f/,p C6eUlOMUp 1.

(6Uj06Uh
gp Cl1060gaH Kowtap-Eyplje
gp PagMUJW 1.(6Uj06Uh

3A II, III U IVPA3PEIJ, C'l'P;Y'IHE IllKOJIE,

3A TI'OrO)J}lllllhE U 'IETBOPorOIJ,UIllIl,E
OGI'A30BAlhEY Ol>JIACrU XEMUJE U
HI'EPAJ.E XI'AHE 113A'IETIlOPOrOiJ,HllllbE
OlWA30BAIbE Y O\;JIACTH HEMETAJIA

3A130J13A YUbE! !VlKE VI f-1ACTABHA CPEJ.lCTBA, 5EOrPAJl,

2000
 'Ii;:
,';..
.. ....

4 C
XI6e,1fCoa: flapHH KOTaa H BO,,:(CBa napa ..
3. 3aKoH npeHoca TOfl.nOTC .
3.1. flpCflOC 1'OI1JI01'C npoBol)clhCM.
3.2. flpCHOC TOflJlOTC MCUJalbCl.,.l._
3.3. flpCHOC TOllc!(ne 3p,l'lCH,eM .
. .. 148
151
. 151
, . 154
. .. 156
l
3.4. Koeq:nll\HjcHT llpO}j,na TOfWOTC .. 157
XII fle.moo: PacnpocTHpalhc TomlOTC . .100
3.5. Mepel-hc TCMnep,rrypc ... 166
XllI (fe.lIcoa: l\1cpClbC TCMnepilType, ... 171
4. Pa3MCI-hIlB<l'-lH TOnJ10TC . . 173
XIV eC:ffc6tt: Pa3\-1elhIlHa'1Il TonJ10TC .. IBIJ

MaIU_~1J:H~,
5 YKYBfI'lH .. ISS
S.l. OTBOPCHH )'Kyn(l'lH . _ .186 ITpenMeT -arraPflTH . Il 6ncpaqnje
5.2. 3,'lTnoperm yK}'nCl'lH , 187 npHIl3p3 rpyrrl1 Y:;Ke.CTpy~IHI-iX [lpcgMeTU. J1'3yl.la~
5.3. BHlllecTcncllO vK)'HilHan,e IxS Ea ee TOKOM ABC ro;r:dme, a.-carW>T(aj rrpOrpaM<l lTH-
XVacllc6a: YKYlldBMhC. .101
He J-I eTC-reHa 3H01-Ml H3 l\IaTeManiKe._ qm3uKc_'Ij
G, XJliloCthC . 105
6.1. P;ICX.:lil!OIC \laWHJ!C_ 1% MaUH-:1HCKUX enCMCHaTa.
6.2. XMllH-b,I'IC !! X,:la,,\ll,aqll 190 J-13nO}KCna MaTcpnJa jc"paci10p~l]eHa TaJ{O' )];8
ytICI-HIK najnpe CaBJIa,p<lB8 jc,aH(iCTammjc,'a ':WTU-r..-j
HI. MAIIHH-IE If AfIAPATH 3/\ J],lN)Y3HOHE OrrEPAI~M.H:
CJIO}KCl-mje rpailHBo.:~T6. 'I-ic :'H-la'lH)-1'1 'iiaCT<lFllIHK
YBO;\ y ;FHj'Y3!WHC Clnep,lIlJIj(' .. 205 He MQ}Ke, Y ~amTCnocT1f Q;rJ; nCK}'CTBH.H'yC.TTOp':lpa-
2_ KpJlC"TaJfln;ll~lIiil II I'<1CTfl;lPillhC:' ... 209
J~a, An Melba pcp,oenen""nOrn3BJha.
2_1 PnnHClTC>l,:l P,lCl"IlOpa H CO.flIl . 209
2.2. Kp!!CTiUl!naTOpl1 _ .2)3 BC)K6e cy YCKnai)elIe ca M3TCpI{jOlVl J-m KOjy. FC
23_ P,lCl"Bapalhe, . 215 O,I.(~IOCC.Aa 611 ce MOLTJe-", KopnCTHTH aUi:lpaType
XVI (H':m:oa. KPflCT'l.'TlrJn1\l!j;) .. 217 KOJHJI,I3 IllKO;rC paenOJT<DKY; __<;IG-JIJ,C ana,paTYP? KOJC
3. Bn{l)KelhC Ii CVllJClhC na:.IH\'\R . .222 cy naTe y BC}K6m.!a YOTIlUTCH Y. ty II C}l;o:p;;'Ke C8Kfo
XVll 6eJ!c{ia: B:;;l)KllOCT H;-n;\~'xa ... 22(i if OCHOBHe cJIeMcHTc. IT pe l13Bol)el:ba- Be)J{6e. Y':IcmIK
4. Cywclbe . 229
yno3Haje l-heH ca;o.p>Kaj H I\HJh, li-"llpBT1l1eMa ce 3_d
4.1, CymeJ-hc 'lI)jXTlfX lI-lilTcpajaJla .
4.2 Cymclhl' Tccr:1CTHX t! 'l("lImx ~1aTt~pllja}l:l
ny
. 23J
1 pai-~ ;ua Gn 3Hao UITa je nO'rpe6HO ,IJ,eY- ~1epll l!l11TCl
4.3. CYlIlClhC Y lJ<IKyy~ry, . ..235 he ca:maTH HCl OeI-IOBY THX .tvrepCH~a.
4.4. CneqlljaJlJle cyJlllllll(e 236 -1
0133 M3Tcpnja ee InyIaUa Y lUKOJIH BHIli"e on
XVIll ocm:oll". C')-.'I!lUI -" 'lBpcTm- ,,1,rrcpnJa;ji! DC)
5. JleCTW1,ll\llj;\ .24k 25 rOHuaa II eT,UTHO ce yeaBpmaBa 33XB,Ub yjyhH
5.1. Paml{lTC~K<1 TC'lIIOCTlllf ll'lpC .248 J-IaCTaBHOM nporpaMy Kojn npaTH nallpeJ-l.3K Hay-
5.2. }l,cCT)I}lal\ltnllll ypd)<ljH. 25J KC. 3H31.IajHa KapaKTcpucTIlRa OBor YI.I6eHIIKa .ie
XiX (/('.Jlc(ia: JJCCTJl.'l<lI\lljil 257 ns OR npml nyT 06YXBllT<l IJ,CJIORYlll-lO rpa}11lBO Ka-
6. l'cKT1-lfjmK<lJ1.l!ja . 2M
KO 61-:1 6uo YCK.'lIJtJeH ea aKTycmInM HaCTaBHHhl
6.1 BIllIICCTYl1ll<l lL:lll (11paKl(11(lWl J(CCTlfn'Hlll]<-l. 2ri4
6.2 PCKTllli)HKal(Hja _266 rrJIaHOM 11 nporpm.-1OM. 3601' Tora je Mopao 6Irf'H
XX at.woo: PCKTl-lrlmK;JI\l-1j,") .. 27:1 H30CTaR,ThCI-J 'matwjan 6poj BC)K6n KaKO YI.r6eJIJIK.
7. A [lcnl'lll(l-1jil . ..276 H omlKO o6r-H,raIf, He OIl 6no .10m o6u"tl-unrjH. HaJ{.:l-
7.1. Ej!'HlH<1 CinCOpnl\lIjc_ 276
!vIO ce ;ua he y HeKOM O,lJ, c.ncneh~-lx Il3g3Jh3 oBaj
7.2. AfI("opfieplJ .. 21S
XXI flc.J1C6a: ;\ flC(lprm.l-lja 282 np06}1eM 6UTH oo.the pcurell.
0_ A!_\coplll\llja . .287 AYTOPH he pa;~o npnXBi:1THTH CBe cyrecl'uje
XXfl (I('.lIcoa: Anco]'Il!!l1ja 2':Jl Koje 6u ;O;Onp}IHeJIe n060_TJ~IIlmby OBor y:o:6em1Ka.
9. EKCTpaKlll1ja . 29.'1
9.1. Brnl-ma CKCTjX1Kl\lljC. 295
AyiIiopu
9.2. EKCTP'lKTOpl1. . 297
 YEO)),

ITprr na)KJbI1BOM nOCMaTpaJ:bY H3pafI.C HCKOr npOH3BOi_W quja je rrpOH3BOIV-b3 y

Be:m ell XCMUjCKOM pCaKl~l1joM MO)J(C ce 3arra3IfTH ,rJ:<1 ce eBe rrpOMCHC KOjC ce llpH
TOMe p;cmanajy l\1Ory no,oCJIHTl1 y J~BC rpync: XCMUjCKC H qJl13WiKC IlpOMcnc.
Upn JJ,06J1jUlbY KpHCraJlHOr lIJiaBOT' KaMella Ofl.. 6UKpa 11 Cyl\UlOpHC Kl1CenHHC,
J-ta npHMCp, nOTpe611O je H3Bpilll1Tl1 o;u,pel)CHC pa~\f-be npe xeMHjcKc npOMCHC, a 11
nOCJ1C I-be: ,l\OHCT!1 6;:u;:ap (1 cyl\1fJOpHY Kl1CCJl1HY', rrpcnCTH 11X YCYA YKOMe he ce 01--111-
['paTH xct.urjcKa peaKll,Hja:

H 2SO<j. + ell == CUS04 + 1--1 2 )

O,TJ,IIOCl-lO )"(OUHTH rL'I<lmt Kal\tclI y pacTBopy. OBl1M npon:.H30J])ha jam l-mje 3anpnrCHa.
JJ,a 6n ce ,o:OOHO TP;DKCUH npmnBoli - KpHcTamm flJIaBH KaMCH --- nOTlw6HO je
HCKPHCT<lIlHGlTll 1'<1, O)J,1'lOjUTli 0;.\ pacmopa, OCYllil1TU, l1CI1THl1TH n npeHenI ,0,0 Me--
C'ra rAe- he ce l-IYBaTH,
PaAI-Lc KOjC npeTxoi~c XC"l\ll1jCKHM npoMcHaMa, Kao n OHC Hocne lbHX, He YTIP1Y
n3 Xel\fHjcKY npnpony cnpOBHH<1 HH ILIIXOBl1X npOH3BOA3. MCH~a CC caMO IbHXOBO
CPI13H11KO CTatbC, OAl-IOCIlO }~elllaBajy CC QJH3H'JKe npm,fCHC.
:Vh DB or npH!\'ICPJ BlIHll cc ga npn H3PU1J:11 XCMHjCKHX npOH3BOAa llnje )J,OBOJhHO
)J;a cc o6aBIi ca!>w XCMujcKa rrpOMCTIa Hero je, Aa on: cc Ao6no npoH3BoJl )KeJhenor
oom:lKa H OCo6I:IHa, OCHM OBC, nOTpcoliO IBBpillHTH 11 MHor06pojne qm3lfQKC npo-
MeHe. 3<:1'1'0 CC, npel\13 HajHoBlljHM CXBaT<:tlbIlMCt, pa)J.H naKlUcr npoY'taBaI-ba, [(en8
xClvmjcKa rrpo113Bor.~l-ha ACJIll Ha gBa gella: npou,ece XCMJ1jCKl" _H1-liwcrpuje Ii onepau,H-
je xeMHjcKc I1H,l1ycTpnjc. DpeMa (moj n()J_~enll, OCHOBHH npo~ecH cy xeMHjo::e pcaK-
IU-:lje, Koje ce BpUle y uHnycTpI1jcKIHvl YCJIOI:H1Ma, a OCHOBHC onepal\uje cy Q)fJ3H'--IKc
npoMenc. KOjC cy y BC3H ca HI-IAYCTPl1jCKl-:lM JlOcTym~HMa.
OBne c,:/ HagC,Il,CHH HCKH OCHOBJ-lH npOl~ecH H onepalU-Ijc:
OCl-lOGIlU UpOL(eCU OCHO(-)Hr! o//epm(ujc
~ caropenallic, - npOTH1~aJ-Le Te'-IHOCTH H raCOBa,
- oKcHJ~aIWJa, Memalhe,
pC)J.yKlUiJU, ~ q)k\J'lTpaI~l1ja,
--- HeYTpamnail.lIja, wp YI'll PaI--bC.
11,e ItT P
~ xaJIoremna11,llja, - npeHolIlclbC TOIL'lOTC,
- nOJll1MepH3al~llja, - HcnapanaH;:.c,
-- JJ;BOCTPYK3 pa3McHa, - J.I,CCTHJl~ll~HJa,
~. CJICKTpOnIna, '- BJIa)l(eIbC f1 cymet-be raCOBU.
- cjJepMeHTaI\lIja_ - cymelf,e.
8 9

npOll3BogILa CBaKc M3Tcrmjc, Ma KOJIMKO )l.a H3rJICp;n C1I0)1<eH3, MO)Ke ce pa- 1I3BO)J,
CT3BHTl1 Ha OBe OCHOBHe eJIClvIClfTe.
OBn cneMeHTH ~Il1He CaCTaBlIe )J,CJIOBC XCMl1jCKC HHJl:YCTpHje npOll3BO):\lbC y naj-
ITPOI13BO;o;Hll IIOCTYlIaK Y npexpaM6enoj If xelvrnjcKoj JIH)lYCTpHjrr YOIIurfC l\.fO-
IlUfPCM CMHCHY, nil, C<lMH11 TI1M, IT HH)l.yC'rpl1jcKc rrpOH3BO)J,fLC npexpa:M6cfIHX npOl1-
)Ke ce paUJ'lJIaHMTH Ha OCHOBHC IIpou.ece (XCMHjcKe npOMeHe) H OCHOBHe OIIepaI~H
3BO)1,a. je (q:Il13WIKe rrpOMene).
IIoTpe6Ho je I-IaTIOMcuynI ua je, npn nOMCHYTojnpOH3BO)J,lhH rmaRor KaMel-la, ITpn rroperycIhy na60paTopHjcKe IT Iln;o;ycTpnjcKc rrpOH3BO)J:t-be 3anmKa ce cnlI-
OCHOBHll.npouec HCTH IT Y JIa60paTopn,in II y (l)a6pwlKoj npOH3BO)JJhH. OCHOBHe I..IHOCT y OCHOBHHM qJl13HtIKHM H xeMujcKHM npOMcnaMa, 3 pa3jlliKa y yrroTpe6Jbc-
onepauJ:lJc. cy TaKoi)e HeTe: npOTflI~a}he CyMHOpHC KHCeJII1HC, rrpcnoc 6aKpa, KDH- HUM KOJIlI'IIIHaMa Mace H eHeprl1je.
C'ramT3al~TIJa ITJIaBOr IGHvlcHa, 3aTHM qm':Yl'pnpm-hC, cynrC}bC, CHTl:bCI-bC 11 IIpe~oc OCHOBHe onepau;uje He 3aBllce on OCHOBHor npou;eca.
npoH3Boga AD CKJla,tWlUTa. Ypcl)ajH 3a 06aBn"aI--bC HCTe OCHOIme Ollepaqnjc cy CJ1WIHH.

170 'U'"HY ce oHga paa.,1W(yjy (Joe gee iJPOU3(Wgl-l>C? P(13J1U1W jf' Y l(()- nHTAlbA
/lip-llu-(nMG.
1. Koje cc i1Be Bpcrc rrpOMCH<l 3amDKajy aKO ce np(lTH TOK rrpOH3HOJ\IhC on
YJ1<lCR<l CIIpOBHIIa ;:10 KpajI-'bCT' npOJBHoga?
2. y ~lCMy .ie CJlIPHIOCT, il Y 'ICI\I)' p,n;lllKil H3~'fe1)~y JJaoopa'l'OpnjcKe 11 HU;O:yC-
A Y l.ICMY je Cml'IHOcr? C111'tllOClIt je y OO/oI1I1ILM oifcjJaqllja.Aw U OCl-toIJlUI.H
TpHjcRe npoH3BOnlhC?
Dp()l~eC[r.M.(J.
3, lIlTa je noc:[c;O:lil~a p;llwvlar-h,uwH-,a HlI;'J:ycrpl1jcKe npOH3BOW-f,C Ba OCHOBHe
J~rajrrpc hO-lO rroJ~p06HHjc pa3MoTpHTH p83JrHRC- y KO.!1WlHHaMCl.. rrpouece If OCHOBIIC onepannje?
UJI[!yciTipujCKY ilpOU3(Wgf-/.J)' rwpul(iTicpuwy (;CJUll(C K(UU'lllJ-lC AwiJleplljc ff
4. )J,a TIn OCHOBT-IC oncpaunjc 3,IBHCe o~_ OCHOBHHX npoueca? 3awTo? CeTH ce
HeK11X OITepal~Hja Roje ce npnMeH,yjy y p,13:nFIHTHM npOl~ecHMa.
CI-tCp2uje. Be.TIHKC- KOJUFIHHC MaTcpuje Il3HCKyjy napOturry anap<:rrypy. Rao H Bem!-
5. Koje cn OCHOUHe npOliece 1-1 orrepaUHje 3antl3HO y q)il6pHl~n 3a npeMe npaKce? _
Ke 11 CH,DKI-IC MamHnc Koje 06aBJbajy oJl,ronapajyhn pal~ TIplI no6njaH-,Y TO[a npoH-
6_ Koje cy OCBOBHe orrepauaje npn npOIl3HO;\1-hIl y )J:oMatUTHCTBY H lIH;~yCTPHJU: xJlc6a,
3BOp;3. UOK ce npl1 pallY Y na6op<:nopnjn pc BOJUlMUOfO P,Pl),lI<l 0 Il;cnH MaTcpnja}1('! Botmor COK3, HeKOl' rOTOIlor jC:Ja?
o.u Kora_cy :lll'lH1-heHH anapllTu HJJI.i 0 e.Hcprnjn Roja ce npJ! pam-' l]lOllm, jer ce npn 7. Y "!eMY je pa3J1T1Ka H31vletjY npowmo;xn,e xpaJ-!e Y p;m.mhmlcTRY 11 npoJ-{3110p;H-,e y m-IJlyc-
TOMe onpmHl BHmc rr3)Klbe xe1HiJCK0.l CTP,H-IH, .':I,OnTe je 3<1 HII)lYCTpnjy 113Y3eTHO Tpnjn?
HTITalbe Cf-lCprHje, K30 H MaTepnjanil o;n Ko1'a ce H3p(1)yjy J\13UIHHC 11 ana paTH.
CJTI1'~lHOCT OCHOBHHX npOl~cca 11 Onepal(Hja TaKotJe je HeOMa 3H3'lTajna. TC-K
OBaKnUJ\t parn'lJltlIbantlIbeM C'1O)KeUOr TOKa npOH3BO;rUbe Ba npou;ece 11 oITcpau,Hie
MOLTTH c:y CC 3aceoHO rrpoy'fHTH H enn I-bemr ;a:enoBH, a :')(tTI-lM IT UJV'lHO HCfIHTaTl-i. OCHOBIiC olicpali,lijc
3anmKcno.ie TaKobe ilL{ OCr-toB/-le oltcjJm{uje He 3GBUCC og ()CH.OElH()Z~ ilpm(eca.
Orrepau,nja je KpnCTaJH133Iwin ITJIaBOr KaMcna. me-
KpHCT(UlH3<:UJ,l:Ijc CJTH'-IHJ BO;r:J;c,'Hl OCIiOUlinx onepalluja. - Y OBOj KIhH3H he ne:U1MW1HO 6HTI:I PC{IJ1 0
hepa, KyxlfH~CKC COJUL BT,\; onep<ll~Hja rrponu\al-h<1 CYMIlC;Pl-lC KHCCnIIl-Je, BohHO{, OCHOBHHM TeXHo.rrOIHKHM onepaHlljal\w KOjC cy 33cryn.rbcHc y npexpaM6enoj H xc-
COK3, MJiC-Ka H!IH n()J~e TC\l<o'lje jc ClrWlJ--fa. MUjO::Oj HI-IJJ.ycrpnjn, a l-IajmllnC 0 l\ranmHaMa 11 anapaTHMa n01\1Ohy KOjHX ce oc-
Yperyajn 3a KjlncTa.TJH3anHjy cy CJIJPTIIIL Y KpncT,ulfl3epHM(] BJla,n:ajy HCTI:f 3a- TBapyjy nojenm-Ie onerm~nje.
KOHli. llyl\HIC 33 Te'lHOCTIl cy CJIHtlHOr 06JIHKa jep npn np()THl~aH,y TC'UIQCTH U,-l)KC l13)''-JaB<ULC one MClTepujc, 1(,)0 H CBaKe APyre, cHryp110 he 6111'11 omnmTano aKO

fleTH 3i-:tKOHI-I. 3Ha'lH, uypeoaj/l aa ofi{{(l.1){{f-l>(' jegHc G[Jcilic oficl'al-(uj(' cy ClIPflfll.
)lOK Ct paf1l1je c:vrclTpaJ10 ll.<1 cc HCKa ollcpau,Hja MO>KC cauna;laTH H lH1Y'II-nH ca-
MO npaKTH'lIHHM P3j\OM y3 iFlT)' MalITHny y npmnEo;'JJhlL ;rtaHaC cc OCHORHa 3HaI--ba 3(1
H,HXOB l1cnpamm paIl. CTWIY y IlfKOJIH, 3aXBaJhYlyhH npaBI1JIHO rrOCTanJheIUIM TCO-
pHjcI<.r1M OCHOBaI\Ia. TIo3IIajyhn TC OCHOBe, )-nreHlu: cBoje 3H<:HbC, CTe'lJCHO y llJKOJHl,
ynoTnYJ-byjc paJ~Ol\l 11 HCKYCTBOM Y npoH3Bo,;J.I-hH.
CC OCHOBHe ()nepaI.~lTie, M3IIIlUle H ana paTH Ha nO'leTRY rpyrmllly ITO HCKlTM 3aje;aHH-
'lIKHM KapaKTepI1CTI1KaMa. To 31Ia1 1H P;3 .ie nOTpe6uo YO'111'fH lIITa je 33je,UHIr'IKO 'Ii
orrep a u n jaM3 Koje cy neh nOMcBYTe. 3ana)KCnO je na cc rpynncafbe OCHOBIIHX one-
paI.(Hja naj6oJ:bc MO}Ke H3BCCTH npeMa BpCTH IIorOHCKe CHJIC KojcHvr cc oCTBapyjy
rroje)):H1-IC OCHOBHe onepan:uje. Tux ITOrOHCKHX CHJJa JiIMa CHera Tp:re pa3J1UK(I Dpu-
WU('l({J, tTte"HilepaiTiypa u ]HJ3J/uK{J IWJn~ef/i1{PQL(l.lj{J
pa3flll/W

3H[JlIH, ga 6ll ce npoH3BoAlha UITO 60JbC BO)lHJla, Huje )WBOJhHO n03HaBJTH ca-
rIa ocnony Tora ce 11 onepauI1jc Aene y TpU rpync: XUgP(HtCX{JN1.IL[KC, iTioi7;w-
MO I-beH xCMH3aM Hero ce Mopajy n03lIanaTll11 CEa Q1H311'lIKa 3611Hal-ha 11 pa.rVbe KOjc iill-lC u guq)Y311()f-/C oi7cpaI{uje. . .
Xugp0.MeXaHWl!{(! or7.epaI{l/ic. I1oroHcKa CUITa KOP; OBUX onepau;u.JCl JC pa3JIUKa
CC y npmnBO)JJ-b1-1 npHMclbyjy, a c THI\f y BC3M II u.eJIi:l anap,nypa 1-1 ypel)aj. DpeA'iJ
npWfI1CaKa. DOlliTO cc /l.ejcTBo n nOpeKJl(} rrpuTHcKa y TCt.IHOCTHMa f1 raconUMa (XIl-
TOMe, ll,HJb OBor npe;'J,MeTCl jc ,.rl,a oMoryil.H Y''-IeHlill,Hl\ta,Un yno311ajy MnllIHHC IT anapa-
Apay.TJHT.1KU rrpwfHcaK) pa3JIHKyje 0)): npHTlicKa y t.IBpCTHM MaTcpnjaMR (MeXaHI1LlKll
Te xeM11jcKe 11 !1pexpaM6eHe IIH)lYCTPHjC RaKO 6u CC UIT-O npe C1IalIIJIH y noraHY Ii
KaKO 6u rzacHHJe Y lobeMY npamUH-IO P3)~HJ[11. npUT11caK), TO ce OSC onepaI~IIje Aene Ha:
 11

X!lgpOgW-la.1HU'-1KC O("lcpaqllje AteXW-lU'--lKC oilepau/e C6W.;;a oUepat~uja UMa woiy (ivzmlCKY CUAY U cauf mTW.op:
~. np01'lm;al-be 1'e"II-lOCTl! H raCOBa, - CHTI'bCI'bC, XI1Apay~'lWIKe oIlcpau,llje -- XIlApaYJll1"IKl1 OTTIOP, MCX;Ul11"IKC oncpau;nje - ivfe-
- Melliafbe, - npeHOC '-IBPCTC MaTepnje, xaHH"IKH OTIlOP, TOIIJlOTHe orrCpaIJ;l1je - TOrIJIOTHll OTrrop, AHcpYTl-iOHe onepaU;Hje _.
- qmnTpnpafbe, - cc)aI-be, mrcpY3HOHII OTITOp.
- U;Cl-I'rpH<:pYf'npaI-bC, ~ rrpeCOBalbc. KO.TfHKII fie Aa 6y,n:c OTIIOP cnpoBoi)elbY XHJJ.p0,lJ,HI-IaMWIKHX OIIcpau:uja Haj"lIe-
whe 3aRRCll 0):\ gyJ/fWW 11 o6Jllu:a ilyaJa TC"ll-IOCTH liJIII raca, ilpeilpClce na nyTy n
MO)KC CC YO"IHTH na KOJ]. HaBCneHI1X XHAPOAMHal\'1l:J~IKiIX onepa1wja no.ua 113
Lue'llbuGoc1l7u TC"II-lOCTU, OnIlOCHO raca. OBe ncmFHmc yTl1'-ly I-Ia ycnopanal-bC CBHX
CJIaBl-1He Ha cYP;Y HCTiItIe 3aTO lllTO je npHTl1GlK y cYAY Bl1UlB O,ll" aTMoccpepCKor npVl.- onepau,Hja Koje cy Bell nOMeHYTC.
1'l1CKa. MI1KCep Meilia Te~lHocr JaTO rnTO :lOIltlTHl.1;e 110Tl1CKyjy TC-"IHOCT, Koja ce
OTIIOP cnpoHoi)CH>:Y l\-ICXaHII"IKI-IX OI1CPaI~Hja HacTajc ycncg Mace H MeXaH1-1QKe
Kpehe H Mcrna 3a~rO.ll.lT0.ie rrpH'rH~aK Te~[HOCTH nopeI_1 J10naT1:II~C Befin nero npBTH- ()TIIOPHOCTII rVlaTepnjaJT<l (Cl1Tl-bCI-bC). Ha npm"lCp, KOI\KY l11cbcpa jc JJaKO 113~~pO-
caK TC-"mOCTH KO.1a JC BaH lJ;O.'\-'l;U!lilP .:romtTl1IJ,a. 6HT11 Ha CRTHl1.iC /-!J;CIl.OHe, KcU"leHH yraJb - Te)Ke, a Mcpuep - jom Te)Ke.
<PB]lTpHpalbC Kp03 ;w60paTOpl1jcKU ;[cB<11:-.: ca cfllL1TpHp-nanl1pOM Haj6p)Kt: je ~TnOpl1. cnpoBoi)eI-bY TOITJrOTHl1X 11 j\I1qYy'3HHX onepau.llja 3aBl1Cl1 0):( /-lao,
l-I<:1 nO'-ICTKY jep .ie !10rOlIn::;} CiEli.! (XllAPocr;:I"I"Wll<H npJ1THCaK cycnclI3Hjc Y nCI3KY) J1(n~uJeJ GC/1U'/f./I-lC gogup!-lC LlO(3PWWlC I-l /,-PCfUOHdt iIiC'IHociIiu lUm raca.
HaiBeha. OTIlOprr ce lWBchaHajy llJOJlJIl,l1jm.L (I. CM~Hbyjy cc rrOnChal-bCM nOBpWlmc ,Il.O-
< Dpn IB;~I3ajaILY l\-1C!-W H3 calla I-la I~Cl-rrpHC!))-TH lvWJl ce H3nBaja (Te'le) TeK Ka,Q Aupa. TaKoiJe cc CM~HLyj)' )-"CJlC,il. KpeTa[-!~a TCtlllOCTll U]]Jl raca y3 rrOBpllll1HY Kp03
jc UPUTHCLlK KOjH cmapa l\ellTpHCI))T~Ul1Ul nwa ,TJ,OBOJhali ;la nt rrOKpcnc. 1Wj)' ce OCTl3tlpyje TOnJTOTUa pa3Mcna.
CBC OBe OnCpalJ,Hjc c)-' YTOJIUKO 6p)KC YKOo'U-!K(l .ie Delia norOIICKa CllJra - p<n-
JlllKa npHTHcaKa.
CJIl-fllHO je KO;'J, MCxallll'lKI1X oncpaqI-lja. Cuc HaBC-l~Clie :-..fCXaHI1QKC oncpaU;Hjc
113BO)J
[Ua3HBa MeXclHH'IKJ CH.:ra, OJ~IlOC1IO l\tCXJJ1l1"!l(1l npHTHC<lK.
ITpcAMeT npoYQa13<111,;1 OCllOBHllX one.paIJ,Hja jccy q.m:ml.lKe. npoMcHc Koje ce
Toil/willf-{C Qn2pal(ufc. I10l'Ol-lCKa C!-l:ta 3a OI3C oncpau,Hje je pa:.WHKa TCMnepa oCTBapyjy Kao PC3YJITaT IlocfojalbJ TpH 13pCTe norOIICKHX CH.lla: pa3JIHKc nplnI-lca-
Typa. OBp.:C CC y6pajajy: Ka, pa3J1lIKC Tct--mepaTypa n p~n;IHKe KO!-n~eHTpaU:Hja.
.- 3arpCBLUbC, Ha OCI-10BY TOnt OCIlOBI-le oncpalU1je .Il,CJle ce H<i XI-tHp0l\-teXaI-Hll.IKC, TOILlOTHC 11
XJlaQCI-bC, JJ,HCPY3HOHC onepaI~H.ie.
KJ1)Y'IalbC, q)lBWIKC npoMcHc Koje ce oCTBapyjy OCl-IOBHHl\l onepal~HjaMa jaBJbajy cc Kao

KOH)l.CH3i1LI,HJ<t HT1\. npaTHoIJ,11 xeMHjcKI-lX nporvlCI-Ia.

Ep3IUIa OCIIOBHC oIlcpaIJ,l[jc je ynpam) TIp0f10pl~110HaJIl-la norol-ICKoj CnITH, <3
3ana)l{a ce na cc l-1HjcrVIa OA OBI-IX oncpalJ,uja He ~10)KC ocrnJ.pl-'rrn aKO HC no~
06p1-1y1'o IIpOnOpL~I-:lOr-Ia:IHa OTIlOpy. DPI-l CllpOBOi)ClbY XHp,PO,rVUI.<-lMIT'-[KUX OnepaI~H
crO.lH pa3JlHK,J Y Tel'.mepaTypar-.-Ia, KilO tuTO CI: l-mjc;.v-w o;~ XHJl..p0,llI-IHaMWIKMX OITc-
ja OTIlOP '-lHHC AY)KHW1 II 06Jll!K nyTa Te'IHOCTI1 I1JlH eaea, KaO}1 1b}1XOBa Te'-UbHBOCT.
paUllja He MO){(c oC'l'J3apl-lTll aKO HCMa pa'3]IIIKC npHTHcaKa.
OTllOP MeXaHH'-IKHM orrepaqnjaM<1 ,Il,a.jy Maca H MCXal-IWIKa OTTIOPI-IOCT Ma'repH~
,aUrj)):\iU(}!lC (jiicpaqujc. rIofoHcKa CilJli1:J<"l OBe onep':Ul,l1j<: jc pa:~m-iKa KOHlJ,eH- lana.
Tpau,Tlja, aTe OlICpalJ,Hje cy: OTllOP TOnJlOTI-ll-IM H Al:-lq)Y3110HHM onCPat~l1j'll\'W noneliaBa CC 1130JlanHjOM, a
_., BJIa)l(C1be, CM!:l1byjC BeJIWIlmOM IIOBpunmc AOimpa H KpeTaI-beM TCl.-ll-IOCTII HJfJ-I raca.
cymclI,e,
- paCTBapaI-be, llHTAlbA
- KpI-JCTaJUuaqH,la HTD;,
1. KaKo cc npCM3. nOrOUCKJI~l CHJ!aMil jte;lC OClIOB1Ie orrcpaJ.U-fje?
38 OBe 01Jepal~Hic nOCl'oje npH!>Icpn I({lKO H3 CBllKO!_U-lcBIIe np(lKcc TaKO IJ 113 2. H,-\Bc;\l! rpyny KOjOj npHna;~ctjy OCI-IOBHC oncpau,uje KOjC Cll ,)-'llo:mao TOKOM
HH;~yC'rpHje. l!POH:.HlO)J,ltOL' pa;~a HJlH 11<1 HC1(OM ;WYl'0:>r ~recTy.
l:;p3HlIll OCIlOHlIIIX ollcpaunja. ~ 3a CBe TpH BpeTC onepau,Hja, 3Ha l IH, HeOnxO,Il.- 3. OA '[era JaBHCH 0P:lHU<t OCHOBllC oncpaql1je?
1-1<1 je nOrOHCXa c[L'la KOjOM he ce op,l'oBapajyhe onepanl1je oC'rBapHTH. 3aj e nHl1 "[Ka 4. lllTa cy IlO['OHCKa cnna H OTHOP KO;\. CJlcp:chux orrepau,uja:
je 11 "lHI-heHHlJ,a ;a;a jc Gp3HHa oncpatl..JIjc ynpano npOnOpr(HOmUlHa IlOrOl-ICKoj CHJIU. - nYlhcfbC pCClq)BOapa BO;10M H3 u,peB<l npIlKJhY'-lcHor H3. BO;:I.OBO;J)ly MpC)l(y.
AmI KOJIHKa he Ta 6p311Ha 611TlT '3aBHCl-I H OJ]. OTIIOpa KO.11-1 cc cynpoTCTaBJba norOH- - Mcwal.C rplna HIlH Ka'ra~'laKa 3a BPCMC KYBaI.a (TC'J:hHBOCT),
- O}1,Bajalhc BO,ll,C (ciH!JlTpnpaH,c) Oi~ MctKapOlltl nOCJJe K')-'B<Uba.
eKO] ClUm H YMJ.lbyjy IbCHO )J.ejcTBo. Ouo ce MQ)Ke npc)J,cTaBl1nl crrc.uei'ioM 3aKOHH-
- 3arpcBalhc H HcnapaBa}bC BOJ,e l-Ja CJICKTPH'-lHOM 11 raCBOM lllTCAI-b<lKY.
TOCTH, Koja Ba)KE 3a CBe OCHOBIfe oIIepat~I-ije:
... xnal)elhc mlBa y paCXnJAHOM ypel)ajy,
. norOHCKa cJ-ma - KOHt~eH1'PllCJlhe BohHor COKa ncnapaBafucM H3 OTBopcHor cYAa,
Ep:mua OCHOBl:le Onepall,HJc:= -~-"-----' - M:leBC[-be Meca
OTrrop
5. 3aulTo X;ra}l;fbaU).1 H 60jnepn HMajy ,u:eoeJlc 3U)J;OBC?
 ManHme H ana paTH
;iit' OgHOC lWUflljUWelUil U Be.1U"Wle alii/pawa (iiie.JlCUHe) jCc/lle lWH.a,
OCHoBHe onepaw:rje y IU:IAYCTPIljlI peamnyjy cc
llOJl;CJl3 M3U1HH3 H anapaTa. - { CiUpyKI.~UOl-ta eqmxacHociTi ypetJaja. Ari!f
y anapaTHMa IT ~mIInIHaMa. MauUlHe II arrapaTH YnpexpaM6cJfOj 11 XCMHjCKOj HU,n:yC-
TpnjII Mory ce nogeJUITfl npeM3 OCHOBHHM onepartHja:r.m Koje Tpe6a oCTBapiiTH y
fbl:IMa HJIH rroMofiy J:bHX: nC36e.u;nOCT II 3alllT01'3 )J{IIBOTHC cpc.u;uuc. - nOTpe-OHO je JW M8IIlllHC I-:I. ana-

AW1LlUHC LI anapafftu ao xugpo,McXaHU'Il{C Or(cpa/~uje! KOjC ofiyx(wiliajy:

paTH oy;w 113rpai)CHU TaKO ll,a He yrpmKaBajy 6e36eJ\HOCT pa;rnlHKa Kojn paAH y3
lbl:lX. To 3H<1'In ;o;a Tpe6a.n:a cy COJm.n:HO MCXalIl1'IKH KOHcTpYIlcaHB, cHa6;n;CBCHH 110-
M311IHHe if anapaTC 38 onepar~Hje ca Te'-lHOM l1 raCOBHTOM MaTepujoM Tpe6HHM 3amTHTHl:Ill,lfMa 0):\ nOKpcnUIx J~CJJOBa 11 cnrypHocHHM BeHTl-IJUTM<l. TaKo-
(nYMIIe, MeIllaJlBI~e, BCHTJ1JJaTopn HT)I.), l)e, Tpe6a na je npc)J.RHi)eno aYTot.'JaTCKO lfCKJhy~mBaJbe HJHf npyre Mcpe KojHMa ce
ManHm:e H anapaTC 3(] orreparwje ea tIBIJCTOM l\WTcpnjoM (MJIJ1Horm, CIna, yHafIpe)_~ Cnpe'-IaBajy },wryhHocTH eRCTIJ!o3uje 11JIH KEapa.
TpaHcrropTepM, rrpece Inn.), I1PH rrpmI3EOW-Lll xervmjcKHx 11 npexparvr6cHHx npOH3BO)la UCTIywTajy ec
MalIIHHe H anapaTC 33 pa3ABajaFhc '-mpCTC M;;ncpnje OJl, Te'-IHOCTH 11JIH raea HelmKe KOJ{H~IHHC pa3JTH'UITl1X (rrpOBlnrX n IlITCTHHX raeona, 3arai)yjc ce BOlFl H
(ll;eH'rpucpyre. c})J-VITPH, TaJ10)l{HHl~!.1 IITn.)~ 0i\6anyjy BcnUKe KOJTIPJHHe '-lBpcnlx OTna]laKa. Ha Taj na 1 IHfl :wrai)yjc ce )KJ1BOTJIa
cpcp,HHa. 3ap,aTaK. cmIX JhynH je Aa cc 60pc nponm 3aral)nBaIL3 )KHBOTTlC cpcp,rmc,
.MallflillC u m{apniTtu 3(1 iTiOlf.!IOiTifl-C oilcp(IIwic (pacx.n:a.r:o-IH ype'l)aju, rpeja<IH.
Kao li 3a 3,UHTHTY npnpoge yonlIne.
KOH,ueH3~TopH, l1CnapHB;:PIH UTI-I.);
3Ha'Iajl-lY )'.1or:y y oCTsapelhY onora 3;:q;-lTKa HMajy !<-ramHHC Ii (lnapaTIL O}f}l
Mm({[,/HC u afiapmTlu .w gUCF)'.'iUill-/(' o(lcpaquje (cYlTn-mn,c. KpnCTrL1TL'Iqnl. CK-
Mopajy 6HTH TaKO OT\a6paHI1 II Mopajy Ta1(O 7-1;,1 pane ,<:\a CTBap<ljy IT.1'TH HcnYlIITajy
CTpaKTopl1 I1T,uJ. lIITO Mal~C :-mratJyjyhux cyncTaHi~ll, Kmw .ie TO nCMoryhe, Tpc6a HX nOBc3T-;-'H naj
HaMchc ce mn,HhC KaKO CC npHC'rynJ H3pann. O~~HOCHO npOH3BO,Il;IbH J-..falllImZl norO)J,HlfJHM npC\IllCTWUlMa ncrrYCHHX raCOBa II OTna;lHHX EOlIa.
H anapaTa, H Kojn 3aXTeBII 1\lOpajy.6HTH HcnYI-bCHIl,u:a 6n ypetJtlj 6HO KOHCT}1yncaH Y rrpexpaMoenoj lIHflYCTpUjl1 janJha ce jOUI jc.rran BeOM3 3Ha'IajaH 3aXTCB. To
11 Aa 6ll pa.n.no Ha 3anOBOJbaBajyhn Ha'IHH, ey caHHTapHo-xarnjcHcKH YCJIorH-!, Kojn ce l\-wpajy Onp)]{aBaTH HR BCOl\,ta BHCOK01\l
Y CBaKOM U1Y'Wjy. Y 1-he:\"IY lvmpa W'l ce 06aBH Tpa)J(Cna onCPJl~nja. Me'bYTHM. HI1BOy. ORM 3aXTeHIl npOlB.rra3e H3 HClMeHe rrpexpaM6cHHx npon3BOna. OCTBap)rjy
Ha !-"iaI-IaW}beM crencny npYIlITRCHOr pcnnoja TO fiITje r~OH();hl-lO. DpncTynajyhu H3- ce noce6HHM KOJICTPYKIUljat.1a MaUIlIml n arrapaTJ - xepJ\ICTII'IKH},'f 3ElTUapal-h01,
pa,uu TUm naoalm,H l\laWHHa IlJIE anapclTa, Mopa ce BO,uIITH p<l'Iyna na OlII! HCTI).r- TeMeJbHHM npalheM 11 '(ImnteIheM, ,TyToMaTH3aI~HjoM, Ho6pHM InoopoM M,nepH-
I-hat'wjy CJIe]Icnc YC}IOBC: i-(GottO/CKe, /wUCiJipy,{lTilllJl-IC. erW/-{(MJe/{C Ii CClIie{uCKC. 1(ao j;uta 3a H3pam' HT~~. Ho H rropen cnera Tora BenHKH Ylleo y OgP)lHHUhY OBUX yUlO-
H )],a He yrpQ)IGlBajy I-HI paJ~HHKa KOjU HX onCJ1Y)l(yje HH )!(HBOTHY CpC,IUmy y :qC.TU1IIIJ. n3 liMa 11 caM paflHHK.
RaMella. - Alaull-u--lc U ailapW[lU HO.HCfbC/-l/{ cy ociIiAapU(WI-f.)' i1oiTipe6l-1c oDe- KOHCTP)'KI~lIja. - 3aXTenH KOjH CC op,IJoce tIa KOHCTpYKqnjy IIOBC3aHH cy Cd
paqllje. Dpu TOMe Tpe6a Ol\WrynHTH HajnOBOJhHl1je YC.TJOBC 3a I-bHXOB pan. OmI yc- npojcKToB3lheM, TpancnopTOM 11 MOHT,l)l(OM :--.rannn-Ia H anapaTa. Hamvie, nOTpeo-
nOBl-! 3aBilce on Bperc onepau.nje, arpcraTHor CTalba Mi,lTepl1je, xeMujcKor CaCT<:1Ba, HO .ie Aa yperyaj 6y~e CT<-lI-J;t.I<:lP,D}I30H<:ln 11 J~a cc pC3CpBHlf )wnOBH Mory :J3KO llJ6aBH-
K<10 H CPII3llQKUX oco6Fma MaTepHje ca KOjOM ce pallH. YKP<1TKO, l\laUfHlIC n anapaTII Til II MOHTHpaTH.
Mopajy 611TI1 CBPCI-1CXOJIJ-IJI. YpelJclj Tpc6a na fJYAC norOnaH 3a TpancrrOpTOBaI-be, pacTan.Thmhe l-J cacntB~
Th'YfbC.
IeroBH OCHOBHr1 ,n:e.'IOBH 11 npaTehn npnoop Tpe6a l'(3 6yp.y mum 11 je):~Hoc
3/1(I'iiljl-l(l /mpmdTicpuclllllfW "'Mfllll/lW 11 ailapaiTia./e l/JUXOf3 /{mIGqu- TaHHH 3a ync)Tpe6y.
iijdii 11- eqJUf{(1cHociJI. AnapclT Tpeoa ~'1enor J\H'_:.ajHa.
)1a je
EKOIIOl\IlPiHOCT. Mmunne H anapaTH KOJH HcnYThJBa.1Y nClMCIICl(C II ,n;pyre
nOTpconc YC'10nc ogroBapajy H CKOIJOl\KKHM 3aXTeBHMa. I1cnma. MQ)Ke cc !~CCHTH
[(mla/~IlITicm je l((}/lU L UtlW .1wulepUlfL1fI /\'oja CC oopa[Jyje aa OgpC[Jfl-lO ApC..\IC. )J;3 je canpeMcHH ypel)aj CI;:YT1JhH. AJ1l1. flOUlTO .ie, 110 npaB1w)', OIlaKaB ype1)aj e(i'm-

K(mm~HTeT ce M())Ke npHKa3<1TH l1JIIf KOJlIPIlIJIOM YJla'H-IOT' \Jinepujao'1a (CHpomme) J.:<lclmjn, OlUla jc npon:mOJ1l-hfl jeqnHI-mja If cpenC'rna YJJmKeHa Y CKyn.lbH VI ecl)HKac-
I:IJrH KOnH'HIHOM Jl3Jltl3HOr l\-IWrepHja..'13 (npCH13fl01W). Ha npnMCp, KanaqHTcT nehH Hujn ype'i)aj pemrnlBHo 6p30 ce npaTc nYTeM 110jcqlTI1IhCH,a rrpOH3BO,D,11,e.

33 ne-'IeH~e xnc6a Onpet;eH je 6HJTO KOJIWIHHOM TeCTa Koja y !-bY yrra:m, 6n.'lo KOJHI-
1111l-l0M HJ111 6pojeM KOMa,u,a ne'--IeHor xJ1e6a Kojn cc npOH3Bcp,e 33 jCJJ:aI-l '-lac.
EqmI(aCHOCT ypel)aja MQ)KC ce op:pe;o;nn! KaWl ce lherOB Kanau,UTCT ynopC)~B
ca HeKOM 3Ha'{[ajHoM KapaKTepncnrKOM ypelJaja. Ona 3Ha'-rajna KapaKTepncTHKa
ypebaja.ie Haj"-lclllnc nOTpOlUH,(:l cHeprvrje Hmf BenH'-lHHl:1 anapaTa. OgHOC KaLiau,u-
[TieiZla u yi1"lpoweJiC C1-tepiuje Ha3U6a ce eHepzeiUClW eqnuwcHociJ1 .
IVlaTclmja:uf. P<lil1ln BCK MalUHI-lt' n anapaTa y 3IIaTHOj Mepn 3aBHcn OJ!. 11360-
pa MaTepnjana 33 IhHXOBY 113pany, OJVlOCHO, Kao UITO je 13Cn pe~lCI-lO, l\--f{ITcpnjan
Tpe6a )J;a 6y)~e H3<l6pmr TaKO p;a 6yne OTIlOpan H<1 MexaHH'fKe H xCMnjcKc y'nn~a.ie.
AmI, y npexpaM6eJ-IOj HHlIyC'rpnjn jc nCOMa B,DKHO .o:a MaTepnja.ll o)J;ronapa 11 CaJ-IH-
TapHo-xunrjeHcKHM J1cYfpe6arvIa. TaKo., na rrpUMep, [UlKOXOJI np0l-i3Be.o:CH y anapa-
TI1Ma o,U JBmeHOr rBO)l"(1)a HMa Jlom yKyC H l\111PHC. I1pCM<1 TOMe, naKO je JlImeHO

..
fBO)Ki)C ;(OBOJbHO MCXaHWIKH I1 XCl\mjcKH OTIIOpnO 3a )WrOTpajaH pan 11 npOH3BOP>
Iny <1JIKOXOJI<:l, OIlO llrraK He 3aAOBOJhaBa y OHO!-.t CJly~mjy. HaI1MC, MI1HUMamla KOJUI-
'-IHI-Ia cyMIIopa H3 JUmCHor rBQ)K~a
npCJl<:13H y aJIKOXOJl 11 {(Bapn My yKyC IT lVmpIIc.
To 3Ha'-[ll Aa ana paT Hche 6p30 KopOAlipaTllll 61lTH oIlnellen, ami he npoH3Bog 611-
Til HeynoTpe6JbllB.
Mory ce HaBeCTH cJlcl\eha njJ<lBH!Ia npn rn60py MaTepl1ja.'1a 33 MaUUiHC 11
anapaTe:
nOTpeOlIO .Ie .u:a liMa JJ:0BOJhIlY MCXaI-BFJKY OTlIopnOCT 3a ,lJ;aTC YCJ10Be pana.
Kao 11 MoryfiHocT cpopl\HlpaH>a (caBl1jaH~c, 06JIHKOBal-he, pe3aI-bC, cnajaH:>C 11
pa3HC opere 3UBapHBar-ba);
lvtaTepnjaJl U.CJIHHH H CIlOjlJa MeCTa Tpc6a na 6yPS OTIlOPI-UJ l[a xCMHjcrw
y
(Kopo3Hja) II :-'1CX8I-lH'-IKO (cpo3uja) nejC'fBO Man.~pujc KOj(l ce y l-heMY Ha- MAIDHHE
6apa CC MtrreplIjan KOjH jc !l(tKO na6aBflTI-I U<l Tp:lKl1ll1TY: II
!-.laTcpHjaJl Mopa )1,<1 HcnyHl1 caJ-lI-rrapIIo-xHrlljcHcKC 3aXTCBC 6UTHC '~a npOl-l-
:mo;_:(11, y. AIIAPATII
3A
Vl3BO)J,
XHJJ;POMEXAHHQKE
Y Iv1<llilHHa1la If <lnapaTHMa ocmapyjy CC UCHOBHe oncpan,Hje, I\-iawHI-K 11
CtllapaTH 3d XHiWOivteXaHWIKC onepalJ,uje )~e.!lC cc ua TpH rpync: MarmU-IC H anap;:lTe
OIIEPAIJ,MJE
3a pag ca ctUYHJ1,llMa, ca 'lBpCrHl\t MaTcpnjaMa I1 ca CMclltaM<I c:p.aYllA<l H 'mpcrc Ma,"
Tepl1je. l\r1alluflIc H anapaTll H3rpabcHH cy TaKO ;1<:1 3afJ,OBOJbaBajy naMCI-ICKC, 6C3-
GC.l~l-lUCHC, eKOIlOl\-KIW II p,pyre nOTpe6c. M;.rrcpajaJI 3a H3rpa,lJ;1l>y IIfOpa 6HTH XCMBj-
C1(H H MeXaHH~[KH OT110paIl.

IllHAlbA

1 Llel\lY CJlY)KC MillllHHe H anapaTH XCMHjCKC II npeXpa\1()ellC llH!l.yccrplje?

2. KaKo ce i~CJlt~ HaLUllHe H <JllupaTH?
3. lILTa 3Wl'Hl ctlmKacHocT ypci)aja':
4. [liT::l CHe YTHYC 11<\ OC:.lGCJ,HOCT paJJ)lIllGl KOjH pyKyje ?l-1<lJl1HllO,\:(?
S. 0 lieMY CC :.\opa llOJl,I1Tll pWlylW !lpl! lJaGaB1JJI HOBe MtlUHIHC'?
 MAmHHE H AIIAPATI13A PA)],
CA (l>JIYI1)],HMA

1.1. (j)]IYl1i~11

KapaKTCpnCTJIKC cpJIYH)l.:l. - TC'II-TOCTH IT raCOEn IrMa])" ,n:OCT3 3ajC)J;mT'JKIIX

KapalnCpHCTHK3 Koje CC 33cmmajy 1I<1 {IIlH~CIfHIi.H ;W cy TetJJblme - qr1YH}ure, 3wro
ce TCLlIlocnr HracDEn 3ajC):(HO nD.Jlmajy (j).:rYH,LI,J.L
Koje cy 3Ha"JajHc 3ajep:Hwn::e K<1paKTCpllCTHKC (p.'lYlI;:t:a? flpw71UC(ff{ gC.:1Y/C pa-
6HO.MCpIlO y Cmt.H l7pn()ql,{Jf{l, "!Jelly cc ifo[J ),ITIU/inje..!.i jJ{I,'UIII;C I7plI/l/ucm:a, iJpy)!(t1-
/y oilWop ilpll /;pc!Ti({J!)' 3,lBHCIIO 0)\ TC'TJl,lmOCTH 11 rycnmc. DpC1Vla TOMC, (lKQ ce
ce p<nyMc KpeT(]lhC (11.'1),0;1<1 IT /J,() cc lhllf.,-fC BJrano., 1I00rpeOHo je ynoTn<lTH
)KC.TJ}j )J<!
lIaBCJ\CllC KapaKTCpnCTl1Kc.
Je,nyma 6nT1Ia pa3JIIIK<l H3i\.ld)y racona H TetfHOCTD .ic Y Ili.pntny npO\wfJe 11,1'1-
xonc 3anpel\1JInc (rycnmc) 3aBHCHO 0;\ npo:'>fCHc npHTIIcKa.
Tacorm U (iape c)' Ciuulll/blHm n MCH>ajy 3anpeMHI-IY npH npol\-.fCnn npHTHCJGL
Am-1, YKO.111KO cc rac Kpehe He MCfbajyrm 3H(lTHO npllTI-JC<l.K, IhCronJ rycnma cc
npno lvla.'IO l\ICH,(l. Y ruo.,\( c. .?J'lIajy 'lac IIJ1fI ('(1(' laljJrll;ITfCjJl.ltlTtUl{C uet/ie !{ao u i7Je-
'a roeI-([.
Te t fHoct7i1l cc . W)?), o[(I/Tipat7i1l I/cciillllff:NH!lLM - ncra KO:rJll'IHHa TC'IlIOCTH He
MeJ-ha CHojy 3anpCl\nmy non yTHIJ,ajnl npHTIJCKCl.
Ha rrpHMep, C'l'pyjaJbC na:-::Jlyxa Y BcrrTH.nal~HOl-IO~l BOt'\)' c.nJFTHO .ic crpyjaThY
none y 1~eBI1Ma.

