Madawalabu

University
Construction Law
CoTM 4241

Chapter Two
Contract Laws

Lecture by: Andualem Endris (M.Sc)

School of Engineering and Technology

Construction Technology and Management Department

CoTM 4241
Definitions
Contract is a written agreement enforceable at law
between or among two or more parties whereby each
party promises to do or not to do something and agrees
to terms (conditions and warranties) set out in the
contract.
Conditions of Contract are terms in which parties in the
contract are governed.

CoTM 4241
 Contract Requirements
Parties are capable of contracting: Lawful and
Capable
Consent of contracting parties is necessary:
Intent
Object of the contract is sufficiently defined,
possible and lawful: Legal and Distinct
Use of Contract form prescribed by law, if any:
Standard

CoTM 4241
 continued
Payment for the Promise: Consideration
Constitute two parts: Offer and
Acceptance
Parties enter into Agreement: Agreement

CoTM 4241
 continued
Lawful and Capable is to mean they are legally
allowed to enter into contract and provides
statements of facts and obligation.
Intent is willingness or consent by the
contracting parties to create a legal contract.
Legal and Distinct is a description of both the
promises and considerations
Standards can be conditions, forms, formats,
schedules, instructions, etc

CoTM 4241
 continued
Consideration can simply be interpreted
as price for the promise which involves a
benefit.
Offer is an indication that one party is
willing to be bound by specific terms set
out in the contract.

CoTM 4241
 continued
Acceptance is the key for the formation of
a contract which must be absolute
indication of consent.
Agreement though proves the existence
of a contract; there are situations where it
can be considered as there isnt.

CoTM 4241
National Contract Laws:
The Ethiopian Context

CoTM 4241
 Contract Laws

I should find
the employer
weakness in
the contract
to submit
claims.

Employer

I have the
contract with
modified conditions
as we required for
our convenience, it is
legal, since agreed
and signed by the Contractor
parties Different Point of View

CoTM 4241
 National Contract Laws:
The Ethiopian Context
The local construction contract includes:
1. The Law of Administrative Contract (Civil
Code of Ethiopia);
2. The MoWUD Standard Conditions of
contract for Civil work Projects (Ministry of
Urban Development and Construction); and
3. The PPA Conditions of Contract (Public
Procurement Agency).

CoTM 4241
1. The Law of Administrative
Contract

CoTM 4241
 Administrative Contract
An administrative contract is a special type of
contract, recognized under the Civil Code of
Ethiopia.
It is separately regulated under Article 3131-
Article 3306 of the Civil Code.
It is a contract to be signed between a public
(government) authority & a private party.
Definition: See Article 3132 for the definition
of Administrative Contract under the Civil
Code.
CoTM 4241
 Administrative Contract
(Continued)
Administrative contracts have the following types:
Concession of Public Services; (see Article
3207-Article 3243);
Contract of Public Works; (see Article 3244-
Article 3296); and
Contract of Supplies; (see Article 3297-Article
3206);

CoTM 4241
 Administrative Contract
(Continued)
The very feature of an Administrative Contract is that
the balance of the said contract is tilted towards the
public authority.
This imbalance of the contract is legally justified on
the basis of public interest.
Therefore, the whole theory of the law of
administrative contract is based on balancing the
interest or profit motive of the individual on one
hand, and the interest of the general good on the
other, of which by far the important is that of the
public good.

CoTM 4241
2. The MoWUD Standard
Conditions of Contract

CoTM 4241
 The MoWUD Standard
Conditions of Contract
Officially, known as Standard Conditions of Contract
for Construction of Civil Work Projects.
It has been in practice since December, 1994.
It contains 75 clauses including Forms & Formats.
Its structure & content resembles that of FIDIC
Standard Conditions of Contract for Civil Engineering
Works, Fourth Edition, 1987.
It is based on Design-Bid-Build (DBB) Project
Delivery System.

CoTM 4241
 The MoWUD Standard Conditions of
Contract (Continued)
The type of contract is based on bill of quantities i.e. it is
an Admeasurements contract type (see Clauses 55-57).
The role of the Engineer is envisaged & maintained.
The general framework of the said conditions of contract
includes the following items:
definitions & interpretation;
engineer & engineers representative;
assignment & subletting (of the construction
contract);
contract documents;

CoTM 4241
The MoWUD Standard Conditions
of Contract (Continued)
general obligations (of the contractor);
provision of labour, materials & workmanship;
commencement time & delays;
maintenance & defects, alterations;
additions & omissions;
plant, temporary works & materials;
measurement;
provisional sums;
nominated subcontractors;
certificate & payment;

CoTM 4241
The MoWUD Standard Conditions
of Contract (Continued)
remedies & power(in case of the default of the
contractor);
special risks (of the employer);
Frustration (of the contract);
settlement of disputes (by arbitration);
notices;
default of the employer;
changes in costs & legislation; and
others.

