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Biodiversity

Topic 8.2 Natural Selection

Natural selection
One of the basic mechanisms of evolution, along with mutation,
migration, and genetic drift.

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Variation in traits

Differential reproduction

Heredity

End result
Causes of variation
1) Mutation is the original source of variation. New alleles are produced
by gene mutation.

2) Meiosis produces new combinations of alleles by breaking up the

existing combination in a diploid cell.

3) Sexual reproduction involves the fusin of male and female gametes.

In species that do not carry out sexual reproduction the only source of
variation is mutation. Variation may not ocurr at a fast pace that would
allow
Adaptation
Characteristics that make an individual suited to its environment and
way of life.

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Adaptation
Characteristics develop over time species evolve
Purpose is not associated in this process
Adaptations develop by natural selection
They do not develop during the lifetime of one individual.

Characteristics that do develop during a lifetime are known as

acquired characteristics and they cannot be inherited.
Adaptation example:

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Overproduction of offspring
Species tend to produce more offspring than the environment can
support.
Territory
Resources
Food

Some species regulate their own population

Decreased reproduction rate
Infanticide
Overproduction of offspring
Overpopulation will tend to lead to a struggle for existance
within population. There will be competition for resources and
not every individual will obtain enough to allow them to
reproduce and survive.
Differential survival and reproduction
Chance plays a part in deciding which individuals survive and
reproduce and which do not, but the characteristics of an
individual also have an influence.

In the struggle for existence the less well-adapted individuals

tend to die or fail to reproduce and the best adapted tend to
survive and produce many offspring. This is natural selection.
Inheritance
Much of the variation between individuals can be passed on to
offspring, it is heritable.
Variation in behaviour can be heritable.
Not all features are passed on to offspring. Those acquired during the
lifetime of an individual are not usually inherited.
For example: en elephant with broken tusk does not have calves with
broken tusk.
Acquiered characteristics are not
significant in the evolution of a species.
Progressive change
Because better-adapted individuals survive, they can reproduce and
pass on characteristics to their offspring.

Over the generations, the characteristics of the population gradually

change, this is evolution by natural selection.

Major evolutionary changes are likely to occur over long time periods
and many generations, despite this there are many examples of
smaller but significant changes that have been observed.
Example: Antibiotic resistance in baceria.
 References

Allot A., Mindorff D., (2014). Biology, IB Diploma

Programme. 2014 Edition. Oxford
Miller, K. Levine, J., (2010) Biology. USA: Pearson Education
Understanding Evolution.( 2016) University of California
Museum of Paleontology. 22 August 2008. retrieved from:
<http://evolution.berkeley.edu/>.
Science daily. (2016)Convergent evolution. Retrieved from:
https://www.sciencedaily.com/terms/convergent_evolution
.htm