DOIIITO ce Y T-m;\),crpn:jn 'tCCTO paJ(n C;l TC'IllOCTHMa I'f raCOJ3I1M(l, TO CC ThHXO-

no 10Y YIaJ3al-be na OBClj IliPlHll 31JaTIlO ynpomttaBJ, a J(CnoncHhe t,lamHIW lJ anapwra
GOJbC pa3)'MC.
rYCTima. - fYCTIIlI<l (p) ilc4mHllCal-l<l.ic :K(lO \-faca (m) jC;~I1I1H'mC '3:lflPC\'111IIC (\/):

p = !!!. = consl.
V

rYCTfIHa CTH!lIJbl1BJIX (j)o'1YH)\a MelLa ce non. ynrW--ljeM npHTHCK3. Ha rrplfMep,

KOll I1l\ea~nII.IX racon<1 rne jc je;n,ml'IHIT<l CT,H-ha:

p. V = !!2.. R . T,
M
18 19

rYCTHHa JC: rrpBCHCTBCHO 3aBI1CHTH o,n: caMe npIIpOne q:UIYH,n:a Y KOMe ce OEft CJlOjCBll nOCMa-
Tpajy_ YKOJmKO je qlJIYUIl. BJ1CK031urjil, YTOJIHKO he 6liTH IloTpc6Ha Beha oma. Ta
BCm1"'-IHHa, Koja 3aBI1Cl1 0,[1 nprrpo;J;c cpnYH,ua, Ha311Ba ce .D)n-l<iMH~IK{1 BHCK03HOCT H
031ial.laBa ce en fl. OCHM BHCK03HOCTli caMor q)JlYHf~a, Ha BCJUIl.umy CHJIC YTHu;ahe II
Oi~aKJIC np0I1:-wa3R Jln je ryCJ'l-lHa raca ynpaBo rrporrOpU110HI.lJll-Ia npHTHcKy. BC;H1'-lilHa IIonpllHmc CJlojcBa, K,W H 6p3MHa. YKO.l1HKO OHH 6YAY BefiH, YTOJIHKO he
6UTH IIoTpe6na 11 Beha CHna,Ua 611 ce nOCTU[JIa )KCJLCml 6p3HI-ra. 11 Haj3a{l, YKO.rIHKO
JCHHHHlJ,a rycnHrc je: cy CJIOjcBH yp;aJbCI-mjH, 6Hhc nOTpe6Ha Maleba CH.na Jl:a 6n ce lIOCTHL'Ia ),KeJbCH<t pc-
JIaTHBHa 6pcHHla. 3aBl1cHocT nemp-llU-Ie cnne OJJ: no6pojaI-UfX '-II1HJ-1JJalJ,a 113P,DIG1Ba ce
cnc,Ll,Clilnvt 0lJ,I-IOCOM:

AW
F ~ fl--
BnCK03110CT. - Pc'-I BHCKo:mocr BO~\H nOpeKJlO 0).1. nClTHHCKe pe'-UI visCUD), Koja L
3na'-fll m::f:<lK- H 11i\ILl :.:H!'P1CfhC C:yI!PVTHO OJl. "TC'L'LHU Y'..'lJC, MC,lI, nUIi~epH11 llT;a:. cy
JC,11,lUlltn,a BUCK031l0CTI1. - JC1H1HlUl,Zl I'J,HIWMl1'-lKC BHCK03110CTB je H3Bc;xeHa
BUCKO:.lH!!JC, O)l110CHO jI,{(lI!Je Te'i~hHBC Tt:tllJOCTlI vi.1 BOAC, aJIKOXOJia, oeH3Hua nTl~.
jenl1HUua H no6uja ce In npeTXOfJ.IlC je;,iHa'-IHHe:
BUCfJ)JfWjU (j;.7yUgu gair (Jchu uilli!.op Dpu "peillut-/J)'. TC'/flUC1TIU c), (jLlU{03!1uic ()(]
~M.
jC,UHlLIllJ,a (F) . jc~\HHHI~a (L)
. .-
.
I10TpCOUO .ic lEvlaTlJ .Y mliW ,o:a BHCKO'}llClCT CI1!fyun<1 1Cl.BllCl-1 0;1 lbcrOBor KpC- JeWiHHlJ,a (~) = T~~~;~~HIJ,a (,I\f-J~-~i~;;"~"l~u,a (Wf
T~uLa, O).(IlUCnO D,a ce MU>KC npOlJ,cmrru lUI-! ILH.lepHTH Cal\lO JKO Ct" (l)JIYH,[I Kpchl:.
Bun:.O'JIlOCT je pe1y;rraT YHYTPi.UllIbCl' TpCH>J Y Q)!1YHJJ,\', fGJ ce H Mcpn CIL'lO/l"j
3aMeHOM .iC)\HjJUl~a ImTerH!;ll~HOHaJmOr CHCTCMLl ,lIoul1ja ce:
Tpl:lba Koja ce jaBnJa Upll KPCTi.UbY, UlTO ce MO)I(' Bll;'l.CTll IlJ ;rapCgHor oojalIlHJCI-ba.
nOCl\I'-~Tpajt>.-to ;"13<1 c.:wja cj)]lYHW1 (e'l. 1) ncmpulHllc A nil J){1CrojaIuY L je,!.(3H on je;J,lllHu~a ell) = ____ U~l ._11_',__ = 1 N
Apyrora. AIW ce ropIMI C'loj nOiJ, ,lIcjCTrI()!\1 CHJIC F nOKpche HCROM 6PClHHOM lV, 1m21m/s
he ce no KpeTaTI1 U :~Oll,H C!loj no~ .QcjcTBOl'\'1 ropn,er liJIH
llOCTttB.:-r,a ce lIHT,lll)e )1).1 JIH
he Y MHpy. AKo ce 3Ll!>.-1HCJIU :Ja r'oplbH c.rJoj IlaJIC)KC HLl I1CTH TLlIWB KOjH JI(:>
OCT<:lTH TIorrrro je t N/m 2 := 1 Pa (naCK3JI), TO Je:
)KH y npocropy HCIIO;~ tbera, OH;'(<l he, :1601' llCIIOCpCJ\lwr ,UO}J)Jpa. 11 oBa.! CpeIV-LI:I
je;a:mmna (p) = 1 1"a ' s.
cnoj 6l1'ru ny'rcH HCKOi\l OP31UlOM Y llCTOl\l eMepy, juor TpClba H3MCl.,y tbHX. Hcno,L(
OBO!'! Hana3n ce ,a:pyrn C!loj, [(0.111 '\U1p;,.'jC. OIl he, ':laTO lHTO ce He Kpche 360r TPCr-b<l Ha )KcUJOCT, y MHOfI1M llOCTOjchHM TaOemlMJ i~Hlf3.MH'IKa BllCKOJHOCT He 1\'10--
rUl\!clyy fhl!X. KO'!1lTll. C.1IOj H.ma;.~ ce6e. J~pyrlll\l PC"lIiM<l, CpC,ullil1 eJIoj ;~o6Hhe HCKY )KC CC Hahn y OBHM, Bch y crapHM jCJ..\Hl-H1uaMa - IJ;CHTHllO(\311M<1 (cr'j. [loa3 (P) jCCTC
GpTl1Hy K(Jj<l he GitTO M;:llb<1 O;J 0P':lJ1W: roplbcr croja, a Belia 0f~ CipclHUC ,lIOI'her C}lOja. lnBei~eHa je;a:mnnl,a )J,ltH(\f\lll'-IKe Bl1CK03l-l0CTH Y COS CHCTCMY jC-!ll-Umqa, a u,eIITLI-
OBO yJajai\1l!O ,!~ejCrBO CJlojcna Mo>KC" ce npe,J,CTClBHTH IlOl\lOhy "lllIUVla" KapaTa_ n03.3 jc ero nYTa 11afha jegHlUll(<.1 O)~ rroa3a. rIpcpa'-lyu3Ew.I-l,e ce MO)KC JlaIW HJBp-
Kal_Fl ce ropu.:o<.l KapT<l rrOMcpa y HCKO!>.-l CMep'j', Tan;] he ce H oC'raJlC KapTe rroMcpH- lUHTH aIW ce 3ml n<l je:
TH Y HCTOM clvrepy, M<t)lCl Ill' I1oi\jei~wlKo. HajBHll1C he ce flOl\ICPHTH ropu,2i, llpBLl
KapTa, a llajt-falbc nOrna, I!OCHC;UhCl, Koja .~lC)KH Illl HCIIOKPCTllOM cro,ny. CJ:1e KapTe COS jei.\l-1llHIW (t1):::': 1 .~.z~~s:= lP.
he, TaKO flUi\1t~-pe[-lC_ rpa:~UT!l CHOjUM 1l0npll_Umal\lLl y llPLlDlJ,)' nOMcpalLLl jC;:lllY rp(lHY cm-
napa6oJJc. I10U.lTO je 1 N.o..: 10-'1 dyn, a 1 m 2 :::. 104 ell,2, TO .Ie:
Al;J) cc Jl(e.!tn HLl Iupa'lYH<J Mopa Ylllrrpc6r'ITH JILl on cc
BC,:UI'!l-lllJ. Ul.:JC Koja Ct:
r'opl'bH CJ[oj Kperao nCKOM 6pJ!ll1Ot>-1 It npnw ,[.(0)'1>0-1 U[ojy. jacll0 .Ie ,Ja he ona N
I

3 I'!a'tm , V 1111'rCpHa.J.~HOllaJmOM CHCTCMY je.QliHlll~a jeyww.LVf ('!/-{CI{U.J!lOCiTllI

jeuue XUJbagy- [{yUia eeho jeyw{U[w oy [(CliiIiu[(OLl.30 ('raoclIa 1).
BnCKOJHOCT 33.BHCl1 O.L\ Tct.mcpaType cpJIYH,Ua. Yn,e je Uil IIHCKHl\l TeMncpaTY-
paM<l ueOMa Bl1CK03HO - TelliKO ce H3JIlmU H'3 cyna. AKO ce YJbC '3arpClCta, IJOCTaje
CBe Malbe BlICK03HO -'" noC'ralie CBe cpnYH.CIHHjc _.. TaKO )J,a he Hct HCKHM BlllllliM TCM-
rrepaTypatvfa rroC'raTH nOKpCTJbllBO 1(30 BO}J,a, 0 l:.JeMy he. ce MohH mlKO YBepuTH Kil)J,
ce Y)J"e IBJIHBct 113 60u,e.

CiHl}((I I
 21
TaoeJIa 1. ~ 'uUnaMWfK3 BI1CK03HOCT TC'-IHOCTH (Ns/m 2 . 10 3)

llpnTIIC3K. - Y OKBUpy CTaTHKc tPJIyuJ\:a rrpoyqaBajy ce cpnYH)J)I Y CTaIbY MM-

pOB3Iba. CillaH,, 47.flyuga KOjU ce He Kpehc ogpelJcllo.ie fbC20G(Hf. zyciliw-/oJ;f 11 ilpu-
iIlUCKO.A1..
ilOIIITO je 0 ryeTI-IBH Bch 6HJIO rOBopa, can a je nOTpc6HO nOJJ:po6Hl1je pa3MO-
TpliTH rrpHTHcaK.
npIlTHcaK npegcTaBJh3 cuny (F) no .iC,llHHlrn:U ITcmpnnme (S):

erma rrpuTHcK3 yncK iJ,CJIyje HOpl\ta.llHO H3 IlOBplll:mry. I1puTHcaK KOjBM (l).lfYH)~

To 3HC!'TH An aKO ce rOBopn 0 BHCK03HOCTI1 HCKC IvtaTCPHJC, 1\10pa CC BO;\HTH
l.\Cn.yjc aa 3U;aonc cyn,1 Ha:mna cc ctTtahiU'IIW ilpuiiiucaK.
pa'-lyn3 11 0 TCMnep,-nypn U3 1<ojo.1 je 3arpcjana. Y Tancm-T 1 npUK83<lH<I je 3anHCHOCT CTaTH'IKB npHTHC<lJ(, KOjlf.iC PCTY.'lTaT nC.nOBaI-h<l TC)J(HnC q)..1YHiV1 nC1 UHO HTfH
HHCK03HOCTTI o~ TC\fITCpclTypc.
:.n1JlOBe CV,l1,3, f-ta3HUa CC xu()p()cilJ.({fTiu~{/{u fipuiIiJlc{fI,.
BHCt<03HOCT raCOBa Mellia ce i~PYKqlljc ca np0ll.rcnoM TCl\lTICpwrypc. On<l ce Kac; lIITO jc Tl03Ha'I'O Tn cl1l13I1KC. xnn:pOCTZlTH'lKH rrpHTncaK (Ph) jc:
nOEeliana ea rrOpaCTOl\1 TCl\mep"lTYpc. uno cc- BH)Ul In Ta6e.~c 2.
PI!:::O z p. g,
TaocJ1Ol. 2. X"~HT'IalvllF'lKa BnCK03lfOCT raCOB3 (Ns/m2 . 10') r,u:e je ::: BHCHHa Cl)JIYU;L a p rVCTllHCl. c"

,lla 6u ce orJ:pe.n.I:fO yKynaH CTHTTI'IKH npTITHCal( (P y ) Hi:1 ;ano HCKor cy)~a, Tpeoa
HlvtaTH y RHm-' p:a OH npC;1CT<lBJha 36np xn;wocTaTH'IKor npuTHcKCl TC~lHoern Y IbCMY
(cn. 2) 11 CTaTl1'IKOr rrplITHcKZI Kojn nC.l1yjc H(I cJ106o;aHY nonpunmy TCl..IHOCTH (P,J
p.I_:::O Ph + Po'
Faa/unw ua.Mef)y y""yfiJl07 11 mYtMorrj)(;pcr{()? (ipuitiuCl.:a ,wa/_IAa ce jOlIt U Haiii-
upui11ucaK.
lIcKH HHCTPYMCHTH 3('1 MCPCfbC npllTr1CKa ;::urpeKTHO MCp~- C3MO naTIJpUTJ1C3K.
L(<1 6n ce OAPCi1HO yKyntlll (anconYTlTH) npUTHcaK. TI(npeOJIO JC 3IIfITH <IT!lf()Cq1epc-
KH npHTl1C3K.
l13BOg JC~\JUnllW 3a MepCfbC npHTHCK3 y I11TrepnannOUaJIHOM CHerCMY jC;U:HHIUHl jc
I13BC)J,CHa jCAIUlHIJ;a:
Te'lHOCTH, raCOBH H nape nCl3HBfljy CC 3ajenIllI'IKI.!:V1 IIMelIO,~f lj)o'1YHi\H. }1,cne ce
ua CTT1lTlJbIlBC H HCCTlIIIJ.'hHRe c\rl)'nn:c. Haj:mCl."tlajITuj<l clm3WIK<1 cBojcnHI C1JJlYTIIW cy N
JPa:::o 1----::,-.
rVCnHI;) II nHCK03J!TCT. DOBchmhClll npHTHCKa nOBcilaBJ ce r:ycnma CTHllJJbHnJfX rn~

{1;~1)'niV1. BncKo31111jn (lBYl-jl~

npy>JGI BchH OTnop KpcTaH~y Hero M(lJ-hC BHCKO'3"lH
cp.:r):IlJ1. TIopacrOl\-J TeMI1CpTrype 013U>yjc CC BHCK03H()CT TCtIHUCTH, a noncfi;:ma Mnorn HHCTPYMCllTH 3,:1 IVfCPCthC npHTHCKa jom cy 3anp)f(<l:rn crape O3Jl{IKC -

BHCK03HOCT raCOB3. TCXHWIKC (1TC'vroCQ)Cpe (al}

BC33 H3Mei)), OIH1X jcnmnn\<l jC:

lal ~ 9,81 N
1. Koja je OH'fH(1 p;n.'1HK<l 1I3MCl)y TCtJHOCTI1 If l"ilCC)Ba'?
2. lbpiltlynaj ryeTi-my n<13i1yxa, DOlUTO jc:
3. JJa .fm ey TC'lHOCTH Te'lJbHBlfje on: racoB<l?
4. KomHw je nyT<l BOAa BllcKo311Hja O~\ Rfl3;"(yxn (TaGe.TIe 1 H 2)?
5. YncpH cc iP p ::::: 1,2 eP 3HWIH HCTO UlTO II P :::: 1.2 10-1 Ns/m2. TO jc:
6. KaKo TeMnepaTypa YTH'IC H<1 TC'CbHBOCT (l);Iyu):ia?
la[ ~ 9,8].10 4 ~ ~ 9,8110 4 Pa ~ 9,81MPa ~ 98,lkPa.
m

t
22 23

1.2.1. MEI'Elt,E flPI1TI1CKA

!~
~1Hcrpy.l\'rCHTH 33 MepeI-bC rrpUTIICKa Ha.THBajy ce MaHOMCTpn H Mory ce norl;C-
i
JlllTH Y MEC rpyITe:
_ ilHcrpYlvlCI-lTH 3a MepCI-be pU3JIMKe npHTlicaKa,
.... HHCTpYMCllTH 3a Mcpcn,e UllCOJIYTHor npHTI1CK<:L

IInjc30MCl'apCK3 u..cn. -- To je CT3KJICHU l~eB (en. 2) J' KOjOj jc BUCHua TCYJIOCTH

(z) MCpI1JlO pa3JUlKC CTaTWIKOl' npHTl1CKLl y l~elHI (PI') H 3TMoccpepcKor npUTHCKJ
(I=\J. J(opucitiu (C 3{{ ",Heperhc jH!301W{'C cLuaiIlU'-i!wZ 1/ {l1lt.AWCCjJCPCI{02 t1puiTiuC/w flte-
'l}wnTru y {.(CI)I{AW.
Y CJJOB paBHOTC)KC rrpl1TI1CKa []Jacu:

P s = 1\ + P u =Z . D . g + Po
OgHOCHO, craTHtJK~'[ npHTHcaK KO-
.ll1JVI Tet.H-lOCT J-iCo'lyjc 0/_\031-\0 jCHllaK je 3GH~
PY llPl:iTIlGlJ..;:a ()p,03fO XHJWOCT<lTIPIKO[
H aTMOccI)l~pCKOr. To ,lH(l'{U go je XllgP(}C-
LumU/_I'U{L{rJpilLltucw:; lTiC'II/Ociuu y ifujc-
J(}JLCITwpCKOj LleBU .iegHLI/( .ie Ilaill(ipll-
iIiuCKY i7ic'-uwciIfu Y 1-{I!.()()G09Y,
- Xl1;J,poC'raTwlKIf npHTUG1K tl)J!y!l).~<l B, rn . Pi! . g,
_ XHI1POCT<1TWIK1J llpHT11C<lK Te'-lIlOCTH I t PA . g . (l -I- f:!.h).
Vb HOOlCJUbe jCj~llar-ru[le npOH3JW3lr: OrJ,<1BilC npOH3jla3H jCi_lJta'Ilina 38 YClOB paBHOTC)KC:

PI +- (f.,h +- m)PH' g + /. Pll . g":-o p:, +- m PD' g +- (/+ /~h) P.-) g.

p.g
AKO CC 113BpIUH Ha31-I(FICHO MIlO/KCI-bC, ):\06nja ce:
OBaj H3pa3 jc 3f-Ja~la.ia!-l JCP IIOKa3YJ0 )J;a CC H~rrnpHTHcaK, O)J,HOCHO pa3JutKa
rrpUTUGlK3, MO>KC ,'VICPUTH BHCltllOJ\-l eryoa OJWei)CHC TC~-[HOCTH. PI +- Ah . P /3 . g +- In . P!l . g +- ,. P/I . g = P2 +- In . P13 . g +- !. P1\ . g + L\h PA . g
He CMC ce 3auopaBHTll)J,a H ejJ./lYUg "o/u ce "pelle Kf)(J3 W'G/f IIA1.({ ((Joj iipuiUu-
cal( !:l )"~a TUM npllTHCKOl\l lJ,CJlyjc na ;lH,ll,Olk u,eBH. OBaj npllTIlC<lK CC TaKOl)C Ha3aJ3i1 H aKO ce CBC,[I,C, noGl-ija ce na je pa3"'lI1!Gl npHTHG1Ka YlICROM If gCCHOl\l KpaKy:
craTH'IKH IlpwrucaK.
bP:::: t.h(p/\ - P'f))' g.
U-ManOMCTUp. - To jc CTaKJleUa 11.CB, OOJll1KU JIa'rHHlPtHOr CJIOB3 U, ,n:o Ilona
HCIly"(bCfIa TC'lHomliy A, K<10 UlTO cc BH)~11 lIa Cm-II~H 3. AKO cy npHTHC[~11 c{)JlYHA3 B
Arw cc l\1anOMCTap YBCK nyllH HCTOM TC'-II-lOllihy H m::o ce I-~nM MepH npuTlH:aK
(raGt H,JH TC'IIl0CTIl) runa/), TCLlHOCTU A (c KOjOM ce OHa I\1Cwa 11 He pcaryje) H<:1 oGa
PI.!::: conI"!,
YllCK 11CTor ClH1YH)l,<1, OII)Ja je. pa3.'ll1K<-l. rycTl-n-r<:t KOHCT3HTI-Ia, TO .leeT p!\
Kpaja lJ,CBl1 je;\lWKH, Ollll.a he 11 BHClwa m-IBoa y 06a KpaKtl U,C13U, opelvia 3aKoHY 0
Te he ce pa:3JIl-lK<l npHTHGlKa OAP,DJ(;-iBaTHjCiJ,IUlO KaG pa3JlllKI1 tn-10m3 lIHBOa TC'l-
cuuj'':lJl!lv! cynoBUl\t::L Cll1T!1 WI IICl'Oj Bl1CHllH. AKO cy ce npHTHCIlJ-I npOMClUJJIJ-i, na je
HOCTH ;)'h. YI-;'(UU!(() .ie pa3.:uuu.1 CipwTiucaJw (-;eha, )'lilO.;IW(() he u pa;'uw{{{ ItU(;()(i
Pi> P2> r--lOpahe JP cc YCtlUCTaBH HOBO paBIlOTC:"KIIO crau,c. Y 11C1I01l-( KpaK)' U-D;CBH
(err. 4) TC'-IiIUCT hc, 3Gor Beller npHTIICKU, OHTll nOTl1ClI}-'T'-l ltal-[tf>Kt, ;~OK he y nc- 6ui7111 (;cha.
CHOM kP,H'::Y ~lOpaTH HCTO TOJU1KO WI ce IlOilHn-re. Pa6!-1O{[ieJ{(({ HO gHy he ce ycilo- Kocu MllnoMcTap. ~.. AIW cc Mcpe Ma.'lC pa:Ul1lKC npl1THGtKil, OH,IJ,a he t.h 6HTH
c{i/.{/uwT!u O!lga gaga 30UfJ ifpwuII-cw::a y JlC(50 ..H KpUKy 6ygc jC[J!-ulf.:a 36upy fipLllTiU- MaJIO, na he H T3'-IHOCT '-IMTalba 6HTH TaKobe M~L'Ia. D,a 011 ce OHa nOBcha.'1a, KOpl-l~
C({!((l Y g~Cl-IOAi. ern cc Mi.tl-lOl\lCTap C KOCOM l~CBH (CJL 5). Ha lJ,CBH CC He "'-niTa pcUIIHK<.t BHCHlUl Yo?a
HPHTHC1J,H Koj1-1 JJ,CjCl'Byjy Y JIeBOM KpaKy cy: KpaK<1, ncro caMO npOMella BHClHlC y ,n:eCHOM KpaKY OBO CC rrOc"l'll~e TaKO IllTOJC-
~ cm.l-ThHH npwrHc3K, PI, }J,aH KpaK HMa BCOMa BCJH1KY nOBp1l1HUY, TIa KOJIH'-HlH<-l TC'-IHOCTH KOP 113 Tora T.l,CJla
.- xHl.\pOCT<1TWIKH npHTHC<:lK cl)JIYII,[I,a B, Pv . g (1\./1 + m), OJ(na3111UlH yn<13H Y )J,CCI-lH KpaK yorml're He YT:WlC OCCTHO Ha BflCHUY Hl-moa"'./ I-hCMy.
- XI1i-WOCTJ.TI1'-IKH npHTl1CJK TC TIHOCTll/\' I . PII . g. BOIllTO jc )J,CCHH KpaK MHoro Y)Kl1 , TO ce, H 3a HajMalbc npHTHCKC, HMBO Te"'-IHOCTH y
y l--\CCHOi\"l KpaKy npJ-l'I'nCaK \.f11l!e: I-beMY 3H<1THO Mel-ba. KaKo jc OH KOCO TIoC'raBJbCH, TO CC BllCHHa HC ~lrrra no BCP-
- CllOIJ>iiH nplITHcaK, P2\ THKaJIH (KaTCTU) Ben ITO XHI10TCHY3H, Koja je, Kao UlTo.ie II03H3TO 113 rCOMCTpH.1 C ,
24 25

nOKa311B3JbY, Tj. 3a MaJIH nopac1' npTI1'HCK<:l )];o11a he go 3H3THO Bcher CKpeTal-b<:l Hr-
.IIe Hero lilTO 6n Tpe6aJlO .ua 6YAe.
. rIOllITO Ha )1:CQ)OpMHCal-he EYP,UOJ-fOBe U,CBl1 YTIFle Ii TCMnepaTypa, TIOTPCOHO
.1e CIIpe-':IlITH Aa y H"y 1'OKOM pa,11.a yl)e Bpe;1H CPJlyJI,U "lIl1jH CC rrpHTI1CaK Mepf1.

30 113BOI~

CTaH~e cp.nYHP;a KOjn: ce He Kpche O)J;pei)eHo je lLeI.'OBOl'vl ryc1'lIHO!\-"J 11 CTaTH-

CiUlla! .5 'IKVlM npHTHcKOM. Q)}lYHg YBCK BpIIlH npuTHcaK na 3lfHOBe Cy;~3 YKOMe ce H3JI3'm.
CflJIa KOjOM OH rt:eJ1yje Ha 3H)lOBC cyna nOCJICnUwl je CTJT1FTKOT npHTllcK8.
,IJ,y>Ka, ITa je Ii '-[HTaThC TWII-rnje, AKO je :~anpC}'HmCKa MaC8 '[e'l!JOC-TH ne.mm:a, 011i\3 HaTnpiiTHcaK je P<l'J.TIHK3 yKym-roT H iYrMocqJepCKOr rrpIITHCIGl.
fie, Ka; IlTTO H3 np,C-TXonw_: jel~mpIHJ!e npOIBJlWHI, 3a HCT), p,U"1HKY P I ~ P 2 MopaTH HHcrpYI\ieIITII 3(1 l\repClhe n}1JITIlCK<l MCpC CTaT1FJKlI rrpnTl-lCaK.
5h p,Ct oyne Mal-be. 3HWUL 3KO CC P{JHH Cet HehoM p33JIHKOJ\'1 nprnncaJG1, nOTpeGno.ie TIHje3OJ"rCTapcK<J neB IT M'H-JO]I.-fCTap ea Te~-fJJonrhy Mcpe pa3JI1lK)' npHTHcaKR.
Y3CTH Te~II-:IOCTH Behe 3anpcMHnCKc J\l<lCe (nnp. )fomy) jcp ce TaKO b.h C\lathyje, ITa EypnoHoB )vranOMeTap MCpH anco.'1)'TIW npWl'nC<lK HJ1l-1 P<l3.:fH-Ky MepeHor H
ce Mo)KC rvrCpUTH pa3.ilHKa npnnfC<lKa H nn hJallOl\-1CTPY M<'U1HX nY)I(HH3. 1Z;]0 TCl.H-JO- <lTlvrocrIJCpcKOf' rrpllTllcKa.
eT11 3<:1 ny!bCl-bC M<1HOMCTfKI C.1TY;'KH: aJIKOXOJ1, ROtHl, nCTpO.1ICYM, X.TfOpoq)()p]l.!, )KIIB,L
Oml CC YJl(npe6Jh8Bajy J-f<1jrIClllhc rrpn \ercpen:>y 6p3HTfC rrpOTHl1;<lT-b<l cl)]IYUI1:iL
rll'ITAlhA
EYPgOHOn ManOMeTap. OBaj M3HOj\JeTap crY)KH 3a lvtepeH~e anCC)]TJ''THOr npn-
THCKa n.'1H lI<1TnpHTlICKa, 3JBllCHO 0)1. TOf(1 KaKO jc OOCJIC)KCHa CKana lIil lbCMV. ! _TlTTa jc jeTtH11Ill\<1 npnTHcKa?
AKO opOjCBH Bet CIG1JIVi nO'-THTh)' 011 nYJIc", 3Ha'IH Wl tvf<lHOMCT<lP C'lY;KH '3(1 2. lllTil JC J-liiTnpllTHcRX?
MCpeH->e H<:lTrrpHTHCK'\. :-1. UITa.ie l111jC30MCT'lj"lCKIl npITTIlCJK?
E~ypnoHOB(1 L,eB je T,H-IK<l nJhocnaTa UIaCTJPlH<l IWB, on<lJll-lor llnH CJ1HnCC1CTor 4. KaTt8 cc KOpneTTl (l-ManoMcT<tp. a K<t;J;il KOCll M<lnOMcTap?
rrpeCCKi:L Ha c.:urqn 6 mCMJTCKH.ie npHlG13<1n EYP/lOHOB l\1aIIO\lCTap. 5. UlTJ ce ;,Icpn EypnOllOBJHll MalloMCTpo~l?

Gua rwn .ie IIaj'-lenri1e lwnyKpy>Kno CaJH1jCHtl (1), U1TO 6. P,13mma npnTHC<lK<1 BOne \OlepH CC U-hf<lUOl\leTpo}.!. KoiTl he MCllloMcTap TTOKa-
3,lTIl Hche cKpcTan,e ~ M;moMcTap nanyn,eH :tKHBO!l.-1 nJm ilJJKOX0JIO\1?
ce JHll\II fora CJIVlIVi 6. aHa je ca jeJ-1Ile CTpal-IC umopeHa lL
l1PCKO HJBpTKC (2), l\W)Ke .n;Cl ce cnojH ca cynOJV1, Y KOMe
BJli:l):\a BHCOKH rrpunrcaK. )~pY1'H Kp!1j lI,eHH jc xepMCTWIKI1
3aTBOpeI-l11 crrojelI 3<1 nOJ1yry (3), Koja npeKo cenvfeHTI-IOl'
3yn'HllTHKa (4) H KpY>KIIor 3YIT'fallI1TGl (5) o6phc Ka3aJbKY
(6). CenlcllTIII'1 3Yll'lmmK o6phe ce OKO CBOjC ocomnre (7). MEI'El\,E I1I'HTl1CKA
npl'lI-!l~m! Ha KO;"{C pann EYPJ\OHOIW 1l..eB.ie cnc)leftu: Kapa y
IhOj 3aBJ13J_,a HeKH npWrHCaK, Ta)1;) he DB )1,cjc-rBoBRTH 11 T-l(1 BE liA 3ajJ: ..lTaK -I. noiTfj)CtJl-fO ic If.1 ..\lCPU1Ull 1-f1llTiiipuiJil-lc({g /(IC'/J-I0-
c/Tll/ Y iloiTilic/-IO ..-\I I(CfH--/o_H (wrJ), /w 3agaiTio,\! AH'ClTiy. flpllliiu-
CnO.fhlry mmpl1nmy H na ynyTjXl1lJl-hY nOBpIIIlIl-Iy. DOIIITO jc
CnOJh!Hl.mmpunma neha 011 ynyrp,ulllhc 110npnHme, TO he em, iTipc6a ..\fc{JwTiIl:
CHJra KOP nOTWIe o,n; Ollor rrpHTlICIGl nO'JCTII na Hcnpamba a) K.aga ny.Mila }Jogu, a inc'lIwc/li rr 1-1(' r:pche jep cy 6t'HITiU ..7lI :wi/"i(j0PCl-/If,
l(CB, Tj. I-he]-] Kpaj he Te)J{JJTI-l na cc nO\1cpn y ClViCpy Kojn je C.aW:ll () 6) /{aga jc i7)'..Hfin )' i7o?rJl-r),. a ITic'lllOu7i (C 7.:J7chc "po:; l(('RU.
03IW.r.ren crpCnnLl,O\L floiTipe6Ho je {]pCg.1/-IOf-hC. Yn031l,lTTl )le4H1f-Hn~H.iy II 3I-Ia~rCH-,e npnTIIcKa, K;-10 1'1
OBO he nOBJla'IHTH 33 C060M nOJlyry C~), lwja he HHcTpY!l.1eHTc C1<1 MepcJ-J~e npl1THCKCl (nOLTJaBJbC 1.2 - Caiailhu((( rj7Ilyuga).
npcKo 3YTI'lamIK3 nOMepaTJ-I Ka3<l.ThKY (6). I1cDl1'I'HBmbeM.ie YCfaJ-JOnJbeno ila je rrYT
AI/(f,. lII_;]a .1ogmTiI{(l. <P.llVlfJI KOjl1 HCnVl-baBil ll,eB BpUHI rrpl-ITI1CaK Ha 31111 I~eml.
Kojn Kpaj U,CBH npe'l)c YC11Cll pa::UTHKe npHTHcaKa npOrrOpI\Hotl<!JI(1H npHTucKy nO)1
~).TrYHJl. Kpehc- lInH He, Ha"nma ce cTaTWIKH np1-lTIlC3K II
OBaj npl-ITI1C<1K 6J.1Jlo n<l CC
KO.iH~1 ce l-JaJl<:l'3H YUYTpaUII-hOCT BYPJl.OHOne l~eBH. 3()oz- npOnOpl~lI()IUVll-iOciIiu
M(Ke 6wrn RllUIH Ium lHl)J(H OJI <lTJI,-wcq)epCKOr. Y nOTHCHOM BO,11.Y Kojn ce n3n(l'3H
U3.Me&y i7Plfl{lUcaKO 11 C.r1aCiIiLf<I/f/{X gcrjwP_1Wl{uja lVAIi u iJogow f{{f O((UI-1I je parnw-
113a lI,pnKe rrpllTl-IG1K he 6HTH RnUII1 OJ!, aTMocqJepCKor. 3I-la~m:, npnTIlcaK Kojn he
.MCpfUl. Ka,ll rrpnTIicaK npCCTaI-le na nejcTByje, H.en ce, 3601' eJ!aCTwmOCTI1 I-I1vfaTepH-
H3MCPUTH ManOl\'leTap rrp1-lKJhY"ICH n<:l 3anaTOM MeCTY nOKa3HR3he Beny npe,o;nocT
jclJIa 0)]; K01'8 je H3pa'l)ena npab.a Y npno6HTHo CTaJ-he.
0,0; aTMoCCIJel)cKor T1pHTHcKa. OBaj npHT11caK he 6111'11 najmnllH K3g cy I3CHTJIJm 3a-
AKO cc npH ynoTpe6H MaHOMeT]Xl C BYPJ~oHonOM IWBI1 rrpei)y .lJ,03B0J1~eH.c rpa-
'l1WpeHH, a II)'l\UIa HCToBpcMeno pagl-J. ChnapaI-beM BCHTmra H nOKpCnlI-beM qJJrYH-
HI-me npHTTfCKa, oHga ce, Kao np13a nOCJIeiUHW, nojaBJhyje Hcnponopru-IOHaJIHOC1' Y
,o;a CTaTH'-IKH npHTHcaK qJJ1Yl-I,IW I-ra 3H,U u,eBH he cc CMi:\l-bHBaTIL
 26 c:=. x.5
IIoL"TipeuJ-la Mepel-bLl u fipopa'iYIl. CTJTWIKH npliTHcaK TeqHOCTH MO)J(C ce Me- 6) Kaga ic nYMua y ilo2oH}' [( iiie'1Hocw. ce Kpehe Kpoa 1~e6U.
PUTH Byp~Ol-lOBl:1t\'1 h1aHO}'lCTPOM Ii IInjC:Jm.1CTapCKO.lvt U;CHH. f10l.llTO H'3a u;pllKe npn-
THcaK MO)KC Aa 6YAe :HWTHO BHJlH1 0):1, <1TMOCepCKor, rrOTpeOHO je J.13a6paTM Eyp-
" 7" ,,2"
nOHOB MaHOlvreTap, jep 611 BHCHlIa TC'-IHOCTH Y lUljc30MentpCKoj ll,eBH Morna ga I-13- ,

LJ Q2
HoeH H HCKomiKO 1l,ecennra MCTapa.
IIoiTipeuan apOjJWtYH. D()TpcGHO je GlMO O"IHTaTH TP(1)KeJ-IC npl1THCKe H, aKO
cy Ha MaIfoMcTpy crape jeAm-IHI~c (at), npcp;FlyuaTH fiX y je;.1Hl1uU,C YlIrrepHal~HO~
H,UII-IOr CHCTelvla.
~
J1apaga 3agclLTt"~U.
3a}lTOM j\fCCTY ,nCBHor BO)~a.
DC)TPCOHO je npllKJhjl<IHHl EypnOJ-IOB M3HolvlcTap Ha /r~'
I1ynrrarbCM qpIlKC y pall YBOHH ce TC'H10CT Y lJ,CBH, a 3an'IJvl CC 3<'lT130PC BeH
THJlIlH Ollwra cc mrnrpHTHcaK (P I)' OTl.\apalbC1Il BCllTlL'l<J YCI!OCT3BJbajy ce IJ(WOI-j- --1.;l.h
CKIT YCJ10BH H o'un;}na !lOBI! IJaTnpHTllGlK (p)} Tpl~6a CKHIJ,HpaTl:I anapclTYPY.
PeJ.)-""nTiaUtu. nouno jc l\tal-lO~vlCTap rpa,riYl1GlH YaTMoCCpCpaI\W, a n:.a.Tl<l nOl.IH-
H"e OIl, UYJIC, TO ee ()tlHTaB(llbC:'l ):wouji.l:

P, ~ 2,) at.
OBaj II'-lTIlPllTJ1C(1K TpeCia p~ttlymlTH y 51 CHCTel\1 jC;_\HHHLl,(I (Hl-1J_\eTFI rtpliMe~~G)
Ha Kpajy 331WTKa).
Dourro je:
noi71pcGl-w npQj3HuHJe. Yllo3Hanl [Jo;~CJly OClIOBHllX onepal1.HjaHCl OCHOBY 110-
1 at ~ 9.81 N/em' ~ 9,81 10' N/rn', rOHCKHX CIIlla, Kao H MCPClbC Ii 3HJ'-tCtbC pa3J1liKa CTaTll'-lKl-fX npHTlfG1K<1 (U-MaHo-
MCTap norJIaBJbC 1.2).
TO .Ie:
AHaJIU3{/ aagaw.,,-a. [101'oHcKa Clma 3(1 oncpau,ajc ca q)JJYH;aHMa jc pa3JIHK3
P, ~ 24,5 . ICY' Pa, P, ~ 15,7 10 4 Fa.
npHTl1eaKa, n pCl\fa TOMC, 3a)J)1T<1K Ce cnoAn Ita MepCthC CTaTWIKHX npWI'I'rCaKa, O!J:~
OBO cy npe)J,1l0CTH H:1THpHTHcka, AIICO:IYTHI-1 npHTHc::tK jc BHlLlH Oil llUTUPU- HOCHO I-bllXOBe pa3JUIKe n<l 3a,u<lTilM MeCTHMa. Pa3JIUKa npHTHCaK<1 MQ)KC ce MCPl-:l-
THCKa 3a I-I3HOC '-ITMOCCPCPCKO], apUTIlCIGJ., Kojn ce O'!!1TaBa Ila 6apoMcrpy. I'll I-1J1H IIoje]J,HH3"-lHHM MCPClhCM npHTHCftK:1 n l-hI1XOBHl'I-l ogY3HM<1I-beM HJIH HI-ICTpy-

npuJo-fcg6u. CK<l.:Ia t,.ml.{OMCTpa MO;'1(C 1l0'lHlb<1TIi nyJlOl\f (T<1ALt MepullClTnpHTH- MCHTOM 3a p;I-lpeKTl-lO :-'-lcpelhC pa3JlHKC rrpI1THC<lKa. CB31}KO fJ,a je lIOrOAl-tl:tjH oHaj
em::) liJIH C89,8] lO:' Pa (1 al) h:aWl MCpU y'KyllilU llPUT11CctJ(, :~aHcMilpyjytm npOMClll.:_ APyrl1 nal.IliH. 3<11'0 he 6I1TH_ 113a6paI-I U-M<ll-lOlvlcTap. .
y ilTMOc(l)cpn::o~'1 npHTl1CKY. Ilmupc6Ha MCPCH-,U u upopa<lyf-t. DpOP<l'lYH ce 3<1CHllB<1 lIa IlPHMCHH je)nra-
11360p EypnoH()BOl" l\1al101\-!(:Tpa Gnu.ic ,n:06ap. ,[.\a je wmplJ.lcI-l uOKymaj MCpC~ qHI-Ie:
i-b!:t HCTO[, npWrI1CK<l W!j(30)V1CTapC!()l\t qCBll. uOTpc6na mfCHU<l t~CBll 6WI<l Go nCOMi:l
~eJll-fK3. floTpeGna 13I1CIlHa UCBH '3a npaJ30 MCPClbC MO:>l{C CC "<laKO rnp,PlYH<'tTH 113
.1 CI\Hi:l-O;II1HC:
KOP YKi13YJe Aa ce pa3JIHKCl npHTl1CaKa H3pa 1 -IYBi:lB3 Hi1 OCI-lOB)--' H3MCPCHC paJ.TlHKC
'--__=_!:':l 1U1Boa (l\/i) Y MaHOMCTp)--'. JJa 6B npopwlyn Morao,aa ce ypanH, }I(npeGHo jc 3H<'tTH
p-g I1 rYCTIIIlC PA H Pn
3Haqn flOTpe6ao .ic IBa6paTll l\l<lnOMCTapCKY Te'-HIoeT 1-1 HaBH )-! Ta6!IHqaMa
110IlJTO je n::lTllpl:!T!1.C<lK PI' - Po;;::; Pi = 24,5 . 10':) Pa, TO Bl1ClIHa TeliHOCTH 3aBlf- !-beHY rycnmy (Pc')' nOTpe6no je, TaKoi)e, y Ta6m-tl~aMa J-tah.11 rycTI1H)' Te'--UIOCTH '--Il:l-
cn Ol-~ 3anpCl\UmCKC Mace TC'1l[OCTH. AKO jc TU BO).I,a, 'fli.faje rYCrilll<1 P= 1 000 kg/m't , jll ce npl1Tl-lCClK MCpH (PI;) 11 Koja he Ce y ManoMeTpy J-Iana3HTH kUBan ManOMCTapCKe
TO je p . g ::::: 9 810 N/m" rra je Bl-ICHHa: TC-O;IHOCTl1 (eJ1. 3 H 4).
J1Jpaga 3agmTil<u. 3aW:l'ra MeC1.'a Tpe6a nOrO,!l,HHM u,penoM npUK}LY'-IHTH 33
__ 24.510 4 N/m 2 _ 25
L- -:( ~- 111. KpajeBc U-MaHOMeTpa (CJI. 6 a).
9,81 10N/m' Ha Taj Ha-O;Hfn he npHTI1CIJ;H PI H P2 611TH npCBeTH ,!l,0 ManOMeTpi:l,. KOj11 hc, 0,0,.-
eTyuaH~eM HlIBoa MaHoMeTapcKc TCl.lHOCTl1 o,u, paBHOTC)I(HOr n0J10)Kajil, 03HaQl1Tli
3aA31'aK 2. 113Mcpwuu uoiI1pe6HY UoZOI-lCKY Cl-L,1Y JG gfJeiriaH~e UJ.MeOy g6a aa-
,u,a nocTojH pa3JIHKa rrpWrl1CaKa. CIGru;npaTH anapaTYPY npe crrajalba II Y TORY
gail/a Meuua (Medilo 1 U Mecil10 2, CIl. 6a):
lf3pap;e 3a,n:aTaKa.
a) gaga U.yAHfil pagll, il iIic'u-lOctU cc He /(pcne fep cy GCHLTiUJIU 3QLU60pe/-lU,
28 29

I13a6paHO je Aa M3HOMCTapCKa TC"'-lHOCT 6Yl~C )K113. 3H3l..JH: a nOlllTO je MaCCHH npoToK Y cTnapn OlH-IOC Mace Ko.1a npOTCKHC II BpeMena npOTlJ-
IJ;alba:
PA ~ 13,6.101 kg/m J
!?!l ;:;: ; !!!l,
Pe3Yiliiia{i!u. I1oroncKY CHJIY, OAHOCHO pa331IiKY npliTHcaKa Tpe6a H3pa'-IYHaTB
tI t2
Y TOKY paga, Tj. nOA 3aAaTHM pa)J,HHM YCJTOBHM3. TIpn 3aJ];aToj 6p3IUIH KpCTaI-ba TC-
"LTHOCTll, cKpcTafbc y U-M3HOMCTPY jc: TO 3Ha'IH,na 3a MeTO BPCMC npOTHIJ)lIha Vi ;:;:; 12 ) npOTCKHC HCTa Maca (m] ;:;:; nil)'

/',h ~ 0,1 0 m.

f10UTTO CC :Mcpn pa3JIHKa npHTllCKa mrrpe6Ha 33 KpenUhC y::t,3, TO jc (n3

6JIHu,a) PB ;:;: ; 800 kg/m-'. eaga je Tpa)KCT-Hl rrOf'OHCKa CH.fI(I:
P, - P, ~ 111' = 0,10 m (13 600 - 800) kg/m' 9,8! mis' = 12 560 p" = 12,56 kPa.
1'3-
-w,

C.lI/Jlm 7
J
~ W2

Ilplt.Her;6a. D,06HjCHH pC3y,wraT 3l-Hl'IH;o.:a paJIfHK<l npHTlTOIK<I If3-:-'IC1)y rdCCTa 1

Ii 2 Tpe6a lin 113HOCI1 P = 12 560 Pa ga 6n ce YJhe KPCT,U10 ~t<lTOl\1 6P3IJHOM. Tpc6~\
3ana:mTJI ,n:!:1 jc :3!:1 GP)l(C cTFyj(llhe y.rba flOTrCaHa H Bena TlOTOHCK<1 CH.1<.L ChBOPH AKO ce IH.1Cl Y BIln), iW je npo18 ne(l)HH!II(I~jH rycTIIHe m:o:: p V oRAa ce npeTxo;1-
BI1111C BCHTHJIa H yBepn ce y OBO. Ha jenH3~ntH3 MO)KC nllG1TU:

e_l. :. .Y1 ~.~:~l.

{i !2
13. CTPYJAlhE <j)]lYI1)l,A
.lel1,lIa-num iWIlTimYJITeTa, OAIIOC \1/1 npenCraBJh3 3(mpelvIHHY rwja npo-
Y 0130)'.,.j nOf"Jl3B.1l,Y 6nne pC'-1J1 0 KpCTaIbY qnyH1Vl ymnrJTc. l((]O H 0 3aKOIlHTO- TCKHC y jcwnUH\l1 npeMcna H Ha:mna CC 3anpeMHIICKH npOTOK (qJ. CaLIa ce MO)Ke
CTHMa KOjc npn 1'01\'IC B'DKC. nHC3TII:
PaHnjc. je peLIcHo )Ja craH~e (pnYHJ\a Kojn ce He Kpehe OApci)yjy lberOB npHTIf- PI ' (jl'; ;;:::: P:: . (j\12 ,
cal( 11 rycnJl'la, Kaga cc rp/lyUg iioI':PCHC, jalJ.t1J(/ cc joUi ieglla (lC.;1./.{'-W.H.{11wja ogpcb,vje
OBa jegHG'fUH.a r:tpcgClTi{frl ..'I,,[I On. .1/1l; 3{/lWH(( 0 OgP,1I{fllFY J.J.{{ce /{ U((::IIIFi(( ce
diJ.aH.,e q)/I)'I/[Jo i"ijJlI I':pCillalbY ~ np3l1Hll ciTipyjmha.
jegH{{'flI.JUI /{oIilTiulI)'uiTicUI(i. AKo je c!J.:ryu,il HecnHIVhHn (p I = p J, jell.Ha (mBa KOHTII-
;Ua 6n ce onpC;:H'lJIa 6p:mna cTpyjaJ-ha, nOTpe6Ho .ie npmvICHHTH "JaKOB 0 o;~p
>K3fbY MaTcpHjc H(l qJJlyl1~I Kojn CC Kpehe,
nYHTCTa je jemIOCT3BIIHja,

qv] = Qv2,
OAHOCHO npH cTpyjalhY HeCTHIlL:bl1BOr (j'lJIYUJl.(l je)l)IaKII cy He GIMO MClccmf Bth Ii
13.1. CTPYJAH,E 11 3AKOB Oc'l:P)f(AlbA MATEPl1JE 3anpeMHHCKU npOTOl~H,

Ep3HlUl cTpyjau,a. -- npOlTtm( jc I{(HII'f.IlH{{ 1) ..'1),lIg(( Koja y /Pg1lH1f11U GpC"I1.CHO

fiPOTOIC _. ITpeMa 3aKony 0 O).1}1>](lH,), \l<lTCPHjC, 1\18C3 qJ.:1YUU3 Koja y<:I,Bll y iJjJobe gp03 HelOI fWg. KO.:llPIHna (l).'1),H;a:a Koja OTJ:pe1)yje npOTOK MO>Ke;rIa ce H3pa:m
je;r.Vly I~CB Mopa J~a 6Y;\l:.~ jew-raKa l\.IaCH Q))lYIla3 KOj,] Tn TbC WLlla:m, y l\laceHH}'1 H.:JIf 3anpe~mllCKH"1 jcnmmo;aMa, Y npBOM CIY'-wjy jew1lTUlw npoToK3.ie
'fpaHcrropTOHalJa l'v1(ICa cJ).,rYfma (m) y jC].\HHH1(f1 npelvlCHi.\ (I), U<l3HBa CC Maceno legis, a y npyroM m 3/s.
npOTOK (q,,} 0;0; t.lera 3aEHcn fip3mra? AKO ce :~aMHCJTn l(1UIHHnpH'IHa neB, KClO UITO je npn-
Ka3iUW Ha (.T!Hqn R, 0JYHnW (l)~'lyJlJ]:<l Kojn ce KpO'3 lbY Kpehe HeKa 6YJl.e \iF (m!s), a
111
{jIll;;:;; .'

O'j(
AKO ce 3aKOH 0 Onp>K3lhY Mace npllMeH11 Ha CJIY'Iaj C'rpyjmha npHIG13(lH H3 4
CJIlU~Il 7, OH)J.a jc M(lCcUH npoToK Kp03 lllHpy ll.en (qm ) jeunaK npoToKY Kp03 pKy
l
(qm,):
 31

yHyTpalllJ-bH rrpC'-IIlHK D. KOJIlfKa he 6HTll KOJlWIHH<1 nyu,na Koja y jC]J;IU1I1IJ,H Bpe- To 3Hat m Jl.a cy 6p31l1-fe oupflyilio ilpOaOp[~U01-L(lJll-le upeceKY, Tj. KBtlApaTliMH
MelIa HCTeKHC ll3 I\CBU? AKO ce 3aMHCJlH na qmy11)J. 113JI<ncfiu 113 qCBl1, 3agp)Kana nOv'lynpc'-IHHK<1 IWllH. npyruM pellIlMa, Gp3WW je 3[1 ucUlu flpoiiloK yi1io/l[{J(() (Jeha
CBOj 06JlIIK (elL 8), OH)J;a 6ll OlI llMao 06m1K BaJhKa KOMe je oenOBa yIIyTpall1H~a rro- YKOJlW({) je Dpeceg MLI/-bU, n o6panw.
npUllllla npeccK3 U,CBH D27t/4, a BHCI1Ha _0- rrperyeHll rryT y je,UJ:1HHll,H BpCMeHa, TO jecT
Gp3HI-Ia. IT pCMa TOMe, rrpOTOK McpeH 3anpCMliHOM:
Hcnocpc/llIO MCpell,C "pOTOKa
fIpn u,pIIJbeH,y, I1pH IlpeTaKaH~y Te'-lHOCTI1 113 jeAI-lor cY)J,a Y )),pyrll, npll
qv = nOnpIIll1Ha x
MCll1iUhY Ci)JJYHf,a lIJTI1 Yl\ynuBfll-bY B(l3J--I.YX<t, K30 lllIpll gpyntM CJ1WIHHM paAJbaMa ca
cpJ1YHJ~1iMa) qCCTO jc B;;m:.no IW ce :majy KOJHFIHHe qmYHp,a ca KojHMa ce npH ()]3aK-
TO jecr Bllh..f OTIep'-lI~HjaMa palH1. IlpoTOK (J1Hyuna MQ)KC ee Ol~CHHTH O}J,OK(1, nm.wily IhcrORe
6p3HHe4, na npm.lep npCl\.ta l\.lcxypnhwvUJ raea HJlH '(IBPCTHM ~leeTl1u,aMa Koje ea
e06m.l HOCH H]lH. IUK, npCM3 6p:nlHH p,H3aJJ~a, Op,HOCHO enYUlTatb3 HImoa y pe3ep-
AKO ce )KeJlH l\'JaceHH npoTOK: Boapy. Ko)~ 'leCTlJlJ,<.l .iC).\HOpO;~llHX TC1lllOCTH H raeona OBO ce He M())KC TaKO npoC'[o
Ol.\ClIHTH. Al"::O CC, 1\1c1)YTlIl'.l, paN! Y HcnpoBnr.UIoj 3a'mopcHoj auap<rrypH, OHl.l.a je
D2 .1T
q'll ::::: 3ZWPCMHHCKH llPOTOK x ryC'l'HUa ::-;: _._.... HI p, OEaKBa Oll,eIla w.:';vlorylia. rI,pynrt\l pC~llT\1a, 'IOBeK Oll, y OBl.lKBHM CJIY<lajcBliMa, 0('-
4 JI~ubajyhH ce Gll\lQ u{.\ cBoja Lly.aa, OlIO 6CCIIOMohaH.JJa 611 ce HITaK Ci'CKJlO ncrrpco-
lIO n T;1'lHO Ci1":>WHLC () I1POTOKY ti)JIYHHa, Mopa ce npn OB<1KBHM MCPC!:bfHvW nOCJIV-
>KUTU flnapaTIL\I~l 3~1 MCpCfhl~ npOTOI([. OHfr ce ynli.tBl101Vl r\CJIC I-Ia ~!Be rpync: .
M, ~ 'Iv . P ~ S . W . p. w.::pn.:w 3,,1 llcnoCpenlJO MCPC1bt OPOTOK<:1-
.~ ;-'1CPWla 3<t IIOCpCr~IlO lvlcpcn,e npOTOKa.
OBUKO O,lwei)cHa 6p'3l1Ha H<J3HBil ce cpcg![,u 6p3ww,:Vb 0130ra npOH3J13JH i\ajc
MepHJl8. 3d Ilocpe;J,1l0 ;-'U:PCTbC npOTo!Glonhc npoy~lclW y c}le)~chcM nOrJI8.WhY
npoToK YTOJ1HKO Behn YKOJllIKO cY Bcfiu nonpclIIlH npcceK H C5p:uIIla.
AnapaTHtlta 38. HCllOCPC1..l,HU MepClbC npC)TOKa Mepn ce '3i.lnpCMHHa q:urYl:Iga
fIpHMclbyjyhn jef~Ha1.n1HY KOl-ITHHYHTC'l'3 H<.t IIojc)J,HHe llpeceKe HCKor BOlla,
KOj(1 y ogpei)CIIO BpCt\JC nyHll cygOJ:lC mnH:lTl~ ::mnpnume. DomTo Ct 1'(11(0 OJWCiJ,H
l\wry CC 113pa LI.YHaTH 6p3HHe q)JIYHJI,() l' [bH\-t3, aKO ce 3I-Wjy Ilpe~HH[[.\.ll [[ 6p3HHa y
BpeMe, a '3allpCMltllU .It: U03lIaT<1, M(})KC CC JW.KO I-Upa'lYHaTI1 llpOTdK. Kao Hajllpo-
6UJIO KOM ,u:CJry Bona.
CTHjll <lIla paT OBC npcre l\HJ(C ga noc;IY)Kj[ OTBopeHIl CYP. I103HUTe 3;:mpcr.uUlC (\l).
3arV1HCJHfMO HCKH BOn y 1(OI>.{C ce H3CTClBJhajy W~C u.elHl P83JlWUlTOr npccCK3'.)1
AKO je Bpel..1e nYI-bClj,i.\ cyJI,a (t), 011;:(i.\.ie npOTOIC
H S...,. HeKa Kp03 lhIiX npOTHLfe Cj)JIYH)J. (Cl. 7). AKo jc npoToK Y UIHpOj lJ,ClH1 qv, H
OAr~OBapa My 6p3UIHl TV I , UlTa he 611TH ca ctmYHAOIv\ Kaga ylJc ':i Y)KY U,CB? JJ;a Jlll 'he II
qv : .: ; _.. mJ/s.
OH IT p,aJLe TeftH op:mnoM ~Vl lIJJH he je npoMem1TH? OgroBop Ita 0130 lUtTathC ,Il,0- I
6uile ce nape,uHHM pa3MIUIlJl"UbCM. Q>J1YI1}J, KOjH H3Bt)C H3 LlIllpe u,eBH rrpHM3 Y)]l
u;eB, 11 OH he )lan~c npO'J'HuaTII KPO~{ Iby. ;Qpyn1.M PCLlUM(l, npoToK UCCTHll.l.'LIllJOf AKO .ie In Gl1JIO KUjllX pa3JlOra TC-
(l)11YH;o:a H Y mnpoj (qv) H Y)KOj (QV2) I.I.C1311 ~lOpa fX<l 6y.u,c jC,QllaK: IllKO OJJ.PCI~I1Tll :Janpel\1JlllY cYiJ,a, OHLla cc
:-'lOX':.1: i\lCpWnJ :vtaca Te'lllOCTH Koja Y [laTO
BpcMe Hi.lllymi eYL(.

HJIH Ca'HHHI '~a I':U:OllC ..- OI..U t>lCPHJta ce

SI' WI :::::S1' Vi/2 cacrojc (Cl. 9) JB jelUtOr GyGu,a (i) KO,iU
cc o6phe OKO XOpH30HTaJl1le QC\lI-lHIlC.
aGO je gp}"2U OUJII.ll\; jegUll'rw-re /{oHlXiuHyu.iIic[[ia, Ua 6n ce BcnyuHo )'CJIOB jc)J,- Taj fiyGal-b jc IlOJ(CJhCH ua QCT!lPJ.1 J\CJIa
HaKOCT11. Mopa ce npOMClHITH 6p:nma. 11~ OAIIOc.a: HapoLUlTHM yJ,L\y>KHI1M llperpa"WM:1 (2).
HemTO l1'3HalJ. nOJl0BHHe je :upolbeH Y
~l.. ~. BO)J,)'. nperpaJ\c 6yGlba c')-' T3KO nop,ewe-
52 WI He ita ce HIIKa;J;a He MO)KC )~CCI1TI1 ,L\a 01'-

BOp 3a ym13 raca je~UIe MCTe npcrpap;e

(3)
,U06Hja ce 3aMcHoM S ::: r 2n: 11 CKpaTI.UnalbeM: 6Y).l,e I1CTOBpeMeHo J.1.31l<l,\ TCl.IHOCTH, IGtga
jc 113Han l'be H OTI30P 33 113Jta'3 raca. fac ce
:I W2 J.~OBOJW uKcnja;mo {(pen KpaTKy I~CB (3),
r} WI' na nOlllTO .ie nop; neliuM npUTHCKOM Hero
 33

rae KOjH ce HaJ!a311 y caTY OKO 6y6Jb3 (BIIJ:t:n pa3J111Ky mIBoa), OU IIOKpefie 6y6alh y naKmc y ~raTOM CJIy'-Iajy MepHTU Macy HJIJI 33npeMRHY, PelU1MO gu je JIaIGue Me1'Hi-
eMepy KJ33.lbKll I-Ia caTy. KOMopa (4) y OBOM TpCHyTKy cc nyHH, a KOMopa (5) 1'11 3anpel\Umy.
3apoH,aBajyhu ce rrpa3HH. amI cal'OEil cy Y CTBapH raCHll MOTopn KOjl1 pa}.1c 3601' IJoUipcfill(l .,1,tCPCI-bO I-l ifpopa'lyll. 3anpeMHHCKH npoTOK je:
MaJIC pa3J1l1KC npHTl1CKa raca KOjU CC H,Ula3H y KOMopaf....t<1 H BaH l-MIX. OCOBliHa
6y6J-ba je, nOMohy 3YIT'-IJHHKa, Be3Jna 3a l-JapO'nrre }.1cxaHH3MC KOjHM3' ce perI1~ V
qv:::;;--
cTpyje 6poj 06pTaj3, TO jeeT KOJIlfl:Il1HJ npOTCKJIOr raca ..O!.m carOEH ce lt3pai)yjy y (

3anpCMHHH on 3 11111'pa (31 na60paTopHjcKC 11 KyhHC !lD"rpe6e) na flO lleKOJIHKO

CTOTIUJJ .~rfTapa (33 HH.u:YCTpnjy). He)~OCTaTaK 11"1\') jc lIlTO i\wry 11J Mepe npOT~K ,Ua 611 ce J13MeprrO rrpoToK Kp03 l.l,enono)J. (qFI), nO'T'Pe6HO je Taj BCTH npoToK oc-
raC()BJ KOJH ce Ham13C no,U MaJIHM npHTIlCKO;vf II UlT-Q ce y H-,IIMa l-Ia}la3IJ BOiJ)\ KOla TBapHTH 1(1'0] MepHIl ypetJaj (qL~) n npI1:\IeIlIITH je;:J;Halmny KOIITIlllYlucTa (en. 9a):

BJ1<DKH rae.

