator is travelling toward you, the sound has less time to reach you. So the period of the
sound wave shortens and the waves become steeper and have a higher amplitude, because the length
of the wave remains the same.

For sound originators which travel away from you the exact opposite occurs. The period of the
sound wave lengthens because the time increases and the waves become shallower resulting in a
lower amplitude.

http://www.grc.nasa.gov

http://ffden-2.phys.uaf.edu
SPEED DETECTION WITH NEW TECHNOLOGY

In the world technology is changing day by day. There are many different types of speed
detection. In this project we will use microprocessor technology for measuring the speed. The
Motorola HC11 microprocessor is used for this application. This application is based on manual
speed detection. The basic definition of speed is the distance travelled divided by the total time it
took to get from the starting point to the ending point,

and the formula is;

speed=(Distance)/(time)

This project is used to measure the speed of a passing vehicle. Usually, this is accomplished
by having two rubber strips across the road which operate mechanical switches when driven over.
The time it takes for the two switches to operate is used to determine the vehicles speed.A slightly
different approach is used here. Two Light Dependant Resistors (LDR's) are used for the sensors.
As the vehicle passes over the top of these devices, the circuit detects the change in light level. A
Motorola HC11 then calculates the speed from the time difference. Here is the detailed expression
is of speed detection project.

HOW WE CAN SENSE THE MOVİNG OBJECT

This project is based on detecting a moving object. At first we use using LDR's for detection
of moving object.

What is LDR?

“A photoresistor or light dependent resistor is a component that is sensitive to light. When

light falls upon it then the resistance changes. Values of the resistance of the LDR may change over
many orders of magnitude the value of the resistance falling as the level of light increases.

It is not uncommon for the values of resistance of an LDR or photoresistor to be several megohms
in darkness and then to fall to a few hundred ohms in bright light. With such a wide variation in
resistance, LDRs are easy to use and there are many LDR circuits available.
LDRs are made from semiconductor materials to enable them to have their light sensitive
properties. Many materials can be used, but one popular material for these photoresistors is
cadmium sulphide (CdS).

How an LDR works

It is relatively easy to understand the basics of how an LDR works without delving into complicated
explanations. It is first necessary to understand that an electrical current consists of the movement
of electrons within a material. Good conductors have a large number of free electrons that can drift
in a given direction under the action of a potential difference. Insulators with a high resistance have
very few free electrons, and therefore it is hard to make the them move and hence a current to flow.
An LDR or photoresistor is made any semiconductor material with a high resistance. It has a high
resistance because there are very few electrons that are free and able to move - the vast majority of
the electrons are locked into the crystal lattice and unable to move. Therefore in this state there is a
high LDR resistance.
As light falls on the semiconductor, the light photons are absorbed by the semiconductor lattice and
some of their energy is transferred to the electrons. This gives some of them sufficient energy to
break free from the crystal lattice so that they can then conduct electricity. This results in a lowering
of the resistance of the semiconductor and hence the overall LDR resistance.
The process is progressive, and as more light shines on the LDR semiconductor, so more electrons
are released to conduct electricity and the resistance falls further.

”1
In the project we are using two comparator circuits. These comparator circuits includes two
LDRs. The circuit1 shows the circuit diagram of the comparators.

Circuit1
WHAT IS THE PURPOSE OF THE LM393?
The LM393 is used
The LM193 series consists of two independent precision voltage comparators with an offset voltage
specification as low as 2.0 mV max for two comparators which were designed specifically to
operate from a single power supply over a wide range of voltages. Operation from split power
supplies is also possible and the low power supply current drain is independent of the magnitude of
the power supply voltage. These comparators also have a unique characteristic in that the input
common-mode voltage range includes ground, even though operated from a single power supply
voltage.
Application areas include limit comparators, simple analog to digital converters; pulse, squarewave
and time delay generators; wide range VCO; MOS clock timers; multivibrators and high voltage
digital logic gates. The LM193 series was designed to directly interface with TTL and CMOS.
When operated from both plus and minus power supplies, the LM193 series will directly interface
with MOS logic where their low power drain is a distinct advantage over standard comparators.
The LM393 and LM2903 parts are available in National's innovative thin micro SMD package with
8 (12 mil) large bumps.

1 ww.electronics-radio.com