CoTM 4241
3. The PPA Conditions of
Contract

CoTM 4241
 PPA Conditions of Contract
The PPA, under its legal mandate provided under The
Public Procurement Proclamation, it has prepared &
issued certain standard tender & contract documents for
the purpose of public procurement.
The conditions of contract are applicable to the
procurements of the federal government.
The Standard Conditions of Contract cover the following
types of procurement.

CoTM 4241
 PPA Conditions of Contract
(Continued)
These are Standard Conditions of Contract for
the procurement of:
Consultancy Services;
Non-consultancy Services;
Works;
Goods;
Including Simple Request for Quotations &
Local Purchase Order.

CoTM 4241
 Procurement of Works
The Standard Conditions of Contract for the
purpose of the procurement of Works have
been prepared separately for:
International Competitive Bidding (ICB);
and
National Competitive Bidding (NCB).

CoTM 4241
Procurement of Works (Continued)
The conditions of contract are based on Design-Bid-Build
project delivery system.
The type of contract is based on BoQ, in which case it
becomes measurement based.
Or based on Activities Schedule, in which case it
becomes lump sum.
The role of the engineer is envisaged.
The documentation of PPA is divided in to three parts,
namely,
Bidding Procedure;
Schedule of Requirements; and
Contract Conditions.
CoTM 4241
 1. Bidding Procedure
Under Bidding Procedure, the followings are included,
namely:
Section 1 Instruction To Bidders (ITB):
General;
Bidding Documents;
Preparation of Bids;
Submission of Bids;
Bid Opening & Evaluation;
Award of Contract.

CoTM 4241
Bidding Procedure (Continued)
Section 2 Bid Data Sheet (BDS)
Section 3 Evaluation & Qualification Criteria (EQC)
Average Annual Volume of Construction Work;
Experience as Prime Contractor;
Acquisition of essential Equipment( by way of
ownership, hire or lease);
Personnel;
Liquid Assets and/or Credit Facilities;
The issue of Joint Venture;

CoTM 4241
Bidding Procedure (Continued)
Section 4 Bidding Forms:
Bid Submission Form;
Priced Schedules (BoQ or Schedule of
Activities);
Bid Security;
Qualification Information.
Section 5 Eligible Countries

CoTM 4241
 2. Schedule of Requirements
Under Schedule of Requirements:
Section 6 Schedule of Requirements
Scope of Works;
Technical Specification;
Drawings;
Bill of Quantities or Activity Schedule.

CoTM 4241
 3. Contract Conditions
The PPA Contract Condition includes:
Section 7 General Conditions of Contract (GCC)
The GCC is composed of 62 Clauses.
It contains the following parts:
General; (Clause 1-Clause 26)
Time Control; (Clause 27-Clause 32)
Quality Control; (Clause 33-Clause 36)
Cost Control; (Clause 37-Clause 54)
Finishing the Contract; (Clause 55-Clause 62).

CoTM 4241
Contract Conditions (Continued)
General
This section includes: definitions, interpretations,
language & law, engineers decision, delegation,
communications, sub-contracting, other
contractors, personnel, employers & contractors
risks, insurance, site investigation reports, queries
about the special conditions of contract, contractor
to construct the works, the works to be completed
by the intended completion date, approval by the
engineer, safety, discoveries, possession of site,
access to site, instructions, disputes, procedure for
disputes, replacement of adjudicator.

CoTM 4241
Contract Conditions (Continued)
Time Control
This section includes the following items: program,
extension of the intended completion date,
acceleration, delays ordered by the engineer,
management meetings, and early warning.

CoTM 4241
Contract Conditions (Continued)
Quality Control
This section includes the following items:
identifying defects, tests, correction of defects,
uncorrected defects.

CoTM 4241
Contract Conditions (Continued)
Cost Control
This section includes the following items: BOQ or
activity schedule, change in the BOQ or activity
schedule, variations, payment for variations, cash
flow forecasts, payment certificates, payments,
compensation events, tax, currencies, price
adjustment, retention, liquidated damages, bonus,
advance payment, securities, day works, and cost
of repairs.

CoTM 4241
Contract Conditions (Continued)
Finishing the Contract
This section includes the following items:
completion, taking over, final account, operating &
maintenance manuals, termination, payment upon
termination, property, and release from
performance.

CoTM 4241
Contract Conditions (Continued)
Section 8 Special Conditions of Contract (SCC)
Section 9 Contract Forms
Agreement;
Bank Guarantee;
Performance Bond;
Advance Payment Guarantee;

CoTM 4241
2.2 International
Contract Laws
 International Construction Laws
(Continued)
This part section deals with international construction
contract based on the FIDIC Conditions of Contract.
FIDIC: Federation Internationale des Ingenieurs-
Conseils: a French acronym interpreted in English as
International Federation of Consulting Engineers
This condition of contract has been approved by all
major international financial and development
institutions.
FIDIC represents the consulting engineering industry
both globally and domestically.