GBOM jcgUa'-IHHOM TBpnI1 ce n:R 3anpel\Uma Roja npoTeKHc Kp03 u:enOBOA Ha

Vl3BO)X MeeTY 1 npoTwIe.lI KPO'3 )vIeH3YPY Ha yJ1<ny (MecTo 2) H eRKyTLff,a ce y MeI-I3ypn.
DOTpe6Ho .le, '3Ha'lfl1, lT3lvfePHT11 3anpeMHuy BOTle y J'>rcn3ypn (V) H npelvlc
CnlI-!,e (l).~))rH)l,a KOjl1 crpyjn oApetJcno .ic rycnTfIOl\i, npHTHCKOM H 6p31H-10\1. 11()Tpc6no)l<J ce Til :iunpCMmItl C<lKyTm (f). Bpnrc ce l\1epn fIITOIlCpnnOM. PCJy.1Ti1T
JC;aHatllH-m KOHTHl-1YI1TCT<l npe;rCT<lBJhtl OO';IHK 3<lKOH(l O;W)K(lIhJ. ]l.Tace. 3(\ Hero Bpe- je :rrOJlIlKO Ta'Tl-mjn YKommo cy BenT! J\repCHO npC\lC n 3<111pe'vlHHa.
Me KP(J3 CBaKl1 npeCCK nCBHor F\()T\a npOTCKHC HCTa :~1aca. 3anpelvnn-TCKI1 rrpOTOK lqxn l\feT-13YPY je:
CY)KeT-hCl\i npeCCKa TIOnChaB(l CC 6p3HHCI crpyj,H:bcl q1Jl)!I1JP. EpJUIlC Y DBa npe-
CeK(l OJl,BOCC ce 06pnYTO nporrOpn1'1OIIaJIHO rlCmpUIlIHl:lMCI npeCCKd. flPOTOK ce MO, v
)1('. MepnTH Hcnocpc;:uw Ii nocpermo. HenOcpeJlHO l\lCPClhC npOTOIG) 3aCHvm;) CC )-I(l

McpeI-bY Mace I1J1H 3,Hlj1nlJlHe Koj;) np()TCKHC Y jeHI1HlHl,Il npeMCll3.

nOIllTO Je Taj npOTOK jewrmz npOTOKY Kp03 IJ;CHOBO/'1" MaceHH npOTCH< Kp03
l~eBOBOl\ onl1e:
DHTAlhA

1. llha je CPC,Il)-h;l 6p:lHlla fj1:JyH;~a n K~lK() ce OWl IT3pil'IyH<lBa? liTO 1\1(l{C ':1<1KO H'3pa 1 lylBTI1 jep je n03ITaT3 rYCTHml BO;\e.
ce
L. Ka~l.a jt qllli = ttl",. Zl Kap:a q) I = q) )? Ha OC~OBY Ii3MCpCnOr npOTOK<l. ]v{o)Ke ce 113p<:11.IYHJTH 6p3HH3 CTPyjaJ-hJ T:loJ~e
1. [(aMa je Ta'IHO n8 je .\'1 . WI = 51' W 2'?
4. 3allITO cc CY)l{(lB<HhO.f pC'lllor KOPUTil yfip3<1Bil npOTHI(<lFf,C BO;~t:?
npIT\lenOM JCI\!I(l'-lHHC:
5. Lla .1m je .leJ1:110CT;1B1I1Ije }.fepuTH npoToK Te'-llIOCTH ]C1l1 ]'aCOB(I H 360r 'lCr8"? (Iv::::: .')' . \V.
6.38 1<05e he BpcMe npoToK Bo::\e o;~ 2 kg!" HanymHll cYH 3anpcMHHe 1[) elm}?

HEHOCPElI,HO MEPEII.E HPOTOKA

BE EA
3aJ,anm '1. [.13 ..HepuJiill 30flpc.MlI/lCICU U .,\1(ICCffll i7pni/iol{ nogc
y r~p(-)Or;()m' u uapa'lylwlTill cpeg/by OjJ31IHY,
i I
[foiJJpc6uo ifpeg,1I1llfM'. Tpc6a na:/'Innl fv::cjmmlll,njy npOTOi\(1
H jC,lJ.H3'IHHY KOHTHIIYl1TCTiL DOTpe61-IO .ie, TaKot)c, 31-f(lTH K(lKO
ce Hll:peKTI-IO MO)l(C MepnTH npoToK (nOf.lJaUJhC

AI-W.,W3(/ 3agmTilw. rIPOTOK

1.3.1).
npCACTanJbJ KO.'lWlHHY <imYHJ~a KOjU npoTcKHe y
a)
1
.iCnl1HIH~aMa BpeMcHZI. npOTOK ?l.IO)l(C 6H'rVf Mac-cUB H 3(1npC~mHCKH - 3aBHCll on
Tora '-Il1Me ce Mcpn KOSHFIHna Q).l1ynna. nOTpe6HO je, 3H3'-IH, 113}'fCPHTII jCAaH npo-
TOK, rra ce M(l)KC H'Jpa\rylIaTIl .upyru, jep je:
qlll::::: p. q\,. b)
ga 6n ce H3Mcpno npO'TOK. IJoTpe6HO Je
O;o)IY'IHTI1 1(aKO ra Mepnrn - K(lO
M3ceHl1 J1JU1 3311PCMHHCKI1 rrpOTOK (q\) OHa} 11360p he 3aBI1CI1TH 0):\ 'fora ga JIB .ic
CJ1wm 9a

.
 35

TIoTpe6HO je ca1>.W OAPC,UHTH nospllUu-ry U,CBH (5' :::: D1n/4) MCPCfbCM rrpCl..HH.Ka
IJ;CBH:

HanOMena. 3a,n:JTJK ce paJ-Vi TaKO UlTO ce l1CTOBPCMCHO lllTOnCpHll,OM Meprr

npcMc, a raCHHM CJTOII/! 3anpcMIIHa Koja .ie npOTCKJIa,

f13puga 3agafril.:f1. ITyCTHTI1 BOm.' i-l<l npOTl1'-IC VI npnupcrvU1TH l\leIT.::!YPY H WTO-

UCpI1I.(Y. 3aTHl\{ nocraBHTH lv[CiHYPY TaKO Aa IJ,eo MJla3 BOgC Y lb).! ynl(lC, a I1CTOnpC- 1.3.2. CTPYJAIbE 113AKOH O)JP)KAIbA EHEPI'llJE
MeI-IO MepuTH npcMcH3.
KaMa ce C<lK)'rrH ;o,OBWL[U 3arrpCl\Uma, npCKHAJ CC, OIlCT HCTOBPCMCHO, Mcpe- Ellcprnja q)JI)'")~a. ~ CBaKH CPJIyHA KOjH ce Kpche Ca;-,p>KH BlllUC BU,lJ;OBa CI'ICP-
Ibe ilPl:MCH~l B C<iKywbalbc TC'-JHOCTlf. fH.1C. I1pno, 33JHICHO oJ~ nOJIO/Kaja, OgHOCHO OJ~ BI1Cl1He fJl.e ce HJJla3H, 3aBBcn 11
Pe.3Je'lfila{[iu. Y TOKY lnpaf~e 3anaTKa caKYU!hCHO jc 5,2 elm' (5,2 mrrapa) 33 cHepn1ja, TO jeer pa).\H<l cnoco6HOCT KOjOM qJJlYH,!l. pacnOJ1a)KC. 013aj BlI,Q cHepn1je,
L''i,S s. 3allpOlHHCKH npOTOK je: KOjtl cc Ha"jHBa~Ji()[uCl-{r{l.{ja.iU{(/ cucpl'llja, YTO.'lHKO je BehH YKO.HHKO je Bcha Maca
clnYH,!l.a H BHCHHa. QHa je g;:rra lnpa30M F ::::: mg . h ; ;: : G . h. lXpynl BHJ~ elIeprHje jc
cHcpnlja Kpc'ralba "" "-lIftL'lTiu'/!w cllep2uja. Om! je A<lTa rnrnUOM Ek m . V(/l/2. Tpe 0;;;

ha Tmi~ cncprnjc .Ie cfI(.'piuia iipwULlCl.:a. Gila ce MepI! pa)WM 1(oj11.ie nOTpeoaH )~a ce
nCKll clmynrt 1J.TlH HCKO TCJIO (Hllp. KJIlH! nJH1. HeKI1 cjJJIYHn) 3i.mpCMHHC V ynlcHc Y
DOWTO npOTH'IC Bo;~a (p:::: 1 000 kg/m'), Tpa:.t(clB1 MaCemJ flPOTOK je: nOCMa'rpaHH qJnYHJ'\ KOjl! ce nl.lJlT.Hl non npUTHCKUM P. I1ow:ro he TO TeJlO, H3Jt(1-
:,chH 1I3 Boge, },whu ga l!3BplUIl paJ-\ jep.H~\K pa).\y KojH.ie IlpH fbcrOBOM YTHcKllBan,y
qllh ~-cpqv?:::: lO'kg/!ll' O,:nl0-\n:1/s ;;;:::O.3?lkg/s. Y'!.!OTpeOJbCIl., 11 KOjU he 6ilTl1 YTOJIHKO Bella YKOJIIIKO cy llpWfucaK B 3anptJl.:fUlId
TCJIa KOjH CC YTHCKyj:y Behu, TO ce OBa cHcprnja MO>KC lf3pa3l1TH: EI ::::: P . V. q\;[YJ.1A
11J!\1C])cHH npe'lHl1K o,eBH .Ie D :::: 3,5 ern. f1O!:\PfllHHi.t nonpc'IHor npcccKa U,C13M .Ie: M(Ke Wl Canp)KH H TOIlJlOTUY cnepnljy a':UI 0 H>Oj Y McxaHW!Kl1M OIlCpaIJ,ujaM(l Bclie
6HTH pe'IH. ApyrHM pC'lHJ\ta, CBaJ(ll cP"1yUg ,wju ce 'ULW3U y iloKpe[U}" cagp.J!W

t3. . . ~ ~ 10 -2 m)2 11
)':'LWGfWoH (ilpu (Juga e!-tep'l"ujc. npC\W TOMC, yKylllIa l'IWXi1nWIK3 cHcprnja HeKor
..... .... ._................-.- ---- :::: 9, 6 I 0 -,j III 2 ~!)JlYH1\a (EJ p,aTu je IBpa30M:
4
1

TpmKCFra 6p3I1IHl .Ie ca).1.u:

Ii + _G.
.. '" . . W
,.~ + P . Ii (Nm)
2g

IV;;;::: !i..l_ s
0,34 m/s. 11m:!
s
mW 2
Ell =/' +El; +EI" =mgh+ +p.\/ (Nm).
3UiJ..UTaK 2. 113"w:puiIiu (iu[{{PO{Wli)" WCflOI U ..WAleflll/{(/. 2
JbpLi,T\d OBor :Hl/li1TK(l, KllO ]I c.:IWllll1X 3aWIT'.\Ki:t, CBo,o;n ce H~l IlOBC3HBalbC 11'3-
Bopa raca, Mepa'I<l llpOTOKa n f1(YrpOlll<FW raca. Y KOHKPCTllOM c.:ly'[ajy IlOTPCOUO C{W}(U 'LWI-! Y OUC uoe iegltLl'illHf! IL1l(1 glLHCU3UOllY jegwHll(Y eHepzuje (Nm ;;;:::
.ic 6YTaHcKY GOB,)! nOBC3LtTH ca r~tc!l!'lM CaTOl\l, a 3:tTHM ca WWl\lCHUKOM. Ha 'I'aj H(1- Joule).
'"H1n he hWCCUH npOToll.H 6YT,UW nOC'lC 111JJaCKa HJ Gone (1]1111)' KpO:S ['(lCHH caT VIm) :l""MCCTO yKynue CHCprl1je KUjy lIt--fa HeKli (1)JlY11)J" MI-IOro.iC :ma'lajHl1ja eHCpn1~
n ll:Wl\ICHHK (qm ) GOTH jeHIWKO: - ja jc,!J.lm!H~C KUmPlllUC (!UYU,UCl. Y jC,fWOM npeccKy. OIla ce .Qo6I1ja HCJhelhCM rOplL.HX
3
:iCJI.,I!(l'nIIW TC)KUHOM (G) llJ1H MaCOM (m):

~ HOClle ).\C"'bC[b3 ca G:
AKO ce IlpHTHCaK 6YTcUta 11C MeIh<1 31{aT!!O Ilpl1 cTpyjalhY, OH).l<l.ie p :::: const, Ila
cc MO)KCllI1CaTH:

- flOCne JJ,eJbClha ca m:

lllTO 3H<l'UI,o;a je 11 3anpeMHIlCKH npOTOK 6yraI-la Kp03 IUlaMeHl1K jCJl.HaK 3anpeMHH-

W2 V W2 . P
:::: g' h + _+P ::::gh+---t---.
CKOM npOTOKY Kp03 raCHI1 CaT. [[OIIITO je: 2 m 2 P
36 [-~~

37
3arra)Ka ce ,Ua CBaKM ""DIaR IIpBC je)1Hat.Ilmc liMa cpopr\.faJ1HC jC'o'IlHllu;e ,O,y:ifQUfC
(m), a l~a cy cpopMaJlI-IC jcgHHHIJ;e APyre je;:VIa"Il1HC m2/s 2. AKO ce y OBOj je;o;u3 T-mHH 3aMCHC nC.T1IP-ume I10jcLlHHHX cHcprnja, Jl.0611ja ce 33
nCCTHlIlJbHB q:mYUlr
rIPEH 06mlK je;O;HR'-Hure je IJoro,nInrjll 33 pap; jep oMoryliaBa O"LIHrJIC1_\HO
yrropet)lIBafhC l1oje;rfll-Il1X H3T-:lQC(l cHcprnje ca BliCI1I-IOM C'ry6a TCt.IHOCTH y rruje-
30McTapcKUM u,emfMa (F/p . g). 360r To[a be y W1JbCM 113JIaraIbY DHTIf KOPlilUhcH
oBaj 06JHIK.
OBO .Ie eHcp2duCl{{/ jegrta'rHHa. To.ic jegaH og o6.f/UJ-W aaKOl-la 0 ogpJICmf;Y Cl-fCp-
luje. 113 }be CC BH,D;II Aa .ie cHeprnja KOjy CaAp>KH HCKH CHCTCM ITO'myHo OApe~eHa
eaMO aKO ce Y~MY y 063HP eBB I-bCHll BHHOBI1, Kao H ry6nu;n Ii g06HI~n:.
bepny:mjcml jCJl:nalHlla. ce H3l\.fcI5Y T10CMaTpaI-IHX T(fl-laKa He wmOWT
AKO
HI1KaKBa eHeprnja If aKO cy ry6Hl\H np!lO ~m;m, OH)J,a CC M())KC clvtaTpaTII;ITa jc Ed:;::; 0 II
Eg :::.~ 0, ITa CI-ICprCTCIGl jC;:U-Jat.fHnJ TJ:06nja OOJlHK:

I
ogaK,'TenpOWU!a3H L(a jc nOlt ORn:--J YCTJOHIlM(1 yKynaIJ Canp)Kaj eI-leprllje HCTH, a 118
Wa.. J ce MeH~ajy Cal\1O IhCI-IH BHJ~OBn" QHa jegl{(l'fUIiO CC /-{(/']lIrJO BCPII),JllIjCO(l jcglla'fUl-/a.
PC'-IClJO jc ga je MeTap jCJJ:mnll((l CBi:lKOr 'Ll:aua 5CPHY_l:HjcBc"jeHIf;J'IHllC. _~py
rI1M pe'IH)'vra, )tICPIi.i/O ,:w caqp.w;oj (,/{CpZ'ujc )' Bermy . .nrjccwj jcgl/rl'lUJ-lU jc .AlI!!HI aa
gY.HCUJ-ly. KaKo npBl-1 'UWH npCnCT<'W.'ba cTBapuy HHCHITY, TO ce H BC.!Hl'I1JHe OC1,<UHIX
"manona Ha3HBCljy Bl-1CHiI<.u,ra. T,mw jc:
h ~ BHCflHa rrOJI())Kaja,
C. .1i11W 10 W2/2 " g - BHCIma 6iJ3HHC.
Pip' g - BBCBHa rrpuTHcKa,
EncprCTClm .ie~lIa1uma. - 3a1\UICJ1I1MO HCIGIKan I~CBHl1 BOA C3 ll.pnKOl\f y cpe- Ed ~- nHCHHa npUl\lIhCne cBcpnljc H
Il,HHH, Koja, paJ~ehH, rrpcnaje. HCKj/ cncprHjy cjmYHJl.Y Kojn nm:.pche. YO'lHMO (crT. 10) Ex - BllCBH3 I:I3ry6JbCHC cI-lcpnrjc.
!J:Ba npcccI<a Y Bony: npcCCK S npclt I~Pf!KOM H npcccK B Ina IWDKC (lKO ce nOCM,npa TIpu Kpcnlf-bY Cj)JIYH,u<l, BHCI1H(I rrpnTHcK3 ce Haj'<-Iemfie rrpcTBapa y BHCfIIIY
caMO je)J;aH fhyTH cl:myu}.(3 H eHcprllj(l KOj)' OH caJ'(p)KlI YnpcCCW-IMt-l A II B, Y npeccKy 6p3HHC Ii BHCHHY ry6HTaIG1, 360r TPClb[l. 3aXmlJhyjyhn KBClHTHTJTHBIIOM OAHOCY
S ca~(p)l\a.i cHcprnjc .ic: K0.111 Aajc 5epny!mjclw jcnHWIHT-I(l. 0 npcTnapaH~)-! jCJJ:H(W OOJJHKa cneprnje y p:pyrn.
<-IHCTO P,F1YHCKH Mory ;~a ce pCIIJ<lf3ajy MHonl xH.!J;paynu'<-IKll npo6.rTcMH. TaKo, Mepe--
hu rrpH'1'HCaK q).:Jynna YHCKOl\-j Bony \!O)KC lW CC j\fepn II 6p31ma npOnn~mh<l, Tt' lIa
Taj ll('llIHH MQ)l{C)l;<l cc nope J~o nCJIlf'IHHC Koja Hac y rrOfOHY '<-TeCTO mrrcpccyjc, a TO
EA =!) +Ei, +Er =h A .ie npOTOK cjJJ1yHJ(a KpO:~ qeRIl.

y Ta~rKH B Ca~p)K<lj cncprnje jC,D;HOr KnnorpaMa cl'L'IY!iJ\<I je:

IIOCPCillIO McpCII,e IIPOTOKU
tV 2 p
hH+-/J-+~JL.
2 g p. g Pap: BctiHHC 0B11X )vrcpn.:ra 3acmlB,,1 cc na npHHl~nny Kojn npOI-13Jla:m I-13 EepHY-
JlHjeBc .ie.u:Ha~mIle, lWUl\lC JlCl ca i7.mKnalhCJI opauHc ofiliiaga LipuiTiucaK rjuyuga, 0;0.-
na JlH .ie E,1 ;::: En? -" Huje, u TO 3aTO UJTO .ie Ha eneprnjy rpJJYH;ua y Ta'IKH A HOCHO )l;a ca onaj1<\l-f,ct-,f 6P3JlHC paCTe npHTHC3K 110KpeTlTOr qmyn;ua. Y rpyny OBIIX
pago.M goga./[{{ CHCpZUjy Ed' OCHM oBora, 360r caB.rral)YlBal-ba OTllOpa
r{pill<:(f CROjU.M. MCpnJT3 YJT33C:
TpCH::>3 y ilpu r7oiTiuI(aJbY og fipeccr<G A go ripecclw B cjJ_1yUg je u.12"y6uo jegal-!
EO)];Y - npHryuma ITJrotIa,
geo c/-wpzujc Eg . Tel( caJJ:3 CMe;o.:a ce H3rrHlue )J,a jc: - BCl-rrypl-1-MCPHJlO.

EA + Ed - Ex::::: En, llpnrywua fIJlO'lm. TIpnrynum ITJIO'Ia caCToju ee H3 jeP;He KPY>KHC, Haj~ICIllhe
y CpCP;llHH 1136YllIene TIJlO'Ie. QHa ce YMehe Ha MeeTY rAe ce I~eBH CaCTaHJbajy. H c
jCJ'HC IT C Apyre cTpaHc OBe ITJlO're rr3na3e ce OTBOPH, KOjH cy Be3anH c KpajcBHMa
 AKO cc KopCHyjy jCAHa~lI1HC ca ncnc Ii .n:eCHC cTpaHe, f~o6Hja ce:

------------ ,2M
,,/WJ -
,
w? : : : _\1I~-_
I P

AKO je VI/A 2 MaJIO Y nopebetby ca wi

(a TO he 6f1TH Ka.n:a je npe~Il-U1K CY>KCl-ba
M,UbI1 on 1/5 rrpe~llmKa QeBI1). MO)f(e na ce 3;;U-lCMapa, TC ce TaKO no6Hja:

\\'_
Ii -
li;;'p
!-------',
\! P
a rrOlIJTO je:
2
M ~ Ail - g (p I - p,)_
TO ,je:
C'lIl1cO 1J

!>l:1HOMCTpa co. TC'-ll-IOmhy (2). MepuJlo c npurywBoM IlJIO'IO}'1 je IIp!:1Ka::lLtHO Ila CHI-
UK IIpC;~CTa13JL(J rrOnpCQHll llpeccK H36ymcnc llJIO'IC. iJ,a on ce pa3YMeo
11, r,!le (1)
paJ_~ OBora !>.{cpn:u, UOChIaTpajy CG JXBC '{';-P1Ke, '1'(1'-1.1(1 A H /3, jeiJ,Utl Henpe;.1 !U10lle, a
APyra Ha caMor... l OTBOpy. HJ jC:Ua'-UH-IC KOHTHIIYHTeTu llpOII3lla::Hl p:a he 6p::nma Mi!l pe'--H1!\-W, <[HUUIIM~"H Ilh ,-{{{ ()13()o\-t .MIUUJ.Melll[J)' .AW.HCC ga ce U.JjJU'tyHU
JJ,PYrl1l\.'l
cpJlyn,ua y T-a'tKH A 6HT11 l\l,-lIh<1 OJ~ 6p3HUC (PJlyH,Ua y T;:l'IKI1 8, U<lKJIC RiA < W u, 3001' f{()JiW(a je(ip:nmo iIict{HOC[ULl Y )'JICC),{ gory ALW3il cjUlyuga y T3'--IKH 13, !-l<J Ca!\'lOj
"t.ICi"a Mopa p:a 6y;o:e P A> {'fl. EI-lCprCTCIO jei~Ha'nU-la 30:\ oHaj cnY'1aj je: npHrynmoj rvlO\llI. K Il)W CC O)lPCJ-lJt 6p3lma YY)KeM Jl,cny M]Ia33, MO)Ke ce 0i_l.l)l.::HUTH
11 npOTOK a1(O ce 3Ha ll()BpLl_LHHa rrpeceKa 'f lhCMY, jcp je qji::-: Sfj . VVr;, r,ue: je Sn no-
w' P
hA + ____ ~:l- + _!i_ ~ EJ!. wl PH
= I lli+~'-+-~_ BpllU1H3 rrpCCCKa OTRopa. McbYTl1M, aKO ce )IG:JlTI p;a ce P,=llIYU<1 ca rrOBpUlH,HOM Sfj,
2 g p' g 2g p.g Mopa p;a CC MCpll H npl1TllcaK 1Ia TOMc IvH:Try, UlTO je HCMoryhBO. I1pHTHGlK ceo y
CTBapH, MCpH Ha HCK()!vi ,Ll,aJhClvl Mecry r)::le .ie MJla:3 jow Y)KH 3001' Tora UITO ic cy-
>K3Balbe (KOIlTpaKunja) [\11133<1 llajBei1a TeK Ina nJJ01.Ie. IIpclvta TOMe, y oHaj t1<-lllYll
r,n,e Eg 03Ha"!ClT3a ry6uTKe 3001' TPC!-b<l. TIOWTO lJ,CB .TIC)KI1 XOPH30HT<:L'lHQ, TO .ie Tpe6a YHCTH HCnpaB1ZY rpCIliKe Koja jc Y'LIHfbeH<l :JaMCHOM npcceKCl B upeCCKO:-'J Y
hu = hi; 11 aKO .le E,,; MalIO, l>.lO.:.Ke ce 3:1HCt\'WPHTI-L TaKO 11,a ce ,u06HjC ,n:a jc: T<111KI1 B. OHa HcnpaBKa lIOCTlDKC CC MllO>KCILCl\! BpC~UlOcnl rwpella nCKOM o,Lipd)e-
nOM KOHCT(lHTO!l-! K,), T31(0 )J,a jc Kpajlb!1 o6mu;: cpopl\ly.ac:
}t12 H
___ -.3__ , + +_Pn _
2, (J
P .g 2 .g P g
-'
I10lliTO je FA> Pl!' TO, aKO ee ypCjW iw()uja Ce:

FA __ J~{i ,;;:: WfL::~~/l CaJ1,<-l je :J,H1pelvH1HCKH npuTorz:

p.g p-g 2-g qv ~ WB - Sf!,
TO JeeT: Ko 11M a I-mjqcmile npc;VwC'I' OKO 0,5-0,65, lilTO YBCJlHKO ::laBIlCH O,Ll, H3pa)J,c Kpy-
)KHe IVlOQC, Kao 11 0)::\ npC~IlIllKa oTBopa. KOUCTaHT<l Ku H3pa l l),I-13Ba ce 1.13 pC3y:rra-
Ta McpClba HCKOJl.llKO 011111'a ca TOM !lJIWIOM, npn ~ICMy Mopa;w ce no:.maje llpOTOK.
(Pa6plIKe KOjC JBpai)yjy OBe nnO'Je )~ajy KOHcnUiTY Ko-
Ao6pa cTpaHa npnrylllHe nnO'-Ie je UITO ce MO)lze Jl(1KO UWlIH-lHTH 11 YMCTHYTll
OAHOCHO:
Y BOn Y KOMe CC oHPci)yje npoToK. HeraTIIBHa cTpana je lilTO npoy3pOIcyje jmca BpT-
2M JlO)f(eIb3, a OBa BcnHKe ryGl1TKe eHeprnjc rrpUTliCKa qUYH!J:a. 3aTO c.e OHC ynoTp0-
GJbaBajy caMO 3a rrpIIBpeMCHa MepCTh3, 11 TaMO f!J:C ce He n01U1 pa1.Iynu 0 Kl1HCTWIKOj
P eHcpfIl.lll cprrYRjJ.a. 3G()l' Tora CC npnrymHc I1JlO~1C HllKap, He YllCnpe6Jb3na,iy 3i:l Me-
pel-be npOTOKa nape KOjUM ce Hanajajy napRe TypGH.UC II napHC MarllIiHe.
 40
BCliTypn-Mepatl. OmI MCPJ'UI paAc Ha HCTOM npHHll;Imy MCpCI-ha Kao IT IlpU:-
rYUIHC IlJ1()I-1C. 3amICHO Of( 6P3I1J-IC rrpOTHnaH~a, Mcpn ce npOMCHa npHTHCK3 c jegHc
II C Apyre CTpaHC CY)KCIha, TC ce T3KO OJl,pc'l)yje 6P3IU{a, a nOJ\why lbe H npOTOK. Pa-
3JUIKa H3MCt>y BCHTypH-!\repal..J3 H rrpHryuIHc ITJlOl..IC je llITO je nCHTypH-Mcpa'Y: (en.
12) HaQHlf,CH TaKO .ua y theMY npoMcHe rrpeccKa fIllCY Haffle nero rrocTynHc. 360r
Tara HajY)Kl1 AGO j\ma3a naAa HC1 HajY)KH ,n:eo npeccKa 11, IUTO je jour Ba)KI-mje, nC:;-'1<:1
upTJrora, TC ce n.zt Taj 1-!<1'-1l1H H30eraBajy 3JlaTHH ryorrIJ,H KOjU I-JacTajy KOg rrpnryuIHc
ITJfO'-Ie. 360T Tora IUTO je npeccK M.iI<-na CKOPO rroTrryno oApeben J.1 BeMa BpT.TTOra y
CPOp:tvfy.TJH nOJ\why Koje CC Ol-,pct)yje 6p3HI-Ia, KOI-ICTaIITa Ko Hl\1a npe;I}WCl' ORO 0,9R.
To :maLfM Fl.;] ce rarl-ha CPOPMY:J<l CROPO HOKJlana CJ Ql0PMYJIOM Ao6njcnoM TCOPH-
jCKHM paT!\-I,npcll-hCl'v[, filC jc /(0 ::=: 1.
Cililfa! 12
npCHl\rylKTBo BCHTypH-McprPn TIfll~ own! c npnryUTlIoJ\1 mrWJOl\l .it:
ITol\1ohy j-hl1X npllo TZl'THO Mcpa H UITO H3(13HBajy Bp.lIO MaJ1C ry6uTKc 36nr npT.;!O-
)KCI-ha. HenoC'rm~l1 cy UTTO OBU l\lep,PTlI HMajy neJlllKe )UJl\fCH3uje, TC cc 3601" fhl1X,
npH nOCT<lBJhaIhY. BOllOBfl :>-IOpnjy celiu Wl 6n ce OHa yMCTHy.'Ii:l. PlnaK. BCJrrypH-
Mepa~IH ce najIlJHpe nrmI\-lCI-hyjy npH l\jCpeH"y rrpoTOK3 mlpe. BOne KpO:3 BO.L\OBOn:
HTJ~., a HapO'IlTTO rrpn BC.'HlKl1l\! npOTOIJ)Il\f(\.
Cncl~njHmHI Mcpatm. - Ko,], OBITX ivlCpal.Ia ne\18 I-lCKIIX OmUTJ.lX npHl-llUHI,l KOjl1
CIY>Ke 33 OI~pe9nBa}LC npOTOKn. TaKo, HZ! np1-BVlep, HCI<H Mepa'IIl C npc.nvmnMa
oiWe9yjy BIfCHIlY Y TCl.lHOCTH Ba MceTY nw cc OBa npe.:uma 113 TpoyrJlacror 33C('.J(i1.
Hryrrr onpet;yjy TCMTICpaTYPY .nYIUl<l Kojn CC Btl jC)lTIOM MeeTY 3arpeml ncnpOMCH-
JhHBOM KOJITl'IIInOM Ton.nOTe: YKOJlJ-TKO je TCMllcpaTYP" Mi1JL8, 31Ia'-III p;a .ic Bclin
KO.l1IPUmJ (j).l1yH;~a KOjI1 .ic Kp03 n;CB rrpOTelGlO. CJIlJl.IHHI\-I nprnrU.I1DOlvr onpel)yje ce
li rrpOTOK nOMony paCTBopCHI1X 6oja, f)W ce O.I\pci)yjc jalIHHZ! 06ojeH)a q)JJYHAa.
IloT3McTap. - HajuIHpy rrpn:McHy y norOl-I), f-HlIW1H ey pOTaMCTpl1. Onn (CJT.
13) cc cacTojc II3 BcpTHKanHe CT3KJJCHe IWBlI (1), Roja cc npcM3 BpXy TIOCTYTlHO
llJHpH. Y u;eBH ce Ha.rra3H jcgHa "II1rpa (2). KOjy q)JIYHJJ: npil npoTuu,<lfhy Kp01 n,cn BO-
CH n3BIIllIC. YKOJIHKO .ie 6p3HH3 q))JyuJl,a neha, YTOJTllKO he 6UTH nehn H npHTnc3K
41
Ha 'uIrpy Op,-03,lJ,O, Kao II TpCfb3 a H~y. "Llrrrpa, Roja CC aa
nO"ICTKY McpClLa J-HUla3H y CBOM KOHYCHOM nC)JcIiIllTY
(3), Ha AH)' pOTaMcTpa, yCJlc,n; AcjCrB<l 6p3lIHe H TpelLa
o cpJrYl1A J~H3anc cc HamlInc. Mel)YTHM, nOUlTO ce ll,CB
nOCTYilHO IlIIIpH, Ii 6p3HHa q)JJynua he nocrynHo )la
ona,n;a. OHor TpcHyTKa RaJ\:3 npHTI1CaR H<l l.lHrpy IT TpC-
lbC 0 Jby 6YIl'y jC,1J;I-IaKH Tc)KHHII tIl-frpe. OIla hc ce lla TOM lit
min
MeCTY 3aYCTaBHTH, Te hc ce I-l3 ILCHOf' nOJro)J(aja, Ha oc-
700
Hony pmm:jIIx 6;:DKnapCI-ba, i\wl'iu OP;pCillITI-l rrpoTOlc Ha
npHJlo)KcHoj CJIHnH 'UJrpa ce :WYCTaBJha Ira rroJlo)Kajy
KojH onronapa oTIIpmnm:c npoToKY or..!; 290 I/min. 600
Au cc llJ1rpa rrpI1 MCpeI-hY HC 611 YXW.lhHJI3 OTt ace
OBe 1l,CBH 11' nplIJhy6H.'18 )'3 31lJl., H8 IheHoj roplhoj HIHlqn
I-wmnc CC KOCO ypC3aUH 3apc311 (4) Kojn je lfP11MOP(l8-
jy A8 cc CTa.'I110 o6phe C,POTITP(J" - OTYJUI, .,poTaMe-
TpH") H TaRO O;J;p>IGn::a y cpenlHlH f..!;CBll. POTaMeTpHl'ITa
ce o;npci)yjc rrpOTOK n racon<l H TC~lII()eTn. 3a CBaKI1
(jJ.IJYUJl rrocroj[l OApcl)eH pOTa:-"1CTZlp. OHllOCHO 'mrpa
onroBapajyhc TCjKUHC. Dpn ~\,Iepelhy MOI)!1 JUl CC 06P(lTH
n3)Klba H Ha TCMnepzl'rypy. a If HZl npllT11C<lK, K{j)(a ec
pa):\1-1 ca raCOBlIJ\f;:L
POT8MCTPH cy BCOMa IIorOIIlln anapaTI1 :W MepCl-I,e
npOTC>Ka; 300r Tora ce ona l1anac eBe mIllIe KopnCTC Y
Im;rYCTpnjn. Gnn ce Inpat)yj-y y CBl1M BC,71IPIH1IaJ\W, 3a
npOTOKC O;J: 0,1 JUITpa i'W lICKOJHIKO eTOTHHa JfMTapa y
MHHyTli. Mory ce j-npal)11B8TH 0;\ Hajpa3HOnpCITJ-1jer
l\-IaTepHja;'l(l, TC BrnO 'TeCTO C.l1Y)KC 3a Mcpelhe rrpOTOKJ
KHCCllHfIa H JW3-THX arpeCUBIIHX (jm),Hp;a. AKO ey TC'IJIO-
CTH HCnpOBHJ-1)re, OU!1(1 CC ITOnmKaj 'mrpe npaTH ayTo-
MaTCKH, lvlarncTOJ\l, 3<1 KojH.ie nC3Jna Ka3aJhKa. AKO CC
llITO ce 11 ORO H11a Y BB!(Y, i'o.IO>J(C ce PCflH na.ie pOTa~H'.:Tap ylIH-
BCp3aJUlO cpe;:tCTHO 3(1 MCIXlhC I1pOTO:Ka Q}J1YllAa.
no:mam\H~e npOTOKa jc BCOl\f,\ 1Jla'wjIIo 3(\ norOIl
OH CC MCpH yl'!WmfOl\l noepC,rIHo, nCl Ocm)BY npOMCllC
6P3HHC, npOt8 rr03naTHl\'l 3aKOHaJ\J(l xHnpay.rnn(c. J.Xo-
6ap ypei)aj 3(1 MCPClbC npOTOKCl TpeO(l ;1.8 npy>KH lIITO
M3fbH OTITOP rrpo KpCTnI-hY q).TIYH;\<l H J\<I.ie UITO jC.I\HOC-
TanHnjI1. T(l'IHOCT l\.fCPCIh(l rroneman3 e.c rrp('J\f(\ enpeH
KOjOj Mcprwo CJIY)JGJ. C.IUI'II 13
H3BOJ\
Cn3Kl1 q)Jlyn,D: Kojn CC Kpchc liMa TpH BHil:<l cHcprnjc ~ nOTCHn;rrjaJIHY, KIiHC-
TJFIKy H eHeprHjy npIITHCKa. C3BJI8byiyi'i11 oTIIope H3a3B,Hle CHJTOM TpeIha, qnYHn
y TOKY KpCTaH:.a TpolIIn cHcprnjy. fIPM npOJIa3y Kp03 n;pIIIcy c}:lJIyu,n: ,n;o6uja cneprl1-
jy 3a cBoje KpeTaI-bc. EcpnYJIHjcBa jeAJ-Ja'tIHna MO.IKC cc npHMCHI1Tl:J caMO KaAa ce
CMe 3aHeMapHTH I13ry6JbCna II P:OBCACRa cHcprnja.
 43

ilpHrYUll-l11u.aM3 ce npOMCHa Kl1HCTH'-lKe cncprHje (6p3HHe) MCpH npOMCl-IOM JIO'-!CTUC H Kpajibc Bpe)l,HOCTH 3a !'ill Tpe6a ,n:a 6YAc TaKaB Aa OMoryhl1 npeu.U3HO
cHcprnje rrpUTHCKa. POTOMCTap je naj'-lcrnfie KOPlUUhcHH IIOCpCJ-iHH Mcpat.I npOTO~ Ol.IH'raBal-Le 6p3HHC.
1m. Y GBOM 3aAaTKY, 3IIal.Il1, Tpe6a MCpliTH 3anpCMRHCKII rrpOTOK H ll3 Ibcra IBpa-
"-TynanaTH 6p3HHY. HCTOBPCMCHO, ::Ia CBaKH rrpOTOK TpeGa ot.lIuaBaTH pa3JIl1Ky I-nI~

lIHTAILA

1. lih'a je cncprcTcKa je.,a:Ha1tHl-Ja?

2. PCK<1 Ha CBOl\I I1yry ]y611 AGO yKynHc cHcpnrje jep callJIal)yjc Tpen,e, Ko,ia
ce cHcprnja TpOlllH n<l 011 ce C(1B_1.tlJI,am1 Til ry6l1UI1?
3. 3alllTO IlpnrymHo DJIO"-W nocpcHHO MCpU 6p:mHY?
!Mi=,,:;J--1 If (d~T... t (min)
r--------r---t~-
.,
I, I:
f ----1
Boa. eRa McpClha H npOpaqyH Mory ce o6yxnanlTH CJICACfiOM TaOeJIOM.

'Iv (d m 3/m in)

-- I.

I
HI (dm/s)

4. KaKB3.ie pa3JllIK<l IDMcl)y npnryuwc l1JIO'IC n BCl:rrypH-\1CpllJra: ,

5. Kojy 6p"JHH).' HCpU npnrYllTmH.(J.? : Mcpelbt ! npOptp-rYH

6. Koja.ie je.L(HiFllHIa 3(1 MCPClbC 6jYJHHC BCHTypU-MepU510l\1:
I~. ______.._....~..____ ~.L. _ _ ....._ ...._._ ........._

Y TatulH ey Ilh, \-" 11 f )J;HPCKTHO MepCHH, a OCraJIC BeJIH'-lHHC cy IIaKHawro H3-

IIOCPEUHO MEI'ElhE IH'OTOKA H hP31UIE CTI'Y.!AlhA P<l l !).-'l-taBaHC.

3a!l3T3K -\ .lh6w/cgajJuiliu (ipLtzyuIJlY ilJW'iY

BA
IlmTipcul1(1 Lipcg,3/wlua. 3<1 lUpam: OBor ;W,:J'<.lTK~l TpeO,\ YilOj'
HaTH jC~\fJ3lI1l!ly KOi:l.TlmY.\H'CTil (1..3.1), :w cHcprcTcKY jC.'lHa-
H3pagu 3agww.:u. DpnryuIHCl Il;lO~13 KOjy TpeGa Ga>I<:1-\apUTl1 lJOCTaB.Tb3 ce y
LfHHy (1.3.2), Kao H Ihell), npHMcHy na upHrytll}re flJlO'Ie.
l(eBoBo;a:, {'He OH8 KacImje Tpe6a ;a:a llOC1})KlI 3<1 MepCILc 6p3HHC. flpurYUIHHu,il cc
/iWL1U3{{ 3agmTi/{{/. fIpHI'YlllHOlV1. UJIO'lOM (CJL 1J) H<1 nocpegaH Ha~nlH ce MQ)KC 3<1TlHvl nOBc3yjc 3<1 U-MaHOMCTap (CJI. 138).
O)J,PClVITH Gp3HHa crp;'jalb(l, a llCJI\10hy IJ,e H npOTOK. l\1epeJbC 6p31-me je IlOCpC]J,HO, OB3KO CKJIOn:beHY anapaTYPY Tpe6a CKHD:apaTI1 H nHMeU::)U01'HIGlTIl rrpeMa
jep cc Gp::nllla H3paltYHilBIJ MepcI-I,CM pa'3JllIKC npIlTHCaK3, OAlIOCIlO pa:'Ll:HKC HliBOa 331..(aT!1M BpeAHOCTHMa. IIpe"IHI1K OT130pa II3HOCH DB:c:: 0,6 cm.
y UM3HOMCTpy: i'viepeJLC ce 06aBJba Ta1(O UlTO ce y ropn,y Ta6mu\y peJ\OM YJIHCyj).-' H3!llCpeHe
BpCJ~IlOCTli (Ilh, \'" II t), a 3aT111'>"{ ce npHcryna IBpaqyHanalhy.
PC.JYo1ilia([iu. LJ,06njeHH pC3YJlTanl npHKa3yjy ce Ta6eJIapno H rpa<pH'lKH. Y
CJ!CAcfioj Taoeml npmZa3<llIH cy pe3YJlTaTH KOjH C;' Jl,oGajcHH McpcrhHM3 11 npo-
pa~[YHOI\L K,lO UlTO je w:h perreHO. nlljar-paM npliKil3yjc rpac.lJHl..IKY 3aBllcHocT 61Hfi-
OBa jC~Haqmra YK(nyje lJa tllfIbCIlflIJ,Y All jC~HO.i Gp'3lUUl crpyja!L3 oiJ.:foBapa CCl-
lvfO jenua OApe~')cHa pcUJ1HK<:J HlH.W{1 y I\taHOMCTPY. To 3Hal..m LVl cc t-.lO)KC IwnpamrrH
A 8'
TaGmm,a napoBa Ah - \V.
EKcnepHMcHTa:lIlo OfWc:t)HBJlbC OBHX uapoBu npCAHOCrll UJ3flBa cc 6;.l)I.()J,ape-
Ihe' (KaslHVpllC<1I-Le) npurylHlIe
noili.pe6fw MCjJCIUI U
rUO'le, lllTU Tpe6a II ypLl,J,HTH Y OKBUpy Ollor JCl,ll,<JTKCt.
ilpojJ{/<tyli. O\lHTJIC;.wO .Ie AJ. cc paJ;IllKe llIlBoa ;'1O::: y
MCpHTl:l ;~l1pCKTHHM WIH'\'(U::l(ll-bCM H<l l\fUHUl\1CTPY. EpJHHY IlpB oa::KJ.1apclbY Tpeoa
MCrmTB 1Ia HCKll Aryl'll H<.nI1H. Hajje;J,IlOCT<1BIUljc jt MCp11T11 Op::n-HIY AllPCKTJlH1t
---
VIA
I
I
II

II
~

IiJ
I
I
fYa

McpCH,eM 3anpCI\H1UCKOr npOTOKa:

Ocraje m1TalbC KOJIlIKO napOBa i3pe,D,HOCTH \V - fill Tpe6a H3MepnTlr. To Haj-

npe 3allHCH Oil, lIHTcpB<:ula 6p3llHa Koje Tpc6a t.-repHTI1 UllOM t1pHrYlIUmI~OM, OAHoe-
HO on Tora KOJUIKO Tpe6a ;u,a H3Hocn lIajMalba n HajBeha pa3.rrHK<1 Hl-moa Ha MaHO-
MeTpy. rOplba 11 ,D,Olba rpaHHI.~a Mopajy 6WfH yHanpe)~ 3a!~aTe. Epoj MepC}ba H3Meryy
C.!lWW J3a I
j
 44
We (dm/s)
He CTPyjaIf.>a 01.{ pa3JIllKe HIIBoa (en. 136), a KOHCTPYHIllC ce npeMa nOAaIUIMa Ii3
Ta6eJle.
Kao npHMep npopa'-IyI-Ia 6Hhe npllKa3aH npopa'-lyH Ko,ia ce O):\HOCH Ha HajMa-
lhy Bpe;a:HOCT pa3JBIKe Hl1BOa, I:1h :;;;: 1,0 em.
TIPOTOK je:

qv :::: -v ;::;._----.--.
0,75 dm 3 ::::: 2,27 dm" .
Imm.
! O,33min
Ep31ma Koja op;ronapa OBOl\t npoToKY je:

2.27 dm:! /mi)1

Hf{j = !Jv = _~""'"""_ =RIOdm/min.
SB -rcj4 (0,06 drn)2;/4

H Konal.IHO:
10
TJ _ 810 dm/min --.
h B :::-; -~"~~~~-:::: 1-1.5 dm/s.
60s Imin '

, i ....
6 8
Ah (em)
C. . 1111W 136

3a,!1.3TaK 2. OgpCglli7ill lWCCPlH(lljcl-u7r UpUZyUlIllIl(C.

AHaJ11l3l7 30gmltl{(L Ep3HHa Koja ce Mepu npJIrylllHHl~oM OAperycH3 je jeilHa-
'-TlIHOM:

2 ill'
HIli =K(
'Ii
V P
rp;e je f(D Koectn-n~HjCJ-l'r npnryuu-nm,c, a ~p pa3.T1HKa npwrHcaK3 KOjy perIKTpyje U~
MaHO'~1eTap.

rIoTpe6Ho.ic Hl\'JaTH y mrny ria ce npnrylllI-mu:a Mo)Ke U36[DE)J;apUTlI TaKO illTO

JIplL\1Cg6a, HoonjeHlf pe3y.'1TJTlI ]\Hlry ce npH;"'lcHIITH 3<l McpcH,e 6p3HHe OBOI'
nCTor cl)31YH,n,a KOjHM je BpmcHo 6a)KJJapeH~e. MeTO;aHK?I 6a>I(,1~apClt.a .ic HCT8 H 3a
npnryumy TIJHFly 11 3a BCl-ITypn l~eB.
Mepelhe f!POTOK8 paJ~H 6a>K)]apelba MO)Ke ce je;al-wcram-mje ypa;n:HTII aKO e.c 3<l
IJ,eBHH BO,TJ, cno.1e npHrynrmn~a M pOTaMCTap nil pan, a 3(1TlIh--1 nnpCKTHO 11 HCTonpc-
Meuo o'IHT3najy npeJJ.:HOCTli npOTOKa VI ptl3nnKC Hl1Boa. Y '1'0]'.1 CJJytJajy 3aupeMHHV
H BpClv{e IInje lIOTpe6no MCPHTl1. -
ce cKCrrepHI\--1eHT<L'11TO O;IPC))H lLCJ-I Koccjmll,HjcHT K". 0130 onpcl)nnalhC j\1(J(C ce II3-
BeCTY! MepcfhcM p,nmTKc npHH:lCaK<t KOjy pcrncTpyje M<tHOMcTap ne3aH 3<1 npn-
rYl1mnu.y 11 HCTOBpeMeIIHM MCPClhClvf 6P3HUC n<l HCI<H i~pyrI'f H[PIIIH (lV1CPOhCl\1 npo-
1'OK3 H H3pa'IynamIJ-hCi\-! 6p3IIHC).
noiilpe6HO ..HCf7Cf-bO If iipOjHltlyH. AKO e.e I1CKOpnCTC McpCH~a H3 npCTXOJlIWr
33naTKa. m-ma CC l\-fOl'Y cpopl\-mpaTH napOBH BPC,'lHOCTT1,0,h - /'jp, HallMC, y npe1'XOJ\-
I-loj Ta6emI -- CB3KOj BPCI_iIlOCTU 3a L\h o;:xrOBapa jC)J;H3 Bpe;:xnOCT ~~a ~p 113pal..rYHaTa
no n03HaTOM 06paCII,), 3<1 U-MaT-lOMeTap:
ill' ~ ilh " (PA - plJ) "g,
HCnllVf OB11l'1-1 BPCJV-IOCTHM3 3a f::...h o;o:rOBapa jerxna Bpc;n:nOCT 6p3rme.
3Ha'IH. nOC'foje H napOBI-1 f:..P - W. KoplicTelm TC napOBC, MO)](C e.c caCTaBIHH
Ta6JUn~a:

=
~~-===~~===- - - - - - - - - - -c--c=======================c=====================-==~===-==========================================================-------------------------
.
 47

113 CEUX 113pa'-lynanix Bpe,rr;nocTH Ko ,u,06Hja ce cpeAlba Bpe,Ll)IOcT:

K" ~ 0,86,
3a.lJ,aT3K 3. J13.MepULuu (ipuiyun-lUL~O.M 6pauuy u iipoiIioK 6oge.
IToUipe6HlI L1pegaHaHJll. TeopMjcKa 3HaIha 3a lepa/IlY OBor 3a):laTKa MCTa cy IGIO
Ii 3a rrpeTxo;lfuf 3aJI)narC

AlU.lIlLlJa .3l1gatU/{(/. ,Ua 6u npHrywHHlI,a l...Wf"JIa )~a ce KOPHCTH, rroTpe6Ho je Aa

6y,u,e H36a>l.qapena, 'I~j.,u:a HMa cBoje rrapoBe 6.lV - D.h. Ea)K.1lapHH )J;HjarpaM (cn. 136)
B,DKH 3a HCTH l.I,CBlm BO~, ci)JIYl-m Y l.I,eBlI IT MJHOMCTPY, 3a KOjC je ypaJ)erro 6a>K-
rAe je Ko cpa'-IYHaTO In:
;aapeHJc.
lIuLTipe6uu .HCPCliJtl U LtfJujJaLl}'ll. l\1epclhc .ie OBrl,C Beor-.m jeJ\[-[ocraBlIo.
O~lllTaB<.I ce pa:~LtlHKa HI1Boa y t\EtllOMCTPY Koja o!Jronapa 3a;laTlIM y'CJ10m1M<1 CTPY-
\" P f3 jafbiJ. [13 6a)KiJapHOl" AlIjarpa!\Ia O'J11TaB<l cc Cpe;J1LCl UVH1m1 crpyjau.>a. a Ha ocmmy
lhe H3pa'lYJlaBCl CC 3<1npCMlfl[CKH npOTOK:
]fJpagu 3ag{/ilif{a. Dm'))l:6uo je oGpaTHTH 11a)Kl-b), lW TO !w .Ie 113paHa OBOI' 33-
)])ITK<1 HCTa Rao l1 tnpa)\(! npCTXO,J,l-lOr, a ga je Cal\lO Ba'llIH 6a)K;Japel-ha, OAROCHO
!lpOpa\IyH, i..l,pYI'atmjn. I\'1aHOl\ICTapCKi.t TC\UlOCT jc )J..::ltB<1 (PA:;::: 13 600 kg/m'), a KpO:3
!J,CBOBOP: rrpOTlFIC BOHa (pf! :;::: 1 000 kg/m:i).
PeJy.amai7.Zu . .HCpCIl){L Ha OCliOBY )VICpelba fJ3 llpeTXOiJHOr 3arJClTK<1 Ao6Hja ce: JIJjJaya .Jagaiuf.:u. JlbpUI.lJ 3aWlTK<l CBO)J;l1 cc n<.1 OtlHTUB;lIbC pa3}lI1KC IlHBoa y
IVHHf.OMCTPY Y TOK)" pa.Ja <.luap:xrype 11 GjJ'J11HC IB Ga;"K)wpUOr I\H.iarpa~ta.
PI! ~ J (JOG kg/m" FCJy~'nn(/m/{ .J1CpcIIJa. PW3JtHK3 lHmoa y MaBOlv!CTPY H3HOCIl /\11. :;::: 2,5 ern. 113
PA:'" 13600 kg/mi. 6a)1{gapllof .::J..ujarpa!\la O'lHTaua ce 11/ :;::: 2,2 m/s. IlOlllTO je npcluHlK nparYillllHqe

r~~h(~m)~T-;p(kl',,)_~~I \Vii (m/;)~~~~~=-~"._~J D :;::: 6 mm, TO.i~ 3,UlpC~1HI!CKH npOTOK:

1,0 1,24 1,35 I 0,85

2,0 2,47 1,96, 0,87
3,0 2,34 0,85 I10lllTO npO'nfllt'. BOJ~a (p =-.:: 1 000 kg/rn '), MfJCeHH npoToK je:

4,0 4,94 2,70 I 0.85 (jm ::::: qj .. p ::;:: 62.,l . 10-' kg/so

5,0 6,18 3,16 0,89 IIpLutegua. AKU jc llPlH-ylllHHi~a Ga)lq~apclIa oApei)HBaIV;1I.\ Kocq)!1r~HjcHT~1 K(1'
6,0 7,42 3,34
I 0,86 OHi'J..tl JC:

7.0 8,65 3,61 0,86 . 12 I',p

\VI.! ::;:: J(. j - - _ ....
'~ p
8,0 9,89 3,90 0,86
_. .___... _ ,.,.._J. ______ ~. ___------i ...."''' _ _ _ _ _ .___ i~_ __ _~_~ ... _...1
1:13 113MCpCW: 13pC(IllOCrU !J.h MO>KC ce H3pa'-IylwTH pa3JIllK<J llpltTHCClKa:
IIpHMcp l1pUpa~IYHa3aoBYTa6c;IY je OIlCT Jl,aT '3(1 Hero ~lcpelhe, Tj. 3<1!'J.h::::: 1,0 em.
Pa3JIHKa npHTI1CK<l jc: p ~ M (p" - Pill g ~ 0,025 m (13 600 - 1 0(0) kg/m' 9,~11ll/S2 ~ 3 090 Pa.
M ~ O,Ql m (13 600 - 1 0(0) kg/m' . 9,81 m/s2 ~ 1 240 Pa.
DpopaLfyH 6~31mc ypal)cH je y 3anaTKY Gpoj .1, a Kocqmu,l1jcHT np11rywHHl..l,C Y npcTxo)J,HOl\l 3i11WTKY oiJ,peI)CHa je BpeJJ:HOCl' Ku ::: 0,86.
H3pa"lIyHilBu ce H3 .1C;O:IIa'-Il1He: Ca,u,a jc Tpa)KcII<\ 6p311Ha:

K "'" -c1~. .~,?.mL~ __ = 0,85. 1 _ 0 "6'

\\ B _. ,~ i
r~2. 30YOP" -~~,
7 14 m,s.
/,
o i2.J240Pa Ii 1000 kg
~J OOi)i~~/m' DPOTOK ce caJ\:a H3pa"-IYHaBa MeTO Kao H pannje.
48

1.3.3. KAPAKTEPI1CTI1KE CTPYJAlbA Kap:J ce nOBY'-lc CpcJ\vIIIlHa 11,CU, 3<1 lbOM cc rrOBmFIC 11 OCTane,
pa3JIWIHTHM 6p3HHaM{1. PaCIIOpcl-l 6p3HfHl IlpH OBaKBOM
PejnO:I!'l:COB KpUTepU.lYM. - EnrnCCKH Hayl.flrnK PCjHOJI).lC, npl1 licm1T1maH~y KpC-TaIbY nplIKa33H .1c H3 C.TIIn~U TaHKO I13BYQCHOM
CTpyjaI-ba TetIHOCTli, 11a"tIIIHHO je anapaTYPY Iwja .it rrpHI03aHa Ha emU..!JI 14. .vb IIapa6oJ1o~. U;e.~OKYIIHa Maca Q)]JYUJl:3 Koja ce Kpehe Kp03
BeJIHKOr pC3epnoapa (1) rrycT110 ,ie n.:a BOIHl HCTWIC Kp03 nrn:py CraKJTCHY IJ,CB (2). 11,CB pa36u]CH3 JC y MHoro6pojHC npTJTOre, Kojn TC1IHOCT
CHmKHO MeIIlajy. AKO ce HMajy OBC p:ne rrpC)J,craBC 0 KPCTaJ-LY
qJJ1YI1J{a, pa3YI\lCi'ic ce 3aJJlTO y PcjnOJI)lCOBOM orJICPS npn
J1JMI1HapHOM KpeTal-bY HHT 060jCHC TC'THOCTH ocrajc II '.,an,e
HcnpOMCILCHa, a 3aurTo CG rrpn 1)'p6yJIeUTI-1O~f KpCT<lI-:hy
XOMorCHO 6ojI1.
JiICI1lUyjyhH nITa eRe YTJPIC H3 oBaj rrpe06pa)IGlj,
Pejr-IO}1;:\C jc !lomao AU 3<lJ.:JhY'IKCl ;1.<1 17pe.oa3 /(.] ./Ul.JfWWpJ-102
l\.pelIi{{/-{,(/ Y ITi),pfiy ..'/OfiTiIlO f{pcij"i{l!M), /I oopmTtllo, 3G(;L(CII og I

II '~:::::::i==::::::;/\II
6pau/{c f..:peiTia!l;(I, zYClTlufle 11 (juo:oauoC/7il/ rj7,.7),lIg0, TWO If og
ilPC'lIl1IK(I qC(Hr. Onc BC.:rWUllTt: cy Mcl)yco6no nOBC3ane H()

~,
cJJc.n,cim H3'THH:

P,H!'E i I

1''---1-~
p
r;o:e cy:

II
D - npeql:UfK (m).
HI ... 6rmma (m/s).
P- ["ycTHHa (kg/m3),
I
p - BHCK03IlOCT (F3 . $).
C1111U1 J4
OBaj 113IJa3 lIa'mBa ce Pcjno,fIncrm KpHTcpnjYM H

UCWHHW
Kpcn
Y OBY IJ,CB CC[aBHo.ie TaHKY l~ewIHlW (3), KOjy je
jc cnojl1o ca pe3epBOapO~\1 o6ojcHe TClJHOCTH
lJ,cn (2) 113 KaITH.TlapHOr
lia Kpajy H3BYKan y KZlrrnJ1ap.
(4). OPH npoTHlJ,aJhY no)l,c
3anplDcn~a l\CWnU\C (3) llCTl1W:1JI3 .ic II 060jcHa
06CnC)KUBa ee ea R1" AKO ee nCJ1Irnmc lWjc ra tIHHC 3aJvlCl-lC
I-W3HCl"tIcmTM ;:J:l1MCH311,iall..fa. 3am13uhc ce Jl,a.it Rc !-IeU.Mel/Orinll
6po], UITO rrporU}W3H H3 C}le~lehHx jcnna"tml-w:
I }J!ldl J.~
TetIHOCT y nOKpCTHY Mac), BOAC. rVicJbajyhH fip3HH)! Bone Y IIIHpOKlIM rpaHlTua-;"ICl.
AOlliao je fW 3alfHl'vlJbUBOr 3JK.lhY'HG:l: npH \laIbHl\I Op3HH3l\Ia T8JWK M:rTW30fiojCHL'
Te'IIToeTlY, Kojrr jc HCTlnpo H3 IG1ITIIJIapHC qeBH uuje ce YOTIUlTC. lvieTIJ80 ca RO;.l,Ol\J, .
JCrvnu1W1 R,.)
( \
=
je)lmnn~<1. (1.)) ..ie)1HI~m~a (\1- je;J;IIUIIIJ,<l (0)' __ ........
. " - - '
7
). m .. (.01/..5.)' (kg/m:')
--
Hero.ie oCTajao Kao T(lHTGI o6ojeH<l HIlT Koja CC q1C';"\HHOhr neUlJ npOBJI(J'1HnCl H Kpe- jCJnIInn~a eU)' Ns/rn2.
T3JIa en nOKpCTHOl\I )vlaCOM TCt.IHOCTH. Ka)J,3 npCKop,P'IH i138eCHY 6p:nmy. TaHKH
M.na3 o6ojcnc Tc'mOCTH ce 3<lTa.naC<I, ]'36YPKZI If pZlcnaj.1,Uc, 6ojchl1 paBfloMcpno
BO;O:y. Pa:n..1I1ll1JhajyhH :'l60r 'Icra cc npll M{1H~If\1 6p3lmaMa HBT y nOKpcTHoj 1T'lHO-
nOlUTO jc 1 N = 1 kg , m/s 2 . TO je 3aMCHOhl: jC;"\H1'IlHW (R(') :-.c 1.
ern Onp>K(JnZl, a IIpH BehuM pacTI?llP, Tloman je no 3aKTby~JKa ;::J;<:1 y npnoM C.:lY'lajy Jv1J.wro6pojHHM eKcnepmvlCHTHM<l llOKinaJlO .ic Tl.C1 tiKO je npc[jlf()ciif O(1{lI{()

TClIllOCT npoTwlc Kp03 l~eB l\.urpno - cJlojcmno, Iloll1, KaKO cc CTP),"IHO IG1>!(C .-
.:rarvlHH3pHO, JXOK cc Y ~~pyroM c.lytlajy ona K0MCIHCl H npTJIO)lOI, 360[" 'lGI',,) ce OBO
KpeTaH~C Ha3HBa npTJTO)J(HUM mm Typfi:y.nCHTlH1M. CJTojcnuTocT KpeTalh3 TVIHOCTH
Kp03 IWBl1 oKpyrJro{' npecCK3 MO>KC ce oBaKO npenCTaEHTlT (31. 15). no nC.TJOM
06UMY lWBH oImj CHOj KOjH IJ<lJIC>l(C y3 cal'-.f 'HT,IJ; IXCBH yon lInG cc fIche KPCT3TH.
CJlOj KOjU n3.TJe>1{C Ha oBaj ulOj HMahc o6m1K IllYITJi~eT" IUIJJIUI):(11t1 If HMahe Beh
HeRY /vIa.TTY 6P:H1HY. YKOJTHKO ec lIJle EHIIle Ra cpe,IlUHI1, YTOJlIIKO he 6p:mn3 KonneH-
gn6ujcllo? /-I{'I.WCFW{J(l/-!O? 6pnja .MWMI or; 2 300, rj;.,1)'lIg C(' .'w.HIfl./apUO r{j)clie KjJoa
lieG, a m((} je (leila ng 2 300, Kpciiiafhc jc t71yp6y,,'1Cl-UTi.HO. ORa BpeJV'TOCT Oil 2 300 3a
Pcjno.ngcol': 6poj H33MBa ee !(,jJwTill<{/-w AjJCg!!OCiTi, a 6p311H<1 Koja orr;ronapa ;:WTlDI
YCJTOJHfMZI H(13HB<J ce K]Jlliiiu'IHa op:nma. ORa npClUIOCT B,DK\1 caMO 33 I~enH.
DOIl1TO PcjHoHlleon KpIT'rCpnjyl\.f He 3armnr calvro 0]1 6p:mHC Hcro H 0.1 npyrnx
t.IHHHJIau,a, M(1)y KojHM(I y TCXHln~H llal)(PUITY y.'lOI)' Hll,'Ja npe'IHHK l.l,CEI1, jactlo.ie p:ii
HCTa 6p3HHa, caMO y ueBn:~Ia pa3.Tl1FHlTlfX llpeQlJHKa, MO>KC ,n..aTH pa3.TIWIHTC pe)KH-

TpITtIIl1X CJWjCB<l 6H'I'H neha. Hajnehy 6p3HHY HMahc enoj y Cpe~J:lHH.
0130 CJIOjCBlITO KPCTaIhC e.rIOja y cnojy MO>l(C IJaj60Jbe na ce HOpGAn ea Hora-
pal\Ia cpOTorpaq)cKor anapaT3 Koje cy H3'I1UbCHe 0;0, I~eB1:l YTaKHYTHX je)lH3 y ).:(pyry.
Me cTpyja1ba. HOl( he
y u.eRHMR BenUKl1X npe'IHHKa HCK3 Op3l-lHa Jwn3TH npe;anocrn
Betie OJ!, 2 300, JJ..aKJIC Typ6yrrclIT3H PC>KHM, ;O:OTJre he BCTa 6p1HHa, CaJvfO y u,eBHlvfa
Marher rrpC l 1HHK.L ].l,aB<:1TH l\falbC npc)J.HocTH PejHOJI)JcoBor KpHTcpnjYMa, OHHOCHO
50

YTlH..l,aTH 1:1<:1 eJ)OpMHpalI>C mn,fHnapIIor pC)KlIMa KpCTJlhEl cl)]lyn:fw. KaKO K<1IIlUrapHC

(,
y :) \-'
!~Cl~:':.Hl\~i.1.1Y B,:O~;l M'~JICT npe'llll1KC:iVt orr cc y 1-bI1Ma npOH3BCO Typ6ym:'HTIIH pe:>KHM
::l:}(:I~lbd, n?,lPet~,I10}e p,i1",,6p:mnc 0YfJ..Y HpJ!() BCJlliKe, uno cc, 360r ),THL\aja oTllopa,
J elJlKO M.O>h.L lIOCfHiln. 30ur 'fora .Ie
.na/l.HmapaH.
Y K<lIm;lapIUlM U,CBHJ\ta PC)KHM crpyjJI-La VECK

PcjH(L'lJ~C()B KPl-ITCPHjYM HMa BC.'IHKH 3l-IJ laj 3<1 TCXHl1KY. TIotvtohv I-hera cc ,\10
'
'-
~

:) (t
--
'
)1(C ;WI(Q, 6,cJ I1KaKBl1X OrJl<:'::AJ, ca:maTH KcUG.IB je PC)KIIM KpcT;H-ba CP:I~I1;:ia V llCKOJ\'l
no,::;y. GBOJC fI(Yrpe6no 3aTo.ua 6a ce l\HJrJrc l13pa 1ly1-l3Tll BC!IH'lHllC o1:nopa"y Ihe!\fy;
Ol~ PC)KH}'la KpeT~Iba QWYHJl.i1 [(P03 l~CBH 'HIBBeu IT npCHOluel-be TOfl.!lOTC ca cjJ.llYUHiJ
na nCD. ~PH TypUYJleHTHOM KfKT,HLY npl:1I0lUCI-Lt ,je MHOf'O 60Jbe nero rrpn JIaMH-
napllO.\L 3ua~Hl, ltpH CDIn,! pa'IYlIJBta Y KOjW\Ia ce pa)1H ca OT110pHJvi<l npOTHl~alha
H!lH ca npCHuillCILCM TUWlOTC, l\10pa CC Hohn 0;\ PejllO)IT1COBor KPHTcPHj_y!\fa J~a on
ce ;~OU1;IO f(U T~I'-lHHX pCJy.'lT<lTU.
)J.:1 OIla,!~a H ;o.a na caJ'lwj llOBpull-um ,llo6Ilja rpauwmy BPCL\llOCT jellHuKY lIyJH-L CJ70j
f)p:u,ma (I-mYH;.~,-.L --- y ;1u~a~\aUlll,ll;-'j [XBJ\l,-rrpalhl1lvla U1I]l0 j(; pClUj () Gp:HHlH (/).11 YU[Ja y r.:(HtC gW)({JU gu lin 2J102 itaga OpJIlI{( f-WaU6a ce 2jJa/-{U'-IHU c-wj (.l) (err. 1:5).
Cl->:IYIl;.(l, JCP cc C1;l;_l'l'PiU)O fUI JC UlJel ItO Hc.'101;! npt..'ccKY 1311;1 jeWlaI;:a, JVfcljYTHlvl, !1 npn Typ6YJICHTHOM.KpcTUI-rj)-' (3) llocrojI1 Ti:lJ(i1B rpaHl-PlHH CJwj; OH CJilp)Kll, Y
Kct}t:J ce f'OBUPlU10 () ;WM}lllarJ!IO\\ KPCT,llbY, Bl1JJ,l':lU cc flail:, '1001' BI1CKO'3110CTll, up- .1CLUIOM CBOM ]:\CJIY, CJlO.1CBC Te'-1lI0CTU KOjH ce n::lMHllapllo Kpch_y. O!:lO .1(; TaKO:W(1Il11
'31-ma llj)l.)THIJ,UU,o 'y' cpt:;\!1!ll! tlajlJCh~l II ;J,a oua;_l,a YK(UHKO ce IlLiC Ka ilCUOKPCTHHM Jl!1MHllapIlH nO,;:iClUj. 'S/] caMY HCJBPIlllHlY '-lBpcr(H' Teml CJIUj 1Y l lHOCTH ce y'OlltLrrC
:_HlJ_\UlH!J\la nCBl-I, TalCO )J,a ce c'i1oj KUjll HCllUCPCi_\110 Il(lJIC)f(e VJ JH;l.UBC \,O[!WTC He He KpLilC (2). )'1(0,;111KO jc Gp:mua ncha, )'TOJU-1KO je rpalll[lIHH CJIOj Talbll. I-bel'oDii
Kpchc. AKO (ill CC ouo f'pa(1)l!'lK!-1_l!pCnCT~UH-1.:10, Olli-\a Go C(; IJt.;X-OCY, Cd rZOjOM jc na- HcOJbfHW ): l~el:H-[Ma yBHOC!-1 0)] llCKOJIHKO ):\cceTHX na i~O UCKOJIHKO CTOTl1X JiCllOBtl
P:::\"'lC31IiCl H uca nCB}l, l!al-t(yCIl.'ll~ ()~Y3I-lHC, a [-J(I y-ucy --- p(!Cruj;Hbc HOCMaTfJaBHX TiJ- ~m~H1~1LTpa (na 11 MiUhC). Ma!]3.ie TaKO J'lwml, OIl HM(\ BCOM3 3HaQajuy y;101'y y
'-taKa O!J, CjJt:-;J,iilllTa nCBl-[ (cn. 16). . TCXIl(L~IOlllK()M M;-tJJJHl-ICTHY (rpalla J'lWlllHllCKe 1'eXHHKC If TexHo.~lOrHje Koja C(: 6aBil
3all,-DKJ~10 J_\a jc pacllupc;J, GP:HIlliJ 13eOMil IIt'yjCJ~mncll Ii, I..:aIW cy Ofne,Il)-1 HCKJby~IHBO npo'y~JaB,.ubcl\'l H tUrpa;J..ll~oM l\-JalllJUW 11 unapaTa XClI-UljCKC mqycrpujc).
;J~_H"::;L~a!ll~, l;(a CpC)J,1L~1 GpJl!ua J-lJ.UOCI1 ll()';!OIHII-IY M'-lKCl-11vtaj1!lc OJ)'JUllC:: TO jeer HaHMc, aKO je nOTpeGHo Ha y HeKoj pCaKlJ,l1jH MaTcpuja npei)c H3 pacTBopa Ha IleKY
i+,"~d =;: 0,.') H'IIl,'X' raCJJOI_)(:I'_~ OP:lIlIIC.lC Y OU01'1'j (31)"Jajy TaKaH;W rpa~Vl paJRY'-lCHY ll<:l- nOBpllll-lH), (KpHCTa}llU(lI~H.ia, ilgcopnu,uja, C]l(~KTpOmt3a) HJI11 ca HeKC nOBpUIl1:l-Ie y
paoony. ClJ.llYl1T-\ l1,,'m pacTl~op (pacruap;H-hC, YWUL;UlaI-LC npoJAYK<lTi:t caropClElH:>i:t H ,1~P)Tl1X
I1u;J, CPC1ULC:1;J GP:_HlllU\; JlO;WaJYMClIa ce Hl~Ka 'nje,l\lH1'IKLl 6p:HlH<1 KOjOM UH ce
xCJ'lmjcKllx pCJKl.J;Hja nTr~.), IloTpeoHo je gel MOJlCKYJIH TC ~!aTepHje IlpOl)y Kp03 rpa
KpCTao CBaKU IlUjC;_\llJUl UIOJ uyu OJl.pt:I)CllOM npO'1'OK)'. 13p'3!111.:t KOjOt>1 ce pa!.IH npn
HW!.Hll CJloj KOjU CC YUCK Il"UIa3U OKO TCJJa aKO .Ie OHO y llOKPCTllOM CPJIyH!~Y, no-
O,J.pcl)HJJ~l-LY llpOTOK(\, 11ml KO.la ce y3 J:bcra It3pa'lyIli1B::t, Y cTBapH je cpc/UCLa 6p3U-
npWHHC TaKBor TC.aa MOf'y 11'1 6yp,y Y Typ6YJIeIl'rHo:..t q)JlyH~Y, ua n;1 CC 1I11aK IJ(l
lora. y ~JCJlIO:J,,!CU[-\Y C!)OPl\ly.,'lY YHOCll CC Ti.lKoly.:: cpe,!~I-ba UpcHfHa. IhHMil 06pa3)ije Ha.\-HiHapall 110nCJ1Uj, KOjll jc cramm IIpJTl1JIClll, rpaHH~!HOI' uloja.
Ilpu ITIYP(}Y:ICllIl-i!iU.:1t I,pciliwf,)" padlopcg UjJ3WW je jJOUl-lOA-lepl-lUjLL ()ugc je Kp03 [-hera J\-taTcpnja M())KC Aa npoi)e jCJ\HIIO p,HtPY311j0!'l1 3aTO UlTO y I-bCl\-ty uel\ta
cpcgliJU UVJlIfla: fFored ::::: O,~ 1+ 11m' To ce 3;LIlCT,! H IHl;:tIl 03 paCI1upc;~a Gp3HIIa (Gl. 17) IB-IK<lKBor Blrr;{O.il.;IL<1, TC O'ry;~a liH MCmaI-ba. HOlll'rO je KpCTan,c YCIC)J, iJ,mi)Y3Hjc
UOlllTO tote-fda BCLHKllX IXlJ.'lHKa lUlIlcljY M<-lKCHM,-Ullle 6p:HIlIC 11 ~~pynlx Gp~1lJW.l pac-
cnopo, TO he llPOJl(J:l }~OCTa
MClTCpOjc l-l KpOJ Up.TIO TaHKe rpa!lll'lIJC CJlOjCBc Tpaj:Xnf
IlOpC!y,:lU-lX OKO OBe, 3(0) Tora, KpIma l~oja Wlj\: onuj paclJopc;_\ upc/Xcran.;ba 'Jao-
YGmapD,
;:{yro, lUTO, ycnopan~\l-ha CBUX peaKLiuja Koje cc ocmapyjy Kpcn
flOBOrU-f JJ,O
llapaCio,:l)"_
rpamplUH c:w,j, OB<JKBllX peaKl~Hja lIMa '/ XCJl.llljCKoj r-lIJi1YCTpujl1 BpJlO 1\1110rU, H:J
rp~mlPHm BOCi\-DTp;'ljy'hn .0,!ljarpClM pacUU;~C!lC: Gp3Ulla (1);1),11.::\8. OKO npUMCp: paCTll(lpalhe, RPJ-lcTa.'llr:Wl~aja, CKCTpaKU;L-lja, ancopfll~uja, Ul]COprnl,Hja, cy-
\[E)JCTllX Te,'I~L 1l!1;~~,'lJl '-.:\10 :la v IlCIIl\~'l'\..~,'!I!oj 0!IlLlH!!!J Tel:l 0p'H!!I(l 1I0'lU!bC uar.:l0 UJCILC, BHa)KClbC, YUC:1HKO 3aBHcc o;:~ lWGJblIUC rpaHH'Il-IOr cwja
tIClvl)' be KacllI-lj..:
6HTi1 PC'Hl. 11 JlpenOUIC\he Ton.lOTe ca ci)SIYH)J;<l Il<l nonpUJiiHC 3(\ TOflJlOTH), pa3MC
i
BY, H OUpaTllO, YMHOrOl\IC :;H1BHCC O~\ )J,c6n~HHe rpaH1FJHOr CJIoja. 11 OBW~, K2tO H )-'

._. -_. -
-- f--.' !
pi:l.l-mjC;"1

anapaTlI
CJIY~lajy, TOIl,10T,l ce YTOJIHKO JIaKIlJC npellOCH YKOJU1KO .Ie f'pal-lH'IIlJ-l C:JOj
T'HbH. fIpcl'I-'W TOMC, jC)J,aII op, BpIto B"Di(1U1X YCJIOBCl KOj11 Tpc6a Aa licnYI-lC iVJ6pI-l
XCMUjCKc H!-1,L\ycTpnjc jccre )J,J, y OBaKBHM CJJY~lajeJH1Ma, illTO jc Moryhno
-- ... Bl1lJJe yM~lI-he ,L~e6JLI-my rpaI-lWIHOr cJloja cjJJlY111.W. To ce MO)KC noC'rHhI1110l~ctt<::\.Ba
I_L V-
I-bCM 6p3lme (l:))IYHi~a 11 crBapaU,CM UITO mrreIBl1BHHjer BpTJlO)KelLa. 3aXBaJbyjyhI1
cMal-hetbY rpamp-IHor cJloja, K,mau,HTCTI1 M<1IHHUa ce 3IIaTI-lO nOBehaBajy jep ce TaKO
nOBenaBa 11 6P:HIH!! pCaKIJ;Hje. 360r T(WC\ jc jep,aH OA nJ)KHHX 3ap,aT,Hza npojeKTa-
W)
lIaTa xClI-mjcKc auap;rrypc na ce Gope rrpoTHB rpauH'-n-mr CJlOja TaMO fAe OH crBapa
Cc1w;;a 16 c"WKi/ 17 TeUIKohe l1 eMen-he.
52 53

113BO)J, jac~o je Aa Ha PC)101M C'rpyjal-La YTIf'-Ty npC'-IHHK l(CBlI, 6p3HlIa C'rpyjaH~a I1 cJ:H13H'-IKa
CBOJCTBa <FJ!YI1Aa.
CrpyjaI-he q).:IYHjla M())Ke 6rITu CJIOjCBHTO - naMIB-fapHO, 11 BpTJIO)l(HO-T)'P6y- AKO ce KaO C!lJlYHi\ 113a6epe BO~a (p ~ I 000 kg!ml, p ~ 1,02 . 10-3 Pa s). Koja
JIeHTHO. Be3,DJIMCH3HOHH PejHOn;QCOn KpwreprrjYM oMoryfiana OJJ.pel)HBaH~e pe)I<HMa npoTH'-IC Kp03 oApei)eHY npoBHJmy qCB CD :::: const), oH)J,a ce PejHo;rgcoB 6poj MmKe
cTpyjaH.a. MCI-Lan1 caMO rrpoMcuoM 6p3HHC.
TIpCJIa3Ha npeJl:HOCr PejHOJlJWOBor KpI1TepnjYMa je 2 300. Dpn .TIa~nmapHoM Donno je cTpyjaH~e JI3MHHapHo rrpll MaJIHM PejI-loJIp;COmrM 6pojcm::IlVf<1 (;10
cTpyjau-,y nocTojc Behe paJ)1HKe 6p:uma Y cpJIYH;:l,y nero rrpn npTJlo)KI-IOi'vL R(,:::: 2 300), TO 3H<PfH .n;a cc npn MamIM 6p3fInaM<l CTpyj,Hha nelle 3ana3HTH KHP:3fbC

rpi1HHLIHH oroj 11]1.-1a BCJl11KH ynll(aj Ha 6p3WfY CBI1X OCTanHX Onepall,Hja. 110- o6ojeHor MJ!':l3a. I1()RefiaJ-hC 6p3HHC cTpyiaH>a J(OBemTIe nO CTBapaff,a sppJOr<! H
BchalbC 6p:-nmc cTpyjalha BO;:\.11 CMafbCl-bY TlC6JbHHC, rpmnFlHor CJloja. KJ11\aH~a MJJa:w. npOMcna PC)KITiVW crpyjan,a MO)l(e ce 3aml'311TH H TlpH c\"1aJ-helhY 6p-
311HC.
BPTJ10)IGJO KPCT<11hC he npehH Y .18Mlu-mpHo aKO ceo CM3H>yje Op3HlJa. Y TOM
C1I)il.lajy he ce 3ana31-1TH ~t)OpMHparLe CJrojenJ CEI KapaKTepnCTJFnmM paCITopeJi0l'vi

1. lliT<1.it: Pejnon;IcoR KpilTepnjyMCI 6P3JH-li:l, Kao Ha cm1KaMa 15 H 16.

--, J(<1KO cc l\\())Ke YTBp;nlTll npoMeHa PC)KHMi) CTpyjall,a? TIcYrpe6no je cKHlUfpaTIl anap,lTYPY (c.rr. 14) H, Y TOKY pa):(<1 na n,oj, HCKO:IHKO
3. KaKilTl jc YTJlI~aj BlICKo'mOCTll Ha pe>Klllll CTpyjafba? u)'Ta npOl\"lcnOlVl op31-me cTPyj8Jh<1 rrpm.1eIIlITlI pC'Ixm,Y cTpyjan,(l.
LJ. HfllLpTaj pacnope)"\ 6p31HlJ npH .1<\\Ill11apHOM II npTJlO)KlIOl\! CTpyjmbY. I1pn npe.TTa3Y 113 npTJW)KHOl' )' ]lJl\UlH;:1j11l0 crpyian)e lIaCTajy ll<lpaOO. 1C Gpcm- 1

5.. 11ha _it rpallH'l!Ill ClOj? Ha (ell. 16), a rrpn npcmny H3 .rra:vIHnapuor crpv.jalhf1 y npTSf(KHO noian.T!,yjy cc 06(1-
6. KaKO ~e6"nlIHa rpaHH'-iHOr CJlOja )'Tll'lL: Ira :.fJH:py3\IjV KpO'.1 H-,era? jelUJ BpT.'103H. CKIIltHpaTH one nojane.

3a;~~rraK 2. Ogpcgw7iu 17pc.'W3J1), flprgl-lociif PCiI-lO.-'lgC()(W? opoja.

/i/-la.'w;}{/ 3({gatTi!-:~. IlO'rpc6no jc. InP.'FTYlIaTH PejI-lO:lIl,COB 6poj, npH Kojei\'!
O)lI'1;I!BAlhE PElIUlMA CTI'YJAH,A <!>.l!YIIUA llOJU13H no IlPC:.l;13(l In ]c;J,uor pe>Ion.m crpYJf\Tr,a Y JXpyrH.
Ono ce M())KC ypailBTH aKO ce y TOK), H3pa;rc npCTxoJXI-TOf 3;maTK<'I, WHIy nOBO--
-BE l;"1\ 3a:lanm 1. f[oc\u717ipaililf U oilucmTtu .:W.AUUWjHfll U lTiyp6y- BJbenO]\-j nocTynKy. na HeKTT Ha':rHH perncTpyje 6p311Ha 1mB npOTOR llpH KOMt Hac-
.,u:/frTillu fum,- q7.i7YlIga, TJje npOMCH8 POKHM8 crpyjmL(l. TXa .'"In he ce penlcTponaTIl 6p:mna I1JHl npc)'roh,
flOiTipc6!-1o ilpegaf{(!/-hP-. YnO'1HaTU (Be Ka-paKTCpl1CTI1Ke CTpy- 3anIlCH 0):\ HHCTPYl\ICIHlTa Kojn cy HCl paClJo.;laraH~y.
.1a1-b8, KOjc 06YXBaTa.iy Hapo'U1To PC)KHM c-rpyjal-h<L PCjHOJlJICOB 6poj, pacnope;"\ llo/{lpe6,.w .Hepcroo u CrpOp{/'l)'lI. OOlUTO PC)](}tM cTpyjaH::.a 3annCll O;.~ npC'IHH-
6p'3HH3 Tl rpi-lHH'lHH enoj (1.3.3). K3 ueBH, op:-mne cTpyjaH,a H rycTrme 11 BHCK03HOCTTi TC'IHOCT11, nOTpeoHo je :maTH
Allff/lUao 3agat7Jxa. fIpn .~JaMHnapiioM KPCTaJhY, Mo.ncKy':lH q)JIyH,QEI 113 jC]11-IOr OBe nCJIlPIHHe_ TlpBC (me cc MCVC, a Hpyre ce l-lana3C }BTa6JUTll,a.
c.:wja HC l~pe.:1(13e y CYCCJlHC C.:lOjcnc, Bell. ce Kpehy caMO y I1pam~y crpyjaJ-h3. 3aje;a- Ep3HBH crpyjm'hCl M())I<C ce \-lepIlTJJ 1lJm Ben H36a%).wpCI-101>1 npnrylIlllHu,Ol>J
HO ca c.no.1t:I"I-\ Y KOMe CC I-1amnc. H.!IH HeKJIl'd npynlM ypei)ajelv1 3a Mepel-hC npOTOK<l (pOTaMCTap). AKO ce MepIl npo-
AKO jc crpyjaILc T),p6Y:!CTlTH0. OI-l;J,<t npT:lO:m BOCC \lOJIeKY,'le He C3\1O y npaB\l,y TOK, OHIHl ce 6P3I1l-Hl H3pa-':JYllllBa:
cTpyjmbCl nell n HOPl\)[lJTTIO l-I<l npanaq npyj;uh'l. To 3Hil'1H: K<l;X3 on \fOr,l();p cc npaTH
jCJ\aH \w.~Jel';:y)1 qnYJI)la Y'[OK), lhCTOBor KpeTan,a Kpcn D,en. 3artaJH.;m OIl ce na jc I-he-
[OBO KPCT(lIbt. Cra.T1HO nap;:Ule!1110 ca OCOYl nenlY 3KO .ie CTpyjaJ-hf na;\lImapHCL
Dpn Typ6Y,'lCHTBOl\-1 crpyjan,y Taj MOJ1CKy:rl 6n ce KpeTao He C(\J\'-ro nanpclt, y
J13pago ,'jagalll/'JI. Ha anap;nypn CKmmpaI-JOj y rrpeTXOllnOM 1a;n,3TKY peTH-
npam\y crpyjall)(l, Beh on cc nCTOnpCMel-TO XaOTll'lHO KpeTao llOpMa~lIlO WI npanan,
cTpyje ce HCKO,'IHKO nyTtl (3-5) npOTO[( (mm pal!HlK<:l Hlmoa Y MaHoMeTpy) npn
cTpviaH-,cL
~ --JqJ.i;\H MOJTCKY.'l je HCTlIIJ(L Hc\fOryhllo npanITH. CI.:JH BC:IHKH 6poj o6ojemlX
KOMe Jt(ma:m go npoMcne pOKlIMa crpyj(lTha_ 3aTIlM ce H3pal.lynana CpCJI.T-bt'l p,pe::l-
noel' npcrroKa.
\1OJleKY:Ia ]wjn Ct'- Htl.:Ia3C y oooje!lO\i M.iJa3\' OnKOJheHOM Hco6ojeHO!vl TecII-IOIuny
Pcay..1lliarTiIf ..11CpCl-f.,a. H3 TaOJllHJ,<t ce H(jmne rycTIma H BHCK03HOCT TC"Jl-TOCTH
BCOMCl ce JJaKO M())Ke npaTJ1TH <-1KO npoTH"'le KPO:{ CT3KJ1eny, npmmJH-ly l~eB.
clUjl1 ce POKJlM crpyjal'ha ollpci)yje. TIolUTo.ie pal)eHo ca BogOM:
Mapaga ;wgmTtKO. Onaj 3arWTaK ce M(Ke ypaf\HTH aKO ce y J-lco6ojcn TOK Te-
'-lHOCTH ynOJlH TaHaK MM13 HCTC o60jcHe TCtlHOCTlT H npaTU 1-henmO KpCTal-he. p = 1 aoo kg!m\ p = 1,02 10-) Pa s.
nOllfl'O je pe}I(J1M KPCT,Hbt1 oApei)eH Pejno_1JJ:conHM 6pojel\r IlpeLIHHK I~eBH KP()3 lWjy cTpyjn BO)m:
WDp D ~ 2,5 em.
R( = --'--~--,
p TIPOTOK jc H3McpeH pOTaMeTpOM:
54 55

MexaHH'IKC MelllU.TJIIll,C
na.fe 6p31ma cTpyJaI-La:
Hajerapu.ie MCllIaJ1Hll,e OBor TlUla UMa{r oep([hlKClJUIC iIOGplUUHC 3(1 .MCWal-bC,
Koje ce f-la/W3e ua XOjJU30lUtlaJl!-lU Lf-ociliClG.lbeHlf.H _,'l.Onai{lw~a.Ha AtCUWJlLUW. OH~
ce
W ~ 4 . q" = '1~~:75 1O-5 m'/s
= 0,097 m/ s. C::1CToje (ell. 19) 113 BCpTHKaJIHOr npaTllJla (1) 3<1 Koje cy rrpl1'-mpmftcue XOPH30H-
DO" (0,02Sm)' 11
TaJIHC JIOrraTUu;e (2).
'LleCTllll,c TC'-IHOCTl1 Koje Jl.OCIlcjy Ha JIOI1aTl-lll,C 6Hhe H3JIO)KCHC, 360r 06P'1'<1H,;1,
Calla je Tpa/l(CUa upcmnuJ Bpep)'!OcT PcjHOJIACOBOr 6poja: ll..cHTpHclJyraJll-iOj Cl1Jlil11 KpcTahe ce OfT BpaTlIJIa 11 ncpw1Jcpnjn. f-Ia l-hHXUllO MCCTO
Aona3e ca CTpaHC HOBe KOJIW]H}-]C TC'-lHOCTl1, Koje he, OIlC'f nO/~ p,cjCTBOM U,CH"
W . D .P 0,097 2,5' J 0'2 1000
R,. ' - - -..- " .... ,- = ) 140 TpH<pyra.JIHC CflJ1C, OI1TH oau,aHc Ka nepH(1)l~pHjn. Ha Taj ce l-Ia~nUI rrOCTIDKC MC-
P 1.0210'" "'. malhC. OHO HilaK JIHje nOTuYlw, jep cc OOan;hi.l yrmUH-JUM y XOpu30HTamlOM clOjy,
KOJIHKO je iUUPOKil JIOrraTHl~a, 11 M~\";10 H3H<l)l H Bellon I-be, Y OCTiUIOj ~WCH Tc'-lHUCT
ITpU.4-feyua. YKOJIJIKO CG 6p:..ll11Ja crpyjaH-,a o,Upel)yjc TaKO lUTO cc Y MCTY l(CB CKOPO MHpyje. l~a 011 CC QBO H30CLrIO, Ha .iCiJ,HO llpan'l:lO CTan:La CC I3chH upoj JlOlla-
IlUCT'-lBli lnGaA(;~apcfJa UpHI')-.'lUUUlJ,a, Oll,ll,a ce 6e.:Ie/Kc pa3.:uIKC IlllBoa Y ManoMeTpy THIJ,a, KOjC jCJ_~jia npn-1i.1 npyroj crojc yn'-lKpCHO.
KOjC oJ~rc)Bapajy npolvlcHll pC)KHMa crpyjal-ha. 3a AoGpo lvlC1ll3lbC IHyrpeGaH jc Bella upoj JIOllaTllI\cl, 360f 'wra ypebaj 3HaT-
rIa O(11013)" CpC;_l.lbC BPC;,UlOCTH pa3;IHKa llUBoa !1::1 HCKO;lHKO .\lCPClb<1, H3 6(1)1(-
liO nOCKYWL)-'je. npll 1-1ClllLtlbY OUl1KBHl\l MClHa;{[H~aMa IHrrpcGUJ..ie Bl:.rlHKiJ CJlaUi.
iWpc1l0]' }~Hja[p8.Ma ce O'IllTaB8.CpC).l)b3 Clp3HlI<l If U3PWIYl131W PejllOJI]J,COB 6poj Hel M_CII.ICll-bC J~)TO Tpajc.
Hew lla'll1ft Kau H npc. l'v1upa ce BOJ\11'1'1I pa'lyll<! ;J,~l npHryllllHill,<.l !\fepn 6p3HHY Y cy- i\-Icwu.11lIW UI yuljJ{/(J!{{/ ..H :wFiaii"iuqu ..11U. JIOlwTHqe O!HIX t..WLU'-UIHL!,~l cToje IlO
;KCUOM npeccKy (H"/3) H fla GjDBlly YlI,CBH TpcGa !upwrylltlTH l-13 jenH;Jcnnre K;JlfTH- ,ll,Y)KlfHH ycnpaBI-10 }J oGphy ce OKO BCpTIIKtl,allOr I3jXtTI:lJl<L 3001' Tuea OEC 'J parry
llYHTCTa: iJ,ocII0Bajy CKOPO Y CBclKIt JI.CO Mace, Te CC T<JKO II MCUi~HLC BpHUi no lI,;':,'IOj !>.\aC!!, mTO
jc HapU'-lJITO IlO;\CCllO ~{a UHCK0311C_ Tl'lIlKO 1l0KpC'L1"ume TC~ll-lOCTB.
Ha CJlHlJ,H 2U npHKa3aH jc jc~l.~UI TIHI MC\l.[a.:HlIJ,~l 3[1 aYTOK.rtaBC. KoD, aYTOK.'laKl,
aapOIIHTO Kana ce ooalL'I,(I JarpCBaII,c, :::a,LIaT'-IK IvICiUa)Hn~C je ,aa CKTrw T~UlOr HJ)H
KpUCraJIC ::lKO CC HaxB,najy Cd YllyqXllUILe crpaHC cy;W. 300!" TOra cc MellJa:lIu~,c
14. MEIlIAIbE TE'lHOCTI1 H3pa~yjy TaKO )Ja ce Kpehy IIlTO je MoryhHo GlUt/KC 3l-my, TC 300r 'fora OlIe Hl\W]y
oumtl:\: CUl"Jail O();rllKY C)'.ua.
Te~Ll-lOCTJ1 ce );leuwjy K;},'J,'-l TpeGa yup:~aTjJ j'JeKY TOlC10THY HJIH ;V1Cl}'(:H1ony
i7"'UII-tCITiCf{(/ _ltcu/{L1w~a. AKO je 110TP(':;OIlO f-la cc Mcwa BHCKO:..lfW TCLIHOCT Y
ofl<:panHjy. l1PIlMclhyje cc TaKot)e II Kana TpeGa nC1llpaBHTlI XOMoreHY C11ClIlY lIBL::
CYJ~OBHMa nCJIHKOr Ilpe'-IH111Gl, OBf.J,<I cy XOjJlI:30liT,UUW lloca~Hl JIOrlaTlll~a npCOTITC-
TClIllOCTIi ClvIYJ13Ujy, HJlll cMcmy TC'lHOCTH !l 'IBPCTHX qecnn~a - cycnCH3l1jy.
AKO CC !vjC1UaILC OOaIL'ha C<1r-,W 3uor 6p)KCr KPCTalLJ Mace, OBO ce 1\'10)1(C
pcheuH, TC llpCTH OfIaCHOCT ,lta ce llonOMe. ga 6H cc MC'X<H1WIKH MO,'vlCIlLlT C:v1(llliHO,

ITUCTHiUI HapO'IHTO .flaKO KO,l1 Te~H:UIX cpHyH)J,a; BHCK03HC TC'lltOCTII ce npe r.,.ICill3I-ba
'-teCTO 3arpcBajy. ~{ nCKHM CllY'IajcBl:lJ\\a J\!CIWUbC ce oCTBapyje II 3(11'0 ,r:t:a 011 ce
cnpC'-liT.:tO oGpa:lOB~Ube I~OpC, OW-TOC!lO nperpCB<:U-hC I\taCC 1l<1 rpejHHM nOBpWHlIaMa,
HJIB TiUIO)1(el-be.
_fv1euJCi!-:be lJOKpCTJ!,IlBIIX TC'-l1l0CTH OOaIEh;} CC npJ10 JIaKO. TaKO gel ce TY He
HojaU.'Lyjy HCKt: lWPO'll1TC TCWKOht:. YKOJIHKO jc UHCKO:JHTCT Te~ll-IOCTH BehH yTU-
~mKO je hIC!ilLlIbC. ']'e)1(I.:':, Ka1(O C 063HpOJ\i Ba Ilojauy caMor Mcwalha, 'l'Cll(U H C 003H
POM Hi\ CHary 1l0TpeGuy Ja OBO. BCO,\l<J TelUKO ce I\1clUajy TCCT<tCTC, a HapU'-IllTU
)l\.JJ.:JaHl: Mace,

I\1cwLlJH1ue
onc Koje BI1HlC- ucrvlajy cBojema Te'llIOCTH.
rI-bCtIeI-hy,jcp cc '-leCTm~c r;:oje CC )KCJ!C H3l\IClll<ITI1
Ce Mor:y nOjJ,C]lllTH
l'/leX<1ll!J'lKC Mc-maJU1lJ,e:
Y ABC rpync.
YTHCKyjy
Y TOM CJlY'Wjy pel! je 0
1101-\ npnTHCJ<:OM y l\tacy.
2

1
- JroffaTacTt::.,
- nponcncpCKC, 2
I11Ie)'i\WTCKe l\1CmaJIH!V::::
- 6Jp60T(I)KHC.

If3Gop A1CW{{J71UI,C 3a iUe'lllOcfI/.u 3a()Ucu og u6muw c)'ga. f{O.iWttuHC U fipupogc

lTiC<lliOCI"J1ll. Cw/{u 19 Cll1/W 2{)
 56
57
a HeTO TaKO 11 narrpC3afbC ROCalla, 6HJIO on rroTpe6HO HIm ,n;a ce JIOn3TIU(C C'faBe
OHa Hajq.eIIIhe HMa ABa rrporreJIepa Ha HCfOM Bp<'l'nmy, KOjH cy TaKO YCMepetIll
6mDKc BpaTHJIY HIlH ga ce 6poj o6pTaja CM<UbH. TaKO 6H ce ::WI1CTa H36erJIo npeo- na rroKpehy TetIHOCT y cynpoTHI1M O-fcpoBHMa. 3602 iiioza Haczllaje cygapalf,f'
I1TcpehclbC HOC3l.Ia JIOITaTIuJ;c l:lJIH ce He 6n IIOCTHL'IO ,[(06po Mcma}bC no rrepJl(pe~
ciIipyja W'I.HOaUU, KOjy OBH npOneJICpH cTBapajy, II HHTeH3HBHO McmalhC. DOTIlTO
pJiljH, GAROCHO OHO 6n BPJIO Ayro Tpajano. JC.IJ;HO O,!l ,Ii06PlIX PClIlCU,3 OB(lI(BOr IIHTa- HeMajy JIC)KI1IJJTa Y Te,{HOCTH, nO)leCHC cy 3a MeIIIaJ-he '-IHCTllX TetHIOCTH jep .ic HC
H.a nocTufHYTO je rroMohy ITJHiHCTCKIIX McruaJmu;a (eJI. 2J). One ce cacToje H3 BCp- rrpJbajy npOnYKTHMa HaCTaJ1Hi\{ npu TpeIby 0 J1C):KI1111TC. 3ajc,IJ;l-IH'IKH HCMOCT<JTaK
THKa.mwr paMa (1), Kojll ce o6phe OKO r.'I3mmr Bpanma (2). Y paMY c jC,IiHC H C }-raBC1~CHHX MClU<L1Hll,3 .ic UITO HC MOr)' ,Ilo6po ,n;a Mcmajy TCLlHOCTH Bene BltCK03IIOC-
.apyre erpanc J-IaJl<:13e ce MaIbC TICTBpTaCTC MCllIamme (3 H 4) Koje ce 06phy y C3MOM TIL BUDCO.JtlC iTie'ltlociTiu cc He .Mewafy go6po amlin ull7io ciIi.pyje !cofe OHe CLTirwpa-
raMY OKO CBOjHX OCOBHH3 (5 H 6). Ha nraBHOlvl npaTI-lJIy (2), Kao 11 H<l QCOmHIaMa (5 jy He JI1:02Y ga ce ogp.)fCC Y f(CJWM cygy, Hero CC, 360r jaKor yllyTpauIlhcr TpClhJ, BP}JO
H 6) H3JIa3C ce 3ynlIamn~H (7, 8 11 9),3)'nQ"mHK (7) je HcnoKpcTaH, Kp03 }bera npo- 6p30 npnryme, HefJ,anCKo og caMe .:IOnaTHI,C.
rr33H BpaTT-InO (2). KaHn rmlBHO npa)THJIO rrO'lIHC na ce o6phe, oopTahe ce ca IbHM H
paM (1). f-LeroBo OOPT,:lJ-hC npeHOCH ce H Ha 3YWIaHHKC (R H 9), 360r tIera ce nO'lHlbY
J.T MJ.Jle lI..jClJ]aJm~c (3 11 4) 06p1'aTH OKO CBOjf1X OCOBHHa. ,UpyrHM pCLlHMa, IIpn
IIueYMllTCIW MemaJlUI~C
OOPT31hY pa1\Ti1 (1) e3 BpaTl1JIOM (2), 3ajc;vJO ea IMHvra o6phy ce II J\lclUaJlI1l~C (3 n 4),
Koje he ce uCTonpcMcno o6pTaTH n OKO CBOjHX ocomma. OBO KpeT<iH)c je ana.TIor-
Eap6oiTi{l)/(JW . . .{cU/a3ur~(L JCI1:ail Oj~ nel1.0CT<lT<1Kfl paHllje naBe;o.:ermx MeIIIa-
uo ca KpeTmhcid lIJJaHCT<l OKO CYlll~a, TC CC 3601' Tora oBaj TIm MCIlJ<1JTHTW Hi.13I1B3 JUIIl,3 je JUTO je 38 IhllXOH(l 110KpCTalhC nOTjlc6an MaIM>BHUlC CTO)KCH MCXmJJI3<lM H
HY!alICTCIGl MeIIT~LrTHlp. OHt: Bp.no J{o6po I>femajy BUCK03HC Te'IHOCTIl (yJba 3a no;rJ-
lllTO ce fWO I~OjH MCnta IHL'18311 y nenOCpCIl)lOl'd no)"UJpy C TC'-JJlOmi1y KOjy l\ICI.1l<1. 3a
\fa3HB'HhC . clmpIlHce, .TIaKOBC, ~I<lcru) y BC,lIf"Kl1J\j CY)VJBHMa, jep npH pai\Y lIe ocratv
XCMHjCKH arpecmme TC l l1l0CTH, C 063HpOM ITa lnfiop \1<lTCpnja.rr3, OBO.iC np.!w B8
Ml.J'l'R<l Mccra, O)1,Hocno ne;-'fil ),1CCTil y Koja TC<!HOCT lIe J{ocnena.
)f(an l..IrnlHJ1m~. 11 eKcnn03HBlTC TC'IHOCTH ce {TCCTO Mcnrajy nOMohy 1'<lcona (mnpo
npoi:tC.7cjJum .HClllaJlUl.W C"ran,Ih<l CC H(lj'fcmhe nJ AITO cY!J:a. AKO je }~HO 110
rmlI.~epmT). 3aff{o je Nfl gncma /(/ujJ(n:y {{plf ..HeN)" H{[Il/lL1fl.MClllt7l1>(; iTic',,/OciTiu 'ioco-
:(ec1I0 lIpoqm.'1T1GlHO, TC'IHOCT CC .:TaKO
auiJiu..1-! qJ.,1YUgI.UdU, KOjC cc (/criTio lIaau(J(I napnof77I1jJoll,C, Kp03 rn6YIllClIO nopc)3I1o
o,r:I.6nja og l-hera tlJ 6ll nner 6HTri1 npoflc-
)JHO, r.elH KpO'3 I~CHIf. HJm. rlaK, nOl\lOhy napO'lHTIl"\ \LCICI'llH!K;]. ynoHH ce raCOBInCl
.T1CPOM :iJXnahCH<l.
MClTcpl1ja y TC~lHOCT. 3601 KflHCTH'rKC
3601- OB~\'lTI? !npabenor JUla, TC~l
cHcprnjc \lcxypHha raca Kojn cc K;]O
HOCT ce no ~eJIoJ nonpnlHHH MClJHlJ!m~e
CITCI~HCPH'lHO JI8KIUH nCH>y n8BIIIllC,
nOKpehe, TC na T8j TTa'IIIH 3aXB,rra H oc-
McmafhC .ic lJ()1'nylw. HajjC,IIHOcnlBIlHjn
TeLlIY lv1(l(')' Te~lHOCTn Koja ce Y CYilY H,UIa-
HaLIHH MCIlIa1-ba nOCTlDKC cc TaKO uno cc
3H, He cTBapajyhn .. 1\-fpTnc yrnone".
Ba3;n:yx YBOrm Kp03 H36ymcHc nenn, cnn-
llinpm;:y npHMcny Hl"IIa II nOKpCTlra
paJ1HO BJIH Il.pyra~III.ic pacIIopehcw.: Tl3TIa,1
nponCJICpCIGl l..fCI1laml1~a (cn. 22) KOj<1
l~Ha. AKO Kp03 1 m 2 nonpUl1mc 1m3 cYJ~a
\W)Ke ~w cc npclIocH ca cyga Ha cy~\, 3a
3{) MCrn3l-hC 3(1 1 MlnryT nporyc 0,4 m 3 8a3-
KOJH MO>Ke ga cc rrpWmpCl'H 6C3 Te~
~,\'xa" MO)KC cc o~reKHBaTH ;m he J\lCIlI31hC
lUKoha.
6;ITI1 ora60. EYPHO )'"fCmJI+,C he HClCT(lTl1
aKO 3a MCTO BpCMt' H Kp03 flOnpfffT11ly
np(li)e 1 m~ Ra1TiYX(l.
D,ne-ra ifHTCII3nnnn l\.fCIHaIhC nOCTH-
)KC CC Kaga cc Kp03 ]~CB (1), CJTHKZl 23,
YiIYBaBa B33i1YX KOjH cc, 113.1J3cl'iIJ II3 IbC,
paJ6uja y MexypHhc. I1cn,yhl-l cc II<lBJIllJC,
OHH rroTHcKyjy Te~mOCT HcnpCJ.\ ccoe 1.1 ClIlI{"(123
y6p3anajy Ibcno KpcTarhc. .
'],/.
IVlcmaH~c raC()B(l BOP;CllOM napOh1 I1PHMCTbY.lC cc toga OHU He pcar~J)1 ca
TC"-IHOllll'iy {<ojy MClll<1jy. Hero TaKO, Tc~mOCT HC CMe 6UTH .:1;]KO HCllap.n::,HBa, .)ep 6n
cc TaKO rv6lIJla y BC.TLHKHM KOJlWlHH<1tvl<\, O;UJIa3eTIH y nHAY napc ca racmvI KO.JHM cc
Mcma. BaAcHa napa He caMO na MellJ<l TetlHOCT Hero .ic HCTonpeivlCHO 11 3arpCBa H
pa36rra)Kyje (aKO cy Y l1HTalhY B01-reHH paCTBopn), 0 (1eMY CC Mopa BO)J).JTH pa~IyHa.