CoTM 4241
 FIDIC Forms of Contract
The forms of contract are drafted for use on a wide
range of project types.
The main forms are differentiated by the colour of
their covers.
The choice of form depends on the type of project
being contemplated.

CoTM 4241
 FIDIC Forms (Continued)
Employer designed (traditional project) - Red Book
Contractor designed (traditional project) - Yellow Book
EPC/Turnkey project - Silver Book
Employer designed (Multilateral Development Banks
providing finance) - Pink Book
Straight forward, quick or cheap project - Green Book
Design, build, operate project - Gold Book
Subcontracts - Colorless Book
The FIDIC Contracts Guide (2000)

CoTM 4241
 The Red Book
(Conditions of Contract for Construction)

The 1999 Conditions of

Contract for
Construction: The
Construction Contract
(The New Red Book)

CoTM 4241
 The Red Book (continued)
For building and engineering works designed
by the Employer
Needs of modern multi-discipline contracts
recognised
Valuation and payment based on
remeasurement of quantities
No Clause 67 Engineers decision
If a dispute arises, reference to DRB (Dispute
Review Board)

CoTM 4241
 The Yellow Book
(Conditions of Contract for Plant and Design-Build)

Conditions of Contract for

Plant and Design-Build
for Electrical and
Mechanical Plant and for
Building and Engineering
Works, Designed by the
Contractor (the plant and
design/ build contract)

CoTM 4241
The Yellow Book (Continued)

1999 Yellow Book replaced both 1987 Yellow

Book and Orange Book
Traditional competitive tendering procedures
Risk sharing is balanced
All claims, from either Party, have to follow a
strict procedure
Engineer is no longer stated to be impartial:
he shall be deemed to act for the Employer,
except when fair determinations are required

CoTM 4241
The 1999 Yellow Book (Continued)

Needs of modern multi-discipline

contracts recognised
Partial Employer design: include in
Employers Requirements

CoTM 4241
The 1999 Yellow Book (continued)

Valuation and payment based on lump

sum with payment plan, but
remeasurement possible
No Clause 67 Engineers decision
If a dispute arises, reference to DRB

CoTM 4241
The Silver Book
(Turnkey Contract)

Conditions of
Contract for
EPC/Turnkey
Projects: The
Turnkey Contract

CoTM 4241
 The Silver Book
(Turnkey Contract)

More certain final price and time required

- balance of risk being changed
- privately financed BOT type
Contractor asked to cover extra risks
Employer will have to pay more
Completely new Book - unbalanced risk
BUT full open acceptance of risk picture

CoTM 4241
 The Silver Book (continued)
The EPC (Engineer-Procure-Construct)
Contract is suitable for:
particularly E&M and process plant
projects
all types of Employers
civil law jurisdictions
where government employer or private
developer wants a fixed price turnkey
basis and two-party approach

CoTM 4241
The Green Book
(Short Form of Contract)

Short Form of
Contract: The Short
Form

CoTM 4241
 The Green Book
(Short Form of Contract)
US$ 500,000 and six months duration
Simple and repetitive works
All provisions necessary in 15 clauses
Language uncomplicated and simple
Balanced risk sharing - no Engineer
Design by either party - all types of
construction
Payment on lump sum or any other basis

CoTM 4241
 The Gold Book
(Design, Build and Operate Projects)

Conditions of
Contract for Design,
Build and Operate
Projects

CoTM 4241
 The Gold Book
(Continued)
Conditions of Contract for Design, Build
and Operate Projects (Gold Book), First
Edition 2008
Assumes ~20-year operation period
Modern approach to risk and insurance
Employers Representative
Adjudication by DRB, then arbitration

CoTM 4241
 The Pink Book
(MDB Harmonized Edition)

It is drafted for use on

projects that are funded
by Multilateral
Development Bank
(MDBs), which are
supranational institutions
such as the World Bank,
where the Red Book
would otherwise have
been applicable.
CoTM 4241
 The Pink Book
(Continued)

Based on 1999 Red Book

Incorporates main common changes
normally required by MDBs, e.g.- audits,
labour provisions, corruption avoidance,
dispute settlement
Use subject to Licence Agreement
between FIDIC and participating banks

CoTM 4241
 The Colourless Book
(Subcontracts)

Conditions of Subcontract for Construction

Intended for use with 1999 Red Book
General Conditions Particular Conditions
Annexes require provision of relevant
information

CoTM 4241
 Assignment 1
1. Please define the following terms from the PPA,
MoWUD and FIDIC 1999 (The Red Book) conditions of
contract:
Engineer and Engineers Representative
Joint Venture
2. What is liquidated damage? Describe the amount
stated in PPA, MoWUD and FIDIC 1999 (The Red
Book) conditions of contract.
3. What is variation? Please compare variation order
clauses stated in PPA, MoWUD and FIDIC 1999 (The
Red Book) conditions of contract.
Submission Date: 19th November 2016.
CoTM 4241
CoTM 4241