C11l1{(1 21 CJ1U!W 22
58 59

H3BOL\ . _i7ofl1peOH.a Mepe/ba u apopatlyH. TIOlliTO MCmamul,Y nOKpefic CJICKTpOMOTOP,

TO ce CHa~'a KO]y OIl TpOIlHl MOIKC JraKO 113MCpwm. n()TpOlllJ-b8 CJlCKTpW'mc CI-mrc,
MCmal-beM ce xOMoremnyjy cycrrcH3Hje H CMYJl31Ije. rIpHMclbyje ce H Ka,n;a je Rao liTO JC n03I-IaTO 1I3 cj:rH3IIKC, ,ieeTC:
nOTpe6Ho y6p3aTli I"pejalhc llJII1 paCTBapal-bc. N~ UI,
MemaJIl{l1,e ce JJ;CJIC na McxanWIKC H mrcYMaTcKc.
r,ll,e je U HaIIOH, a 1 ja'-IHu3 C'rpyje. 3Ha'-fH, lvrCpCI-bC ce CBOAn Ha nOBC3HHaI-bC cnCK-
EHcprnja Koja cc TpOlliH H<:l MCIllaI-bC HajmllnC 3aBllcn O,U BHCK03HOCTl1 TC"t..IHO~ TpoMoTopa MCmaJllU.J:C ca aMllcplvlCTPOM 11 BOllTMCTPOM H Ha Q'lHTamU-bC I-HlITOHa IT
CTH, JJ;I1McII3uja MClllaJUILl,e 11 6p3J-iHe KpcTal-ba. jaT.JMllC cTpyje .
. CHara ce MQ)KC H~MepJ1TH IT nonc3HBaIhCM CJICKTPOMoTopa ca CJIeKTPH'-IHI1M
6pOJ1UIOM. DOlIlTO 6pOJHJlO l\.fCpn yTpOruCHy CJICKTpW-H-ry cHcprHjy, TO je lIOTpe6l-w
llllTAlbA
113MCpUnr npC-Me (t) H yrpOllli1K cHcprnjc, a 3a1'11M H3paQynaTIT cHary:
1. 3awTo cc MClJJajy TC~IHOCTH?
2. 3aurt"o cy ecjJHKaCIlHie IlpOnC.TICpCKe jvteWa:IHlJ,C uero MCLLWJIlllJ,C ca JlOna- N~E
THlJ,(lMU? t
3. 3awTo OUJbC pa;~u HpOnCJlCpC}.:.a ;\lCllliU1!lJ,a Koja je llOCTtlB,"bCH<l KOCO?
/13pagu 3ugcnW::U, CKllL\HpaTH anapaTypy. HanYHlITl1 CYA BOgOlvf H nyCI'll'rn
4. KaKo ce ;(eJIC MCw~ulHl\e?
5. KaKo cc !\\o)KC MepHTIi y-rpomaK cl-wpruje npon,;m:pcKc I. .WUla.:llllJ;C ROjy \H.':UJamuw y pal~
O'lUTaTli C!lcKTpwu-ta MepCf-ba.
llOKpche C:JCKTpOlvlOTOp?
6. KaKBo TpeGa ga Gy;\C ,r~H() Cy,J)1 '33. !\{CUJalLC'/ Peay,n{{e/ii/II. AKU jc e"ll~KTpO:VlOTOp nOBC:3aH n<l rpal1:CKY eJlc!crpwmy MPC)K)-'
(U:;;:; 220 V) H ()<lHTaHa j,-P1HlIa crpyjc Ha ill\1ncpt\lCTpy 1::::0 0,09 A:
N ~ U/ = 220 V 0,09 A = 19,8 W.
npW(cguli. Epn MewaILY pacTIwPJ BHcKo3HHjer 0)), BOJ~e nOTpolluba cnarc fie
6HTl1 Beila, )7 OBO CC MO)!(C yBepHTH TaKO LUTO ce y CYl~ 3a McmalbC YMCCTO Eoge,
3a~aTaK 1. H3 ..trCfJUl711l iJufIJ.pOHllhY CHCPllljC U CfUl2)' .Meuw- CTaBlI pacmop rnchcpa H H3MCPH IlOTpOllIH~a CHare.
BE EA ;U{l~e i7fJH Jl1Cu/'(JNJ)' flOge.
y OBOM c}lY~lajy je nOTpOllIl-ba Glare Bena jcp je CHlta
(F), KOjOM 06PTl-IH eJIe~
t-1CHT Mewa;Hn~e Tpe6a p;a nOTI1CKyje TetIHOCT, Bena,
J1oiTipl'ul/o llpeg3f{(III)(L 3a 113paAY OBor :Jal--l,<1TKCl nOTpc61IO jc
YTpowcHa cHeprnja Inpa'lylILtSa cc KClO npoH3BoA CHare H BpeMelia y TOKY
yno:maTH McmamuJ,c H OOHOBltTl1 3H<1l-bC It} (!H1311KC KOjc CC Ot\l-lOCH nel CHJr:y, pa;r.\ Ii
KOI'<1 ce TpOIlll1 CHara:
cHary. E ::0.,\1. t.
AlUULU30 3ugaCi1l{o. Y TOKY Mcwmba llac-rajy aKlJ,l1ja H peaKlJ,llja, 113MCi)y o6p-
THOI' eJ]CMClITa MeWamllW (nponCJlcpa W!Il JlorIaTl1!~e) 11 cpJlyu;o;a Kojn CC- MenIa,
Jlomrnn~a, HJlH uponcnep, ;uenyje lIa lP!lyH~~ nCKot.,.l CHJlOM_ (aKt~Hja) cal:\JIal)yjyhH
1.5. TP AHCnOPT q)JIYVlL\A
OTHOP (pcaKl~Hja) Ilpa crpyj,UhY H McwalhY cpJlyl-wa.
1.5.1. UPnKE
DPOl13BO)l CHJle (r) H Ily'Ta (L), lJa Kot-Ie ce ,llC]lyjc CllJ10t'-l, npCi--\.CTCiBJh<l H3Bp-
meHH pall. (E), ();:~1I0CI-lO cHcprnjy Koja cc !lpcAajc Cl):lY l1liY: Pal-U1.ie je pe'--IeHO WI cy qp(iJ,,:c (uy.,<,t~{e) AWWWiC Kofe Cf! Kopuciri.e au i:io/{pc-
E~FL. i.TiUIN' qJJlYUyu ~ '!T\HIOCTll H raC\mJ, OBe MalllUHC ce, 3mFIH, lvwry nOr~CJI11TlI Ha TW"
TIpegBld)cml nyT Y TOKY je)J,Hor 06jTraja jc L :::: J . IT, na jc n:mprnemr pap, ITO rnzc Ja TCl.JHOCTH (l~pIIKC Y Y)Ketl--t CMI1Cny pC1.!H) l1lJ,pnKC 3a raCOBC (BCl-lTlWcl'fOpe),
je,uIloM 06pTCljy:
He nocrojl1 HUKaKB<l IIpHl-ll~lmHjCJlHa pa3JlHIG1 H3Mel)y OBl1X MallHlHa OCHM y
E ::::0 F . d . It (Jouk/obrl)' Jta3UllY. rIpcMa TOMe, u,prrKC (ll,pnKe 3a Te1.lHOCTl1) H nCHTHJIaTOPH (u,pnKe 3a raco~
Be) page na HCnu,t rrpm-IIWl1llMa H CJlH'-!He cy KOl!CTPYKll;I1je, CmFIIll1 cy liM H 3af~all,11
AKO je II Gpoj o6pTaja y jC,D,HOj CCKYHJ.\l1, OI-lJP .ie:
- ;~a (])JIYUp: H3 jCAHor npoC'fopa, Kp03 lJ,CBOBO,L\ TpancIlopTyjy y ,11,pyrl1 npoC'fop.
IT 11 = N (Joule/s = W),
fAe je N CHaf(l KOjy OGpTllIi eJICMelrr I"I-ICwamJU,c caonurraBa cpnYHAY Y jel~IlHMll,n
I~pnKe 3a Te'1II0CTII
Bpe~ICHa:
N ~ F . d . rr . 11 (W).
OB}J.C he 6HTI1 o6jawfbena KOHcTpYKD;nja H pap; Tpli Tl1I1l1 l IHC IWITKe, 11 TO:
1-13 0130ra CeM(KC 3aKJbY1.Il1TlI Aa cnara rroTpe6ua 3<-1 pa,Ii je,Ll,HC oAPcl)eHC Me-
~ IOUInHC ll,pnKC,
lW1JlHlJ;C (d cc::; const, n::; COllst) 3amlCH Oil, ClEW KOjOM ce cpJryup: cynpoTCTaBJba IheIlOM
-- u,eHTp:ncpyraJlHC Ll,pUKe n
KpcTalby. -- pOTcuVlOHC lJ,PUKC.
60
61

pa,D;I1JIa, Ol-la Hche 6J1TH HcnYlbCHa TC>-lIIowhy, Hero ntl3p:YXOM. 360r KpCTaJb3 KJIl1IHl
nO"LIclie B33p:yx y IJ;J1J1HHIJ..PY H npOlllIIpCl-by ga ce nmpn, TC he y OB01\:1 rrpocTopy Hac-
TajaTl1 eBe Behc pc13pCbclhe. OHora TpcHyTKa K3ll:3 npHTHcaK y OROM gCJIy rrpOCTO-
pa nOC-TaHe I-UDJ<H Hero liITO ,ie CTIo}hHII aTMocq)CPCKJ1 npHTHCaJC (YM3H,cI-r 3a TC)KH-
Iiy cTy6a TC'-rHOCTH Y YCHCHOj qCBU), TCtIHOCT he Kp03 yellcHB BCHTHJT UO'-leTII gi:l
YJIa311 y l\HJlI1lI)J,ap Ii):\a HCITYlhaBa nrOCTOp Kojn KJIIm ocrmm,i1 3a co6o:rvL Ka;:J:a no-
pc Y KpajI-hH geom nO.:ImKaj, KJIHTI hc nO'-lCTH;aa ce Kpche y.neRo. 3601' Tora he ;a,OhH
;0;0 CM3ILJIBmbJ npocfopa KO,iI1 Hcnyn,anajy ctlJJYHJlH (y nO"'-IcTKY: n33JWx H TC'-II-JOCT,
KacHHje Ca1\10 TC'IUOCT), YCHCHH BCHTHrr he ce 3601' 110BHlUCnor npHTIlCKa 3tlTBOPH-
TIi JL, Kana ce rrpHTJICaK 6yge gOBO:bITO nOBlICI10. OTBOpl1he cc nOTHCIUl BeHTB.T1,
Kp03 Kojn he qmyn.Il,n 6wI'n rrOTIICKTIBmm y nOTHCHH BOg. Ono he lihH eRe ,D;on,n;c rlOK
KJIHIT He crurnc :Y CBOj KpajlhH JlCBI1 ITOJIO:>Kaj. 011 Tor TpCHYTK8 nO~Iehe ;ra ce
CHIDKaBa npUTHC<1K y lI.H.T1nHgpy. nOTHCHH HeHner ne ce 33TBOPilTIl 1:1 Y ogr-OBl1pa-
jyhct..f Tpeuyn::y 1j()\Jcl1c onCT nepno)J, YCHCamlH-,a ()TBapm-hcr..f YCBCI-IOr nCJ-ITII.la.
nOT( ce y nO'-JCTKY H3 BO;J,OHJ T1J~n.1HnJl.:PJ HCIIcaBa n IKTlICKyjC na:myx paJ~Ol\f l~pnKe,
KaCHl1je he, on 6IITlI nOTnyno 3cll',.JeH~eH TC'THomhy Koja hc, lIOCle HCKOJIHKO OOPT(l-
j8 Kpll13aje, 6aTIl C<l\l(1 YCHC(lBaI-W H nOTIlCKIUBHa nOMohy Il,pnKe.
3anpeh1Hfl<l KOjy K"lJ1TI omHlIC Y jeJ~J-l()J\I XOAY n:mocu:

v= S L,
r;u:e .1e:
S - nOnpITlIma KJITma,
L - XO)J. KJlHllCl (L"" 2/") H
r - nO.fIynre~mm;: KplIBaje.
TIOTI1CIIYT<l 3anpClI.Hma TellHOCTIL y n;IC,FfHOlll C.TI)"lajy, jC,n:H<-lK(l jc 'J;:UTPCMHHH
KOjy ICtlHfl ornnue Y XOiW nOTHCKlfBaTh<-l. AK0 je opoj oopTaja y je,n:HoM l\mITyT)!
/1 CO/min), OUlI:a bc qpnKa y jennoj eeKYIli1H nOTI1CHYTH:

K.!l.uilua u,pil.Ka. HajcTapnje I1.pnKe cy KJIHfme L\PHKC. OJ-J(~ ce cacToje 113 WI-
JTHHApa, Y KOMe CC Y'-ICCTaHO nOKpche KJIHII. ;aOK ce Oll nOKpcnc y jC,!1HOM CMep),.
TC'-IHOCT ce YCHGlBa y l\lIJTHH,Ll.Jp, (] KarW ce nm:pehe y cynpOT!-IOl\-f. YCHCan<l TC~[1-l0CT OBaj n:rpa3 }W::-IH ec ea 60 3aTO JICl 611 ce W)6HJf;] CCKYH1Xna 3anpclvnma. r;poj 60

ce HCTHcKyje H3 Ihera,
lIMa ,UHJ\fCJf3Hjy s/mill. TI01-PCOIlO jc flo,mITH p<PI)'II(l n:a .ie crnapHO TlOTHCH),T(1
3anpCJ\HfIli1 3Cl 2.-1 Dalr, hl,\H,(l Oi-'l Janpnnnrc KOjy OTfmllC K-l11ll, Joor ry6uTaKa KOjU
Ha CJIHl~lI 24 rrpUKa3aH8. .Ie jeHH<l TaI(Ba qpfIKC!. 1by IIHHe yr.;!(lBHOM c;:Jc~whll
J-lacTajy npn nO'lTTCKllHcllf,y TC'IHOCTH. 3Ha'II1 ;~a je y OBHM CJIY'WjcBH!VH] 3anpo.1IJI-lc-
J~C<T10mI:
K11 Koeq-nHwjeI-lT Kopncnor ;xcjcTBa 11\ ::::: O,9R-O,90. F6ffl\fC ce rrOMU())I(Il :-wnpoufI-HI
I1,HJ1I1H/lap (1), ea npOUmpCl-htl\-'f Ha '-Ieolloj crpamI, Y KOIVIC ce nan:13e ]lB<l KOjy KJIHlI DrTHllIC, iF] fill ce ,noon.'1a cTBapHo nOTHcHyra 3anpnHura,
BeI-rnma: VCHCHH (2) H IIOTHCHH (3): AKO ce nOCl\JaTjXl MCXaIlll:~aM KOjll npcKo KpTmaje l10Kpefie KJIUIT (CJr. 25).
KJ1IHl (4) {1 KJ1TIl1H~1 nonyra (5). Koja jc RC3aHa _c~H yKpCHy r)J;my (6): BHnchc cc !Vl on IhCI-IOr npCqmIK<l 3,lBIlCJI 11 );"0,1 K'llHW_ To.ic nyT KoiM K.rrnn npeiJe
nOMohy YKpcHe L'1aUe (6) 11 IIOKPCTlJC nOJlyrc (B). PC)T<1QJTOHO KPCTalhC Kp11-
naje (7). npCTBap<l CC}-' Yl{eC'rano KlxT<1l-bC K'IllTJa (4): ,
npnjO-1HH nennm (9) y ;n:OJ-beJ\1 ,Qe]l), YCHCHC I~CH!J 11 3<llIlTHTIICl Kopna (10) y
KOjOj ce l-IaJla3H npHjcMIlH BCHTmI.
ea HI) 11 Hil 03Ha~reHa jc BHCHua YCHCaBaIha VI BHCI1Ha nOTlICKHBaJ-ba lWTmc.
BepTHKaJrira cTpcm-ma (A.D.) 03HJ'LlaBa <lTMOCq)CPCKH HJUI HeIGl npyrll npHTI1CaK
H3 nOBpuumy Te'LIHOCTH. .
IJ,pnK3 pa,n:H 1I3 cJlcgehl1 Ha'-HlH. 3aMJACJIHlvIO )J,a ce KJllilJ nJJ133H y Kpa.Jl-hC.n-'l
nenOM IIO]I(Kajy CBora xona 11 ga ce nOKpehe YAecHo. AKO u;pnKa npc Tora HHJe

- ~.
62

> ~~

XOlJ, '! ,UECHO XO)l. '! nEBO

8CHCABAl-bE nOH1CKIABAI-bE

JE,lJ,AH 05PT KPIABAJE

H'3MCi)y ABe MpTBC T<1l.u::e 11 n3HOCH L = 21'. gOK ce BpanlJlO jC,Ll,auuYT 06pHt, KJIHn
upei)e ,o:Ba nyTa enoj xo)l: je)~aHnYT CJICBa Y)lCCHO, a L~pyrH ny1' 3,L\CCHa YJICllO.
OB<1KclB pag l(p{{!(C ic iicpuogWUIf-I, liTO 31{[\'U! i~a OHa TOKOl\{ cnor KpCTafba liC
IlOTHn:.yjc paBHOMcpno TC'lHOCT, HaHl\H:, :10K ce KJmH Kpehc CJICHa Y)J.eCllo, OOal:lJb<-l
ce C<1[\1O YCYlcaBalbC, a nOTIlCKHBalbC Ttl( KaiJ,<J. CC Km1ll Kpchc y CYJJpOTIlOM npaww,
WTO ce [m;_~H 113 IlPIlJIO)KCllOr .u.ujarp,u-ta (eJL 26). lUpaqmpaHa 1I0BPl.lU1HJ rrpe)1:"
CT<lJJ.ThCl Ko.:nnHHy TC'H-iOCTl1 KOjy E!IHI! Y1l0jCJUtlllH1 IlOJlO)KajIIMa, :.HlBHCHO 0;\ llyr;;l,
nOTHcKyje. BUiJ,HMO lVI '/ 1\1PTlHiM TJ"IKJM<l He 1I0THcKYie 1-l11UlTa, a J-Ia cc l-rajB111Ut
TeLIHOCTH IlOTl1CHe Ka;o:a KJlHIl npOJIa3H Kp03 cpe,lumy CBora XO;~J nOTHCKHBJlh3.
0130 ,n;omUII OTYJW lilTO ce lCTlIH! Y CBOMe XOAY He Kpchc paBHOl\-1ePHOM 6P31HlOl\L
Ma;n:a ce KpHnaja o6phc nOTnYHo paBHOMCpI-IO 11 CTaJII-:lO, Hn<lK ce Cil fbI: Gp3HHa
npcnOCH nil KJllHl T<lIW Aa.it: 6p311lIa OBora y Kpa,il-bHM T(I'-IKJMi1 xo;~a jC;J,H<l.KJ Hym:r:
Gp':H-lHa je y cpe.Cl,HHH XO/-lJ Hajnclia.
AKO ce rrpaTH KJUm y IherOBOl\! XO;1.y, CJICna ynecHo, KJ.CI,a YCHczlBa y rrOLleTKY I
.ie 6p3l--ma KJnma je,U.11aKa ny;n-1. a 3il'l'.Hl\j CC noneliaBa, nOK J-W llOCTl10Ie Mal(CI-!z,,-raJI
J-
/.
1
lly npe,n;I-lOCT y CpCJJ,Hl-IH xo;Ua. OA Tor TpeHyTIGl Gp3HHJ KSIHIl<1 1I0C'rynno orra,a:a na
on Y i-leCHoj MPTBoj Ta'-IK11 OfilIa jem-JaKa uy:m. Te'IIJOCT Koja ce [Iam13H C JleBe
3
/ 2
CTpaI-re K.rmll.'l, nOUJTO HHje KPY'l'O BC3aHa 3a !-bera, nchc l\lOhH .ua ra CTalIHO npaT!:1
'~Gor HHcpqrrjc cBoje "Jace. Ha}L~lC, KaJ1,<1 KJ]IHI IlO'-IHC ACl cc Kpehc, UC)Tpd)HO je. na
CC HCTOBPCMCI-lO llOKpcnc 11 C!3a Maca 'lYLIHOCTU Y YCHCHOM nogy. YK(J:HIKO je 'raj HOi],
)lY)KH, YTOJIJ1KO he II MaCa Te~Il!Ocrll 011T11 Beha, TC he 1'1 HCIlOKpCT.fl,HBOCT, KilO no-
CJIC,QHl1,'-l Hl-lCpnnjc, UI1TH Bcha. 360r Tora 111'1'0 ce TCLIIIOCT He KPCHC O,UM<lX 3<:1 KJl11-
nOM, '-{eCTO ;~OJ1a3H l1.0 paJ)1B~ljal-ba TCLlHOCn-f on KJUlIla. ')/ o;o,pebcHoM TpeT-IYTKY,
3Gor CBC Befier pa3pd)cl-ha 'y' CJl060Al-IOl\1 npoCTopy 113a KJIIma, [ro'lche 11 TC'IHOCT
;n:a ce Kpehc 3(1 KJlHnOM, 11 TO y:3 CTam-lO y6p3aIhC. Md)yn-Il\"l, K<1,ll.a KJll1lI npel)e rrOJIa
xo.n:a, IIOl..IHILC cBe CllOPHjc )la n;o,e, JWK 33 l-hHM TCl..lI-IOCT jYPH CBe BchOl\l 6P3JlHOM.
Y jCW-iOM TJ)c-HYTKY TC'lHOCT hc eycnIhn KJnIn, YAapl1TH 0 IbCnt, TC he BHlUaK CBOjC
KHHCTHLIKC CHCpn-1je TP0HYTHO UpCTHOpllTH Y Ilpl1THCaK. 360r OBora he ce npc npe-
MelIa 3i.tTBOPWrlI YCHCHl1 gCHTI-1.Ji 11 OTBOPUTH nOTJ-1CHH, UlTO 31r:1TJIO Ol\l~Ta npa13H-
Y ll()~
JJaH pan U,PUKC 11 TaKO CMaI-byjC I-hCH KalIaIJ;I1TeT. C1I'WUla rrojana p,cwaBa CC J[

THCllOM Xo,n;y; jcp, Kaga KJum no'mc enopaje p:a ce Kpchc, Te~lHOCT I1CnpCA I-bCra
HMa, 3601' HHcplJ,Hje, jolU YBCK BCJIIIKY 6p3HHY, Te ce onnaja on KnElla II ygapa y
Ibcra TCK apM Kpajy xoga.
HegonTlail"i(lf{ K_1LUIl-UlX L{[JiJxu je willu UHe page ilepuogullHo u wiIio He AWZY
g[lpeJ.aUHO ga ce (-:;eJfCY 30 elteKiiipOMoiTiop J-1JIH 3<1 BI1lTHJlO TypGHHC, CBC ,n;OK CC OBH-
CWf((127
 :J 65

POTOP gaje TCt-lHOCTH nC.TIHKY KHHCTH'1KY CHCprl:Ijy, 11 OHa MO)J(C, Ka)J,3 rrOCTO- U:PIlKC 3U ruconc
.in, naKO ~a ce rrpCTBopH y cucprnjy npHTl1CKa. AKO ce Teql~OCTn nocTynno O)),Y-'311-
M3 6p3HI-Ia TaKO UlTO he ce rrycTHTH Aa YTH'Je y npocTop KOJI1 ce rrocrellCHO IlIl1pII. BeHTl1naTOpn cy l.l,prm:e nOMohy Kojnx cc TpancrropTyjy raCOBlL Y u;pnKaMa 3(1
Ol-I;n:a he ce, !.UTO cc TIM,II)1 113 EepHyJIujeBc jC)J,l-Ia'lumc, je.llaI-I ll,eo KHHCTH"Y:KC CHcprH- racone Hajqemhe ce TpaHCIJOpTyje m13)l;yx pa)l;H OCTBapHB3!ha BeHTHmn~Hje y p,m-
ie rrpCTBOpl:ITH Y cHcprnjy IIpl1THCKa. QBO O)],Y3HMalhC 6P31IHC nOCTJDJ(C ce Heh y HHM npocTopHJaMa.
(aMOM POTO}}y. rrOlllTO ce y lbCMY pacTojaH>C 1131\'f(1)Y cyce~HHx JIOImTI1I~a rroBei1aB3 UcrlllipucjJ.vza.t1l-ll.{ 0clliJill.fl{{iJinp. Kon OBl1X u:.pnKH cTBap,ube npl1TlfCIG!, 0iUfOC-
npCMa rrepmpepHjn, na, caMHM ~ll\.I, IT llpeceK Kp03 KOJI1 TCtI!i0CT npOTI-FIC. 111.3 HO B3KYYMa, nOCTlDKe ce l.l,elrrpnqYyra.!IHOM CIL'IOI\L t.IecnIIJ;c raea Koje )lOencHajy
CJH1KC 27 Bll;ITH ce Lia POTOP He CTOJH Y oKnorry l~eITrpWIHO. Hero JC noC'raB:bel-I TaKO Me1)Y .'lOOaTlllJ;c pOTopa. HOIl, /."\ejcTBoM lleHTpHrpyra.lne CILTIe Ao6njajy H3BecIlY 6P3Ii-
p;a ce OKO l-bera nan33H npOCTOp nY)JG1CTOr 06.iII:IKU, KOjli ce IlOCfym-IO, IlPCM3 H3.n(1- uy Koja ce, IGIO H KO~\ u:.pnKH 3<1 TctmOCTH. npCTBapa y npl1THG1K. 36n! Tora rnTo jc
:ry, l1I11pll. HajwHprr jc rrprr H3.na3Y II3 IxpnKC. DAROCHO Hil ymi3y y nOTHCflY nCB, f}.le Maca raCOBa y nope'gerhY C(\ TC'IHOCTH\.1:l Mana. TO.iC H i(CjCTBO l.l,elf'rplHi'JyrrlJIHC CH~
.ie 11 nprITHC<lK HajBefin. OBaj npOCTOp ce 3aTO ~ICCTO IW3Hna 11 rrpOCTOp npHTnc~a. nc MaJIO II nopeg UeJ!HKHX fip3HH<I 06pTaIha. YjegHO ..-t1 OOpI/7HO.M 1I0.7Y ..HO?}' re go-
Jac.no je l~a ce n<1 onai nat.llIH Te"IHOCTll ne Cl\'Je OYlY3C'TH CRa KIUfeTH'-TK3 eHcpnlJ(], fiufi.lu CU.MO JH{1JlC j)(13fll.ll{C lfPUi71lfC(f1{(1. 360r '-lera cc, Kan. cy IIO"rpc6nn Rchu rrpu-
Hero jC)j CC },wpn OCT~lBHTH y TO.lIHKOj KO.:rWII1IlI1 na !>W)Ke, ca lJJTO lvIalhHl\{ ry6n THCI\H, KOrmCTC BHITlCCTenelIH nCnTVIJI,:nopn Typ6oKoMnpecopn.
I~HMa, ria cc Kpehe Kp03 o;CBH, a n(l CC HCTcmpeMeHO nOCTJDKC- >KCJ}'eml KanaU;UTCT. qewrpm})yraJIHH RClITHmrropl1 cc cacrojc H3 06pTlTOr K0.713 ca pammM (CT\. 29)
J7nope /{{/j)(lJ{lTiepHCiTlUf{(' (lA/IX qpiJf{1l cy /laTio 01{(' page }(Ol{lTiU}{Yllpmi~, lluTio llJIH, jOl1l OOJhC. eel KpHBHM KpmIHMtl Roja ce o6phy y Dy-':"K<lCTOM mel0ny. AKO cy
cy [10 /{(J/-{ciTip)-'!':I{uju i]pociTic II II/fiio .MOl), gl.lpc,,".iTilw ga (C .(W)fCY aa CJ1e/{IIlPO.MO- rqn-L13 panlla. HM3 lTX TTtlj"Jel1lnC )I.-1'L10 n lHlIpi"l cy Hero KOn }JO'rop;'l Ctl KpliBHM Kpn
m.op. One ce I\wry 113pai)HHaTH Oi! Hajpa:mOBpCIm.Jcr I\ErH.:pH.1'LTI'1. .11111'1.'13. OB<lKBll BCHHEJ<lTOpn Wl.jy 1\1,131(: IIPllTllCKC, ;tJIlI cy :.'jaTO nO],eCHll 3('] nOKpe-
Hcyoc({{[((iim:: H...I1 je /Jlllio, fW{ln cy npa3f/C) He .M02y ca ..He go lIoT/ueu)' (wag)'x 1/ TClH,e RC.111KIfX KO.llWIHH'l raCOBa. ;\KO cy HO)1CmCHU na llCTICanajy j'aCone, H<l'm:p,;ljy
V C f{C{1iy iilc'lfwciTi., ncro 11M ce OHa lvropa Ha nCKH TTa'Il1H nO;J;aTIL O!l.fWCHO Bd3;IYX ce cKcxaycropHMa. BCHTWTilTopn :-.wry ;VI JWi\ n TlIWTBCKC 6,-200 mm Bor~cHor
l1CI~p:ir~Tll (naj'-lemhe HeKOM KmmTlO~'l l~pnKO\f). Quc 1I!'..fajy HeUnG \U}hH CTenCH cTy6;:L flCllITill.wiif(JjJlI ("{/ I{-Pl/(n/.M /;P'U[{J/{I ,uw.l) I-wi'lcwli(: oc.-1IIr,)' I~!nlllt.v o6p-
HCK()rJI1nll1eH~a on K.:UWIlHX :u,pnKH. [TifflNI; (w ..Hofi\' 1M/X cc flnclTiwl/(Y n('.."/l/.f'U ilplliTiuC/(I.I. f-iajnctiH nCHTTLTrnTOpl! JiI\13jy
POTatlllOlIa l~PJIKa . .- Pan pOTanT101H1X I~PIlKH 3<lClnma C~ na HCTTlCKUB,H"), IGUTaI(IfTCT H I;HUJC O~\ 20 000 m 3jmin (3(1 )Jonoi)eIT~c Ba3;1YX(J Y pYJmnKC).
TC'"-l}JOCTIl nOl\w:lw IGHlHOBa KOjU ce jcn3H npCMa ApyroMc o6pny 11 yn:nc .leiJaH y nOIIHO cc Kp03 nellTI1:T<lTOPC rae flOKpche pa]~Ilj(j}mo, mm: ce na'')l-majy VI pa~
JJ.PYrll. Ha cmn~n..' 28 rrp11K83aH~1. jc 3yn'"-IaCTa pOTal~HoH8 11,p!TKa,_Koj~ cc cacTojI1 M3 nnjaJ1HHM HeHTl-lJIJTOpl1Ma.
!1BCl 3VD'-JaCTa pC)Tan;HOlIa KmH1a (1 111'). /(._711110(HI ((' o6p/ty y CyUpOI~/HU.M c),rC[J00U- A"~CUjU.illll{ GC}{iIilUrlIiiop.
nponC.Tlepo.:n ll.lH aKcHjamm BCllTlLTJ(JTOP liMa
JHa, a' 3)'a.l~U jegHO?' IOluila YJwae u:J.kwf)y 3yfim,a gPJZO?. nOCi\!(:rrpa.lMO uITa cc ne- POTOP KojH.ie y 06JHIKY nponc:Jepa. Kpcn op,aK~-lB BCHTTl.:mrop rae npomnH (lKCJ1-
IDaBa Y Ta''IKH G. Y
TOM ,ueny l\rmKC 3ym~H jamw, y npam\?' OCOBHHC nponc.'"jcpa. Ep:mi\J 06pTmr,0111pOnenepa CC '.iaXHaTl-l B;'n-
IcnHlOB3 H3)la3C jcnan II3 Jl.pyrora, 300T' iTYX IT nOTnCKY.1C ret.
l.Icra H3McIW }hHX oCTaje c}I06npJIH npoc- f'JIaBl.HIH<J (1) OT3ClKBnx POTOPZI (CJl. 30) Inpabyic cc n,mac TtlKO 1.1[1 Y Thy MO>KC
TOp. Y Taj rrpocrop y~a3n TCl.IHoeT Koja JHi ce craBn VI C11eKTpOM01"0P Kojn npmre.TJCp nOKpel'ic. D,ci tilT J(OIlI.iJO no UITO M;]lhtT
npOTH'IC Kp03 )J.OBOJ~lly nCB (I). 06phyhB KOBlTTJf,lIh<llEI1JIYX<J 01\0 [f,e, ona ceo K(!O 11 Kpn.'Ja npoTI(;';ICP8: (2), jnpat;y.ie "y' (lepo--
ce ca 3VYPIaUHKOM, TCl.fHOCT J(ocncml y T3-
'"-IKV b,..' rne 3VlU~H no HOBO ym13c jenan y
JW;Tor Hcn y ib(l.B3j:'lhv. Meb~'npOCTope 113- I
Mei)y 3YTPli:UHlJ(a II IlCTIICKyh' TC'lHOCT rwja --
ce Kp03 0iWO.IJHY neB (11) II,a.1be nOTJICT{yjC.
OBe l.\pnKe cy nr.no DO/lCCIle: '3(1 pail.
ca mICK03THlht Te'TTlOCTH\'la: IGnpmWl\l,
VThe)"vl, MnCKOM, 1ll1BO\.L H>Hxono npewvly-
ttCTBO je UlTO 11M je Koeclmn;Hjcrrr Ho.::Opll j'
mhObCt 1106ap. nyro Tpajy Ii je;:J)10cTaBHO
ce 113pal)yjy. Vf3pai)yjy cc 3a npHTHCKC)],O C.f/.rt/w2fi
100 6apa.
iJHlla~1H'-IKO"1 UpOqJ!1JIY. nOAwhy oaLix 2 11JlI-1:
Uel-lllll,{JllIliUPO go6uju cc eHtU/(l PU,"'WW{U
ilpuii.luu(({, ~UlH ce :JaTO IlOKpchy BC.:UU'-C N::;:;: Ed' qm'
KOJIWtHUC Bi1Ji\yxa. ITpone:lepCKI-I BCHTJ-1~ TIOWTO CC Maca cjJJlYI1ga y npC'rXO).lHoj peJ1al~HjlI CKpaTH, jacHo jc ,U3 N I1PCA~
,;l~rropu ~~allac ce npJIO '(ICCTO (tWO 11 LTJaB~ CraBJba cHeprIljy C(toflulTcny clmYliAY Yjep;I1HH:u,n BpeMena, OAI-IOCI-IO cHary.
~!l-ma KO.lCl HCTOBPCMCI-lO
lllTHTa 3a MOTOp) l!3pabyjy
C1I),)KU Kao
O)J, KCpal\-1HKC
J<1-

_K_l -# Caila jc CHanl nOTpe6HiJ. :Ja nOrOI-I u,pnKe (N!,):

HJHl O,'J, U;!acnFlHHX

KC 0
Cnant
Maca, Koje cy 110C'1'O-
jauc npcr.1a raCOBIL\\a KOjC HOKpchy.
upnKH Ii nCIITI'I.'ll.lTOpa.
BCllTI,Ui.tTOIJC 'lIoK}'why CJICKTPm.W-
I.~pn
/{: - 113BO~
'J'UpH Ha TaJ HallHlI tilTO (;!JCI"::TPWHlY eHCp-
t'U}y llpcTBapajy y \-li~'_XalJl1)IKy eueprujy NlauHIHc 3a nOKpcnUhe qnYllALl IiCJIC CC IIil UJ:JIlKC J3 TC"IHOCTH (qpnKe) 11 ll,pn-
}JU'rolJa. PO'J:op C""ICKTfH)\turopa CllojCll je; KC 3<l raCOBe (BCIlTHJWTOPl!),
ca nOj'(HlCKH\l Bp;JTJ-lJlUM llJ)!jKC HJIH IW-H-
Haj'lC!llilc CC KOpl!CrC J~t~!rrpHcl))-TaHHe l~pllKe jcp cy jC,Ll.I10CTaBlle H pa!--\c KOH-
TlL'li.rroPiJ, ~lHjH UOKPCTHH ;~CJ1UlJ!J (leU-ill. Cillkd 3U
T1myaJIIIO. :KJUlHllC H POTiJH,IlOlle l(pnKC !\-1OJ''y' ,G.a OCTBClj)C- UCmH(t'- npHTIlCKC y nUTl!
pUTUp) C\UIllJ.lT<-lUajy t:l-Jepl'Hjy (l):ly!l~\\
CHOI\I B0JJ:Y.
JloKpchy. LHc'Pi'l-lja KOjy t:.~lCI(Tp0:\1UTCl\) TPU1UH YjL'~UHU!I--\ll BPCl\lCHil Hi:UHBd cc
Cll~lr';\ CJlt::K'rpUMoTopa.
qClrrpl1cl)yra!IIlH BCllTIL'WTOPH ocmapyjy Bchc paJjUlKc' npltTl1C<\K<l Heru <l_K-

rIPl1 !lpcTlJap~IILy C!!,I1\~ oi-! C:!!L'KTPH'JJlC HO \-1CxaUWIKC 3dI'llM npl! llpGHOCY CliJa;lHlI BCIITH.~I<tTOpH_

C!Iarl~ 0/-\ l'"'lCKTP0:>-lUTUjXl ;~o U,plJKC II If,CllllX IlOKjJCTIIlIX ,J,c::10B<I lL ROBa'-rHo, 0)1
llm.::j)CTHl-J){ ;K.'10U;l ll,pnKC- !J,o (1),'IYl!;J,Cl -- ,!.~o.rl;r3H ;~o ryCiHTKCl Cllarc.
IUITAlL.A
Y CJcj\ TUra, euepraja kUjy lIPHWl cl)}lYll,'..l y je;1HIU-1ll,H UpC!lell'Ha (X) YHCK jc 1\'1a-
I-La Ol~ eI-!CPLUj(; KOjy 3d U,--"j'O BpCMt.' )'"rplHUl-j r-,'l(rrop (:\} O;\IlOC OBUX ClIiJra H;-UHBCl 1. KaKu ce ';:\c;lC L\pnKc?
CC C'fI-.c\1cn KUpLtCHUr pe,icrua (-q) qpm':'L' IL'JI-l BClITlD"rfopa' 2. HalJ,pTaj ~\Hjarp;ul IlOTIlCKl-!B'-Uh'-l 'rCtlHOCTH K:lllnHO~l U,P!lKOl-l y TOK)1 'fPI-!
oopTaja KjJHBujC
N ( cllcprHja caolllJn\_~!w cl}]lyr{D,y) / I 3. Ha Km-j npHl!lUmy paiW lJ,cnrpmJ),)TCl.TIHe lq)l}KC, a Hn KOM npHIlW1lIj--' lJ,el-l~
'1 ~-
HI
~ . ,----., --- (y'l'J)() CJ';;~';;-c pr~j a) / f .... ~~ .. -- TP1Hl))TaJUHl lJC!-ITll:l<_rropH?
4. Koje cy npe;1)IOCTU L~elrrpH(I))-"raJ1l-lHx LlpnKH?
5. Ka);'-l ce KOPllCTC '.:l),ll'JaCTC l~pllKe?
El-lepnrja KOjy TlwGa GIOnUlTl!Tll (l'ly!-1!.~Y pe.!laTIlBl-lO cc JIaKU :'-10>1(( OJ~pC.ilHTU
6. Koju nCllTH:laTOPU llMajy Bebu KalIaU)1TCT?
UjJl-ll\JUlO\j (,cl-JCprcTCKC j(;,~llJa'HII1C (en. lU) H3 Koje je ;wnaTH<I cIIcprIIja (Ed):
7. KaKo <lKcujamH! Bl:I!TIU,_lTOP llO'l'HcKyje Bi13AYX?

, \
flu)g+ +E.
p

JI,a On cc ona jeilll;'!lll-lI!,l i~o6p() P'-l"JYJ\-lC.'lC'l, TpcGi.1 CL' flO;,{CcTJlTlI n:<1 f,'d rrpe,TJ;- 0)WE1,IIIlAlhE KAI' AKTEI'I1CHIKA UEHTI'H<b YfA;!i!i',
(-J ~\UJJJa eI-1Cpn-ljy Koja Ce ;,\O,l\ajc CB::1K()!\l KWlorpa:\-IY cj))lYlHta KojH npOTeKUC KpC13
Ul'lIKE
lJ,pw,-y IUHl l~ellTJI.:I,-tTOp_ Oil':] CflepJ'uja CL'- fll)'rpOtlIlI Ita llOBCha!hC llUTClllJ,llja:llll~
BE LA
3a;~aTaK L 113JICjJUill// f(oct/JUL(uicfU7i r,:ujJUU-lUZ- gcjci{iO({ UP-I.-
cllcpruje q)_llyll~a -- hJ, nOBdl,-UL',"l<HIlCTI1'tKe ClICP1'Iljl:' (Wi? '- H'(/)!2., Iluuel'iaI-he
[lIPllcj)~\2a.1UC 1~/)i{I;C.
~HcprllJe JlPI1Tl-1CKa / p ~ Pa / p) II GtfL'!<J\)HBalbt ry6HT<1K<1 Y BOi-\1l (E I) .
Cl1;jj'~l nO"l'PcGu,l '3d Kper,l!bC q).:lyJ[,~a (N) ')':lBHcHl'ie U!-i Gp3l-llle KOjOl\l (1)JIYH,lJ, nO[Upc(,)/{(/ iijJcg3lUllva. 3a ~upagy OEe Bt'/KOC -rpcGa OGUOBl-ITH llOf']1(lB.,h[l 1.[,
aj'lOTl!'JC KpOJ IWllK)', O):\I!OCHO on H)lTonor !\-WCCHor npOTOKc\ (qlli) Ii ellcprnjc KOjy l.J.1, 1.3.2. IT 1.5.1.
ILpnKCl ;J0130Wl cl)JlYH~~Y (Ed). Hamvlc, iWBC;JClJa ellcprujJ (Ell) UPCi_(CTa13JhCl tHcprnjy AIW..'lLI3L1 3agaLlilw. Kocq)HqHjCHT KopHCHor nejerna u.pnKc je:
KOjy nOGuja 'y KOJIHKO jt: llPOTOK (1)1JYO)),(I BcIiH, YTOJlHKO
jC,l\'-lli KHJlOl'pa;"-f tIJ}l}-:ui-\il.
he !lImIt: CHl'pt"J-lje y jt'i-ilU-UlL~H Dpl~l\IClra qpnK:t GlOllWTllTH cIL'lYI-l;\y, na je. CHara: tV
'1~-=-~--
Ed' (jIll
Nt /v'r:
N = _~:aOJl}!~~~:::_~!a ellc.enfja. ~~a5::~l_p!!.l.Hga
l\1<lca qJ:lYH/J,a BPCMC cge cy:
 N -- el-wprI1ja KOjy Ao6Hja qmYHg, Y jC)1llHHl\H npcMeHa. (a) Tpe6a AS 6y,u:e Y YCHCHOM, a npeccK (h) y nOTHCHOM BOgy. TIpn TOMe Tpe6a i1a
N v - CHara CJICKTPOMoTopa, 6ygy rrOCTaBJbeHH lIITO 6JlIDKC u,pnKH. 113a6paHH npeceU;H Mopajy TaK(1)C 6UTl1 Ha
Ed - cHcprnja KOjy IJ,pIIKa caOTIUl'rana jenmum,Il Macc, MCCTHMa Ha KOjIThfa ce MO)KC MCpHTH npI1THCaK, Tj. Mopajy MM3TIi npl1KJbY'-IKC 33
qnr - MaccnM npoTOK cjmyu;aa, MaHOMeTap.

TC npCMa TOMe Tpe6a H3Mcpnnr IIOCnC)J;tbC Tpll BCJIwnme. ilPCTITOCT3Bll ce,u:a cy H3a6pm-IH npeceu,n Kao Ha cmm,lI 30a. TeK caJJa, 1100IJTO
cy H3a6pmUi rrpeceu,u (a~ H (h) 11 o~lOryheHo Mepelbe 6p3HHe II rrpI:ITHCKa, MO)KC ce
noiIlpe6HG J'I1.CpabG U flpOpa'1YH. CHara CJICKTPOMOTopa (N,,) MO)KC CC MCpHTH npHMcHHTH cHcprcTcKa .1c,UHatIIura.
I-Ia ABa Ha'I11Ha unpcKTHIfM O'-IHTaBaI-bCM ca C.JICKTpwIHor 6pojuJ1a Hnl1 MCPCI-hCl\l
KaMa ce 3aBpUIYllI36op MCPHHX MeeTa (a) 11 (h) II cKIIu;npa anapaTypa, nOTpe-
HanOHa U ]a'-IHHC CTpyjC Koja npOJJa3H Kp03 CJICKTPOMOTOp.
6HO je l~eo cHe-reM nYCTl1TH Y pa)l 11 H3BplIlHTH MCpCfbC.
AKO ce KopncTII cncKTpH'IHO 6pojJV10, rwje Mcpn lICnpOIIII-hy CHCprI1jc OH,lJ,a
.ie IIOTpe6HO MCpJITH H BPCtl-JC (t) 3a Koje ce yTpOilIH eHeprI1ja OLfHTaHa Ha 6pOjIWY, Pe3YJliTiaiTiu. I13Mcpcnc npc,UHocTH cy naTe y napC)l)lOM TCKCTY .
fla .ie: TIoTpOnH-ha cHcprnje. ErrCKTpWIHO 6pOjll!10 je 13.5 min pa"a C}TCKTPOMOTO-
pa perncTpoB,UTO rrOTpOUlJbY 0,012 Icv\! . h. 3H3'ur:
E
E ~ 0,012 kW h l GOO sih ~ 4.1,2 leW s

AKO ce cnara OJ1.pc'I)yje MCPCH,C;\J ja'JHUe crpyjc (I) if HUDOHa (U), OI-li-W .ic: I::: 5 min =: 300 s,

tV!' ;;-~ U . 1. na Je:

I\,iaccnl1 npoToK eJ)JrYH,ll,(l MO>KC ce l\WpnTlT IlJ paHHjc nOl\lcHYTC H3'tIHne. N. ~ Ii ~ 43, 2 ~ 0 144 kW ~ 144 W
EHcprnja ROj).' u,pnKa npe;~aje tl)}TYBll:Y i\W)KC ce U3MCPHTH npllMcl-IOM cucp- , t 300 '
rCTCKe jC1J.I!(\\IHIlC (eIl. 30a).
- Macc1m npOTOK. 1\-1accHH npoToK je l\-ICPCI-I npnryIlIHOivt TL'IO'IOM BCl 1'>fCCt)"
(c), rge je npctfHHK npnryunmne D, = :2,:1 cm, rmjn je KOC(1m1\HjeuT K,..::: 0,81. Tpanc..
rropTyjc ee BOi~a, a Y TOKY pan3 HpTIKC O'IHTClI-ra jc pa:mHK<l !1h = O,S cm na M,mOMC-
Tpy ea IKHB01'vl.
113paga 3agai71x{(. TIpe H3pane 3a,ui1TK<l Tpe6a Ona6paTTl TIpeCeRe (0) IT (b). Bp3MH3 Ha MeeT), (c) jeeTC:
TaKO Jla McpelLe AonCAcnc cneprnjc 6YAC lIITO jCAJIOCT(lBJIHjC. To 3H<PIH na upeccK

nOJ\JI~lI 3(\ 113paclYH3BiHhC 6p3HHC cy:

(C) K, ~ 0,81 PH = P = 1 000 kg/m'

fl.h = 0,008 m PA = 13 600 kg/m'.

mlJe:

W. = 081
, 12 0, OOBm (13600:"1000) kg/ni~8im / s
1-----
2
= 1,14 mis.
(a; (C1 ) ! . \1
I
1000 ku/rn"
"
--f---
l10llITO jc npc'tIJ-lHK lIpnryulI-Il1:u;e I-l<l l\-fCCTY (c) n03J-IaT (Dc = 2,5 em). TO JC npo-
TOK

(0,025m)"1I -4 '
= 1,14m/s ------4--' ~ 5,64 10 In'/s.

C.fIIlIW 30a Ep3Ima Ha MCCry (n) H3paqYHaBa ce 113 je):~HatmHe KOHTHHYIITcTa (Dh::: l2,5 em):
70 71

TaKo, Ha rrplTMCp, HCTY Tcr.mepaTYPY l:f BeTY :mnpCfl.nn-lY MO)l(C,Ua lIMa !1 rac Kojn je
IlOA rr~HTHCKOM O,L\ 1 6ara, Kao H oHaj no,/:( npHTI1CKO!",l o~ 10 6apa, Ivwga jc Y il,pyrolvl
CJlY'IaJY Heeer nyTa netia KOJIWlIIH3 Tor Hc-ror raea, lUTO ce caMO 113 OBa [J,Wl JlO)~aT
Ka Huje MOL1lO BlilleTH. 3aTO je nOTpe6HO j~a ee, )'3 TCMnepaTYPY H 3i::UlPCMHH)', ua-
na .Ie MaCCHI:! npOTOlC
Be~~e jow HCK(:I BCJIJl'HlHa Koja he fIOTflYHO 0ApellIiTH Cr~H-be Toru raca. Taj Tpehn
4m:;::::: 5,64 " 10-''( mJjs . t 000 kg/m-\:;::::: 0,564 kg/s. no.uanlK 3<1 raeone je llO.uaT<lK 0 npuTHcKy. 3'-WQU, c{lia/-{)c laca je agpeiyeJ-fO iIieg Or/-
go gaga .At}' ce 31-Wjy iJie.Hilepaiilypa, 3m7pe,ltww 1I ilpulIlUCW{.
~ EHeprHja rrpCnaT<l 4)JlYu!J.Y. TIpe/'.ta CJlHl~H 30a, JIO,lJ,aqu 3(1 113pa~IyHaBa-fbe cy:
ORa CTalha raea nOBC3<:UW cy KnancjpoHOBOJ'V1 jC,[\HatHtHOM CTalbJ:
hl!~' h(! :;: : : 0, jep cy !:f3a6paUH Ilpeccqu na Hcroj BHCHHl1,
PV"'nRT,
WB :::: 0, jep cc HUl30 BOrJ,t: Y pe3epBoapy cnyulTa 3<.U1eMapJbl1BOM CiP311HOM,
r;~e jc npH'nICaK P (I\Jm2), \' 3anpellUll-lii je):I.ITOf MOlla y (m",) , TCMHcp<rrypa T y anco-
IV!! :;:::: vV,-!iL = O,046m!s ua oCHony JCJ-l,Wt'lHHC KOHTHHyuTcTa. .:ryTlIl:IM, KC.1BHHOBHl\1 cTCneHHl\l'-l (K), R :YUlmqnamIa KOI-ICrall'ra Koja je 3a CBC
S,! raconc HCTa, a Ii 031-la"IaBCl Gpoj MO.'l()B~L I1oMohy OB{::- je,IJ):l.<llHlIlC Iv1O)KC cc jj'JP~lqy
[-],1'1'11 In HeKor llO]lIaTOr CT<:Hb<.t j"aCil, t.;'!KLlO lit.: CT,:tILe 6HTH IJO;~ U<:KJ1M HPynnl ye-
Fa P D, .ie]) je UpWI'UCdK 11<1 n013pUlHHI1 pCJcpUOapLl jc~~mlK aTMoccl)epo::Ol--l
.!WB!1MLl, nLl 611 Ce KmlH'lHIIe raCOBIITC \1LlTePl1ie IdOL'IC YUOP<:i_\HTH uo).why K.'Ulk-
HjJHTHcKy U\J,
ipoHoBe je;VJ(J'IHl!C npeJ.loJ\c ce YllOpMa!lHe KyGIlC l\-1CTpC.
i\ = Po + 2,1 bar, jcp jc II<l l\'lCulOMeTpy O'Jl1T~UI Jl~ITnpI1TI1GlK o;~ 2,1 bar ","' T\, + fI03JMTO,it.' ;~a je,L\,w ;"wc] raea :my:m1\ta '_wnpc\UJl!)' UJi 22,4 i ill'; lJO;J, !!Up:-'l.:_l __'l
2,06 10' Pa. HUM YC!10BlHvILL AKO CC JHi1 MtL'ICKy.:lCKLl TC>Kl1JIZI Ii !\-l:Jca r,lca, J>.-iO)Ke ~1aKU i~C! ce
E~";::; O,jep cy IlpecclVl (u) 11 (b) OJl1uy LipnKe na cc ryoHu,l-J y qCB!-I!\I<.l Mory 3<:tHC- O;J.pe,J,ll II IbCrOK: :wnpe\H!lla. O;WTJIC npOIL!.rrIJ3!1 1\'-1 it lWPj\l;l!llIl-! KYOl!i1 MCTap j
\WPI-IT1L CTBaplJ l\I;:Pl1;W 3a McpCILe raca.
Caga cc J<1MC!-lOl\1 y je~iJ!a'LHHll ;:(OoHja: ): Tt;PMO~l,l1Hi1Mm~I-! ce y'ltll ,:1,;1 CC npH K~)MllpCCl!jH l'aCOBll 3arpeB3jy.l1aj(iuu()-
fl.>ltUjU }'CoIUG f{(Ufl-:iPC<:Ujc jc /:.aga ce OWl fiociTiUJICC u30ITiep)AllO, {/l-wiIlCfi()()u/lJlwju
jc /{uga ce zoc /{().Hi7pILt-tyic iio aYl{j(lGwUlI. Kmw cc nO;J, TeXHWIKHM yCJlOBUM;;: HHK'-l--
,[\iJ KOMnpccHja HC BplLII! IIll no)J, jCHIlIf1>I O,Q (ma }.l;tW KpajlLCl (1)!{laja., TO CC CTBapHO
KO~1IlpCCH.ia Bpllll1 no~ YUIOBll:o.W KOjll ce H;:tmnc Hcrile lBMCl)y OBa usa. Te)KVI cc- na
ce, WTU je \Wryhllo Bl!UJe, raCOLlI1 npno:uDKl!O ~nOTepl\lIlHM YCJlOIH-ilvJa KOi\-Wpeclljc
TIpl-l llIHPCIbY, rClCOlJll Ct: XJwgc, nOJUTO jcnan ,1l,CO TOBJIUTC TpOlUC !fa lllHPCl:bC.
Ed
)' IlH;~ycrpHjl! CC- Bpno ~JCCTO KopIlcre raClH: ClvtCllle. ,IIa 611 cc 11 ca lLmla p;1'1)'-
Il(lJlO KilO n Gl 'lHCTllM r<tCOBIltl-Ja, rt(J'rpc6no jt JW ce fl03H(!jC l\1U.'1CKY"ICKLl Maca, .I (J-
Ca;o:a.ic cnara Koja ce caOIlWTaBa (!).![YI1HY: CHO je ,Ll,3 CC TaKBa lvlOJICKync_Ka l\wca C.Ml'Uj~ i\lClb<J 3~U31lCllO OiJ, C(lcl'cwa raca. /\1(0
N = Ed' tfill = 206,7 J/kg . 0,564 kg/s 0;;; 1 J 6,6 J/s = ! 16 W. ,ie, ll~U~, cacraB KOtlCT,lIlT<1H, AooHjajy ce pC3y;rnlTl'l j)<l'IJ'll<lILa lGlO r~a Ce pa;.1)1
CrIJapllO Gl XO-l!ljCKJ-! jC}~nOpO;lllllM r:lCOM
K()I."~(l)!-ll~HjCllT KUpllCHOr ge.jenltl ,ic KOl-iWlHO:
:'\'lauHHlc 'Ja npOMCIIY npltTlH.'lW, ,Ua 611 CL' q).:!yll;~ti nOLpc'TamL H(l'rpdlllo .ie
tV 116,6W y pcn)IJlK~'l U[mT1KKCl. Kai_Fl ce OlW CWl'B:Jpu, lIu)-'l-!;\l1 he
.. -~O,81. ;\U Ibl1lvW nOCl'ojll
11,1 IV ca ;,,!ccra Bcher lla MecTO Malber npllTl1CI~a" QLlU KPCT:tfhC noeTH/he ce U.rtl1 'l'(lKO
lllTU CC JJUMohy IIc{(e l\-trtWHUe (kTllapyjr.:: Behu fll _HlTHc<tl'- (l)';lyll;'~~l HlTO alTO j<.:: 'y'
OCTU.!IOl",j r~Clly ~tace, u.;U'l T(I!(() WTO MaUllwa y jei-\!tOf;[ l\lt:CTY (j).!lYH,lltt cmapa ]\i(UhB
npHTHcaK Heru lllTO jc y OCTLlJJOj l\taCH.
152 KO:VllTPECOf'l1 H BAKYYM L(Pl1KE DOBci1anal'[,C J-L'!1-l Cl\,icUbel-l,e npHTHcK'-! Ile C!JpKI! CLIMO :)(1 llOKpcT<tIl>(:q);IYIl,:~a
J7o.iwhv -Z__aco fiog i"(()(:lchWtuAI (lpwTil.lcl{OoH OU(l(l/bajy CC 1I([;jJ{{,j/IlI'lLliuujc ()Ilq)w-(ujc
KapaKTcpUC'l'Imc racona.~ facoBH cc pa3JlllK y-'jy 0).1, Tel.IHOCrIi no TOMC WTO cy y XC.'HU/CI{U/ lUlgyuuPUju.. I-huMe cc nOKp,.;hy paJJ!c l\l:ummc, [JOMohy [hera CC Idem;:L
MO!JCKYJlll raCOBa H2t Be.heM pac{'oj"HhY jC,LI<1H O)J ,upyror, TC cy npUBJIi:ll.lHC CliJIC a3- nOTllcKyjy ce TC'HJOCTII, cIHurrpyjc cc, pa3RHja H TaKO )J.LUJ.,C. KO:'lllpHMOBim Bi_i'Jil}X
l\lCi)y IbHX B~{JI\'la M,-Ule, a CJlo6oAHC nYTalbc KpeT;U-h<l peJIaTHBI-lO Bem-IKe. ')/ nopc- YBOAtJ ce Y Kaqe- 3a BPCfLC f-Ia 0n ce MI1KpOOpraH1l3l\1Hl\la Jl.OBO;O:HO J1()Tpe-0;-Uf
I)C!bY ca TC l !HOCTHlv1a, raCOBll I1Majy Many I-yenmy, paBlJOMCpBO HCIlYfbi.lBLljy CBaKU IO.lceOHHK; on cc YAYBaBa YIlCilll AU 6u cc IIoCioJL,lila)lO caropcBal-hc ropima II ua Taj
CYi_' Y KOjU
ce CTaBe, !1Majy HCllHKE KOCq:H1i1,HjCHT TOflnOTl-IOr llH-Ipen,(l 11 1\101')' ce )Ia- Ha'IliH nOCTltfnC BHiliC TCMfTCpaType, IloBei1an,ubGM apHTHcKa !1 xJl.ai)C!-LClvL raco
KO KOMIlp11MOBaTll. L\OK .ie, 11(1 IIPl-lMCP, IBBCCHCl KOJIlPIIU-[(l Te'IHOCTI1 wmmbHO o,n.- BJ-l cc npCBO)J,e Y Te"UlO CTaI-hC n TaKO p(3)J,Bajajy, nog CHIlJ/CClllA.M l_ljJut71uo:u.M.
pcl)eH3 lhCHOM TeMIIepaTypOM 11 3,mpeMIUlOM, nOTJlC OBO HHje ,lJ,OBOJI~HO 3a raCOBe. lWlO cc 06(IG.'ldl geaTillJHlIl,uja, CytuCf-bC, cpu'/liIipupa//)c HT;D;.
 I 73

JaCHO ,ie p,a ce rrpw 063UJhal-bY CBfiX OBI1X nocnOBa He MO)J(C KOPHCTI-f'I'H cal'lW THOI' npOCTOpa npn llIJilPCIbY nOCTaRC MaJ-bH 0)], 3TMoccpepCKor, OTBopnfie ce yCHC~
je)laI-I TUJI M3lUUHa, Hero HX, 0,1:\ cfly'l:I3,ia no cnY"LIaja, Tpe63 Mel-baTH H npHJI3roryana- HH BenTUJT (6) H rro'-whe YCHC3nalbC. To he ce AeCIfTH Y Ta'-IKH (1). 0):( Tor TpcnyT-
'I'll YCJIOBHM3 paga.
Ka HacTaje CTBapHO YCHcaBaJ-bC [aea KOj}! he y xo,n;y H3)lYBaBalb3 6ll'ra HCTHCl-IYT Y
fIpel'lJa CBOjOj HaMCIIH, tvlalUHHe flOMohy KOjHX ce !I,reI-La npHTHcaK raca ,u-eJIC CC BOn 3a KOMnpl1MOBaH rae.
Ha M3UlHUC 3a fTOBehal-hC npHTHCKa (KOMnpHMon31he) - - KOMrrpecope, 11 MalllHHe 33 JaCJlO jc Il.a he xon YCI1CaBJlba 6UTH YTO ..11IKO l\lalbH YKOJlHKO .ie lllTCTlIH rrpoc-
CHIDKeI-Le rrpHTI1CKa - BaKYYM lWI1Ke. TOp nehH H YKOJUIKO je raeY H,eMY non fichUM npuTHcKOM. ITog BPJIO HerrOBOJhHHM
1 nOl<nomI ca Ta'-IKOM 2, UITO 611 3JI<l'-mno
YCnOBlllvra MOIKC p;a ce n.ecn ;n,a ce T(lTIKa
;\3 KOMnpecop He 6n HlHlITa lIH ycnca13<lO Te, rrpCMa TOMe, lUI 110THCKI1Bao. 3aTO ce
KOMnpecopfl
KOMnpccopn InpaDyjy Tmco ,ua mVf<ljy IIITO MaI-bH ilITCTl-Uf rrpOCTOp n ,lIa je y je;n-10M
K:nnllilf KOMupecop. - OBU KOMnpecopn (C.H. 31) Hl'IIajy I-Iaj<Jemhe yperyaj 3a U;IIJUm.n,py CTenCH KOMnpCCJ.fje UlTO M'HbH. CTenCl-I KOMnpecnje MOra na 6yne 11<lJ1H
XJIa~eH,e BOAOM (1), 360r 'Yera cc OKO nnJIJUfllpa naJla3H KOlIJYJhHu,a (2) Koja OMO- n 3aTO)J,a ce rae He6n cymIlJle 3(1rpcj(lo TC 1'3KO JiOBCO YJLC 3a nOp;l\U1311Bal-he 1l,1I:lHl-l-
ryhyje npona3aK Bone OKO I\HJlHI-1Apa. I-1 L'l<lB(l KOMJJpeCOpa Haj"fcmhe ce XJl3JiH BO- 11pa AO TCpMWIKor p<lCn<1naJh<l, OnIIocno no ynaJheH,a I1 CKCnn03l1je (lKO ce papE ca
;\01\-1 (3). YK0::111KO.it: cTym1Th KOl\frrpecnjc Hchn. YTOJlHKO ie IT 3arpCB3I-bC Bene TC H Ba3~\yxOl\I IL1H KHceOHl1KO\l.
X.'lat)eTLe Mopa ;'Ja 6y;:rc HllTeU3ITBl-mjc. PonllUlOua }l,~'HiehK:l. - llYH("I.:hKe cc pa3JIHKyjy OJ\ pOTaJ~HOlmx qpnKH 3a
Pal_I KOMnpecopa npHlG!'3<ln je H<I JUljarpa\fY H<l CIIIIVj 32 j-[(\ ancll;ncy jc HallCT TC<THOcr)e;,IlI-IO no TO\IC HlTO cy Bene ~l _~rro cy OJ.( H~I1X JI3KIlIC. tJa Cm:H~H 33 npn-
XOA KJnma K0Ivmpccopa, a ITa 0P)lUlWTY npuTHC<lK raca YlJ,J-lnI-II-IJtp.V. Kmm cc y C!H)-;\.1 Kc138n<t Je JC;~l-W -r3Kp.a llyna.:j,rGl y KO,lO.l
i1CPHOi\lFIHOM KPCT,lJ{,y nOKpeile 0):.\ 1l0.nmlGlj;:1 HI ~o rro)]()f(aja H 2 . Kojn CY T,l'-J- pcWannOT-H1 K,'amOBIl Htl::l,iY on.'1l1K OCl>nI-
KaCTO 03HZl'-ICHH. J-3l1)ilf ec J\a IC'1HJI rIpH KpCTi.!!bY Y.!TenO He ;W.lla:m iJO Kpaja I~H
J1Inmpa. Hero 1-13Meby l-hCra H '-ICJJa qHJ1HlIflpa oCTajc yncK HeurTO CJlo6ogTlor npoc-
U,C. 11 Y OHOM cny"L\ajy npHIIIl,HI1 YCHC{]]3(1- t
Fha 11 HCTHCKHnalha rnca HCTTI jc Kao H KO;~
Topa Kojn cc y Texmn,n J-ICl3HBCl !UTGTHH npocrop (5). npaBCl liA Y KOOp;annaTHOl'll 3)'lpI;JCTBX qpnKH. ,Ua on cc oMorylino
C[{CTeM), 03I-13"LlaBa 3Ti\-1OCClKpCKIJ rrpJITIIC<lK. Ka;~a cc KJlHTI Barye Y CHOM KpajIhcld np3IHI)lilH pa)(. :~eo nOBpulIfHe jcrulOf
n0J10)lGljy (H-:>.) H K3J\Cl no'nre)-1J ce Kpche YIicno, Taf~a ec nenpCl1 H.,cra y I(BJTIlHirpy KJIl:Ul3 1\lo]1a ;:ra 6Yi~e CTam-w y i~OJmpy ca
l-JaJfCnB rae KOjI1 Tp~6a KOMnpUMOnaTJl. To CT(lIf,~ raca .ic o,r~pcJ)cno Ta~lKOl\l (2). gCllOM TIonpuume .npyror Kmma. To ce
0JWKJre ce BBil)1 ,na .Ie rae npe nO'ICTKZI KOMrrpeClTJc ncm MaIhH)\f npHTllCKOM Hero rrOCTIDKC TaKO UlTO cc npH 06pTaJ-t,)-' je-
U1To,ie JTMOC(I)cPCKH H iFI HM<l BCnlTKY '>flnpel\IlfI-l)'. npn CHOM KpeTafh~.' Y-']CBO KJlIfll J~aH KJIUIl B<l.Th<-l rrpcKn Jlpyrora. TIol\why
he canujaTIl rae no nOJIJrrponn (1-~3) CJK ;\0 neROI' Il]lHTlIeKa (P) K01\-HJ}JecHje. TaJl(l OBHX ;~yBaJhKH MO)KC- Ji<'l ce n()cnrnre npn-
ec oTBapa B3,lYBHH BClITlUJ (7) 11 HO\HlH,e H3lJ,yn<1B,llhc. Qno Tpaje CRe )\0 Ta'IKe 4. TucaE neTIn O;L1, jellHor napa, a nopen TOj"a
KaJ~a fC"1nn nODc y cno,; KpajH>H no:rrmKaj (HI)' Y lDTt:Tl-IOM npocropy, Mct)YTI,r)\'L HMajy Ii BeJTHKIT K<ITI<H{HTCT. 360r Tora,
aCTa.no je jOlll raea nop npHTHcKOM KOMllpccnjc. lllTO ::\fHPTTt JlCl he ce OIT HlHpl-ITH. nOCT<1BJbajy ce YMCCT() nCHTH.TIaTOpa, Ta-
(lrrCT no nOJfInpOHll, Ka!~a ee K.;mn Kpehe YACCHO. Tel( K(1;(.1 npHTITC8K raca Tn 1TTTc- 1\.-'10 nxe Tpc6a nocTiThu Behn IIpIlTHcaR.
pt UITO je tHlPO'TIlTO nOTpc6no npH YTlyml-
B(lH.,y sa3/_I.yx8 y npyrc ,1IlapaTc H pcaK-
1"'<'_ _ _ _ , Cfl{/l((/33

l~ \ Tope.

\
~',~-~c~
..
Ii \ \\
Kmmn3 mmYy!\--fl.pmw. - KJIHTIna R<1KyyM-qprrKa .ie Y cTuapll KOl\1npeCop Kojn
At: I yCHcaB8 rae non HTDKm,-f npHTHCKOtf og an-fOccpepcKor 11 KOJ\mpnMyjc ra iW l1pn-
~TfCKa Kojn je HCIllTO BHIHH Ol~ (lTMocq.1Cpo;:or KaKO on !>.-wrJla 'I'aj rac H3J~yB(lTn y
5 c(/ cr=~;og-==--f-" <lTl\-Wcq)epy. 3(\'1'0 OBe !~pHKe He npenCT3BJbajy en TeopujcKC CTpane HHl1JTCI HOBO Y
OHHOCY H(l KJ1HITHC KOl\mpecopc.

<~/f i I~---++l
----;.-______"*:
,,-H~I-,\~_'-'''"'L_ i
EjCKTOp. -, OBC U,PlIKC HeMajy nOKpCTl-lHX JlenOBa (en. 34). KOA H~UX e.e )'
J\wa3HHK VBOPH rac HJJU Te"LIHOCT non npWrHCKOM, 360r "ICfa amI cpnyU,Il,H .Qo6upJY
6/ Hl H2 npJ10 BeJ1~1KY 6p3Jmy. TaKO 6p3 MJIa:~ npOTWIC KP.03 cj)nYHg Kojn Tpe6a u.pnCTH.
TIOIIITO je 6p3HH8 MJla33 BemlK<:l, npHTHcaK Y MJTa3Y JC M,UTH, MHoro MaI-hH HefO JIfTO
em ow 3] C.!lUI((( 32 je YJIa3HH npnTHcaK q:mynAa. 360r TOf'a he qmyuA rrpO,Il,HpaTH y MJIa3, McmaTH ce
74 75
IlMTAlhA

1. HaBc/HI n~e cc CI3C KOPlfCTU KOMnpKMOB<lHH, a n~c pa3pe1)cHH rae.

2. KaKBa jc pa3JIHIG1, a KUK13<1 C.lfWlHOCT, npn llOpCi)C!:hy qCIHjJucjJynuuof
BtHTHJWTOpa H KOMnpecopa?
3. 3awTo KO!vfHpecopH HMajy x.la,L\l-haK?
4. KaKo cc ;JCJIC l>iaU!IlHC 3a llj;OMeny rrpIlTHCIGI raea?
5. UITa.ie l11TCTHI1 UpOCI'Up?
6. 06jaCHl1 pa,'l. eicKTopa.

O!U'E'bIUlAlhE KAI'AKTEI'HCTI1KA BAKYYM I1YMIlE

BE riA 3a;unaK 1. J13.HCjJlI(iiu ({{eojJu-lu,'u u n7ZaajJilil (jaJ()'AI ejcf{-

({iopa.
D(lliipcuuu iipc!)3ltalUL Tpc;6a Y!10:maTl! M,HIUHlC Ja oCTnapH-
C.IIW{(l34 Di.Ul,e uaKYYMd (15.2) H bcplrYJHljcBY .ie;~Ha'-IHI-IY (1.3.2).
/iJUUI1I3({ 3aga[UI{{{. npl!ltl~t111 palla ejL:KTOpa oojaUIJ-hCll je pmmje. f1PH TOMe je
llarJli.HIICflO J~a BOJW Koja apo.'la31l KPO] [lpeCCI( -1 ltMa nemtKY 6P::HWY 11 BU3aK llpH-
ca IUI]>'!C 11 TClKO GaTH npcw:T )1.0 APyror ;"Uli.t.Hll1KC\. fLlc Ct.:: Ci]J3HHa lJCJ1HlvH1'lH(1 ui\Y~
THeaK (PI)'
3H1\1<:1, a ,D,C,'IHMH'-lHO npcTBapa y llPllTl1CflK. . )' CJ{C;l Tor lHlCKor npl1Tl1CKCl H(1CTaje 1l0KPCTUI-bC lJ YCHC(1mll-bC ['<tea In npoc-
DOMOfiy I-LHX ce, Ira npl1l\lCp, l-lCHGlBajy raeOlHi 1-1:3 JnapaTYpc, llpoBcTpaB,:qy Topa y KO~le TjJc6a OCrBapllTH BUKYY1>.L 0150 crpyjal-bt:: raca H3 BaKYy!'l-Hlpocropa 1<:a
llpocropllje i1 T<1KO ;~a;Le. Vt1>.iajy M'.lJlH KOC(!ml1,HJcHT HCKOpl-llJJhc.l-ba, Te c: ylllrrpc- cjeKTOpy Jwrai)a ce CHe ;~OK Ilocrojn pa::lJ!IIK<t npHTHcaKa H npecTajc Ka)J.ft ce 113je,n-
GJhclBajy caMO 3<1 nOBpC~-!CHe pa,Uouc, elC ce Befie II CKYllJ.Lt McUlJ.J-WC l-~l' 011 HCll:\a-
I-ra~fH npHTllcaK y HO;~C1l0M ;vI:l~ny !{POJ npcceK (1) ca npHT1JCKOM YIlpocropy H3 1(0-
TaJIC 360r Hel~OIH)}bHor HCKOPHl!1hCIl~'!' BlUUl'CTCIICHH C.lCKTopn mIJJY iJ,JJILlC CBe
fa ce H3BJla~1l1 UaJ,LiYX (P).
BchH 3HZl"-Wj, fJoMohy IbHX CC, U(\ UP1B.lCP, HoGujajy HneKl'! lIPHTHCll,U J<.t yKyBaB~Uj,e
BaKYYM npl:jlCTi.tUJhCl p;J'3JlUKY <JTMOCtiJCIJCKor npllTIlCKa (P (j) f{ HCKor npnTH-
rlOj.\ BaKVYMOil-L Pa,l(HO TeJW je BOfWHa napa. CTGl lUi)KCf OJ_I <lTMOCcpcpo::or (I' j):
fh;Tpc6l-lo.it; HMaTH Y Bt-l,L\Y Ll.a CjCKTOP ;\HKc ria CJIY;"Kll lJ. :m KOMllpH!l-lOnaH~C
tIJJl'y'H,Ll,J. Y TOM CJly\{aj~/ ce TaJGlB ypchaj na:mni1 HlljcKTOP H c.rrY)KH 'Ja YBo!Jclhe Te
-'llIUCTU rn npocropa ca aT:>'Jocc11CpcKHM npl1THCKOl\i Yllpocrop Cil llOBl-!!LlClIHM UpH-
TIpCl\la TO!\-1C. Tpc6a WICKHBaTll (CJl. 34a), ua he npWrHCaK (P) y npocfopy (V)
TJ-ICKOM. HlIjl~lcropH ce KOPHCTC Ja Hallajalhc napUl1X KOTJlOBiJ BO;qUM, a Kau P([i~HO
OIlaW.lTl-l !~O HCKl~ BpCrmocru.
TClO KOPllCTH ce Bop,eHa napa rro).\ UP~!TUCKm.-1 iLl HCTor KOTJta. Ouaj llpllTHGlK npc;_~CTaBJl,a cTBapllH BaKYYM I-l l\tOJKe ce 1-J:3Mepl1TI1.
EjeKTOpl-! C!lY)KC H 3a l\IellJalbC tlJJlYI-l;~a y:l HCTOHPCMCllH TpallCllopT. Tcopl1.jClZI-l BaK)'y!>.-l 1\10)1((' cc 113pa l lYltaTH 113
CBcprCTCKC jC,lJ,ua lU1\-\(; IJ(.)CT<1BJ1JCHC 3<1 npeCCKC 1. H 2.
no(UpCUI-UI AtCPClb({ u UpOpO<l)'ll. C:rnapml 13a-
Vl3BOl\
KyyM ce iU-fPCKTllO MCPI-I M'-I!lOl\lCTPOM KO.!l1 J\-!cpn pa-
3JutKY npUTl-IGlKa.
y Hl-I)iycrplljclG1~j IlP01J,CC[-\jI,l;t cc Bp,'lO "lcero Kupllcrc !'aCOlm, lU1jJ-l ce, llpHTH
T eopnjcKll BaK)-:y~-1 0' lupa'ryuLlBa Vi3 CIICP-
cal( pa3Jllu..:..yjc 0/1.\ aTMOCt!1cpn:_or 11pllTllcKa. Ilol\iOhy KOMllpceopa nOBehaB01 .c~
reTCKe .!t:~\Hal[HHe:
npHTHcaK {'(lea. BaKYYl\I-1Wm;,C Cl)';"KC J8. CHlDKelL.C UPI.-lTIICK(i l'aca. DpcJ\Ja CBOje)j
KOHcrpYKll,HjH KOWlpCCOpll l-! I:WKYYM-1WHKC nOD,cehalY na upnK~ n BeI!TILrraTopc-.
Doc-roie K:IIU11111, I~Cll'rpH(l)yra:ulll H PO'["('ll\HOflH KOl\lllpeCopu. EJcKTOPH UIY;"l<e 30.
[JOCTH:~aIbe BaKYYMa, TpanCIlOl)T H MCW<'Ui,e qUyHila.
CralbC raca je ()Jlpei)cllo IlpHTHCJWlvl, TeMnepaTypO\1 II JanpCMHHOM.
110CraBJheTJe 3;) npcccKc 1 H 2. ITpCM<l CJIHJ~H 34 a
)W6np ce:
hi =: h2' jcp ejeK'rop CJ'OjH XOpl130IrranHo,

CJ1u!({l34a
76 77

Ed:;;;: 0, jep CC H3Mcl)y rrpeccK3 1 H 2 He P:OSOlUI cncprnja,

4 qli n
w,
Eg ::;;; .0, jep cy npCCCIJ,H 1 n 2 6mey na ce ry6nqn: H3MCi)y fbHX Mory 3aHcMapHTH. Di
Callaje:
Cap;a je TCOPHjCKlI B3KYYM:

Po -P, =~(WI2 -w,'),

DOIIITO .ie npeceK 2 Ha aTMoccpepcKoM npUTHCKY, TO je P2 ::::: Po. na je BaKYYM:
II 3aMCHOM:

1'13 OBora ce BHJ(H n3 .ie 3(;1 f13p,P1YHaB3I-bC TcopnjcKor nJKYYMa nOTpe6no H3~
MCpHTH 6p:mlle crpyj<HhCl '/ IlpeCCI.~lTMa 1 H 2.
"3pa;~a 311fl:3TH3. EjCKTOP () he
Tpc6a nOnC3{}TT1 3a BOiJ;OB0P:UY MPC)K\,. Koja 15.3. AM13AJIA;KA H PE3EPBOAPH 3A q'JIYHIIE
oCTBapnTH nOTpc6an npoTor< (q\'. 348). n
pOTa"H':Tap KOjUM, he ce Taj npoToK
CJl. 3<1
!'-WPITT1L 3<1T111\'t ia Tpc6a l1onC3RTll ca npocTopOM (V) Y ROMe Tpc6a OCTBapHTIl CHll
0(1, Cj)lDWIKHX II XCl'vrnjCf01x cBojcTan(J TC'THOCTlI 3(JB!::lClJ OlJ, KaKB01" he Mzrrcpff-
)KCHH npHTHG1K (P). BaKYYJVH1POCTOP Tpe6a cnojnTH ca ]Vf3HOMCTPOM 3<1 MCpel-,bC
.la.ITa 6HTI1 Ha~nnbemI cynorm Y KOjUM<l he ce OIfe JlP)IGlTH. AKO cy TC"LfHOCT0 naJw
pa3JTHKC <lTMocq)CpCKOr (Po) 11 CIIlDKeT-IOr npllTHCK(\ (P).
Hcn8p.rr~Ime. aKO cy 3anaJhHne HmI oTpoBIle. Mopajy ce n.fnKLlTH Y 3aTflopcHIfM cY-
TI)-'CTHTTI anap[lTYPY Y PZI[.l, CLl'ICK:?lTlT Wl ce npllTHC<lK ilL! MaHOlViCTPY yC'raJIH H JlOmfl\m. 0.1 XC-MUjO{(' iJpupo.cJc .~wiIiepuie 3anucu og ,wi ne cc JwiJiepuja.:U1 cygoo/.l
O~n1TaTlT PC3YJTftIT. u3pabuMJlUu. Cy.u: IvTopa .n;a 6y,a,c H3paiJcH on l\f<ITCpHjaJIJ nocTojanor npcl\T(l Te-
3<l6C,'lDKHTH npOTOK BO;o;C Kp03 POTa:MCTap. Yhl\lepUTH npe"tIHHKC D I II D2 H "tfHOCTH KOjy C(1))'1')K11, II3 llBa pa3J10ra: un Te~mocT He 6rr pearona;rw I cYJJ:()l\) H TaKO
CKHI~IIp3TH anapaT)!py. 1'a ourreflrmam:l H na1"pn3(lJIa H ila ce TC'IIIOCT lle 6n npJ1,3nJ OJ.~ np0;L\YKaTCl aBe
PC3y.:uumTi.lI. VhMCpnTl1 PC3Y:ITtlTH cy: peaKu,T:Ijc. KaTKalla ce 3aXTcua lla MaTcpnja!I o,n: KOf(l ce I13palyyje HCKH CYll rrnn pc-
3cpBoap p:a 6yne Jl,06ap wm nom npOBOl1HIlf.:. TonnOTC.
D) :::0:: 3 111m D 2 :;:, 9 mm qr;::::; OAg c1m'/min :; : ; O,OOR . 10-; ml./s. AM6~Ula)fGl. - JvIaJ-Le KOJIWmne TCl..IHOCTH .l.~p>KC ce y ,rIHMellmvt IGlHTa},.f(l nnIi
lJ MclHoMcTap ca )1(11130M perBC'rpyjc pa3JTUKY !':o,h = 31,.'1 em Ha OCHon), Koje ce 6anOHHMfl o,n: CT3KJTa. JhIM 3a KalITe je Haj'Icmhe K,UJajuc3H lJ.T1Ii naKOH<lH, Te ee y
IhCMY Mory i~p>KaTl111 TaKBC TC'lHOCTH (:yJbZl, J1CKOBH, )JGJBOTHe lWJ\mpnnu;c) Koje 6n
u3pa"tlYJIaBa CTBapHH naKYYM:
cc y He38UTTUft.eHOl\f rn03,ll.CHOM cy.rry np.'LJnc 11 pcarOn<lJTe ea I-bHMZl. Y 6aJTOTlHM3 ce
Po = P I :c., All . (PA ~ PB) . g, lW)KC yrmlBJlOM KHCCTIC TC'THOCTH, KOjc 611 pearcmaJlC ea MCTaJIHMa. baJlOHB CC
3aQemhyjy Qenor.H1Ma o,n: nJrYTC, rYMC, CTaK.1a, KCpal\fHKe 1mB npyrnx ()TnOpBlTX
OBAC jc Pn - I)'CTYfH1 Ba3nyxa Koja.ic 3mlCM(lpJhHH(l y OIrHoeY!-Ia rycnrHY >lG1BC. 3a-
Maca. baJ10fTH cc MOraj), YBeK HaJW3BTlT y 3<lIlITHTHH1'vf KOpnal\W. Befie KomPUlHC
MCHOM 6pOjHH.X BpCAHoern:
Tc':.r.nOCTlI (eq 200 }lIlTapO, pci)c IT iJ..0 400 mTfapa) jljDKe cc y .1llll\-fCHHM 6ypai1;1T1\W.
B<1KYYM = p o - P I ~ 0,315111 (13600 0) kg/m' . 9,81 m/s2 = ~12 000 Pa:::o:: 42,0 kPa. OHa cy OKOBQna IIlHH(l.MJ Koje HX npH KOTln"uhY IIITHTC OJl Tmapa II X<I6mh<l. Ka;~a
cy y mlTaH~y XCl\1I1jCKH arpeCHBH.C II KTfCe.'TC TC'-IHOCTH, OHC ce AP)I(C Y HarO~IlITH1\f
L~a 6n ce 113pa"(IYW:lO TeopnjcKH n3KYY\f, nOTpe6Ho jc lnpa'IyH3TIl 6p3Ime H3 \1eXaIIIPIKH )10BO.ThJJO OTnoplIHM hyfJOIHJ!\1<l 0;1 KCpal\llm:c. ORe KO.!lWnmc TCT1HOCTIi
jenHatIHHC KOHTHuynTcTa: )l.I01'y ce Tl.p)l(aTH IT Y !J.PBCHHM 6ypa;lHhta OKOBaHHM b::''Pa;X 1\101"y
CllOJha lllHH<lMa.
6UTIl J.J3nyTpa npcnY'ICWl crrCIJ,lfja.nHHl\i CMO!J(lMa, Koje nOBcilanajy TIOCrojmlocT
npe:tlla TOj TC~lHOCTH. 06pY'IH 3a 6ypaJl cy JIaj'[unhe o;x rBO>Kl)a HJIH on. .rr.pyrux
On[OpHUX _~crypa, aMory na 6Ym.' H OD: iWBCTtl.
Paf(l1 6OJbe.r 3anTl1Balh<l, MCTaJ1Ha 6ypa,ll HMajy, H8 MeCTY r;o;e jc caCT8BJhCHO
;o;HO ca OMOT<I'JClvl, Ha.i~ICI1Ihe 1"YMCHTf 3anTH13a~r, Kojn ce BpJlO 'IeCTO lIarrojn TC"(lHO-
mily C KojoM.ie Y .n:o~(HVY. 360f Tora jc BP]IO TClllKO HcnpanI TaKBY 6ypa)]" a Hapo~
"(uno aKa .Ie y H~HMa npe Tara 6no 6eH31IH. I1cITnpa ce BPCJlOM HOAoM 11 BOJlenOlVI
rrapoM, y3 n:o.n;8salbC nO;n;eCHI1X XCMHKaJTllja. BpJIQ ~'ICCTO ;o;cmanajy cc Heepehe np.n
rrorrpaUJbaI-bY nIX 6ypagH, napO'HITO aKO ce aYToreno 3aBapyjy. HaUMe, 6eH3HHCKe

======~==========.= .....=~~ =
......=
... ... . . ====~ -.-~-- ,-_.-...
 _____ ----l

78 79

napc, aKO CC rrOnpa13JhCl 6C!BHHCKO 6ypc, oCJIo6alJajy ce rrpn 3arpeBaI'hY, p,ajyhl1 CK~ BCOe4ta jc GOJKI-W {{u{llmbe I{a/W iTtpe-
crulO31iBHC CMCI1JC nape H mnJ-wxa. 3aTo jc rroTpe6Ho npc onpaBKc CBaKO 6ypc p,o- 6a <(YSOLti/{ J1l0{() uctiapfbu6c Mauiepuje,
f-lCl[)()tllliTio Jldfiu. I-laMMe, T~HIKOBH, na ca
6po HcnpanI, O)lHOCHO 1:l3AYf:laTH BOP,CHO)."l napolvL
Behe KOJTHLIHI-Ie TC'-IHOCTH, Oil HCKOJTHKO XIiJT--,aAa JlI-JTapa 1.1,0 HCKOJIHKO CTOTH- Ib!1Ma H Te'clI-lOCT, rrpeKo gaHa CC jaKo 3a- 2
H3 HarOl-la, AP)KC cc Y 1-lapOLll1THM CYJJ,oBHMa: tUW{/{OGUM{/, KGqa.AW, peaepGOapu.Aw, rpcjy, 360r llera npI1HIC<lK napa Te'lHO-
nJIn y nOKpcTHlH,-t CYAoulIMa: l(uC[uejJHLuw U lTiaJlI{epLlolw. CTIl Y TaliKY MHO{,O l-IapaC1'e, Te npCTI1
OIlaCHOCT nJ
TaUK npCl-Je llJl}! ;W ce l-ra
I 1e3cpnoapu Ja TetHlOCTU. - TaIIKOBl1 (UHH pC3cpBoapu K<lKO ce OOWIHO lIa3H- ueKn l~pyn-l WYI-IIll-l OlllTCTH. U,J 6H CC OBO /
uajy) .iccy CYHOBlI, Yr!taBl-JOM 3aT130pemr. Y KOjlIl'vt<l ce ,!~p)Ke Bchc KOJIWIHHC TC-"IHO~ 4
[136crno. 1Ia lLera ce CT<lBJL'-l llapO'rtn
ern. OHH cy HajLJeHlhc lJ,l1!mH!J,JJJ:t<lHor o()}IHKa, rlCTupTucfor UJl11 cqJepwIHor. TaH- BeHTIL'l KOjH otl.wryhyjc uapaMa /'W HJ }bC-
KOHlI ilJI:lI-1I1iiPWIHor OO,T]HKa nOCraBJhaiy ce I1JIH nonmKcao HJIIl ycnparmo. }'y1aH~l1 1':1 H3n;13e K<lA<l npnTHC<1K HapaCTC HO
TUlIKOBH IlOCT::lBJbajy ce Bel Horapc WIlt Ha 3HI.1,(llH':; IIo,uymlp,-PIC, H TO OClWIlIO K,ll_,a OJWCbCHC Bt'J1l1 l lHHe.
cy [lOCTaHJI,cHH IlO.!lO>Keno. Ha Taj H'-ILlHH ce JJaKO KOlrrpOJHlUJC H lIap;[JICrJi.l IJ.CO
KOIllTipu ..1r/ '-llWUlI illC'-utociIlu -'"' [iit!-
TaHK, a JtaKI1JC .Ie H BC31H-;atbC apl>urrype Hero Kana cy nOCTi1HJbCUH !.1,lipeKTHO aa 'fJIC
W{()(W.HLl itOCITilUltC ce lLU! jjOolwltJ-' 60g0- (.1Wd/36
fUlIi R<:llJ,<:l cy YKOll,-UIlI Y 3\:l\L'hy. TUllKOBH Koja cy IlOCTclBJbCHH H3i1a,~\ :\Cl\ULC HMajy Ii
Ty npC)J;tlOCT lUTO CC JU Ihl1X TC'!HOCT JUKU l1CTa'lC, Cie3 llKaKllor ypcl)aja KOjl:l 6M je
f{(.{a!-IOZ" cill{/K . .W lUll fIOe'HUh)' n.
70(jf{a. Bo-
!~OKa'mO CTaK.'10 Ilaj ' lcwhe CC CT[tB;b<1 I!'-l XOPIUOl!T(1}ll!O J!OCT<1BJbCHC TCllll';:OBC, a
l\wpao HaK!la~\IIO nOTltCKI1B'-lTll [J(] !lOBP!lilWy. AKO C,,' nUIK HaJta'JH IIa npOMCT1!O,';-l
H.:IOB;:H~ !fa T'-lHKO!W BC!!IlKC BHCHHl~. Oucu:aB ypcl);:lj ::w O;Wcl)HU~HLe HHBoa
:-1I.:.TTY H aKO CC Y lbCM), ,TJ,P:'J.:ll Jl'-tKO 3;:11l,L'ldlB,\ '["C"LEOCT, UilJ\<\ jc Hajf:iOJbC )W ce on
TL';1I0Cl"lr ca 1l:1UBKUl\1, Kau UlTo CC Bllll'!! lU C1HKC 3(j cacfoju CC H"3 rUOBKa (1).
y 3eM.lbY rrOUlTO ce npCTXOAl!() ;~oGpo CnOlL,-l 1130Jlyje.
(~
3J.KOIIa
K'-lona (2), KOTypOBLl H. Y), K;naJU(L' (4) H CKa:lC (5). 11::!- C'li'lKC cc n0130lblIU iaCl-!(;
HaH<1C CC TaHKOBH Iupal)yjy llajqcllJhc OJJ. rlHJ)KI)a, J. 3<.1TlIM Oil oCToua H J.~pBe BHf.1,H paJ_i OBc\KBHX ypct)ajCl.
T"LH,ll-we CC UpJ1U 'letTO YlloTpe6.:hLU3i.l Ii '-lJ1Y:-'HHlUjyM j(ao l\lTl'C"PUj,L'i '.E~ fnpaAY
nOK ce KOi.1, 'lCTB])T,ICTllX l-l ycnpaBlUlx l(H':1HH,ll,Pl-FUlIL\ T~IIlK(mJ MO)KC ]TaKO
TaHKO]3U, Hap(YlUTO aKO ce Y ILH}'fa ;J.P)KII MJICKO. )iKOJll1KO ce pa,f.IH ca TCllHOCTHMa
lnparrymrm 3<1npc:,"lll.llJ TCltliOCTl! ':/ !bHl\W, nOIUTO je no:.H-IaTa !JOBpiUlma OClJOBC. a
Koje oa H3 HCKH H,FIHH pearOB<lJIC COl M,rrepHjaJlo:v1 o,Q KOI'a je TaliK HanpaB"beH, on BBC11ll<l cc O,ll,pcljYJe JC;'\lHltl.l U;l UOMCllYT!lX Ha~IlIHa, )WTJle TO nnjc Jl.H)ryhl!o TaKO
CC irmyTpa OOJlCl:.KC OJajJ10M, ryMo!>.L OJJOBO:>1. ,iWKOM, CMOJJOM, BOCKOM 11 T~tI-~O ,u;a~
npoc['o H3BCCTH KO~1. nO:!OA(CHHX Ii C(l)('VOII;_~IHlX TJlI.KOBJ. 'J" OlWKllU1\i clY'jajcBl1l\1<l
JbC. BCTOllCKH pC3cpBoapn l!eCTO ce OG)1(DK~i CT<1KJIeHI-Ilvl llJlO'-I;Uv1(l. TIYKOTtme H3-
1l0;_ic_~ra na CKJJIH ':)(1 "lllTaIbC Mopa ;l<-t ce Ga:'KJJ,:1pH nel OCliOBY npCTXOnllC Il])o6e.
l\.ld))' n;!O'-Ja no6po cy 3,FICWbCHC l\{aC!ll\W IIocrojaw1tl.t Y Tt'll-locfH KOjC he cc y
TIollrro ce CI<i.UIJ BO;\OKJJllOr CTilKJli\ lIOnCm-t H(] jC;J,H<lKC nCJlOBC-. TallK ce naaYHH
lLIfMJ. !.tp)K<lT1J.
BO;!J;O\L U<l ce In tbel'a nyurra, y jc,rJ,lI<UZI1l\1 )WjWBHMJ., OIi_pet)Clla KOJIWfHfla 130;0,<:.
vb TaHI(0B(l (cn. 35) TC'-lHOCT cc OT<:lllC n'=l Ml~CTy 1 JWK ce Y HajHl-DKCM JWS1Y
DOC-fIe CB'-lKOr HcnYUlTtllJ,(J 6CjIC)KB CC nO!lO)IGlj nHnoa Te'-llWCTH lIJ1l! Ka:1aJhKe
Ha;liDH HClly"CHa OHUJl1Ha '3<1 IlClIYillT,UhC U(JKYll:Lcuor /l.{y'Ji,a (2), K<10 H BOl~c IlOCJIC BC3aIJC 3<1 ft:lOBClK, 11 IJa OCl-IOBY 'nlX nO;(i.lTaKa MO)lZC ce IGJCl!uje OnpC,iJ,I1TH canp)Kaj
npaH~i:l. Ha TaJ'IK)i IJOCTojU II lJ,CB "JCI I~OBOr\ H Ol_IlKH( Ti,:;~!J1()CTlL UCUTU;J 3a HCllj-'"WT;U-l,C
TC'llIOCTB '/ T<1HlZY. -
H yIlylJJT~H-be n<13r.1,YXi:l KOjH TeLlHOCT UCTl:1CKY.ie t1pH nYt-beH,Y, BCllTHJl 3a pCnYKOnaIbC
Tal-lKOB1J ce Haj'ICUJilc, Ka/],(\ Cl'oje HLlIJO.ibY, o6oje CBCTJIl1M 60jasw ,:J,;J Gn cc
nplITHCK(], BOJJ,Ut-.H:pn<J nCB. OTB-OP 3'-1 ym_u Y TaUK (4), paJ_\H t1l1WhClb<1, llaArJIC)\~llha
UlTO ,\lilj-be JarpCB'LTll.!, U 'lCcit:u cy {)U. W.)f(CI{U U .wliT{cpuja.111AW .W (n~JiJc1Oill/l\' tUO-
H onpaBKH. AI-co ce y lTialllwGu.Aw gp:llcc GUC/W.3I1C lTiC'/!-IOCiIlU, OWl {LAwjy OUII'UIO
_,/[{l~l{;). "
rtapf-lC L(CULl 3{f zpcjane K([KO 6u cc 3U.\UI, itie"f,/WClU ..1102:W .:UI/{U{{' ttCi!la/{fIluli.
Llucii{cjJllC Cly)I~C -::Ia npeEO') IIC:;it!K!-!X KOJllJLlHHa TCliHueTll: lIminc, OCIUHll'-l,
rmua, tl.JJ1CKLl, ;lJc:ldCC Jl TJ.KO ;\~L'hC. n~uwc 1I0CT0jC L!,HCTepnc KOjc ce npCB03e )KC.rJC-
3IlHlJ,m,j fL'~H aYTO,\10Ull:W:-'W. Ha !hHtl.la nocrojc erm ypCl)~ljIl KilU H Hd 'LlllKOllHW_l.

-3 OHe lvl~)IX1JY, "JUlX nOTjJCCCI j(ojl1l\Jel cy ::-;(1 npL'.\JC KpCTi.\lb<1 ILLTlmKeHC, I,W 6YAY ~lBP
Lulle. ) ll)"Tpalillba_l!pCC~ila,,--a, <tKO jc. lIt-.Ja, \10pJ ~W 6).')-\'.: CJIClCTH'-lImja. 3anpc.l\-1IHld
l~I1CrCPlJll H'JHOC!1 3-5 m', a l!OIJCK~\;r H BHllle.

CygO(j[{ ;w_ (1"iC'-IIIOClTil(. OUL-lI i{oilipcuu(' r;C.H{'-llIIlC, 11"ljJC()U gLi UygY.1tCXWU/.'(/df

__ - 4
ItXC.MlIjU({{ o(i/nojJllu. llpu 'lyG({II~y JWIUJ LlCll({j)_'blWU.\- me'lIIociTill .,Iwpa cc oupafi"iu-
(UU llapo'lUii}{I (iw/(Iu({ lilI ilpo.Hcfl) (iPUtlwc/{ti {Wjll l-wciliujc 360i (Tie.-HLlepaill),pmlx
--1 f{ 0 // e()W-b a.
l-F----2 .1)e:JCpuoapu 3a rarone. - TIplipOlcJ,a ri.1COBl1THX cl)JlYHJl,3 oMoryhyjc l1:a cc ORIT
~Iyua.1Y HJIH 1I();~ BCJIH}<ntl.! npHTllcKOM Y tl.l<lJl11M CYJ.1,oBHMa IWli non MJJUIM llPW-
Tl1CKOM Y CYIJ,oBl1.'v1.a ca BC-JUlKOl\1 3alIpeMJ-IlloM. 3aTo ce pe3cpuoapn 3<1 raCOBC nCJIC
('..111/,"035
y .l~Be rpyne: Y rrpBy rpyny y6pajajy ce pC3epBoapn LIBja je 3anpClYHm3 HerrpOMeH~ nIITAlbA
JbIIBa, a y APyry pC3cpBoapn \IHjH je TIpHTHC<:lK Hel1I)QMcHJbI:lB, TO jee-r 3arrpCMHHa
1. 0 lIeMY ce Mopa n0il:HTH pa'Iyna nprr CKJIarUHllTelhY JIaJW HCnapJbHBHX
npOMel-IJbHBa. TC'rHOCTI1?
Pe3epeoapu ca cilhlJuw.~1 3(ll1pe.MWUMI. IlpH rryf-helby 11 npa)KfbC1bY OBUX pe- 2. KaKo ce 'l)'najy Gone Cel racoM?
3epBoapa npl1THCaK ce Melba rrpCMa boj!1-MapnOTOBOM JaKoHY To ey 06WIHO ey- 3. 06janIH Ha'H1H MCpeI-ha KOJ1ll'IfIHC TC"l.IHOCTH Y pC3cpBoapy.
AOBll I~HJmH!1.PJFIHOr o6mIK3. ea eq)epHHJ"vf Lleman.t CTpalIaMa, H<lLHllheHH O)l jaKor 4. KaKo ce oa){q\apn ypet;aj 3(} oAperyHI:ltlH,C KO';UFIHHC Te9HocTu?
flHMa, p,a 6H MOrJIH na I13AP)Ke HOBOJbHO BenEKe npUTI1CKe. JIpu ilyr"eH,y zac cc y 5. 1(a](3 cc KOpHCTC pC3cpBoapH ca CTa:mOM 3anpcMHHm-t?
}DUX y6mevje jatCll.Al JW.Milpccopu.A-W, got< ce 17pm/("I-bel"f)C GpWU ca.MociUa/llW. JJ,a 611 cc 6.0 "[re\.ry ce Mopa BOJlHTH pa<lyna npH HC'raK<HhY 6CH3HHa. cTpa, a!1KoxoJIa?
rr3 pe3epnoapa llo6:rw rac YBeK He-fora rrpHTHCKa, Oll CC HcnywT<1 npeKO peAYK"
1~J10HOr neHTH.1l8. q(,.-7rP-IIH' OO.!;IOC (now: an 'inc) rntc), HUlUnl.{{ gpY20 go JoiGJlU peaep-
(waplI o(wza rTiuila. OHI1 ce nyHe HSlH KOMnpHMOBaHHM raCOBHMa IInH napaMa Koje
cy 300r KOMnpecnje npCIllJre y Te~IHO CT8fhC. BOl~C 3a ,U1eTHJlCll caJW>KC y cc6n I1JIli MEPElI>E KOJlWIHHE TE'IHOCTIf Y PE3EPBOAPY
8.IWTOH KOjlI CJ1)'>KH K80 paCTB8pa"l.; '{cl OHaj rac m1H HeKO 8ilCopmUWllO cpeIlCTUO.
Og npHpoJl.C raca, 0i1IIOCHO nape 38.BHCn H rrplfTl1c(IK non KOjHM CC OOIJ,C nync. 1+3 :nE liA 3'l)~aTm\ J. 11".MepuiTiu fW.,Wr./IUIY 17Ze'llIocfiill y peaep(wapy
npBm))KCHe Ta6nmw BH)l,C ce HeKll OCHOBIlH H lT8jnoTpc6Hujn HOnaI1JI '3(\ nojC)l)UIC .MCpClhC.'\/ xugpociJIaiiiul{l{o'i iiplllTillCl{a.
TCXIl1r<IKe KOMnplfl\-lOBaJiC raCOBC 11 60ne Y KojnMa ce OHn !lP)KC. IlmTij)(,fillo iipcg3fHflba. vhp;l.T\:CI onor8. VllWTKtJ jc jc.rHlOCT<lnn,\
E>0l1 a 38 cY:VlIlOp-nnOKCHIJ; II XJIOj1 MOP;:'] JFl. CC IlCHHTyjc cnnIzc i~ne r-OJ1)H:H;:< 8. 3;'1 11, '~aXTCB8 C"'1ClI.-teITTapno 3H,llhC [13 Q)H3IIKC.
OCTane racone CB(lKHX neT ro;uma. AWL1I1:w .wgaiTiI,:a. Y pe:3CpBolI.py cc nOT( a:r}'lOcrl)cpCKTIM npuTHCKOh.f H<'L'T(l1TT
na CC He on 60l\C nOMem,'LTle 11 HZi Taj 1l8'IllH J{O}H;\:le n:o nccpehe, KaI<O npn TC'IHOCT (C.ll. 36a).
TlVlhCThY T'IKO It llpH ymHpeon, one cy CfJOJ',.,<l 03Ha'-lCHC 11 060.1C11C. OCI11\.1 Tor;:L Dpn Any pC3cpnoapa jc npHK.:h)"JaJ( :w MCPClhC npHTHcK8, Kojn cc Haj'TCI.lJhe
H~lBpTKa na OTBOpy oOT.\e C1a HcnYUlTalhC l'dca 3(1 '"m8..'bH8C [",8cone nanphe ce Wl jc- Mcpn rlJ1je:~oMeTapCK()\1 n;CUH. 118 oCHony xIQpocT8TwIKor npnTllcKa (P) ,("Ty6a
,n:n:y, a 3<1 OHe Kojn He Mory 1\<1 rope ua J1,p)-TY cTpaHy. T31W CC He MO)!i::e IICCBTII ;:Ja 'l'e'mOCTI1, oApelyyje ce H,erOBa BHCIUra H3HaJ( Mcpnor MCCTa:
nOl)C ):to f:/ccpeha Koje on Morne )\)1 HacTync 31W 6u ce Roue nyHiUlc pa3';TwIlITUM
racormMil. DOW: cc lie (,'<-1('1.)' gpJlcaiiiu !HI .Hcciiiy rw ]UHIC.iC iTicJHiiejJaiIiypa (WW(I or;
400C, rnnTiu CC' cHciy u3.r1{lzaiTiu Iloil7peClUI{{ u ygapy. One Mopajy c Bpe\fCHa Ha
BpeMc na ce KOHTpOJlHmy. Y 11HiTycTpnjH ce CJlytlZH n BCftHJVl pe3epnOarmM<l 3<:l KOM-
B.a OCT-TOBY n031JaTC JJOBpUnmc nOI1pe~mor npCCCKa pe3cpnoapa (S) OJ\pe1)yje
nplfMonane raCOBC (XJlOp, aI~eTH':lcIl). To cy, no CBOjOj KOHCTPYKqUJll, flPHO JC)lno-
craEHH cynoEll, KOjH ce 113pai)yjy 38rrpcMHlfoM no IICKOJIHKO CTOTHlI3 Ky6HHX lI-IC- ce 3anpClvuma CV):
Tapa. OlIn ce Haj'Iemile l:f3pai)yiy oJ~ QCJlwHior n:m,la. YnoTpcfi,lJ,aBajy ce TaMO r:uc
je D(rrpefino nCl ce pa,!lH Gl. raCOM nonpCMCIlO I'I(l BHme Mccra li non nC.TTl1KIIM npB- s
TIKKOM.
PcaeprwajJlI ca ciTia . 1Nll.M i7pw7i1lc/{O.M lvllTorO LTcmhe ce YlFHpc6Jht1Bajy. llru-
.'IHKO,\f nyn,en,(j Ii np'l)K!ht'.lhCl Cf"<l.TTHO l\leH,ajy nmjy 3anl'Cl\IHHY TaRO nil v H,l1M{l
npHTllCClK ocrajc CKOPO HCnpO"fllCrhen. OHM OfY)1(C ]11 ~\r>K,llhe nCJTHKHX KOJTVf'H1HCt
raCOBd: 321 OCfsCT'l.,CJj,e. CllHTC3)i 11TH.

113BOi~
TIH I

CKJTal~nUlTe}be TClIllOCTI'f ie jCl1.HOCT(lHHHjC Hero CKJ1a~IJ1HlTeIhe racona. floce

6na U{DKlha nocBehyje ce CK.TJanHlllTelhY BHCK03HBX II J1<IKO HCnapJl,HBHX Te"l.lHOCI'H,
PC3cpBoapH Mopajy Hl\,1<1TH nOTpcoHY MCXanWT1(y u XCr-.'fH.1CKY OTITOPHOCT.
EOl~e ca KOl\iTIPHJvlOBaIHl1\.1 raCOM He. OJejy CC 3arpen<lTlI Tl lI'.uwrWrH y.uapHMa.
KOJHPlHlIiJ TC"l.1HOCTl-I KOIITpOmnne ce MCpe}bCM m'IBOrl, a KOmI'IHlIa raca MC~
pel-heM npHTI1CKa.
CunOCI1 cy pC3epBoapH 3a BemIKe KOJUPunre ~mpCTC :tvlaTepH.1 e .
CI/.I/.lW 3na
 ______ l

82
rE11
. . '. '. . .' . '. '.: '. .'.. MAillHHE H AllAPATH 3A PAA CA
YKYJ1l-1<l ::laIIpeMHua Te l IHQCTI-1
tvICCT(1 (Il) It :~anpeMHI-Ie
(\/u) je,!J;IIaKa je 36npy 3anpeMIUfC H::lHa,u: MepHor
Koja He YTWIC Ha MepeHH XHApocraTlI'lKH npHTHcaK (Vo ):
rE qBPCTHM MATEPHJAJlOM H llPECOBAILE

Vu""Fo+V
YKYUIl<l Maca TC l mOCTl-1 .Ie:

/1,11/1 ;;:: Fu . p.
Ilofiipeof-lU AlepcJ-b(1 U [tPOjNFtYli. rI_PH JJJIy pC3epHoapa nOTpe6uo je H3MCPHTH
rrpHTHcdK, OAHOCIIO BHCHHY TClIHOCTH Y rmje30McTapcKoj ll,CBH 11 113MCPHTH nonp- 2.1. TPAHCnOPT '-lBPCTE MATEI'I1JE
LUHHy npCCCK<l pC3cpBoapa.
PeJY"-lIIi({[{iu. HCR.a cy 113MCPCHC BHCHlIa H 1l0BplIlHHa: I1p11 npcHOHlclLY t.1BPCfC ~HrrepHje IIPCCY;.I,lIY )'J1OI'y liMa 11>(:11 oonHK. BpciTw
i7Jpu/{ctiopalcjlU (iiPCl-tOcIIUKa) uupa ce rlpe,wl OUJHtKY U (!CJIll'tW-l/l AWLuepuje. Ha U:i-
11=5m, S""0,8111 2 .
6()p {uprlf{c{iopffIcpu 3JUllIIl{O }'ITiu'1C KO:7lI'tWW I{oj;: Wpeua iiPCI-ICtLfU, I([{O 1/ fi/!U()(//j
Cai\Cl :1aupcJ\H-lHil TCllllOCTH H:3HOCH: r:jJCL71i11vll. Y BcilUm! CJJY'lajcnCl TpallCllop-rt.:-p He 0-1C;V! MC1-b<l (cwnw) "--1<tTcpHja:! KOjH
V:= If S -= 5 0,8"" 4,0 m~. lljXHOCl-L
J~a GIl ce l-lCKa l\'-,-rrcpllja npcue!Ia, nOTpeouo je ~p ce o0amr H3BtCT<l1l pa;:\. Pan
l\ilaca Te'-lHOCTH 33BHCH OLl; !bel-Ie rycTI-H-lc:
KojH Ce ytl(npe61-1 :1<1 _upCllowelbC TpOlllll ce Ita C<lnna9lUWlbC Hllepl\llje. TeJl<l 1-l H'-l
M = (V+ . p = (4,() + V,,) . P (kg). C<:lBJIaI)HB'-llbt.:- TPClb<l (0 nC:>K11lllTa H BLU;J,YX). AKO ce TellO llpH UPl:llUUJClbY .l~I-J)Ke,
IJpILI-II!gUU. IlIJjnoMcTapn:.a ueH M(KC cc lnGa:a<HapuTIL 1''-IKO ALl Cl: )l:HPCKT1l0
OHWl ce paH TpOllil-i II I-leI ,OJI:nlbe. Ilpn XOPIl30HT(l.TIHOM u uepTUKaJIIlOM npclwcy
pal-t CC TIX)lJlH Wi CmUal)l-matLC- 11HCPl~Hjc Tc.:ta cue P;OK OJ-lO ue iJ,06nje neT)' 6p3J-Ill)'
O'lHT<1B[i Maca 'lyrmOCHI Y pC3cpBoapy.
KOjy IHvtCl H TpaHcuopT~~p. ;~o TpeH>\ M())l<C )J,<l !\obC Il 360r Tora lino ee KO)], HCKUX
XH!~pOC'raTJ1IIKH UPHTHCLlK :-.wrao ce MCpllTH L-\llPCKTHO - MepCI-LCM npl1THCKCl.
Y TOl\f C1Y'lajy M<lHOtvtC'rap OIl pt.:-rUcrpOBi10 npllTHC,UC TPeUiCllOpTcpa MLiTepHFL'1 By"lC, TC ce TaKO Tape 0 lloWlOry;)W TPCI-hct J,O)l(13H yuct-~
, y' JIC)KlIfllTHMa GlMOr TpLlncnopTcpa ll:lH y APyrH"11bCrOmrrv[ AC.'IOBUMLl. Jan-H) jc lJ.a
P~pgH~p9,81 . ,J.
jc npBH C)IY'-taj TpClh<l 0 nO,Ll,JlOI"Y HCnOBOJbHHjn, jep 3ClXTCBa uell:, CHary, TO jecT
KojH 6n 3aBHCliO O~ ryCl'HHt Te~IlJ.OCn-1 y pe3epBoapy. Bellu pa!~, 36u1' OlWKBO TpanCIlopToB<tH,C IT CKylLIl.>C. 3a'1'O ee, ige 'log je Duo
'-lcr,J je
,~-tolyhF{() U 2ge Je OU() et-.:()fU).1W'lI-l-O, ii/peN)(, !".-mamba 3(LHI!FIJ}je iTipel-be"H }{O(iiPfiJLUb{{
y .l-taIllWICI':U.H !]efW(J/lAUI, lIlTO YBCJlHKO nojcBTHl-hyjc npclloc. 3amicIlo o,u YCJlOBa
paJJ:3 H HplIpOAC MCrrepujaJlCl KO.iH ce npcHocH, H3pal)yjy ce pa3Hc Bpcre Tpanc
llopTcpa. I1pcllocna cpc,ucma I\fOry ,ll,<J. ce lIOJ_ie.'lC Y cJlej\ehe rpyIlc:

- TP;]IGtcru TpaIlCrrolJTcpl1,
- J!all'IaCTH TP<UiC110PTCpH.
- rrYAG.lCTl1 TpallcllopTepH.
nl-lcy~l(ITH~IKH Tpallcnopn;,pu,
xHiwaymlliKH TpallcllopTCpH.
TP:UWCTIi Tpam'lloIJ'l'cpn. ~- CaC'l'ojc cc OJl. (jeo;:pajHe TpaKc IT /(B<1 oyG1La OKU
KOjHX CC OWloopbe. JC;~c-l!! ()H GY()I-bCB<1 (1), Kao lDTO jc 031-1'-1'1e.uo HEt CJlHlJ,T-l 37, no-
Kpehe MOTOp. TpaKa (2) je CBOjOM I~Y>KIIHOM MCCTHMWI}{O nOJJ,YllpT<:l lvtaJlHM naJLl\H-
1\-1(\ (3) KaKO cc IrC OJ-[ I-lCTC3<1JIa no,u: Te)KHllOM TepeT<.l B conCTHCHOM TC-IKHl-lOM. Ca
erpaIlc cc llajltcmhc naJr(l3C BcUhlUl (C}l. 38), TaKO p;a OIlH Aajy Tpau,l1 OJI)"laCT npe-
eeK K<.tKO I\-[crrqmja.:! ea 1-bC HC Gn nai-\'lO.
TpaKa jc Hajl.lcmhe f:Ja~lJllbeI-ta OJ], ry~UlpaHor IIJI<JTHa, TeKCTH.'la, K(l'<'C, 'ICHH-
<lHor JIlfMa 11 TLtKO J.taJhC. GHa ce TOKOM BpcMcHa, 3Gor R),'lC, nCTC)Ke, a nY)t<liHa joj
cc MC[-b(l:vcrren TCl\mepaTypcKHX K(L'lCOalb<l, 1.10 H lHIa)KJ-IOCTH B<13Ayxa. AKO TpaK;-l
3001' OBI1X YCHoua OJIa6aBIl, OIma KJIH3!1 npeKo 1l0rOHCKOI' oyoH~a 11 I-Ie MO)KC r~a ce
84 85

H3 LUa6eJ1C cc 6ug[( ga he I1ciliu eJlcemTiop I.lMmTili aehu KaLl.G1.?llWeiiJ 30 cuiTi-

flU/I.( .MaWepuja.,1; flouuTio OJ-{ 60Jhe L1yJ-Ul Ko4n(l~y, Hezo aG K]JyUHl-(ju.

'($ ,
o Ueo eJleBaTOp, 360r cnrypHOCTl1 pa,qa, HaJIa3H CC y OKJIOny. 3aTe3aH~C ce np-
UlH rrOKpeTa}beM p;Ol-her naJbK3 y o,n:ronapajyheM eMepy JIC>KHlIlTa. Bp3J1I-Ia KpCTa-
I-ba TpaKe H3HOCH OKO 1 m/s. EneRaTopHMa ce CJ1Y)KH npn TpaHcnOpTOBaI-bY 3pHac-
Tor I-:T M.TJeneHOr MaTepHjaJW: >KliTapHlI,a, peiliCTaCTor YJba, 6paUIHa, neeKa 11 TaKO
gaJLe.
Ao6pa cBojcTBa eJIenaTOpa cy UITO npCHoce II KOCO H nCpT}IKamlO, IIlTO 3aY3H-
Kpehe. AKO ce naK cymuue 3aTcn-lC. rrpenI Majy Ma.TJO MeCTa H CHrypHO pane. HellOCTaTaK VIM .Ie UlTO ce Mory 33 l rernrrn aKO
onaCHOCT Oil. npCKaH,<l. 3ailio jc iloiTipenrlO
ucfJpa6Ho aail1caaiIJu, OgHOCHO (}iTiI7yllalla~
(fill iIipaKy.
TpalGl He CMe Y CROl'.{C paAY n:a 6Y1V:
npeOTITCpci1eHJ H rrpenYJ-heH3 .iep on y
1'0\1 cJly~mjy npn KpCT<:HbY l\l<1Tcpnja]l C8
Fbe naJ-\ao. Hnje CKOIlOI\HT'-TIfO 1-111 Kap:;1 OHa Cl/ulw.j8
rrpCJ-lOcn \{3I-hC MJTCpnjaJl<l Hero UlTO JE'
npopa'IyH<1TO. 3:::rro Tre6n BOJUITH pa'fyna 0 TalmOM T-fOPM3JfHOM nylbCl-h)" TpaKc.
AKO cc HanomelhC lIB TpaKy BpIUH pylIHO, TO pam-! OOH"IHO caM pagHHK, (l aKO ce
BplIIIl !v1CXaJ-UPIKH, Ta~Ia r-mpajy ,ail. nocToje napO'-BnH ype'bajn - XpaHH.1THI\C KOJC
he p;opanaTH 6alli OHOJJl-fKO ;o.-1<ncpnjanJ KOJIHKO.it nOTpe6Ho.
MaTcpnjan ce HCTonapyjc 06WIHO na Kpajy TpaKe. HaHMc, 3601 HarJTC rrpo-
l"reHC IlpaBI~a TpaKc. lVH1TepnjaJl ce 300r IIlIepI~Hjc OJmaja OJ!, 1M; H lIaJ!,a HTJ!,a.'1C.KO Of!:
OKpCTHor oy6I-ba. AKO ee >Kc:m Jl.a ce MaTepH.itlJI HCTOBapn Herne Ha epeEllIl-HI Tpa-
KC, nocTojn Blmle Ha'IUna n(l ee TO ypanH. HajnpOCTI1jn je Jl,J ce HenoepeI~Ho 1I31Ja,H
TpaKe YKoeo noC'raBH HeKa rrpenpCKi:l (HO>K) Koja he ca lbe CKI1P)lTJ.1 lvwTcpnjaJI.
JlaJPIaCTH Tp3ncnopTcJm. - Gnn TpaHcnopTepn (CJI. 39) cy 6ecKpajHe TpaKe
(1) lInH Jj(un~H 3a Koje cy rrpwmpurhene KocJ)Jn~e (2). 3H<:P-lTI, KOq)HIlC Mopaj)' yr:Ia-
BHOJ'vf loW 3aY31vfY TaKaB I1o:1o)l(aj K(lKaB 3aY3HI'v{3 6co;:pa.iH3 Tl)aKa, OlV-IOCHO JlanaIJ...
OBI1 TpaHcnopTcpn npcnoce JvIaTepHja.rr HJ1H BCpnIK<l.TIHO HaBIIIlJe JIJIH 1weo
naBHIIle f\O 60". AKO je narn6 .lorn M<1l-bH, Ollila ee Koq:nu~e HC nyne JJ:OBOJbHO, Te 0]1.1
KanalvneT HanlO onana. H3Mel)), ;:\B(\ 6y6l-bCl (3 II 3') (ropH)H cc nOKpefic ]VIOTOpOM)
3aTerHYT8 jc TpaK3 33 KOjy cy npwwpIIIficnc Koqml~e. Y iJOlhH nco TpaHcnoI)Tcpa.
Kp03 ]lCB<:tK, erma cc MaTepnja.'l K0.111 T1'c6a Tp<ll-lCnOpToBinn: KotjWIlW r8 npn :wo-
KpCT<lIhy 3(lXB<:lTajy H J-IOee ca COOOlyl. Ha ropn~eM ,'l,CIY, rna fOpll>Cr Ba:LIG1, 360r
narnoT' 3aOK1'CT<1, 1\w:rcpnja.'1 yea_eg nIlcpu,njc nCIT81-l<1 II3 Koclm[~a. a OHt cc npa:mc
npahajy HdflIDKC.
KoctlIn~c CJlCninOpa He nync CC YUCK jenm)KO. Ha CTcrrCll nYfbeJ-ha Kocjmnc.
nopen 06-'1HKa It 6p3HHe KperaIha CJICnf:lTOpa, yTIl'lC H npCT(l MaTcpnjaJI(l Kojn cc
Tp~nrcIlOpTy.ie. Y J-IapCfu-roj Ta6J11U\H HaT je CTenCH nYT-hClba Koqmuc y npOUCI-ITHMCl
3aBHCHO OLI KpyrlHohe !\WTepl1ja,na Kojn CC TpaI-IcnopTy.ie.

1---BpCT3 - --rC;;;;--'T Bpcra CTcncH

i Ma'fCpHjaJ1a i nYI-hCI-b3 (%) I l\taTcpHjaJTa (%)
nYI-bCI-h3
1~---lV-l-e-Jb-aJ-la--'T' 80-100 II YraJb (cllT-,-m-ej -I1c-)-- 60-70 '-~-II
L 3PHO i 75-90 ____+_YraJb (KPYI1lUl_jl_')_-,-_ 40__-.._5_()_ _ _~. C1UJ(O 39
86 87

I 3
/
"
rn
2
,r
!
2

4q

npeH()(,C ,']CIL'bHH H KPYlli.lU J\ldTcpujaJl. A.K() Tp~lj(a UJla()uB1L MU>KC ;~a /--\oi)t',UU jaKHX
y,'~ap(\ K~)(I)lJl~(i (} OKJ10U,

TpauCHOrnepH.
[J~lj'-!ClLlbl: H~,n!Jnajy KBap
OUll Tp,HICnOj.HepH (Ul. 40) cacrojc ce 0;.\ UYi-IC
\/
crmpane KOJi1 cc u6phe Gl XOpHJO!lT~L'UJOM ()COBlHlOM. OKO CHUP,UIC cc nClJlaJH
O.l1}'E. KPO? Kojn MUTc'pflja,:1 Upo,'linu nOTllCKHB'-lU 06PT;UhCM CHHpaJlC. IvLncplJ-
co()m,l. Uen vpcljaj
1(1)03 IT,CBlt HOCll Cil ,,11) c(JC'roju cc In M<1111HIIC 3<1 nOKpCTC1H.C
J<lJi ;/]w:m UJ JeJ--\iJH Kpaj, a l1CTllCKyjc cc Ila Jwynt.
u;3.uyxa (1), U.CBB 3([ cnp(mOhC1-J~<': cycncll3Hje (2), caGl1plHIKCl (3) Ii OL\Baj,Fia
. TIPl1 OBUM llpcuocy, Kao H llpH OUlJld UpL'1I0CH~'Ia 0 KojHMa heMo rOBOpWrH K<1C-
npaUJHHe (4).
IUiJC, Hc;W nU/(jJt:lTillux gC'lOG{1, :~oor ~leI'a OBH TpaHcllopTcpn J(lj'3HMajy MalLe npo~
CT~p,J, \.. .. l!llp~L'1a]C H(]'llllhcna (),l~ MUCHBTlujcr nJo)Ki);}, KOjC 1vlO)1(C flO u601~Y ;W 6YJ1.c On gY>KI1HC BO:l,a, Kanau,l-!'reTa TpancrropT3, rycTHilc MLt'repnjaJI3 11 HCKHX .upy~
IlU.!Ll'EUlU. IG1KO ce lIe G11 GpJO I1'.L'Hua:lO YCIC,J, CTGJIlIOr TpCH.>Ll 0 1taTcpl-Ija.'L 110- I"I1X ~lHmL~all,a, 3D.BHCH KClK<lB he ypcl)aj 3<1 KpeT~Ube na:-;,fJ,)-'xa JJ,a ce HOCH1BH. To cy
UJTO ~nl'lpana ClJUjUl\l pd.I~Of,l 1l0THCK)tjC l\1aT~pHja>'l y jC~IIO!\l CMCP:Y, y I-bOj 'ce y3)-l,Y- J-Iaj'-Iemhc BeHTHHaTopH, a t\wry 6HTl-l H B<lKYY!-.Hl,PIIKC. I-hnxoBHM pal-\OM C'mapa ce
;'KHO JJ.13jLLl PC<tKl1,Hja y cynpOTlJo;,,\ cMepy, Iwja TC)KH J-i<1 jc It:JGalJ,HIU UJlY'KJ.. 3m:o pa3pet)Cl-Le mUAyxa y I~CJlOj anupaTypIl, lwja Mopa oaTH xepMCTWIKH :::<lTBOPCH(t,
ce Hi) HpaTlUl), U~I!Ia:.m II je;JllU ilKcHjamw JIC)KHlllTC (4), KOjC npHMa ona :o,u,Y;'KHa KaKO OH ce 118 Kpajy YUlCHC U;CJJH, KpOJ HapO'IHTO YCHCHO CTomdO (5), 300r Ilacra-

olrrqJchcH>i:1. AKO je cllupa.'Ia cyBHll!t.' ,fJ,yra, tvlO)j(C ce ,J,ecllnl ;J:d 'ce OHa Ha cpe;unm Jlc pa3Jll1Ke npllTl1CKa, YCHcanao n<l3iWX, a ea f-b}UvlC II MarcpHjU-i1_ Kojn cc llLL'la'JHO
HCKPHBU; CllllpaJl~! cc lIa 'raKIH1!d IvlL~CTl1J\1a npcloI!W 1:1 CJlOGop)la OCOBllIl~l ce Bema 0 OKO YCHcHor CTomU!a, 3Gor BeJlHKe Gp3lUll,j KpCT(Uhll BaJAyxa, H CllT<1H l\laTcplIjaJ!
J1C)KUlJlTC. C\lCP KPCT<Jlhl Ma'J'CP!1j,-L'W :J(lBHCH Ui~ cMcpa U6PT'-IIh<t nY)Ka. ce H>HMC Kpche eBC AO ca6ufJlU1Ka, r.uc ce oAnaja lIBpCTtl l\Icrrcpuja 0f~ racomrrc Ma ..

Omit"l TPLlIlCllOl)TC].)lJMa cc npCHUC!1 :3pllacr ivtaTCpHjaJI H !\WTepujaJl Y Bli.J:Y

Tcpnjc. To cc nOCTH./K.l' y' l!apWIHTH)I.-1 cynOB!1M<l (Im.uH ,,1~IlKJlUII", (PliJlTPU 'Ja Ba3--
Up:lX,i, a l\10>KC H TeCTi:1CT nyx) rAe ce npeccK llctI'JlO nOBehal}(l. :Joor ~JCra ce Op3lUW B~nnyxa Haf310 o.wlbyje,
Tl,j TU]l.IC 11 IbcrOBa cnocoGHucT uornCI-ba cycnel-IAoBam-lx 'reCTm~a. 3601' Turn 11.(.'; ce
)XoGpc Kap:U(T-:PUCnlKC lIYAWCTIlX TP:1UClIOpTCpa cy UlTO 3ay:.HlMajy 1\.1<1':10
llj.J(:Cfupa, w-:-o Cy ';aTBopCllH J! UlTO, 110PC}--\ 'fora lliTO npCHOl'C, HCTOnpC!l.IU[O H l\lc-
y 01301\.1 C\'iJ,Y CLtKynJb<lTlJ eBa TOKa 3pH<l II u<t,aaTIJ Y KOllYCHO AIlO, OP;3K;lC ce npecn-
ita nCl MCCTO nIt.' je TO HO'rpeOllO. (Vlll-lltja nparJl!1Ha Cl~ He MmKe 11:3.1-\BOjHT1'1 y OB~l
unJ], ~laTCpllFL'i, O~~lJOCIlO. aKU CC UJlyK OXJI'-l/J,ll, HCTOllpcl\1CHO ra x.:ra;lC, TO jcer ~a
rpcID.lY. Hc,rlOC'TaL(H cy 1111'0 ce IqJl;W)1l1ClbC o0~uJ.;l>a TPClbCl\-I, TC je' mrrpcGuu BCJ1H- KBlIt>.-i Ca611pUHlJ,111\{(J l-lCl'O ;lGT11 H ,L\;UbC ca mn;.!;yxOi\! flO O~lB~\ja'Ja npaUJI:lHC (KOjU MO"
)Ke 6HTH it Tuna "L~1ll~"10H'). TeK OBaKO OCJlOOOi)CH o!.\ upalllllllC B(13)lYX ce nytLrra
l-~(l u-wru, (l MujKC iJ,<! IJ<lCT<1He It ;wuGJLt'JhC MaT(:,pHjaJI~\ aKO cr: 'J~\r.!l'-mll JiJMd)y cua
paJlt' H OJI'y'Ka, a [!lJCY lJO,::(CCHH 3<1 TpaIlCllOpTOB<llbC ua Belle }.!;a:hlTlIC, Y ll,pnKy Koja he ra 1I:J-6ULl,HTU y <1TMOCCPCPY
thpabyjy ce H rsqnIH,-a;llUi, UYjJWCTU TpaUCliopTepH. Jl;J !\l(lTCPHj,-UJ He on Cd IlJ-tev . \Wl(W'IKIi Ui[JW-lCl7..opificpu f(),lugJHf cy af1 UPCHUWC!hC "W1WZ- U cu(iilf02
CTIXlllC, LUi\-IC9Y ClHlpa.'lC" 11 .1H,Lia) upona;~a{), ()[-IH ce lJPJIO npCl~I13110 113palyviy, TalCO J1atTtcpui~uw; cfiiPYZIJL-dW-U:, .HUli7.iapill~(/, pC3aJ-U1l~a 0[1 peilc, I(ao u .HwTiepu;a,:w !{oju
!-l,Ll jc :::a:;\op IU"'-1d)y' IbHX Bp.'JO lvl,-UUL )1,a G11 CC OlJO MOrJlO KOHCTPYKTHBHO ()'crBaplJ- cc l-/ey:Z-(~gHO If oit(/ui-O Lipawli. Oln] cc BpJIO 'teCTO ynoTpeOJbClBajy y CHJlOCl{l\-1(l 33
'1'11, BpaTIJJlO ClIHP;:L'IC lIujc lIo;u,ynpTo c nOlbe crpaue (UITU 6u MOL'lO ;:{<1 1_\OBCiJ,C ;0,0 HCTonapalhC narOH3 H UlJICIIomL Bp:Hm3 KpCTal-ba ntl3Jwxa jc )1.0 25 mis, a nurpo-
KPI1B.!bClLa), Hero je C.'loGowJO OGCWCllO 0 roplbc (Bueche) JlC)KHlllTC, TC TaKO 3av- UJlba B33Ayxa 3-6 \11:' Ha 1 kg M<tTCpI1jaJl<l. I.J;cB 3a cnpoBo~clhC MO>KC 6lrrn .u,yra HC-
3Hil,-1a H,!J,ca!l<!H lH:PT!'IK~LU-lH llOJ!O:-KUj H )KCJhCHY l~eI-rrpWHlOcT. "' KOJ1UKO CTOTllHa 1\'t12'I'apa,

HueY1HanpUUf TpaHcnopTcp. - ilpl1 UPCHOU1ClhY OBJH\{ TpaHCnOp'f'CpI1M[l JUll( ITpcl1MyheTBo OBHX TpallcnopTcpa MO)Ke 6l1Tl1 Y TOMC lllTO ey IJ;CBH 3a cupo-
~t~lTepHiaJi, y BHgy 3pU<1 IUU! npax<l, cycncllHyje ce y 6p3Y CTpyjy B;nnyxa KOj:n 1'3 Hoi)eI-bC naKO nOKpCTJbHBC Te ce ea I:-hl1Ma MO)Ke Aocne:rn rAe rOl'!; ee )J(enli 6C3 IIKa-
88 89

KBHX TCmKofta. JIpu iipCH01IlCH,Y .MmlJepuja/1 cc unTto8pe.MCflO U oiT1I7pauryje If XJla- 2.2. CI1TlhElhE
gU. Oun Tpm-lCIIOpTCpn ffMajy nCSIHKH KamrU;UTCT.
HeW>CTall,J.1 rmCYManPIKHX TpaHCllopTcpa cy lllTO 11M je nOTpc6H<l nCrrHlGI Teopnja cnTH~eIM! .._" nHJI, CHTThefba.ie CMaJf,CH,C. ncnwm:nc KOlvra;.,a HCKC Ma-
CHarn rr liTO lIM ce MaIlIMHCKH /lCJIOBH Mopajy 6pIDKJhl1BO j-ICf'OBanJ. AKO cy 6p31IHC Tepnje. MaTCpl1ja cc CHTHH H3 mnue pa3JIOra: ga fiu ce JU/}(Ule UpC1WCUJW U 3::;-Og/-lUjC
KpC'raH~a neJIHKe, Mo)KC}1,a Jl,ol)e go CHTI-hCH,i:1 Ii OI1JTChCI-ha MaTcpHja.:I3 ()lmTapl1l~e). yiUo6apU(-)(wa; ga 6u ce oC.flonogllJw gpyZl.lX Maiiiepuja a,w cy ca H)O.M cpaCflC; ga fiu,
I1nCYMaTHtIKC MaUlJ:lHC KOjC pane Wi OBOM npHlIlJ;I1ny npcnoce Mincpl1jaJ! .3602 Bclie l1oBPUIu/-lc, 6pJICC rjnt3lttiKil (pacTBapmhc, Tano)J<clbC) U/lU xCJ.wjClal
ca6upl-w: ea YI_~aJbeHHX MeeTa cKYU]1)ajy. YCHcanajy MaTcpnjan Ha jCJVlO MeCTO. AKa peazo(w.fl{f (caropCBflIt>C, npKcH~c, XH)l,pnCaH"c H T<1KO l,an;.c).
ce MeCTO MaIlIHHC 3a npoH3BoryCl-bC naKYYMa Y CHCTCM craBe KOMnpecopn, T<l;a,<l ce Aa oM ce 113BPUIIL'lO CHTH;.ClhC, nOTpc6HO jc yrpolllHTH pan lZOjHM he ce caUJIa-
MaTcpnja.TT ca lvfccra palW UCIH:il'vICl pa3110CH Ha MeCTa ,naJb<l O,D; OBora. Y OBOM eny- naTE npHBJ13'IHC Koxe~:HIOHC ClUfe KOjc ;~P)KC I10BC3aHC "reCTTlD;C MaTcpnje. TaTW }J:O-
l:wjy je nOTpe6na l-WpOllHTa xpalllUH1Il,a Koja he MiwcpnjaJI y6aWlB3TH Y BOJlOBe. 6njcnH M~llI>l'l KOMa;rt:H Hl\.13jy HOBe n013pnnme npCnOMrl. YKYOH<1 rrOHpllnma "rCCTHu:a
OBaKaB CI1CTCM CC, n8. npHlvrep, npm."rClh)'je 38 J!())KeH~e BHmc KOTnOB(l yr.ihClfOlvl npc CHTlhClha Malha.ic on yKymle mmpnnmc tICCTlHl)l nOCJle CHTlbClh,L Dpcll..fa TCO-
npa!IlHHOM HJ nCTora CrrpCMHJIlT<l. PH.1H HCly'nmK;) PHTHHrepa, pag I{oju rTipd)a ga ce U.](ijHlfU frpu Clfi7f'bClbY HC1{o?- ,,1tn-
XHi~pa:\i.;nplim TpmicnolHCp, - Kao udlio CC oHaiTicpuja.,? .AiOJ/U' iipcJ/ocrdllll tTicjJuju.w l7P0l(0pl\lIollaJ1(ff{ jc UO(HUf flonpUllIlw/vl{/ ;{Oje hpu ITWAH' NonTia/.v.
({(l3g.VX())d, iTi.aJ{() ucfi/a .H{))/{(' CC i""ipcIIOCIllIIU fl i!iC'rl-iOCiflll.wr, 0W'IOClTO BOilOM. JaeBO 3H(!tTH, YKO.'HlKOcy 3pn<t KOj(l cc npo CHTIhelhY Oop83yjy olTHnj8., YTO}I1TKO he f\.'10-
je )1,a, y OBOM CJT)/~['ljy, MaTcpHj~LfJ HC ClvfC gd cc pacrnapll HHTH p,:a PC<IT'yje, ca IhOlv1 paTH l~a CC
),W)TPCOH neon paTl. ];rro cc CHTlhClhC BrUHl ((11\10 no mnpefine \itpe
AKO CC pal!)! ca CIiTIlOl\'J, cycncnlwnanoM M<lTCpnjOlq, (1Tl)~,l ce OH<1 npOJlOl.\Il Kp03 [1,C- Btl CBaKO cHTllIlje '1rmo Hero lTfTO Tpcoa )'T]10I.llH ce lIcnoTpc6no cHcpnlja, ,1 '!TL\,1C
HE, a nOKpche cc l~errTpH(lryr'l.111lH"vl Iq:nll<<tM<l (napOTIHTO noja'JiUTHl1l 11(1 YUYTP,HlJ- H HOn<-lIf,.

lLliM HonplIlHHaMa 360r ep03HHlIor ncjcTBa OBilKI1C cycncn-m.ic). CHTlhen,C l\W>KC 11)1 ce lf3nprnTl!Ttl HCKomlKO 1f~!\nnTr'l K80 UJTO jc l1pm<cna[!() ml
Be"hu: KOMHUH (mehepll<1 peIla, KpO\mnp) 'TCCTO CC T:llWbc rrpcHOcc BO]'TOl\L CJml~D 42
npfl 'IeMY ce I1CTOBPCMCHO BfHJ.IH IT I1Cnnpm-hc. ")/ OHOl\1 UT)"Jajy cc npClIomclhe Bp- ;lOK ce npHT11cl<OM H ynapm,\ C.1y>KTJ npn CHTIhCI-l,Y TBPP;Of' U KpTor iVl,lTCpn
illH oownw Kp03 OCTOHCKC K'IH;:l.)1C Kojn Hl\Wjy H3BCCT<1n n<1,IJ, (1 :100): OIl jc lW :,WO, jaJl(l, HOTne ce IlCTllpaH,C]I,j [! CC'ICIlA_',M cwrnii )Kl1Jlafl, C.TT<lCTlPIaH, ll}JeICTJ1'JaTl WfIJ
KpCTHM<1 jOLIJ Hchu 3601' CaBJTal)l1BJII)a nonchmlOr TPClh;1. MeK Ivl;ncpHj;lIl.
OW-lOC rrpC'lTllIKJ KOM;l;J:;! ITpC CnnhCI/)(j rrpo.1() npC'IHlTKy lIajnchnx KOMa;l:;:l
nOCIe CHTlf,Clbfl ll<1JHl1a ce CTenCll CHTlhClhtl (pem'T":I\njc):
n ;:::;;J).!d,
T1300P TpancnopTcpa 3aBBCD OJi o6mma IT KonWlHHC MaTcpHje, [(ao n on np(l- r;xe cy:
nqa KPCTnIh<l. Encprnja cc TpOIUH na GlOnurranaH~C KHHCTIl'lKC H nOTcHqHjannc D - CpCJUhH npC'IHHK najncl'iHx KOMa)J;<:l nrc CHTIheT-ha,
cHcpruje Mi.rrepHja.'TY, Rao II n(l G1B.rral)n:B<llhC' TPClh<J Y JJC>KHIIlTHMa TpaHcTTOpTep(\. d CPC)Uhl1 npe'HfHK na.)nehn:x KOi>Ian,] noe.ITt CllTlbCjh'l.
Tp<1HCnOpTcpH uory ornn Tpm,acTIf, n(lWJ(1CrH, nY>KaCTH. ITneYMaTll'IKH H e,TJCB(I- AKO je l\I(\TcpHja.1 TUpn, 01111:(1 CC CnTlhCILC BplIm nocrynno, 360[ 'Iefa ce crc-
TOrn. KopncTc ce 3(1 TpaHcnopT 3pn<lCTOf, lWManaCTor H IT<IKOnanor M<lTCPHj::lJ1(L neB penYKHnje Y jcnnoj ,\jclIlrnllB Kpchc OM 2-6, urro 3H~I'IH n3 cy HCIlTlhCHH KOM;qH
2~6 nyT(l U(1]hB 0;..1. rJo'renmx. 3a I\.ftlTCpnja]1 CpC;UhC TBPJlolic crenc.H PCilYKUHjC. jc
!1;;:: 5--10, a 321 lvleK n;:::;; 10-50, na II BHll.lC O,L( TonL
HHTAlhA
TipeAff) G('.;1U'UIf-lU f<o)"tagrr ,,ojll ("e nOC.llC !JjJOO/bClr,(f .11((",1(, go6uiTill) (Uf(lfhCf/)(

1. FIa UJTa cc TpOlTfn pail npn llPCHOllJClhY \I<lTCpJljC? ilA/({ Hel{().i7UT{"O ciucfiellll, H TO:
2. 3aurro ce npnJC.HO})" \[CI),(l HY;'Kml<l TpilKe II lZ3KBC cy nOCnC)1,l1TlC Te' rpyoo IIj)o6JbCH>C, npn 'ICMY CG Ko;-.ra,nH (TITHe 100---150 mlTI,
npC)\lClle?
3. KojJ jc 611THa llpC':~l!OCT lllIC-Y",-IIlTCKOT' TpalIcnopTd !Ja;J. OCTiWlI\l11n 'IHllJIMil - cpep,:Ihc Ilpo6,rbCJhC lJaje KOMt1n:e nC]III'IHIlC 30 ~40 m111,
opelloca? - CHTHO 1(p06.n~CI-hC no :) mn1,
4. 06jaCIlHTe, K,n;:o ce RpmIl TlCTOnap Ul TpaK3cTor TP;lHcnOlyrepi1?
- MllCHClhC najc 3pHa Tl,O 0,01111111 !J.
5. KojJ .ie 3ajemHf'lKll KapZlKTcpncTHKa nY)KaCTIlX, 1111CYl>!ZlTlP1RIlX II :mnpay-
JUPIKHX TpnlIcrropTcpa ~
- KOJJOl1ilHO jvClCBCH~e najc \fccm.u;c IT po O,0001111lTI.
JaCflO jc na CBl! Onf.I CTCnCI-lH CIITJhClh3 He l"Iwry ycrrCUI1-10 Jl(l CC nocmnry cal\W
y je,lJ)mj BpCTH M,l[I[Hl-I<l 3a CHTfhCl-I.e. 3<1 cnaRY Be!Jwrrnry ~~pHa 11 3a cBaJ..:Y Bpc-ry 1\.13-
TcpHja nocToje 33 ORO HC1jnolXecHHje M3nnmc. HanO"l\UnbCMO jom n TO !~a. ilpu caa-
1(()J\1 Cl.llIil-beT-hY HaClTlajy ucil""i06PCA'ICI-IO 1I CBC 6CilU'IUHC l/cuilirbCH02 "ltOljiepuja,..1.~,
caMO y paal-lU.M OgHOC[[}d(L Mannmc 3<1 CI1TlheIf,C ;o;enc ce rrpeM3 BC.'UPIHHH 3pIW KOJC
Ta MmUIma !J.aje Y HajBchoj l\fepn npCl\fa OCTanHM ncmFIHHaJ\.W.
 _____ --'---_....L. ___ ._<.

90 L[_ _ J 91

t
d1
= nPIHI-lCAK
~
~nAP

ClJm:u,ll
~
!.1CTVlPAI-bE

CEYEI-bE
15

12
0/--\ ~1,-U11HI-!a Koje CJI),)Kt' 3a CHTI-bel-bC KUpltCTc cc CJIC)lehll THIlOB_H: 11
,n,P06HJIHlJ,C:
- !~pOGHJJHlJ,l' Ha BLl1hKC,
-- ;--\CJl111TCrpJ.TUplI;
MJlInJOJ.H1:
- l\-WIIllOBH C ~Ll!H1CKI1}'1 KaMelheM, 14
- r.L~mllOBH lla B~LTbKC,
9 13 10
- 1\1.:[1-11101$1-1 C KYrJl2lMa;
KOJJOl1j--\1ll1 MJIHJIOUH:
- YiWPIlll (I1,'1aYJOllUEm) MJlHHOBH,
CelJ,KaJIHIJ,C. Fay </C/bYCl-tC ypU61L1Ul(C

3601' o6pTalba 3alltaju,a 11 HPiJTlUW IItl KOjcM ce OIl JIaJlu::m, oophe ce H eKCI\eI-\-
Tap. npeKO npcreaa Kojl1 no f-bClIlY KJlJ.13H UPCHOCH ce y~lCCTaI-lO KpeTalbC HUBHwe
11 HaHI{)E_e 11 nJ nylll-ry llOJI}Ty (R) Koja.ic C Ih-lll\ta Y Be3~L 3601' Tora hc cc KpCTaTl1 H
J~pOOIi;mll,e 'l3 rpyoo JlPOOJI.CII.C KpajcBH pacnolH!x IlJ[OLla Kojn cy ca BYLlllOlvf nO.'lyroM 301<1BK3C'1'O liOBC3aHH. ,[(lHa-
IhCM BY'II-lC IlOJlyre MJnahe ce 11 pacllOl-Ia HJlOlW II rrpHTHcKHBUTH nOKpcTuy tleJhycT
lfc.iIJYCIlC gp06[UlUL~C cy y oomlK)-! \ICJLYCTU H Y Il,Hl\Ia CC BpUHl HPoGJLCI-Le. Ol-Ie C Jwyrc crpallc 3L1aBlG1CTOf ne)KHUJTil. nOil TH!lt npHTHcKOM IloKpcTahc ce '-lCJLYCT
ce" CJIH'lHO 'leJl,YTTl1Mt1 )l~HBOTHlhC, caC'l'Ojc H:.-I jCWlor ncnOKpCTllor 11 je,L\uor IIO'- YJJCBO 11 TaKO npI1TlICKlIIlaTH, OIUlOC!lO, APo6I1Tl1 MaTt~pHjaJl KOjH ce McnpcM lhC
KpCTllor l-lCJICl. nOKpeTHll J-leo nOBpUlliIJa -:~a J-lPOOJhC1hC - JWKpchc CC OKO 3rJlO" ltaJW3H.BpB npahau,y nY'--lHC nOJ1Y!T Hal-tRIKe, cnyurrajy ce H Kpajcm-l paCHOIlUX
6a, TaKO Aa ce upu pany MC-lLa paCl'OjaHA:
H3Md)), I1>C H m)BpWltHC UCllOKpCTlWr ,ll.C- cy ca ILOl\tc y HOJIHPY, lUTO he oMoryhHTH lloKpcnlOj IlcJLYCTH iJ.i.l ce y3
I1JiO'13 KOjll
JII.L Ka,ll.'-l ce IlOKpCTua I10B}JllUllJa IlpHMU'lt' nCIIOKpe'rllOj, l\1TrerHja~l KOjI1 ce J.I3 nOMoh onpyrc (14) gpaTH. Y ouoj (J)WHt CJ:l.TI-lHjH l\l~lTepHjaJl HCJ1<lAa J-TJ np()Gll,;I1Jl~C,
IIf0t>y I-LHX Ha!la~m, iJ,POOl1 ce :::oor npHTHCK(l, a KaMa cc y;~a;hyjc nOKpeTl-l<1 nOBp- a KpYDlmju KflH3t1 naHlDKt' y npoC'wp H3MciW '-fCJbYCTH 11.a OH y CJlCjwl-ioj (1)<1311 Ciuo
UllUIa, CHTIlHjIl M<'l'rCpu,ia:l IlpllIla;w 11 TaKU W:lJla3U H] MPo6HJllIUg. Ha C'1HLjJ1 43 npE" apHTHcKllBCla 11 MpOUJbCH.
K~naHa jc )lP06ltJlHll,a nUla "b,:lCK". HcnOKpCTl!(J (l) u nOKpcTI-la (2) "-lCJbYCT cy 01--\ Or~ JWiKHIIC X01--\<1 UOKPCTIIC llC.!b)JCTU 3~UHICH CTenCll YCH'I"l-bCI!OCTH. )-"KU.:lHKO
BpJ10 ()'r!lopuor JUlB<l, a H3H)-''Tpa cy, paJ],l1 LUTO M;-Hhcr xa6alba, OOJ1(lWHC TBpJJ,HM jt XO;_, HYiKH, yro:lllKo .ic MTrepnjetJl YCHTlLCr-mju. Ko)]; tIeJLyCItHX np06HJlkl!--\a XOil cc
ll~llO'la:..-!a 0)\ t\-l(lHraHOBor 'lCmllGI. (3) nm:,pcTlla n,'lO'ra ce Ut)!(pclie OKO cBOjC XOpH- llO,lJ,ellHma nOKpcTiUbCM n<lllY<IC (11) lIaBHl.l.lC l-lJIH naHlDKe 1Ia CTPMOj p<1B1H1 (12).
30HT<-lmIC OCOBHlIC (4) OKO Koje OClJ,l1Jlyje YJJC130 11 YIJ,CCllO. :3LlMajaIJ, (5) je npeKo Y CJly~rajJ.' J.~a H3MeiW 'lC,l>YCTH yna,n,l1c TBP!l npc]J,McT KOjH Matmma He l\1{))Ke
BpaTl1JICl (6) Be3aH 3a CKCHCIlTap (7). llpeKo CKCL(errrpa Kpehc ce npCTCllClCTH 3MpoCiwnr, JlPCTll onaClIOCT,n,3 cc llcmTO IIa caMoj I\WWHHH CJIOMH HHH nOKBapH, 6u-
06py'-l 3<1 KojH je BC3all<l nY'JIla HOJI)Ta (t)). Ha J\OH,Cl\l11,CJIY By'-1H~ IlOJIyrc, C.TICDe 11 JIO OCOBlIl-la tJCII>1'CTI1, OHJIO pac[JoliLC l1JlO'IC HJJH HCIllTO !--\pyro. JJa 611 y OB'-lKBHlvl
'3rJ,C-ClIC crpaJJl:. 3rJJaBKaCTO cy IlpwmplllhcHC IlJlO'-IC (9 H 10). JICHa pacllona IlJlWIa cJI\HrajcBHM::t UITeTC 6HJre IllTO Mal-bC, caCT,-LBJh<1 cc jCMl-l<1 pacnolla tlJlOll<1. OH<:t l:lMtl
3fJl3.BKaCTO ~~OJ_U1pyjc nOKpcTuy '-lCJbYCT. Menta ILIO'{;l cc 3rJWBlGlCTO ocmU-bJ 0 no- ,UB~l H~Jla rzojH c1' cnojcHH KJIHHOBHMa (16) TaKO npopatlyuaTHM, Aa cy 01111 Y aBut.,,!
KpCTI:ly naU1"lY (11) Koja MmKC, npCMa IH)TPCOH, I_~a ce nOKpch.c no KOCOj nOBp- M_cxal-II13MY HajcIa6Ilje T(1LIKC HJ KojJ.1Ma he npHo iwhH J~O ny1\a1ba IIpn Ikl-~03BO
llUIHH (12) nOMohy :.!aBpTlLa (15). )J;a 6n nOKpcTlia lJeJLYCT 611)1(1 YBCK npl:!THcHYT3 JbCHOM OIlTcpchcI-bY. ')1 TOM CJlytIajy, noc.ne naCTanor KHapa, nOTpe6HO jc npOMeUH-
y3 l1JlO'-l1', OHa cc npcKO lliHIIKC (J 3) nOMohy oIIpyrc (14) npnTe)l(C y3 I-hy. TH cal\-lO KJIl:1HOBe na paM I-H1C'rallliTH 6e3 HKaKBe Behe H TC)J(C mTCTe.
92
93
1..1e.TbycHc 1~po6HJnu~c H3pal)yjy ce y pa3HHM BeJIWlI1IIaMa ea Kan31~nTeTOM 0;0:
JKp6H.,e(l/(. )KPBl-bCBII cy TCUIKH Ba~
0,5 go 500 TOlla H3,TI,po6Jhenor M3TepnjaJIa Ha '-laC.
JhI..~H Kojn ce nJJbajy npCRO M3Tcpnja.rra If
,Uo6pe OC06HlH: OBHX np06HJTJ1I.(a cy jennocTaBHocT KOHCTpYKlJ,Hje. JIaKa 3aMC-
TaKQ fa Apnoc. KOHCTpyKI~Hj8 )KpmhCB<l
H3 p;CJlona, JJaKO pcrymrcalbc Kpym-lOhe iWOOJhClba. HC{I,OCTall,H cy y TOMe lllTO
3aBHCH Ofl TC)I<HHC BaJT~IG:l n 6p3HHC o6p-
gpo6e, nonpCMcno, caMO upn l1pVlMHIJ;albY '-leJb~CTIL 3aTO .n:OJIJ3V1. ll,O 110TpeCa Y
'farha. ;:~OK ce BtJlHKB H TCUllm nJ}bIW B8-
TeMeJbHM<1 II no c.na6or HCKopHlUhanalbJ CJlCprH,lc. LJeJbycTI1 ce J-Ia)TnIlUe nOKpehy
Ihajy y MeeTy. a i'lI<ncpnjaJl KojH ce CHTHH
6am TaMO r,n,:e J-13na3e HajcHTHHjH MJTepHjaJIH, uno ce TaKoi)c CM<1Tpa nCHOCTCl-
1~oBOIJ)1 nog IbI1X IiJ nOKpCT{IOj ITJTO'lH,
TIWM. 3601 Tora MaTepnjaJJ l-TI1je paBHoMepHo H3APo6JbCH, LIlTO 3a MIl ore ycnoBc
JJ;OTJle ce nJKH Bi:W"IV1 na.rhajy 6KO cnojJIX
npepap;c TUlje nOROJhHO. JJD 6n cc oBaj lIC)WCTilT<1K lT36crao. ,n:aH<lC cc IBpaJ))',jy H T(l-
XOpH30HTaJIHI1X OCOBHlT<l H o6poy ce lie
KBC ):\l106Hmn~e n<l Ko,iHMa)e OCOBHH3 o6pTaJha I~a )J;OT-heJl,-I ;:teny '-IeJhycTH. 360r Tora
TospcMeHo OKO 3ajeJumlJKC BCpTHK(lm-lC
I-hHXOB rOpFhH nco HM<l n3.lJl,Y)KH xon. a JJ;OI-bH naJI':pahn:. TIoKa3ano ce. MetY),Tl1J',.l, na
OCOBIlHC, a M<lTcpnj<lJ1 en n.flO'TO;vl crnjn y
5mpano Ha nOH,CM OTBOpy 1l,OJ1LHIf ;10 3ilr]WTLThlm,Uh{l MaTcpnjaJIa. Mccry.
360r HCi\OCTaTaKi:l Koje Hl\--fajy 'leTf-.ycHC }l,po61J,:nmc npCIllJTO cc nil npnMcny
no KOTfCTP),KItHjH cy l\HIOrO TfpOCTH~
;Xjlo6mmne HOBHX KOTlCTpYKqHj<\ KOjC hc, npe CBcrCl, ol\wryrurrn KOIlTHHya. flJll pill'i.
ju )KPBlhCBTI e(1 nOKpCTITHM lW;L1UIl\'W (eJf
rJlaBllH npc,ncramlHIlH OHora T11113 np06n.ilHW1 cy KOllycne ,upo6n.nuue.
4.'1). OT-TH ce, BaJhajyhn, HCTOBPC!\ICHO
nj)O()Wlfll(fJ CfI fWJh/(U.MO cacTojH cc 11'.\ 1U1<l H<lJhI~a (J)_,Ii (~'), KO}H ~:c ntl
oophy Iii OKO BCjlTJ-TK:UHIC ocommc (1).
nOJ(eCHOl\1 P;1CTOjalhY o6ph).'.,iCI1TH npc:-'l<l n:pyrwvl (en. 44). Mau{{pIlJ{/.,'? I{Oll! Yll(lWf(;
YKO:THKO je 1\1(111),1 TC;J(I-11la n;n,tlK8, )'1'0-
, ,
ua.Hc!5y IhlfX, 30(;? iTipcf-I>({ hurl(] 3(L'rrwfjrll If yn)"lcll U.'UICQy (ia/MIl,a. 11]71/ '/('.+1_1' aoo?
.'1I1KO ('Me l~fl 0Y;K Beh;1 6p3rfJI<l 06pTnThi-l,
o611'II{u.Y i']7uI7iucm;:a gO.'W3U go gjlo6.ihc}{,a. Jla 6n ce pacroj;lH,c lTTf\fCt)y B'I.:j-.{J1(<l
1I(1 !W Hl1aK He ,f1,ohc J(O onaCIIHX Il8npC"3(1~
]I.10L10 Mel-haTH, a TH\fC H crenell Cl1Tl-hClb<l, MoryhlTo je je~~(lH 13'-1)1><1],;; C"l -'fOKTllllTClI.j
I-ba 160r qCfnpml)),Til.'lJlC cnne. TrHdC ce
nOKJ1CTilTH y XOPlf]OlF;I:mOl\l npnBllY. TlOKrCTTTO }IC)J\l111nc (2) l\{mKe na l"mnH no
MO>KC orrp;l1WaTll Tl nocfCljaJ'he OO<l TfHW ( (1/1/((/ 45
paM)' '~ilXB<\'1,y.iyhIl KJ1ln;l'IY 0). PacToja1he, IT'~l\lcl)y B(l]htlX<l nO;f(Cmtlnd ce Y\lCT;)-
)l(pmheBa: nehn B(l:hI~n ce 06pl:y ll(l \fC.CT)'
TheM rrOKpCTIIHX lVIO'Ta (4) rBMel)' !lOCTO.l1,:1 JCJ\llor n npyror B<UhIGL AKO \le-l)y
I_\OK M3H,1I pOTrtp<lJY II OKO CBOJC ncpTm:;,ume OCOHlllIC. Xoynnmrra.'1I1c ocomme (2)
B(lJh!(e vnan:m:: lICCa}lOM.Tl,HB KO\la;rx, nOKpenro nC)T,:\lllfTC he cc nOl\WpHTlT yHJ'5<1J\ 11
K01I, OOPTI-lHX g,UbaKa 3r:fJaflXdCTO (3) c)' BC3;lJ\t BcpnJK,VIllO npanvTo, na 011
nponYCTHTH ra. nOllTTO jc OliO en ;\j1)'rC CT1"'<:\1(''; npnTCfI-IYTO npJlo jaK1-~,\'l onpyrflM3 0'1)
')<1

B(Uhr~IL 1<:<)IFl nanly)' lTD. Hche rOl'lilLl1C, OC~ lmapCl l'IlOl',!lIl npehn nper:o thl1X.
MOTOPO\.l ce \i())KC 110KPCT<lTIl caMO JerUlH R,Ll,aK, a l\rory If ooa. Ep311HC oop-
TaIba nan"aKCl Tpe6a J\a. fiYJlY ,iCIH-li'l\(C, IG1KO He fiH J-/(lcrano HCTHpmhl: l\JaTCPHJ,l;W C11Tl-bC1-he KO~\ :lKpnr-hcBil jc C.TlO)J(eHO: OWl clIITille ..\4{!1Titj)flj(l/! II am7fo i{/rTw za
KOjll CC H3Mc15), IhllX n<1.na:m. . ilpwTiuC/(yjy C(JOjoA-f me.HalI-Wll'!, U ,'1{/1l10 [{Illin 30n? ()6jJlTiafid/, nruo (;({Jl7(I1,"{{ nrL1fJ
Hoopa CTpana OHHX JlPOOn.:lTIIV1 je nITa ]l:<l.iy Y.ienHa~lCHo HCHTlhelll\-18TeplIF171 IT rl.f10'fC. go.,w:m go ciTIa ..-we ilpo . .weJ'IC Dprml(ll. 170 iillLHC If go UCllfUj){lll,(1 ..-iwmCjJlljeU{f

nITa cv jenIlocrarme KOHcrp),KqHjc, ]c;J:au Oil 036IIJhI-IHX I-Te,[lOCT<.1TalGl )J;p06HJTHlV'l ,IXa 6n rlOIll.HO )]:0 jOlU JIHTCH31IBIlHjer HCT11p<!Il>a, H B(L'hTm~1il 11 rrJIOtm najc ce C(l)(:';-
Ha Ba.TJ:T~c ie uno He MOl'Y rw 3axnaTC nelle KOMan:c, Jlf} HX yRyKy H3:>feryy cc6e n nC11- paB OOJIHK, !liTO nOBchaRa nonpnHmy JlOJlHpa nOKpL:THHX nC.10B(1, na THl'vfC 11 ccjle-
TJ-IC.n<l Gj'T )\Ol!lJIO no HPo6.ThClha, npc~nmK KOll.l<l,'li1 Kojn ce ,up06H Tpcoa na ic 01(0 1((1'1' HCrIrpalha. OIWKBH )Kpm-r,CBH CTV/l~C llCTOHJh:l\rClfO f1 3<.1 CHTIhClhe. KilO Ii 3<1
20 nyra l\1<lJ-hll OJl npe'ITlHKtl n;L'1,aKa. ;'vlCmaIbC, T'}-bCYIClhC II XOl\-10rCHH:wn('!l-he.
Bchn j1t1,:r,nn cy IU'HUhe!TlT O,I{ xeMlljcKB OTnopnor 11 TRjVl,Or K<!;-'TClTil, (1 l\-f<lTT,li
0;1. MCTtI.rJil KOjU TIC llO,n!lC:)KC Kopo:mjH. CUTThCFbC Hi) )!(pnlI,emD18 Bpmn CC lfClj'TC>
mhe na TL'IZDKl-lO. Hc;t:ocraTilK >Kjlmhena jc IllTO He pane lIcnpCKH;Jno. TC Hl\fajy IInlH
KanarUlTCT. tbln-fa cc M(KC noopo oOp<11)UmITH TCCTJCTa H JlCrL'I,I1!HI l\j<lC(l. TC;Klma
B"l.fb'IKa CC Kpche OH 200 J\O :; 000 kg. a 6poj oGpTaja o,~\ 8 no H)() lIa l\IHHyT

Jlc3Ul-lmezpa(iioj7. Y gC31111l1fe2paiTiO]J)' cc unTillll .kwiTiclmja.-1 W:ilrllhCH I-( yg(l-

I,"oje cc np.;/O (ipa{) o{;phy_ JJ;C3HIlTCTpaTopn (cn. 46) ce cacTojc In
par-beAt () 17(1,.1111((,
ABe KP:PKHC mJO'"Je (1 n 2). Koje cc KO(lKCl1ja.nTIo o6phy CBi:lJ~a l-W CBO'!'.l BpaTFL'ly (3 11
4). CMcpoBn 06pTfll-h<l cy HM cynpOTml. Ha n,;[O~T,Il\l(l cy )"IBpmhcHc ynapl-lc nanHIl:C
(5) (Koje cc KOHl(CIrrpWII-Io o6pb.y jcnJ-la npeMCl n:pyroj). I\1f1TcpnjaJT ce n:onOJ~H ilK-
cnjam-JO (6) Kp03 jel\ny [Hlocry (1), ann ra ll,cHTpr'fcl))T3nH<1 CIlna oaIl,a Ka ncpHCpe-
PHj:n. TIpu TOM OlI Il(t.T1ehc H3 na.'1HlW (5) Koje 1'3 300r BC"1HKor 6poja o6pTaja ynap<l-
jy H CHa>KHO o,a.6aqyjy lItlC y jCWIOM. If<lC Y iJ,pyro'.\f rrpamw. Ha CJUrnn 47 BU,TI,n ce ,!W
cy rramlI~e YTOJIHKO qemhe YKOJIHKO cy 6JUDKe nepnq)cpltjn.
C.i/ {{f{(l 44
 95

C.'!llIc{/ 46 ( .iI/fcll "1/

Hallac H3palXy'jy caMU UBCll":BU 'l'llJl()Ult ,L1.C:lHllTt.::q)i1TOpa. I1l\ta I1.X II TaK1HL\

CC He;
KO).1, KOjHX CC o0phe C<lt\lO .iL'i..\IW U}lO'!i1, iWK jc npYl"a llCllOKpCTllJ. KOi-i f-ipynlx TllllO-
Ha HC UOCTOj~ y;!,apue 1l,LlHu,e Hero jar<ll Jynl.l\1 O:Hl InOO'lHIIC, lIlTO .:::aBHCl.l u;~
TUPf..\ohc. l\JaTc{.mja:w KOjU he ce; y TOrv1 nC3HHTel"p<1TOp)' CHT!U1TJ.1.
I-b OBH1\I HpoGllmll.~a)\1a CHTHH cc )l(lJ.'laB IdaTcpajaJl: ;;noeCT, KOCT11, Ilonl'lil 0)1
npCCOB(;tH~a UTi-i.
CHTIle M<JTepI1ja)l JIPUTHCKOM. Hcno)_, n8-
JI)Ka CC llLUi.<1'k HO)J.(cJ3l1 (3), (4) Kojn crpy-
)l';:Y M<lTCpljFLTl ca IbHX.
MmmOBI1 I\1JlllHOBlt lla BtlJhKC yuO"rpe6Jb<lnajy
ce yr.aaBllOl\l y 1\lO,J,CpUOj IVl!ll!llCKOj tuqy-
JIpu CI.lWII>CIIJ)' "\iJ1U1{(}GU.AW /aG:1J(/ ce lIC(UUPW/)c, J{ojc, CI{OPO (iC3 U,3}':JCLUJ.,:a, CTPHjU. KaKo C(: Jfajr-tllmnjn MC1.>an3 no-
upafliu lUlU ce'/Uhf: UJut yg(l])(llhC. DOK cc ~1CK II ;'Kl1.~laB IvwTcpuja,fl pa!w.ie; lLiJJa;"K'O: CTH)KC <11(0 CC jCl\UH Tc BCTH l\laTcpnjUJI
aCTHpalLY Ii Ce~Iel1,y, ).\OTj!C cc KpT H TBpn YJ<:tL'TOllHO l\ICJhl', u{JTpe0uo .Ie llpunycfii-
M(ncpuja.'l GO,'LC Cl1THH no;.\ llcjCTl)olI..l TU fa Kl)():3 fHlU.lC napH B(.ub(u~a KOlll C"rojl..'o
YiJ,apa H lJPllTHCKU. flpcJ\ta TO,\tC, 0fl, KaK- cue GJlIDl(C jC;J,3U npCJ\l<l iJ,]JyrOl\t~. I'vbi1
nohc l\.l:.rrcpnja':l:l Ji1BHCH KOjU he Cc THll IJUBH na U:.t.:J.,Kc nOTllCIH CV \JJIlHlOHC C KJ-
IvUBllla '/IWTpcCi!lTH. MCf-bl~l\!, 3dXU<.L:l):yjyl"ia OTl~OPIlOC:rH 'WJ1l.1-
A-tHIN ca (3(1.-vqIlJW. ';viJl1-1ll ca l.HUIAW Ka 0;\ hur CC i"\i.lUi1C OUll Ha}I.:.u,H lupa1)yjy,
Mil ALe/be lfPUWIICl{O}d, C("/C/I)CM U LlC17iIl- 1(30 H 3G01" Moryl111ocTH ayTo~laTCKor
P(1I/)CH. To cc llUCTli;'KC n01\1Oh)"' ~leJJWl~ Oll.rrpCIL'.\ ;'K.'IC00B:J.

!HIX BiJJJ.,'::Il.;a (cn. 48), KOjH ce, Ha llO/l,CC- M .. Il{()U KOjC B3Jb!JJI )wjy MO;'Kl': 6UTH
HOM pac-l'ojalLY je;wH npCl\'t<1 i-ipyrOi\l, BCO\la (1)1tHO. Uno .ie. y nero J31)(~\1(~ '-mCTO, llOlliTU llHjc npn MJIC13CH)Y IBMeltIaHO Cd
oGph.y (1) H (2). BaJ1..Ll,H cy !it) IlOBPUlIUUI OTIJaU,Hlvla op, B<.Ut>KJ.
IDKJJcGJLCnll CIUlpaJlll.l1IVl. AUICGOBlIM8.. ALllUi c /-:yi.;1{/AW. \Ibm! C Kj.TJtal\W MC.TbC YiJapan,cM 11 HCTupafbcM. H)l1x ~!lHle
GHH ce o6phy P,=UJll1 L LHTHlvl 6p3Hualvw H XOPIBOH'I'iL'UlO POCl'aBJ1,ClUl 6yolbel.H1 (ut. 49), KO.iU cy, Kalla !>.H1pyjy, CKUPO j(O fIO-
yCJICP; Tora Hacrajc Cl\U111"HbC .~ "gcjel'nZl !lOBI1HC BCIlY1LCllH KyrnJMJ. ilPH 06pT<1!hY 6y6H>a K)TJH':: CC Kpchy.' y3 u,.cn)BC 3Hi~O
1\18K(13a" - TC ce M;xrcpnja:I HCTupe :rI IIC- Be namUIlC, Il(l CC KacHHjc O,L\najajy H, y napa60}Ul, nanajy H<l Mi.rrepHja.'1113IVICllIi.l.n
ronpeMeno ce-qc. 360r Tor'a uno ce IIpli ca Kyl'Jtal\Ja U 1"<1KO fa YJxapalhCM CHTHC. Ha CJIHlI,li 50 npl1IG13aH .Ie nl'T Kl'LlHI llpIT
YBJIa1JeH)Y 3pH3 Me!)y I.HlJbKC npm.Top cy- 06PTal-bY Gy6~ba. YKOJIHKO jc 6p3HHa oGpT<uba 13cha, YTOJlHKO he KyrJle BlUIIC,1]):l ce
)KaBa, rrojaBJLYjy ce OOLHlH npllTHCll,Ii KOjl1 CJIlIIW 48 nelL)' )"3 311J.\l)BC. AKO Ce npcKopa~lH W::IBCCU:l 6P3UIlCl, OH,D.a ce KyrJ1C YOIlUlTC lwlie
96 97

O}],Bajanl. OA 311A3, Hero he CT3JTHO, 360r l.WHT}JUti1yramIC ome, 6BTll npMJICIIJbCHC " Y~a}lllit Mmm, ._, TIo je.n;nOM ITOcTynKY, Kojn .ie npBI-l npHMeJUlO DJWY30H,
y3 lhera. HajMalb3 6P3HI-It:l 06pTaIh3 npn KOjOj mlcTaje 011a fIojaBJ H<l3HBa ce KPH- Ma~ep.HJaJJ ce fl3J~Ia)Ke Bpno qeCTI:fM IT npno jaKHM y)),apHMa. Ha POTOpy (1) KOJIOn).l,-
Twn-ra 6p3HH3 06PT;Ub<1 MIIHHJ. Jacna je IJ,CI MJIHH He MCJhC aKO ce o6phc KPUTII- H~~ M.JIl11-IOB3 KOJH pane Ha OEOM npBHI~Hny (cmma 51) HaJIa:m ce Behn 6poj naml~
tn-ro:rvf 6P3Hll0M HJIH 6P3HHO}'.f BehoM OJ], I-bC. MmIH naj60Jbc MCJhC KJ,Ua je 6p3HH3 ~a \~), 111 H3 OKJI?n y ~lm1Ha I-l3j133lf ce OJipebCHI: 6poj TIaJIfHJ;3 (2) H3Me'9Y KOjin, rrpn
o6pTaH~a 70--8(}1o on KPUTYPIHC. ,6pr~H), ~pom13e rrdJUlll,e pOTopa: Bp:nma KOJOM rrpoTwIC cycneH3I1ja KP()3 Mmm,
.u0601I1 OMOTJtIa (1) na t Il1.fbcn je 061P-IHO on qeJIWIHOr JlH)\.ra Kojn je H3H),"pa y KaHan H3HOCH OKO 0.7 mis, J(OJ( .Ie nepnq)epna 6p3una pOTopa .ItO 200 m/s. 360r
06JTO)KCH mlO"(laMa OIX TBPHOl' Manranonor "tlCJIHK[l (2). AKO lYL'1CnCfbCl\,{ Tpe6a AJ ce :1'Ora YJ1apHe naJ1H~e .poTopa ynapa(y no '-lHpCTHM "(leCTHl~aMa cycneH)),onanI:IM V
l!.06Hje npJlo 'meTO hL'IHBO I1JH! ce MCJhC XCMHjCKH arpecrmaJ-1 M3TcpnjaJI, 6y6al-b ce re'(UiOcnr n CliTHe HX JaKHM CMBl(3H.,CM. OBOMC J{onpUHoce 11 MaJIU 3a30pn H3Mcl)",i
Hajqcmhe 06]13)KC '[BPAHM nOp1~yJJaHOrvL Kyrnc cy naj'Icmhe H(f'I111hCHe 0):1; TIeTor n(jJuu(a. - ' -
M<lTCpnja.rra on Kora.ie II 06.l'Io1'a. DPC'THHK najnchnx KyrJlrI Tpe6a ~(a je 20 nyT8 M3- Kon~)n)~HH M}IHHOBH ynoTpeo.n,;:majy cc 3a )),o6njm'hc npno cl)1u'lHx cycnCI-BHJ"
ibM 0;0, npc~mHK3 ,o;oooma. Y TOKY 1\VlegClb3 H OMOT3'-I H KYf'Jle ce xaoajy Te ax jc no- 11 cMy'}rmp.
Tpe6no c npel\1eU3 nn BpCMe 3<1MClhHBaTIT. 360r neje,n;HOJlIFfHOr xaO<Hh(l, Kynre
nOCle FY)KCr paJl.a nocTajy pa3JHl'lHTHX HC':W'THrI<l.
Ma,'IH l\lJ1lHlOBH C KyrJlZ\l\1a pa)\(:: JiHCKOJ!TlflTyanncL AUK Bemnm pa).\l' l\OHTH~ CCI~IGl:IJn~C
llya.TIno. 3aBliCHO on: TonI nocroje na \LnmWBll1\lfl H3Bccne p~n}nlKe Y KOHcrpYKll,H- Kalla i'vt(ncpH,ja.n 1'l1coa HCB1'lfHTll H HCTOHj1CMCllO '1\' IT""'Il oiIpGJ}CH
"~,LILt ",F. ,-
OO.l])K,
jn. rV1.nHlloBH (' iU1CKOllTfmya.:mH\1 paJlOl\.j nync cc KP()3 OTBOP KOjU ce naJIW'IH llcr;\C
KopHC're cc cneqHFuU!c, MalUHIIC - CCnK(L1Hl~e.
H<l Ol\lOTaqy lUIH 60'mmvi CTpaWL\jrj II np,'DllC Ct: KPO") Ff.:,era.
CcqKaJTHl{(; (C KopnCTC 3(1 C(,.'lcThe lUc\lcpne penc 3a J\o6njaJI,c pC3aHaI\a. Ko-
M:rrHHOBIl C KOllTllHY<1.1IJHl\1 pa!\Ol\1 l1;"mjy TW CC'.6lL YlvlCCTO ocomlHC H c jC).UIC U
}lucre c(, TaKolJc npn npepaJ~B nonphn - '{{l ,Tl,06njaJbc J(Ol\!a).l;<l' Kp0J\,mnpa, mapr<l-
c ;lW),TC CTp~lHe, Br.l10 ji:l1ze II )10BOJhllO neCk.ne ll,CBH (cn. 49) K1'03 Koje ce YBOJU1
pene II TClKO ,n:iL~hC.
CHPOD JvlaTepHj(1J] n TI3BOJXIi ]I,enmo. One l1~eBn crY)T(l' JlCTOBpCl\ICnO II K80 OCnnHl-l(-;
, _ rlpH pan), celJ)Z(lJ[1ll\C HO>K, ~pO;l<1::'1H KP(J3 l\faTCpHja:l lL'lH CC Kpehc M<lTCpnja.n
Ea KOjc cc OCm)l-ba DilJhclK. [(.1 on cc M.T1CBel-hC 06(\B}1,a.')O nrro 6p>[(c Il ~F\ on cc c<tl':.j-
:) OJ.\IWCY ITa nenO[(JX~TaIl nmK. 1 3KBO KjWTaT-hC l'.{'lTcpnja;w H HO>Ka MmKC .ua 6vnc
nCBCHH MwrepHj:LlT nno J1<1KUIC H'3HCO In 1\1.'1111'1<"\, ()H cc naj'lc.mhc cycnCll)I:yje y CTPY-- OCTB8PCHO lIn pa3.!]w[!'1TC H(l'iHl!C. noCTo,iC /1He npcre CCnKaJlnI~a - ceu,K3mn~c ca
jy BO,ae HJ1!1 B,nl\yxa. ~~a fin ce m,lOryhl1!lo npnpOi.l)lO OTlHVUhC cycfTcwmjc, npetIHViIZ Jl)lCKOr>1 Ii qeHTpml1)T<lJlHC ccqKa.rl!1Ue.
YBOJ(1Ie l~enH MiUhVi jc OJ.{ npe'fl-Ilnz<l vnnO)1He, ~mHC cc no6HjJ wmccn:J pa:'l!lHIGl nn- Cel\Ktl.'rHI~C ca JillCKOM 3(1 CC.D,K(lJhE'. Ulcl"icpnc pene, npHK333lJC ua C.TfHI1;ll 52,
Boa, a THl\'fe n Tl(npe6aH nan 3<1 HCTlIl\aI-hC cycncn:mjc. D,a lW on
Kp01 lllDKH OTBOP
C(1C1'Ojc. ce 0;.\ n6pTHor xoprBoHT,HIIlOT' ~HCKa (1.), ca npope3HMZ! 3a H())J(eEC, II
HCna)1.JJ1C J1 K)'L'1C, ITa H,Cf"<1 C\~ CTaB/hajy pcmCTKC TWjC TO cnpc'wnajy_ HcnoKpcTHor :XnOOIIl,l (2).

K0J10n:;'~Hn MJIHHORH

Y KOITOH)l,HH\:l MJlHTlORHMCl, nOC.lle CHnbeH..,(L Jl06njcljy ce "{lCCTHl\C 'lH1<i ce

nC.n:wunw Kj1chc y rpaHllWn'1<l J--l:iO mil (Imp;;;c 0,000001 111m!. n,iW,K rJocro,ie yrml-
RHOlvl ':U"J f1ClCTYIlKcl l.;:oill,\I;) cc }lnn\lj~l 'L1K() rrHlln '\1 C11\lin

2
C.rU.1!({I52
98 1,--_ _

y npOpC3HMa J~HCI<a mlJl~ne ce paMOBH ca HO)KCBl1Ma (4). nUCK ce o6phc OKO jan, aJIH TO Hll Y KOM CJIYI-lajy He 3Ha~m na cy npocejaHa "'lpHaje)J,HatGl no BeJll-PIHHli
BCpTHK~Ullj(: OCOI3IUte. lichcpna pena ce yGau,yje Kp03 JIeBaK (3). ITPH o6vral-bY AH- "MaiIlepujo"1 !((Jju ocillaje Wl cUlTiy l7.0CJlC ilpoccj{/(jaF-bG 031ta'f{I(W ce cu + ("I-:!./tyC"), a
CKU (a I10)l<CBIU.lct, urcliCPll<l pena ftaJIC)KC fIa HO)KCBC H TaKO cc CC"'-IC. 06JlIlI( )J,06n- OfWj Iwju i1pOilUgllf! co - (".MWl.yc ").
jUfHX f}l'3aIlaW:l 3<lBHCH OJ~ OOm1K<l l-lo)K3. Y rraGopa1'Opl1jaMJ. ce BpJIO '-I(:C1'O BplIl!1 npoccjaR:J!LC ,aa Gll ce ca:mct:1O
OCHM OBHX CtJJ,IGtJIHIl,t1, nocroje H l~cHTpl1q)yramlc Cel~KaJHIlJ,e. OHC l1Majy KaKBUX 3pHal~a Y HCKOj CMellIH HMa flO BCJIH'UiHI1 It KOJIHKO cy TCllIKa. OgpeQu()({IiJc
U())KCHe ylwpmhcuc 11;1 3HJJ,OBHMa ncpTIu::amror lJ,HJIHllHpa. MaTcpujaJI Kojn Tpc6a caciIia(w I-ICKOZ A-wiuepui(/JU/ lUi ouuj HaL/W-I H(l3U(3(/ cc (fI-tailu.]a I7pocejaaaFbe.H. (Jua
CCbH cneu,l1jamlHM :Wll<1THu,t1Ma o6~he cc y u,.l1JHlll,IJ,PY, H :YCJICp, fJ,CjCTl:\fl u,cIITpHtIJy- gaje zpmrYJlO.4tciIipujo;,/; ("aci/wn (rpauy.l1tl - 3pI-IQe). Jacno jc na 3pna HI1CY jef_UltlK'-i.,
r<lJlHC CHJIC, HaJ!C>Ke Hc"t JIO>KCBe, l(OjH OHCCIWJY pe::mHl~e. 11 Ka)J,a 611 Ce BPUn1JlO ACT~UbI-lO HCIlHTHBaI-hC no BCJIWIHHH, 0UJlU 6H TOJIIiKO ne.~lH'm
lla KOJlllKO II 3plltl. 3aTo ce caB M<1TC-PHjaJl KOjU fla IlCKO~f CilTY ocraje (-! ) HJ]\1CPH H
H3pa:-m y npOLl,CIlTU!\-la OJ.~ lWJloKymlc TC)KHflC. OHO WTO llpui)e KjJU'3 TO U1TO (-)
I13BOJj XB,-lT<l CC lIa tlCKO rYlllhc CllTO H OIl(.~T O,D,pel;:yjc Te>EHWl 11 Inp;LKilna y IlPOlJ,CHTlirvl,L
H '1'<1KO lWJ"LC. Ilpn-TOtvre cc Mopa pehH II'-\. KOhJC jc CIfT)' (c o6:mpmJ ua ge.~lll'llil1)
lVL.lTCIH-Ija.'"! ce cnTllll !_Iei 01-1, '3Gor Hche lltJBPIHJUlc._ GpLKC llJu'HJ'!KU HJU:! X'---'l\1!-I.i~ oTBopa) OCTao -raj I~('() MaTcpHjana ("c!)paKlPl.!a").
('"1'-!1 pcarOKlO. HpJ! CHTll,(~H-,) cc TpUllin par~, KOjH jc IlPO!lOpqlWl-lcUall lIUBOj no-
CMCTCM tilTH. - n,-I UH Hel(\) CUTU G!:JlO C;lCBlL\l O.l~Ptl)~H!J,. ll(yqwCiuu
B[JUlHli!-1. IlpcMd Cfen,.:!!), PCi-l,),kqlljc, cliTH,eu.. c lvlO)l(C 6H'1'11 rpy'oo, CjJC;.\lLt, CHTOO,
KO.:UU":'C cy BC,:!H'lHllC OTBopa H,-\ 11,\:\1)'. (HTU Ct~ U'lll<.!'-liUEI OPO!Cr-.l OLclt~~L '" p,,,,,
,\'L'lcBClbC 11. KU.:lOUiU1U i\L'lCIII.'!J/'. 3(1 CBClKY Bpcry CLlTlbCH,a nucfojc nocc(mc BjJCl'C
ll<l iCfllHIHlJ,lJ. ~\y.:-r<lUl;;' H]lll jC;UlllUU,fl IlOHj:Jllll'iilC_ OK!V~ CC ~jl'CTO, JI<' c:[[r.'IC~Ci~(),\-l,
M'-l.lUlUlLi.. C1J'ULClbC cc MU':-J<C lJPJJlllTH HPl1THCl-:UM, j)(apdlJ--,CM, HCTUpall-,eI\-i 1J c,- 'ie
lta3't1n;1 n "t--1elli" Gu' ct: f)l'lCJ(!, 11ct UPUMCll, !~;l HCK(l CHTl/ Hh1'.l Hi fvLUlld,
[-L;:M. CCl.~GL1HU!.: C(: KOPlIC("C ji.\ C("leUf tluBphu y KUMi1J-W u;wcljcllor UOnlJKZ:I,
3Ha~IHjltJ Gli ~l,1 ifa jC!l.HUlUl.)-" IW)KHlll~ J~UJj,-Uli 16 (crl'BOpn) OK<1tW. C;'\ivF)
UBI-1M uo,uaTKUJ\j C!IT!.) jOll! uujc ,'J,OB()JbllO o/.\p,_'ljl'Ho: JJaHlvlC, IU
:"1O)1<C ;;a 6j--',lW HCTIl Cipuj UKi."lW', ;'1 ,D)\ lhllXOBC BC:IWHllic' He _!C;'W;JKC-. AKO je
)KHl~a JJ,e6:b;i OJ.!. Kojc CC CItTO npaBH, OTlJOPll ht.: OUTH McUhll, n '-lEU F ")",H-I>Q, UTBOl-)!-)
l. UlTa jc CTenCH Cl-ITIJ,cfba? hc Gwru BertH. 31W'1l1, ilupcg Gpu/a oil1(!ojJu LTiPC{)U!fO jc (UO'IlW ogpcbcl/(I II ,,,,u",,,,
2. Kuju cy JlC\'iHllll (lITH,elba ~WTepl!j,na'? f-W JICU1\C, llJ. gJ CC )lOOHjC O~pcI)eHJ. B(:}U-l'lllUd OTBopa 118. Ci-iTy. OU1M Tora, ClKO je
3. KOjll.iC npl1l11J.l!Tl pa,l~a /J.c-lHlrrerpaTopa? Onpd)Cll(! OCllOHIl<! BCJlH'-IHHQ OTBOP~\ j-li.\ CWf"y. 'rp<.:Ga JIii.lT!i nplly ~\faH,y U !IjJn)" ,
,-1.. K_ojc cue: Clue ;-tc;c,,'jy y 0.!:lllllY C{l Kycl:.nw? BeJlwumy OTBopa _1l<l UIT)'. BUTjX'OIlO je, ,Uaj~)!C, ycrallOlll1Tll lICKU PC;), 00 KU!YlC he
.). '3al.lHU TpcG,! Jl'~Ckrat:;,ITH llCllOTfWO!lO CUTJ"Cn,e?
ct UC:ll:lCllm<1 OTBopa MCILaT1:l UJf\1Ci)y IlOjqlUllHX ClITa, ()lTi1 KOJi Kojux C.Y BC.:W'lllU(
6 Kaku J'.;UH:U l'uTllHn:pUl\a Teopuia?
oTBOpa, Lau l1 pt:Jl. KO.illJl.-i Cl' Te. Bcml'lHIW l\-ielbajy, o;~ CHTa )--\0 CnT;) O;l,pd)CHH, l-la'_~jJj
7. Ka!{d Ct:'_ KOPHCTC cCL1,r-.:a:l111\C')
najy ce ciTiallgapYIl(! cuiTia. .Y nlCT~:/ g<lUilC lIOC.:TUjc: lvllJOrIl CHCTCtvlH _CTi_\ll~\ap;\i!"Ja!~I1-
ie Cl1'r(l. Mn hel\w H<lnCCTH ilKl: TajJlCpOH CI) lei) CHCTCM H CBc'TCM K(.-'.l11 JC UpC,J,-
-~li"beH DIN'IlOPI\WM:L' .
2"3, flPOCEjABAILE
Taj.'lepOll Cl--iCTet,j C!ITa Bp.'lO lUUPOKO ec npI-L\H:U>Y.ll: Y ~U!L'IOl:;}LCUHCKH)I;(
3elvL1Ji\l\1~L Y OHUi'd Cl-lCTCl\lY OCl!UL',;W BCJU1'-llHEI OTBopa ria cwry je 2()(J \-{l'lllil U;i 1
l"UI',:!''"fP""l""." GH.:'nHl. - I1poCCi~lBi1lj,cl\1 cc IlOll.10by CUTa paJ;_\J3<tJ'_l\Y JjJll<l
nu HC;Ul'JJ-J!lJj Cuilio cy iJ.OUjJIUllfiC fiO 1:0111 ..11<1 ce 11U./(i.]e oiiiuopu ucDic IIcn!'-UlI-lt:.
iJ)')KliUY lJ,O:l~1 mrn), T(i lI~j.icl-nHi!jli VrB0PU un;.!. OEDra CliCTCM:_l. C'll:)\~_'_h~l
nC.i1WIHH<l CHTd Hi'll'-i. UKl~J. 'IllF' ltUlIPU.lI-lllCl ;~BLl Jly'l"o Bella U)\ nUHpUil1H~~ lljk r:--: )1\
UUL ce y CHT~\ yGpajajy 110HplLUlil<.: C M;Hhllkl OTBOI)lIl'l-1a, pCL1l~;Ta l1i\wjy ULl. CC6H Bch\~
HOT" CUT,-L To cy CllT~, 0)1 150 I\lCilJU_ l1pga BL~nlJ'lUH,-! CHTil iJocnc: U\HlX OTBUP;'L
UTBUpC. O(jJl!lE uTuupa \W:-Kc }l,:J GYJ_l,C pa3)Hl'JHT: KP),)Kllll, KBa,r(paTtlll, npaBo)-r~
OKJ.W m"lajy O!\CT gBa 11.'J-"T;} llUBjJl1!HlI.y, jt'cre CBTU 0).\, 1(JU Ml'lll'-:, li~j_ :~~lTWd u;l.
LJO!lfl jj TaLl! ,:l~ULC. I\KU cy OTBOPll IICJlllKll, oml cy KP),)lOfll letl1 lljJ,-IBoyra0Ill1, a
65 ;V!CUlLL [[,1 4S :-lCW:\ H T~IK(! ~F_\)LG. To cy OClWG!{(I CU{[W 3,-\ [-j,EX Y I;apaicrqm
<tkO C\, ,,\::tJ-I .. !1 -- U!HI cy KI3i.lHP;\TflH. HOlll'l'U CC :-'-l~rrcpllja)l UPH}llIKOM llpuccjagaU-,:1
C'l'!-l'UlO ~V:t C;!C;J..Ck:l UOBpiWlll'-1 CliTii. liMa J,H<l U)'Ta Bclly nOBplllHUY OKl\;., ll), rq_H:;T-
('1':.I.!11;O 1lOL(-ichc flO nIT)" I-i O!!Tcpl'hyje )';1 llCTOBIXMCHO Cl.H>jOM TC)KHllOt;l, OHa
XOI~l!Or,-L Tlpyru1l,j pt~lJ[jMa, 0.KO c_c ca S! n S2 03W.l L !e {lOnpUlllllC a ca UI H ii;~ CT}Jai\,:
TpCUd ~\a Ul\tajy J:UI3CCUY l\JCxallll'IKY OTllOpllOCT. Ja pcmCT<t ca OTBOPHMi] Hchmt o!-\
KBa!-;paTi.I ()K;-Il.1,i1 TUX CHTLl, ~wGu.ia cc:
1 ell) )'llU'rpcG}j,;wajy t.'t' '-jC.IUi'Ille llllHlKC 1L'1l1In6YUlCIlI--l HUM. (}mOpl1l\JalLIf l--2 em
uGH'II-TO cy KBa)~paTH!J j] H'J;nKi:tHl1 Oil, )KllL~C. MaTcpHjaJI Of_t Kora cc llpa13C pelllCTKl:

II ClJ.Ta aaj"lCwilc.ic nlOx;Jy:~, (t}lH CC 'ICCTO YllOTpcGJb<lBa J-l MCCHllf, ':ll.'JIUK Koja He
pba, a '~-;a IlajqHluuja CJ1'ra -- ClHLrw. !.UTO :ma'rH Wl jc crpaua CB<1KOr Beher oTBopa OCIlOBHur CUTa :-:Ia 1,41 Beha 0[\
11:a 6n !lCKO CUTU 611JIO 1.1,00170, nOTpCOIIO jc H~l cy eBa OTBOPH IUl I-heMY jCJ-wa- crpallc OKna llPCTXO)J)IOr. Epoj 1,41 :y OBOM CJIY~lajy Ha:mlJa ce MOJ;Y.JIOlv.l OCl-lOlHIor
K1L 0130 ce MU)KC JWKO 110CTliliH KO/~ CHTa ca BchUl\-l OTBopHMa. Ko;~ BPJlO CPI1IIliX CH- CHTa TajJICpOBOr CHCTeMil. Oemvl OCllOBHllX C11'1'a, 'J OllOM CI1CTClvlY IH.)~TOJ(; H J_\uuyJi-
Ta TO j.e CBe Te)Ke, TaKO ga cuiT/v co ()~Tilj()pll..lw AWf-/~U,M og 0,06 mm Hue)' tHUUC i"{oy-
eRa orra ca lW)-Tl1.M MOml]lOlVL TaKO crrra on 170 11 115 Merna np1111aJ\a.1Y, loW nplU-H'::p,
3,(}aFUI.:J01Jl cIJHIlJ-IjI-lM CHTJ1M~l Mo)KC ce IIpocejamrnI11,Ao6!1janl BPJ!O clmHl1 MaT(~p:w~
JwnYHCKHM CI1THM<l TajJl(:pcJBO{" CHCTCI\-W (BliilH TaOCJly).
100 101

Y EBPOIIH ce yrJH1BHOM KOpnCl'C crITa Roja cy npep;mlryelIa DIN~HopMaMa. MallIlfliC 33 npocejanall,e

opoj OBHX cnTa 03Ha'IaBJ KOJIHKO oKau,a lIMa Ha jep,1lOM JJ;CHTJiIMCTPY_ O,!J,HOCHO oBaj
6poj nH KBaJJ;paT ;n;aje 6poj OKaI\3 Ha jCJ],HOM KualwaTHoM U:CHTHMCTpy. Onaj CTaH- AaI-laC ce 'IaK HU Y }Ia6opaTopnjH BHlllC He npoccjana pyl.IHO. OCUM Tora UITO
,n;ap.n 3a CUTa YCBojcn.ie H Y I-ramoj 3CJ\:lJbJ1 If o;~roBapa HOpl\1al'vIa Jye-a. je OBO HiHlopaH H Hc':m.pan nocao (36or npJnllme). pyl.JHHM rrpocejanaJ-hCM ce HJ-fK(J-
OCHM OBHX CHeTOIa CHTa, y EI-rrnccKoj Ii AMepvfl~n rroCToje jow a n.pyra CUTa l~a He rrOCTIDKY HeTn nOKpCTH, rIa TUMe lm yeJIOEH npoeejarHHh(l, UlTO jc 33 rpany-
Koja HMajy CBOjC MO}WnC 11 BcnWIIfnc OTRopa, 0 tler-IY ce, npn pagy ca CHTIIM3, 360r JlOMCTpnjcKo o;apei)HB<H-he caeTana lIeCTO HCo611'fHO na)KHO. AKO cy Y TIHT<:H-hY nehe
O,1J.pci)I1B<:Hha rpmiYJIOMCTpnjcKor C[lCT'lB3. Mopa BO)lHTH pallyna. KOJlI11.IHHe jI,.j<:lTCpnjaJ13 KojI1 Tpc6a npoccjanL omra CC 3<1 npoccjaB3fbe HCKThY'THnO
CJrY)Kli MOTOPl-TOM CH<lrOJ'vl.
Clna ':la HHHYCTPl1jCKY ynoTpc6y J\cnc ce Y TpH nemTKC rpylIC:
CI1CTEMI1 CHTA -- 06pTna,
- OC1~HJIal\HOHa II
'jF npH.TlO>Kcnoj TaOC)fJl }vrra cy neK<l CHT;) lwja nprmanajy Taj.J1CpOBOM 11 DT!,\- - - BHopaUHona owa.
CHCTel'vry CHT'!. Y j eJl.l1 oj p~yfipm\n J;ne c:y II ll.Co.rhHllC )KHlW Koje TIn"i CMTHM<l OlIr\)- OopiTiuo ('uiIio. OOPTHO CHTO ~lJum Il3JiY)1(Cl-l rro6om mI1l i\lHOroyraona npl!3-
napajy 11 H3 Kojnx ce BlInH il<1 ce none J\'1Cfbajy eel nCJTH'-Umm,j OTBOj1<:1. Tajm:pOBO\j MR KOj;! ce o6phe OKO cBoie Y3nY:;'!(fIe oce. n,\
OU tv1aTCpITja<~1 l\lOnW I'M ;n CC Kpchc
cncTOIIY oJ.~I'onapa CHCTCl\f "lCpa y ll,O.TfOBlIl\W ;10K DIN HopMaMil OnroH<ll1<1 MCTapcKH K])03 CIITO. oeD o6rrran,(].Jc KOCO nOCTatU,CIl<l (c,<1. 53), l'viaTC'-pHja.l cc Y ClfTO ynOJJll
CHCTCl\.j, KpOJ ."ICBm, KOjli je lW BIl!lJCM Kpajy ClITa (1). :36or 06PT<lJ-htl cwra H l-IanlOa, l\fJTC-
pnjwl cnopo K~;lIrnl npCKO nOB]11fHlHl1 CHT<l 11 '~1croHpe:'feHo cc npcnphc, TC ce TaT,;(\

TajJJ(:p CHCTCl\.filTCKI1 npoccjana_ no mmpnnmH )I000UW l\.iOry JW 6yJl.Y jC)\lI(H~H OTBOr:nl

(nnp. y l\UTHHC1Wj HHf(yTTpnjn) H':i!I ce, nak, G1CTojn I'n mInIe nojaccnd 11 na CB;)KOM
Me!ll umopll cy pa3J11PlHTC- BCl1l'lHliC OTnopa. HajelfrImjn OTBOPH CC ll<1.T]i13C Y JIlljmnnCl>l nojac:;/.
Ha cmU~Ii ,ic npnK,UillIO ,iCHIlO TaJ{BO C!-ITO (O)lHocnO pClIlCTO), ca 'lCTHpn T10jaGL
r1oMohy ]-hcra J~()6H.i3 cc- neT ne.llWnm8 '3pna: 'lCTnpn KO,],] TlPO.:la:1C Kp03 CJ.f'ra na
Hoj3cenH:-"1Il n nCTO KOjC n3.'1,l:jn C'I cOlle )lOIf,e CTpanc noooma. nOUTTO 3601' BC.'1n
lIl-1UC- 3p[l(l IlHCY MorJ!e )1<! npotJY liB KPC)] jeJ!.<1H OTBOP na )].o6omy. "').1 M.:TlHlCKOj IilI-
nycrpnjn Yl\.,feCTO BIlJhlGICTIlXJ\o6oma ynoTf)(:6:",<majy cc npu3M;lTW1KH (mmJcy-
fClOHe TIprY~Me) npcKo K()jnx je p;:nanCI"-l TKimmla - TH.;] c~a npoccjaB(l}-hC, )J,n cc
C1JHHHja CllTll He 6n 6p:-I0 3C:l'TCIIH.!T3 H TaKO CM'lH~l-i'.~ra RaIlaI\HTCT, y3 Ca1\10 CHTO e(l
cnO.lbHC crpanc nOKpehc CC qCTKa Koja ]ar:ran.TheTl<1 3ptn~a IIO;vlOhy rl1HHIIX ;:VI<1 T lrrI1,8
lICTlIfCKVic 113 m;:aIFI.
OC~_UU/(7LI,U()I/o CUiUO (C/1. 54) G1CTojn ce H3 XOPIT3PHT8J1IIOf pannor (1) CHT<1
("mralFmxTcp"), Kojc jc pa3rlTICTO na jaK f'B(3))CfITT pC:liI! (2) lIa'fHlheu OIl yr8onor
rno:>Ki)a l-Em npnCTcl. C1l'rn je y] ll(l~j H.nn '1(lJ1CTOB;-1HO mlH npllTcfllYTO nfl\lnhy

JaOfO je na cc OBI1M ,cH'rmvra HC cnY)IUl Y npOH3BO)-FbH, nero na OH<1 HCKJhY'lHBO

CJIY)Ke 3a aIlam-ny npocc.1aBJH,CM,
 103

113BOJl

CIna cy nOBf)lIJ11IlC aa KOjIH,W ce

OTBOPI1 11C1'e neJUPIHUt.';. Cr<1Hn a p1-1. HO
WIJra3C
CHTO.iC of~pcIY;l-IO ,!~eGJLHHOM )KHl~e. lVlo!~yJl CT<1UHapAHOr cnc-
He:Il1'-IHHOM OTBOpa 11

, TCMa Cl1Ta je oAnoe n.yA<HH<1 C'rpalla ,L~Ba cyce;UIa OCHOBH<1 CI11'<1. fpanYJIOMCTpH-
jeKoM allaJ1II30M ce YTBpi)yjy ucnWlHHa H KO.'IlfllllHl:l IlOjCi-~HflJ1X cppaKl~l'~ja 3pHaCfor
M,neplljam! tiJIH npaxa.
YUCK HMa jc,ul-W qJpaKl\Hja HHUlC OA Gpoja C}ITa, Kojl1Ma ce BpUIH upocejamubc

z---+ --",---~-----,- HI1TAlhA

I
CUI/d! 54 (.IIll:U 55 1. llha jc crau~tap;~aH CllCTet.i cllTa?
2. KaKo Ce U6a)3Jl,J rpalfY:lo~1CTpHil'Ka i.lWlll!t:la'J
iliJpO'u-nOI' OKUJ!p~\ l1mL,!\lUIH'i!lO IlOKpCTiJlJ/::: (HTa BPWI1 cc y XOP1UOllT{1.:1110l;J :\. lllTa je MU,'J,),c'llleKur CliCTC~l(l Clrn/?
H1X\nlr,y '3Gor n.: :u,crrrp" HOMOIiy ll~).riyrc Be<),.~Il Ja pa~L nil ClH Moral) iJ,Ct 5.
4. K<::u"o Cf: HOIlC:lyjy Cl1T~1 ):\3 Oll CC ~lO(iuu Bchu Cip()j
Ko;nlKU q)paKIJ)lja .~J,ajl~ Ct'~(DI (IITn'!
(l)p~IKu,HjLl ,-,

>.:c OGCIL\CU je I) TaLllf!il.\Y HUMOhy C:J!<!CTH'llUlX ,IJ,PHCJlitX OJ!1l '1c.J1l!'IH1D:

6. 3:mrI\) cy O(iPTIW una nantY'!';'I'?
UllUlL.H (5). AEU jc UHJiU In KUl' p~n:jUl'a Cl1TU T(;llH":'(j 06,:nlTll. UllO Ci; CTctBJi,;j nC'l
e;w(. j"!i'lUC JlJHllK('; c~:/ Uj.JH'JBIHUhcllC Ja HOg.
/\FJ,) jc UJdmp P~\;\ta '3ilTHUpCfl C<I. CBHX (TpaU<l, OllAJ ce npocejaBLuLc l.vlVpa C
EjJC]v)clW na HpCJ\iC HPCKlli-\L1TlJ. it" ;)H U; YL'!UllHU ll<.lK)'WLUlJ.l !\!aTcpHja,)l KOjH 11l1je
i1.iY)IH;'W KpCJ'3 (liTe. AKO jc pal\i C 'lCOIIC CTpalll; OTBOPCH, uiij.\i.t caB IlCllpOCGjauH Ma
HCll,t)i,;1 ca CHT<'(, UlTU or..fOfyliyic KOHTll!lyilmHl npoccjaBi.llbC. JaCHO.iC)W cc
Ja)l,aTOll( 1. l1JGpUluti1u 2JH.IlIy.:w..IteiupujcKj' (ifULIlI3Y (ipUC(!"
Gl::tTCpUjelJl Ha OE~uwa CH'J'<'l ll<lGaL~]ijc ca cynpoTllc CTP:1llC u JUI Olla Tpc6,.i ;ta 6y,o,y
jaGall,,('J./ lUI Ci{WlIgupgll().M cLinTicuy cUL71a.
~JY)K8". ARC) ce CHTu Cy'llUlUC uJ]']\;pcn.1, UflU CC Ha CpCr~Hl-Hl Y~WGll, 3Gur llcra CC~
Y ClUj);, Wi CPCi~lJ!lH CK)ill ',,~L WTO uTC>KaBJ UOKpC !'<lIbC 'JPHLl., Ita J1OlTipcuJ/.o fipcg.JiWfL,C, 3a I'lJP<U\)' OBor JaD",nXiJ TpcGa umJU'
BHTH IlP~TXOi.lHO nOLllaUJbe,
TBi\-lC li HpuccjaB~llI,c.
iJu6,r)(IL{U(}/W ndii(i, BHGpau,HOllU C111'O 55) CJC'rojH cc TaKoly: 0rJ, CliTa KOjc AHlUI,1I3{1 :)({gaiIi,~'a, npH OlT!l,efbY llCKC IVlaTcpllje }.~()61l.iajy ce 'Jj)ua pa:mHx
,ic p~UaJlCTO ELl. pal\\ 1). }Lcn)Jla CPC[J,lUlLl BCJallJ .Ie npc-ho HllUIKc (3) :n j(:~rpu BCJIH'llma. 1-1a npm'v1cp, npH MJlCUCILY )KI1T(:t ;.(06Hja cc uajilJ:UlK 'leCTllLln Olle:
C,11Cl:TPOivWI"HCTil. lluurru Cc C"'l(~KTPOM~U'IlCTy Clp:w iJOBOilB H IIpCKl1Aa CTPYF1, y BC.TlH'LHue IIpCMa K.OjOj .it: llOi~CHleH pag l\L'IUlla. Amt HCTOBI)l'MCIlO he ce y 1UIllB;
}),'..-')'I'l\' cc U<Jll'.lt\'j(:llll'lllO j~UJJU1 l\lan!CTllO nOJj~C, kujC jc:,wjJu Yll!la'Hl H HCllYUlTd lU )~OGUTll II IH.::lie IT II.1Ll!b(: 'ICCTIILlC. JJa Gll ce: OU,,:'lllIO KB"\.'litTC'f 1\VUIBa, lIOTpC(JHU jc
K~jH"i-JW, Ouu KpCT~UhC ce JJO!\lOb.y IUUllKC UPCllOCH Y BH;l.)' BJJG'paL~Hia Ha ilOlJPllHlHY YTBpiJHTli Kojnx Be.'lH'lHIW '-lccTllqa lll...W, Kau H KOJlHKO. aBO HCHllT1HEUhC cr: UpUJli
~
C,D'1()l"il ClJTi.L T~H';.,f)bL~ mtGpHpa H T(lKU H'jJ:JHBiJ UllTCH'.HIBllO Iq)Cr:llbc l\1i.lTCPH- TaKO lUTO ct.' MtlTCpHja}] npoccjaua KpCrJ Clll: l''y'lllh(1 [j rYlllha CUT]. riOCJ1C u.pou..:-
rl.lhO jaBalt.{l Ir3MCPlI Cl' KO!IH'llHW !\{<:nepujc Koja CC 3J;~iYA.Ula lid Cn<1KO:-'l nITy.
L:q.<U.-':'TC[Jl1CTliKd dUIL\ CHTiJ jc unu It:1 IbHt.li.l lIeM~\ 110KPCTlIUX gUWHU
nOLllpCUII{I AiCpCl/..dl /.I il!)UjJWIj'n, fpaUYJIOMCTpHjcKa "UIiUUJ<.t palm cc llP()(\:>
u~ /.i,uir.HWilTiL !:" ,T]UUl;'l ic UlTO CC, '.lOUI' ),'I'..:CT"U!llX lHjUpal.~Hia, MaTcpHjaJl
jaB~l!bl'l\'l HCHHTl1B311C l\laTCpl1j\.' Ira CTaHJ~i.lpl'.1)"lll;'1 CUTll.~J.'l. IVI<.rrepHji.U Cl' 11,ponYllTL.i
J~L\J.d'p~l U !lPCk"i H l1rfO cy OC!\1UI<.UW]C CllTa Y CP"':~iIIHH !!ajmnTlL:UlBHuje,
HajIlpc Kp03 CUTO ca llajBt.'hH~j OK1J,11l\1;:(, a 3:.\'1'11\\ Kp(n CBt.' cjmlluja ClIT~L I'vfaC(l
J~UL '_y ilPCJ\'l,( llU!ill,;lrvD CBt' QBO C~\'l'lILy'jC K::ll1;Ill,lH'(,;T CllTLL
CC :W;W)KH Ha CBaKOivt CHTY l\..fCpU CC Ii Ca'Ullb~lB(l ce Ta().'tH.Ll,a.
flo.tlwh)' CllT"l 0 KO,ilIM<I CIvlD ':Wca,J,a I"OBOpHml 3u<l'lajall nO)J,aTaK J<1 i,lIlaJIllJY npOCCBJ jc KOm1'lHtW rvlLlTcpujLUl(\ KOP CHi ce
cc )~.UC jCiJ,HiJ Kuja .lt" llPOW)l;.l KpOJ CllTO 11 ,'J.pyra Koja jt 0C'I"(I;1<.\ Ji.l.p,p)K<J.,;ra aa IlOCM<.rrpaJ!OJ'vl CUTY )~~j lIll.je GlL'W npcTxu;lUHX CHT;'t. OIlH l(uJUl'HilW
H'.v;,"ralr OJ,; oBorajc ;.I.OCiOlliHO CUTe ca BHlllC HojaCClJa), tv1d)YTHM, 'leero !\WTcpHjaml lJa~HBa cc .:IfJUj1!1.(.f i{.()fUl'/WW, a IJ[J01.(~JJTh -- 3UUjJIIII iijJIJl;Cl(ii{u .
.Ie cl)paKll,Hja. )~a GII CC TO U:WC:JJU, nOTpcGllO .ic.
~\a CC l.!,uGllje lUTO BHUlC 36npna [(om''1~Ilt(\ '3<'l GWfO Kujc CllTU jc YCTBapH KOJUFlHlla lwja 60 Cl.: -.;a;lp-
pa;\HTH ca BULLk' CHT<.t. Og TOra K;:lKO he ce CIUD TOKOM npocejanClH,a U01:H:::mm.lTli, H >IW]lLl IOiW 6.1:1 ce lVl(1TepHjaJI cejao Hajllpc 1W l'hCl\fY, a :~aTHM Kj)(13 (.l)Hlll1ja COTei.
Ku~HU(O he HX 6HTH, 3aUHCJ:l 11 KO:1HKO he ,u,a Gygt npocejauHx clJpaKLlJIja, Kao 11 Ka- /1apaga 3agaLll{W, f1(rrpeOllO je 113MCPHTH )'KylIUy 1\'tacy Mfrrepoj;:Lfta KOjH he ce
K"W he i~i:.l p,-I;~ U.eJlOKyuuc KOMGHIlal~l1je C!l'ra, YrJt'tJ.HlmA ce UOgCWaBa TaKO na
ccjaTl1 11npocejaTI1 l\taTt~pHjaJI Hajnpc Kp0:3 najBclic CHTO. Ccjan,e jc 3aBpmcno
ce lla UO'!CTKY K0}.tCiJili<H~l1j(~ 1l~UlcI'3l' Hujlq)).'IlHuja Cl1'ra, 'IHlv]C ce pa:JJ.\BaJajy rpyGe Haj~lcUlhe Y '['OK), nCTuaecr MHUYTcL 3aniM ce K.IMCpH KOJIWrHHa Koja ce 3aHp';'K~Ula
c[JpaK.lJ,Hje, Tt: ce TahO 'lyllajy (llllmlja U OCCTJ!~HBI1Fl CBTU. 113 rrpROM eM'!'y. ORa KOJllT'lYlIIa nrC,lJ.CTJSJba npBy q)paKL~Hj:/. nOCJ1C cejan,(i ml eM>
JwnCM Clrry )loGl1ja ce Maca ApyTC (i)paK1J,ujc. CaGHpalbcM .lvWCC npBC 11 APyre q)paK-
 55~ gaTlf cy nojegHHR'H-lJ.I (a) 11 36apHH (h) npo:ueHTH noje;o;uHHx .n;o6ujennx qJ}-1aK-

1
3annCIiO OM BeJIWlHHe OTBopa Ha CMTHMa.
I~llJa
100
%
2.4, MEllIAlhE elBPCTOr 11 TECTACTOr MATEPJ1JAJIA
80
Mernan,e 'lBpcTor MUTepnja.'Iu. - Mana H3[)lena na je mlKO n31vleIW1Tn HCHT-
T-beHY MaTepnjy, neh rrpn rrpBOM TIOIcymajy YBIl1)l ce n3 ce npHnHKOlvr ORe orrepaUH-

,,1 (b)
je HaI1JIJ3I:t Bel Tell1TWTIC: .Mai'ilcpuja.rw y
cwgy :JPH{J u ilprn:a Haj'lcud'rc ce Fipu A.fC-
waH,), ripawe, i7p()cI.I[fajv ua CygOR{J, ae-
, CualY Hcua.MCIII(fUIf y .HprTlmLH yl.flO(!IIA/{I,
40i '-Ie J-[('wa})-' cc go6po y (>epiTiul{f/.n-lw,.j.f (jpo
J fH(}I. I~a on ce nOCTHr.na ;106pa XOMore
HOCT. 110'rpcol-Jo je yTpownTH lvtHOrO Cl-\,I-
}Ol I cr) re H npoleHa. :3,1'1'0
l\remamUle. 'ElK T-l
I1nC'roje
3;1
ll<lPO'IHTC
lvfeUl(IH~e l\1,L1T1X

L.~,~~::o,-~,._"'~"'r"'::::rU_"'~"'_;::'_~:""""""'T-.-..2,~~-,---@-_...,..
0,20 0,40 G60 0,80 100 120 d(mm}
IW.'HFfHHcl \<J(ITepnja,1)(l \' TIlL'ty rrpaxa. To cy
3JTBOpemr cy}~()Bn KOjli ce oophy TZlKO ;1)\
ce !v1<lTCpHja.T! Kojn jc y ll,JfMi) 111'1'0 OO.;hC l\lellla. Kao cYWmn '"1(1 TaKBO \1CW<lILf 'TtCTO
ce YIJ()Tpe6.fJ,an<:-ljy KOlI).;-aCTC KYTlljc (CJlHK<l :>6). ce 061"hy OKO ;J;ujanma.Tfc, ca:'lC
OBC
KOnKe. npn 06JlT<llhY TaKO TlOC'Tan.:--bCllC KOI\r<e, MaTcpnj,L'l y;wpa 0 theBe Koce c1'pane
11 MCIIla e.e e.a MaTepnja.llO\-i Kojn e.e O;l,6Hj;:1 0 cynpoTHc, TflKOi)C Koee crpaHC:.
I\uje )1noHja CG Maca Koja fiB ce 3<:l1~p)Ka.l1a 11a n,pyr01'vf ClITY :.xa nnje OH.'TO npBor cwra. H~ Cmlll,l1 57 npIn:rnJnc cy nreMe OCT<lJiHX TIHJOH<I Mcma.rrnlJ,Cl 3a "mpcTc
Taj 30Ur npCI\CT<:lRJh<l 36HPHY Macy 3(1 Apyro ClITO, M<lTCpnJ<lJJe.
Ha DCIwny H3M:epeHliX Maca npOl\eHTB CC 113P,l'fVI-tan<ljy n ynncyjy y Ta6c.:ry. Y fly,lfranTir ..HCI{l(7 ..1rIl-V (CSI. 57a) ncnmper.rcHo oCTnapy.iY J;fem<HhC 11 Tpal1C110p'1'
CJIC;\Cnoj Ta6cJTH je !laTa rpanynoMcTpnjcKa an3.ITlna 100 g: neCKa. M,:l'l'CpnjaJ1(l, JTOHi1Tl-HV' Mem3.nnqe (1) no CHO/vIe TlO.:lO)!((\jy H o6mlIcy npe;1 CTa13 .'h(l-
Pe.7YJlillaiTiu, D,oonjcna TaOC!}J npeJJ:cTelBIh<1 pe3y:wf(lT rpaHy."IOMcTjlnjn:c <:lll(l- jy ;~C.fTOBC CfmpaJme lloBpllIrme 1<o.1a ce I1iUJa3e y ny>K8CTHJ\'f TpflHcnOpTCp!TM(L 38X-
JfH3C. Y-OOWlajCHO je .IV! ce onn pC3Y,1T:::1TH npHKa3~iY II qXHlm'IKH. H<l )1nj,1rpaM\' iw.Tf~Y.iyhIf P<H\1.1K\" ']OI1;1TllHiL _\wTcpni,ul ce HllTClr'11l!1110 \lCl11<l 11 TpancnopTyi e .

a) n)

r)
6)

'-fr
2

C.illl/W 57
 --------------,_._. -~.- ...

107

UlupoKY rrpl1MCHY Y npcxpaMCicHoj HlIl(ycrpnjH HMajy rrYJKacre IvwLUamiu,e (en,

57G) ca BCpniKJJlHOM oopnfOn-'i OCOM (1), Behn 6poj OB<1KBUX MeWaJlHna, y-'-IBP-
Wi'iCl-!HX 11a IIoKpeTHoM paMy (2), KopHcTe ce '~a MCUl3J-be UIaAa. Y TOKY MClllan,(l
paM ce nOMcpa, TaKO ,u:a 3aXUaTt CBe )J:C:[OBe npoeTopHjc IW lHijCM CC !lOiW UaJJaJl1 .IT~===
~I
Cflag KOjU ee, :1001' oGpTalb<t MCWaJllIIW, [!oKpd1e H3BHUJC.
MCI.lf[Ullll{C c(/ gOOOIllO,H (ell. 57u) oCTuapyjy ~-1elllaH,e MclTCpl-ljaJI3 oGpT<tlheM
):ioGoIlla (1) KOj1:1 ca ynyTpaU!lhC errant liMa :lOnaTlIl~C (2). -YToBap H HCTOB<1P M<1-
TepajaJIa OOaUJb<1 ce lloMohy nyx;:a (3), Ka~\a cc ny)K o6phe 'Ii jCWlUM CMCpy, M<1TC-
pl1ja.rr cc yGau,yjc (4). ITPH 06pT'-HLY' UY)K<l Y CyllpOTlJOl\1 cMep)' HJ~1CIllaHH MaTcpH-
jeUl ce H:1Gau,yje (5) WI MCllJi.UlHl~e.
A1euwJ1111~a eLl i{aJl1Il~{{.Ha (eL 57r) oCfBapyjc Mcill(j1i,C 06pTLlIGCM !\HCKOB<l (1 11
I rl~
1i
2) na KOjH~ta cc Halla1!.: lTaJll1Uc (3). oGphy y c:ynpoTlHIl\'i CJ\'lCpOBlU\'ta, a
JlncKoBli cc I
xpalLelLc ce Oc5aUJhcl KpU'3. oTlmp (4). l\1aTcpnja.'I ':('taJIJ JKcHja;Utu Kpln OTBOP iJ.11- !,--_II
cC.it (1) IL 3601' uCllTpml))T;uU!c nL'!l', G;ll1,~\ <..:c lli1 !1~Ullll~C H nUTltn:.yj(: !Gl llCpwl)C-
PUjH. f1UC}lL: HHTClCHHHlOr J\H':,!l!~llt,(L, i\laTl:puja.', CC llCTOU'-lp:yje: KPC)J CHUUP (S).
!\'1e.!nmM.~ TCCTaCTor ~taTC!mja:m. -- OBaJd3U .\1U1I;111,C HjJUr-lut.yje Ce flPll upon
3BUfJ,lbll x.!Il'Ga, r-.--taKapoll~J, JJUC:!:JCTlIU/1 UTi]" 1'1 UCialUb(] CC Y :illallJllllaf\l~\ KOjc CC 1-ta311-
uajy ~tcClLrlHLW, -y- IhHl\la cc Ill' ca~[o c!,mjJ'\lHpa XOl\lUi'l~H~l :'>'lt1C(! TeCT,! Bell ec 3aXHa-
JLyjyliH MClll~l1Ly nOCTIDKY H o;~pclje!!a '\lCS;U[!!'il.~a CBUjCTBi.l TeCTa, i(au 11 ;_I,OBl.rO,;!bC
Kl1CcOHl1K~l I1~ nJJ;J,yxa y TeCfo, ClIlI;U 58
Tccracn:: j'l:taTCPlljc, KilO: pa:m<l Tz:CTi.l, I';l!1!1C 11 i-I[J)TC, ll(YrpCUI\u.ic 'k'CTU J-\yl~O
,\<lCLU(tTll (I\1CCH'1'H), K(1KO GH cc ua flo;wcail W\'1HH BC:-;(lJlC cel BU/--\OM U Ti.lKO [Jl)(~TBO' BUI)lt, O!-le Orl~l\taX eraj),. HapOtIf1TO C!l~Dl(1JC H jaKe nheT~L1HIJ,C Hilna:-lC ce y HHD,yC-
pllJJe Y lvJaCY KOjOj CC 1\1O)K(; N1Tt! nUTl.H:Oall OCLfllJK. :J60r l\i;,U(' WHq"K'TJbUJlOCTH TjJH.ja 1')l1>1C. Ta1\-w CC, H<-I Up!fMl:P, C<1J"10 Ja nOKpCT:Jlbt' jeJJ,lIC MCUlL1JlHqC yU{)'l'I)(~GJh(l
\!eCTH~a TCCTaCTC MtrrCpaje, KJO ![ 300.1' ,iaKHX llPU1Htd'-llIHX C11.:1'\ KOjC !nMci)y ibH:; n<l J"lOTOp O;J 250 !J,O 350 kW II:] II Bumc_
;J.CJlyjy, l\lelIHUbe H rl!,e~tl~lhe paW,I XO!\-lo!\::mrcalLi1 Tcl1.lKO ce !JOCTlDhc H 3aXTCBa J'viem<lt:bC Tecracror . . 1JTCpnja}la (TeCTa, [JIJIHa, K01MCTWIKC nacre VI TaKO g(1-
Hc,nHKH pan (uapWllrfU ;JKU je Y fHnalLY r--Y,\Ja)_ ]c;tJ_l1 O,D, OC1tUlllIIJX y-'CJlOB<l KOjH !LC) Mo)Ke Ce IlOCTHhu 11 rro!\why llapO'-JUTliX naKHX )KPBH.CH(l.
TpcGa JJ,a IlCuyu,,-lBa CBaKa l\1cClwHl.\a ,ic ;Ja y rbOj HOW "MIHBHX YL'IUDi.J-", mrU jlIa'lll 1lOTpuul!La eucpruje llpH \1l:l_lIi.Ub)' TeCTa lIJIll Cl1Tllor MaTcpuja.1it pe:l<lTHHllO je
)J,a 3(\ upew: pa.ua lJ,CJla !\1aCa l\10pa UHT}1 y t10KPCTY, TO jeer;w He HOCI'Ujc [J,CJIOBH Y BCJlHKa 300r BCJIllKllX OTIlopa l(Uju ce jaBJbajy upn KpeTalhY OIWKUHX :\'la'rl'pHja~ra.
CYi-\Y AU KOjl1X lvlCU1,_L'LKC He J~Umlpy.
8p"'10 illHPOKO npl1t\'lClJ,yjy ce J\lCClL:!!lU,C ca ;wa xoplnOUT,-UJlt<-l HpanlJl<L Kao
tUTO ct BH,'J}11U C}IHKC 58, OllC cc caC'fujc ILl jC;\llor KOPllTCl (1) Y KO~lC: CC jC,u,lIi.l IljJC
M'-l iwyroj uGphy f,teill,-Ul,Ke (2 Ii 2'). O(ijJT~llt,C \ll'llJa,'bKB ll(JCTH)i(C cv l1u~-lOhy ll~!P(-'
r-vlClIl<lu)c CBIlKOI' hWTepl1ja.'Ja BpUIH CC MCIJ1ct'-LHtvl<t ca Ky'Tl1jOM, J10ULlTHU,aM<l,
'IHTllX JYIl\laltm:.(J (J), (3'), (3")
I-.:.ujc !iuKpdH' jaK IIJUTOP. '_iyll'l,-tllHLI,llliuey 11CTC Jle-
rr:Y)KCM, !1060ilJOM_ lUlU i-l,l1CKOllHl\1(t. IkpTIlKi.UUlO nO]vICpalbC H MCm::lH,e C{1I1Kor 1\1<1,
J1H'Hlllc" 3Gor Y.LT'-l ce jC;~lla l\lClll~L'u,-a uuphc on, IIP)T(;. 360r Tor,.\ he 1\1,,'.
Tqmjan<t Te)Kc CC ocruapyjl: aeru npl1 MCWi.tU,Y (1).'1Y11JI<1, H TpOillE CC Bcha cucprn-
wa.'l,Ka Koja CC Gp:-KC oGphc CKl1!_l'-1Tl! l\t~rrcpll.ia.:l ca ClIOpl!je, nUCHTU [",I, i~a Gu y LiP,)'-
NL.ILUHHC ::m ,l\tCUIai-bC TCCTaCrOr l'.taTCpaja.l::t c,fIJpme cy l\IaUlHll<1Ma 3a McLllcHht
b.el'S c:ycpc:ry_ ca;~::t C!lOpHja lvlCU1'-I.~bK'1 CKHlly.'I'-l \laTcpllj~u ca Gp)K\.~ H T,-LKU n: MC-
CH!lKOr J\lctTCPl1JdJlil.
Ul~L)la }l r1Le t lHJl<l ca 1\'IaCO\1 KOjy ca CU()O\l ny'Ic H HOCE. TtiKBlUd y:.;ajaHHHM (I;,J1J\~I'
H~eM :J;JXn;:iT<tlbCl\l J:[ VT!1CKHH;:UI>Ol hIaCe V M<JC\' Koia Ce l\1C1U;1 j1 ['ILC'lH liUCflDKC cc
Jl.OCT~t Gp30 eclJCKClT l~Ojll ce )KC:lIL :"T(,Lua~bKc-l~lj,c'l:aJJHuc cy oJl, nr)'~[G jaKor '{Icmu:a, lIHTAlbA
11 TO lIaj1lcillhe OliOI' KojH He ply;:]. ~'l KOPllTO nbCTi.t.lIl1l.~C lupal)yje CC 0)1, Mi,nCpl1jaJt'-l
KOjl1 He plja. Ka,la ce MClUailJe If nJ~C'!Ci-Le :Ji.IBPlllH, KOPHTO CC, Ho!\-!ohy Hapo'lllTor
1. Ko.lc jc ~lt:walhe je;~![oC'raHlluje, .'1CJJJellhC CIIllKOr, TeCT<-ICror lUH TC'lHOf'
!\laTcpnjiulu'?
ypdjaja, HarIle OKO C!30jc OCOBHllC" TiJKO ga cc MaTcpHjaJ],),J 110\1Oh Mt:,W'-l.:J.,l-:.I-!., KOjC
2. Koja je UpCJ\HOCT nY)JWCTOr MClll<l\W y O)J)1OCy Uti ;Wyrc MCUH1'IC ~llipcTor
ce GliJ.'-l oGphy 'j cynpoTIlO!\'t Cl\H:P:'.' MO)Kl' }IaKO [t} lbliX H3GalJ,HHL
I
!\laTcpHja.'la?
KOpl1Ta l'H,CT~Ul1-ll~e cy ~lCCT(J CJ-WU.uCBCll<l orvt{}TctllCM KOjUM CC- Maca MmKC 3 III'l'<l 6H ce nOKll<:ljJIUO na :la6op;:rl'OpujcKoj nporrCJICpcKoj -"1CW<l.'lHlJJt llpH 110-
3arpCBaTH :rum X}Ia;o,1:1TII. Qna CC, Ka,u:a jc llOTpCGHO, CHaonemtjy H TaKBHl\l ItOK.:lOIl- KywajY)J,a u: IhO\-1C MCllIJ TecTo?
lJ,HMa KOjH he llX xepMCTIP!KH :::mrBopuTH (lla npl1MCp, Kaw.l ce MCC[1 n:raCrIl'ma Ma- 4. MO)f(e JIM cc MemWl J<l TCCTO KopncTHTH 3a McwalbC 3pHUel'Or MUTcpnjana?
ca Koja y ceOli C'-1npIKI1 !-1CllapJLHBH pUCrBapa'l). )J,a 611 ce 1136crJIa Ilecpeha, npaBl1- 5. OGjacHH '3aw:ro ceTeCTO :Mo)J(e MClllaTH 11. Y)KpIHbCBH_M<:t.
JI0 je Ail rI-LCT,:l]Il1QC, Ka!w cy y pa,u,y_ 6YJW 3zrrUOpCIJC, {IUM ce nOKJWnau, ](upwra 01'- (1. 3aurro ce npocropnje ri-\e cc MCHla ~lBpCT MaTcpHjan Mopajy )J,06po nponeTpaBaTH?
 -~-::-:J
---_.
1 09

2.5. I1PECOBAlhE
KOHyca. 360r cMepa 06pTaU.,a H o6:IHKa nY)l'<a, M<.nepnjmT 6wBa
nOTDcnYT K<l Y)KeM
ileny Konyca, nonehana rrpnTHcaK. Te'lHocT cc
rne ce, 360r CMalbCI'h(l '3anpeMHHe,
OnepaqHja rrpecoruuha npJlO '-ICCTO CC npHMeH~yje y HH)J,ycrpHjn npexpaM6e-
U;CAE Kp03 oTBope Ha OMOTaqy, 3 HcnpeCOBmm OCT<lTaK na~~a ca Kpaja 3apy6JhenOr
HHX npOU3BOJI3, flpu iJpeCO(Wlb)' ),wiUepujl7,,'1 KOjU ({ipeon oopaguiTtu U-3J1aJlce ce gel-
KOHYC3.
ciii6Y iipuiIlucl{(/. nC)TpC6aH npHTHC3K oCTnapyje ce ypet)ajHMi'l Kojn ce na3Hnajy
npecc. Cae oiiepm~uje ilpeC()(lOlMJ AWZ)' ce C6jJClT/ai{iu )' illjJu zpyi1c: qef)cl-be, aom! OOJIHKOnalhC . .- Bpno 'TeCTO je ITCrrpe6no TccTacToj MaCH ]laTH O.l1pei)en 06-
f<:OGafbe 11 0PllKcfilUpal-l>(;. nHK. a n:a ce npB' TOMC 611THO He Melhajy KapaKTepMCTHKC Mace. OnaKBe oficpa/~ujc
06/UIKOMliMI i/ocirinjc J' iifJOLl,cry UP01l.1W)gfi.>C .MaI<aPOI-l{/, x/leoa, fioCJUlciliuqa BT;:!;.
qeijeThc Y Y>KCl\'l cMHcny pe~lH npH;'WH.,yje CC Kana je f1(rrpC6HO
U:e~CH~e. -~
H3,D,BOjHTH TetUIOCT n3 MaTcpnjc Y KojHMa CC OHa naJra'H:r Kao Canp)Kaj ilennja. IiICTO-
Koje h: cc npecc KOpHCnlTH 3<.1 06mTKOBal-hC 3aTmCH 0)]. M;1Tcpnjan<.l Kojn ce
06pa1)1'.]c. 3:lBBCHO OI\ Tora npcce cc Mory nOneJ1l1TH y TpH rpync: npecc Koje 06.l1H~
npc-Mcno ca ll,ci,CI-bCM oJmrpana cc qm.nTpOnalI.C 1I C]\'{aJbClbe YIBpcTor OCT3TKa.
Kyjy KOMUPHMOB<.1lhCM, Ba.lhCllbCl\j H YTHCKHn;UheM.
YJ}. . c ce l~eJ)elhCl'''l H'JllB<lja 113 CCMCI-Ta CyHUOICpCTil, l\WCT In tmap3IZ[l HTIT . .Tef~
HOM pC.~ll1, l~et)Cl'he ce rrpnMC1byjc rGl,rp: f(ohliJplI ..HOnrll-hc. OBC npccc c)' BCOlvI(1 'ICCTO Kopmuhcnc 3a npOlT3BO;::lIbY )"ra-
KapoHCI. VIMa.iy il.na OCHOBH8 )lCJra: KOMrrpccHollH llpOC'rop n npocl)JuTHcany JJ;H:my. Y
- TC'TITOCT npe;.,C'f(IBJha npOIT3Bolt H I1Mf! RCll)' npcl0.JOcT 0;\ OCTaTK3 (np0I-1-
KOMnpccmmn np,ocrop CT<lBJh(l ce '[(:erG. Koje cc nOTHcKyjc KpOCl cnen,nja}llnI OTBOP
3BOi1,H"a 6mhl'Ior Y.TI,(L Bmw):
.l1u:my. D,wma .}e l\lCT!1::UIH 11Ho.;: ca OTBOPOl\f y OHOl\f 06.HHK)' Iwjn Tpe6a iTa 11M3
OCTaT<lK npe,iJCTilB.TJ,;) npmnHO}l H Hl\fil uehy npCirHocr, a :')(\()CTZDIl TC'THOCT
npOfnHOn
My Clvlalhyje npe;.\IlOCT (\I<lCT y {lTlZlPU,11l\'W)
Ha CTlllI[H 60 llj1HKil'{(lHC1 je ;nnWi C(l YMCTKO,\l, Y KOjOj ct' o6.rnI1zyjc HCn<lC'fH
llPH lW1;C:JhY YC.'1C)l ;\C.~10Balb(l npnTllCKil hCJ1HjC ceo r.lcxaIflFTh:J1 p<l3rpatry,iy npOII3BoJ{.
J( uganC.M he/wjo-(,' OIJ:llC fTiC'lllll UI9]J.l/CiI.i lic"] I(je ce qJOjJ.HUjJa II fil)[/!;yn.'NI Y 0D.WJ{1'
Y KOHTHH),'L'IHTIl;.1 npCCa\la ;l,.lilCa cc 1\Ol\mpHMyjc ny>KCl\f H51JT na.ThqmV!a. J.b
r1m .:1 i'lfp mTi II . C.'lTn~n 61 npHK<nalI(,l jc npeca ca npKcM (a) If Gl B(1.~hI.~Hl\la (6).
XIlfipaY.1H'lKC npccc KopnCTC, panmI (j).1y.'H;.l: 3<1 ocm<lpl!'
g;UhC IlO'rpeOHor nplITnCK~L f:la CTHl~li S9 pa;UlH (l),'1yn1( (y.rl,e XOpln01!T;L'lHll (1) II BCPTIlK;l,:nm ny>K (2) nOTlJCKyjy \IaTCpllja.TJ KpO'J oTBope

J'LTW: Bona) IlO;~ npl1THCKOM yBO,D,ll CC Y pailll1j l.lJIJ1Tm;nlp (1). na )1HY (3) KOjl1 H<ljy )KC.~hC'HH OO.'1HK l\1<lTCpHjaJIy.
(P.l1YHJl nOKpeilc KJIHH (2) Kojn je nOBC3nn Cd llOKPCTllOM !l.10 Y npccH en B8JhD,H!"IJa naJhnB (1 1I 2) '~axBwl"ajy r.j,rfcpHjaJT, nOTHcKyjy if) Ha
'10M (3). n.iJUtIa (3) lJoKpehe ce H(1rOpC H npno.:uD1<ClBa Heno H]f)Ke n non npl"lTHCKO\1 ra HCTHCKyjy KjlO:{ OTHOPC (3). npoc}mnHc3H l\l<lTCpnja.:r
KPCTIlOj n.' Jorm (6), Koja je jaKHM nepTl1KClmlHM UlTITlK<ll\1a (5) FC-).n;:nH 1())0'3 cnpono/\l!!l 0.:11'1':: (4),
ne3~1}Ja :{<l nOJ.\llO)Kje npcce. T13MeTjy n.lTO~IC (3) H nenOKpc.TlTC
'wone n.T1O'"le (0) CT,mn~a ce \'I,ncpnja:l y nOp03JfC OMOTZl'Te,
Kf)()'3 Koje UCTlPIC HcnpecoBana TC'lITOCT 11 GIKymh:-l ce y 0.'1):-
"!(lC1'111\1 Kalla:nnra rmO'Ie (3) H (manrc ce OHBo,u:n.
lvlaca Koja cc npccyjc JI(I.HW3H ce IIJMCt1), T!.TIO'l'\. etta/he
H,C.M :wlrpe.'I1!{}{C U3.ttCf)y 11m)'/(! gO ..wall go IIcri/IIC1,'1I00lUr r/) . 1yuga
113 []pccon{/IH.' "\f{//uepujc, eJ):IYlIlt cc cKyn.Tb"l y O'rBOpy ITa i10H,oj
I"IJIO'll1. M ~fr-
OBa1ZBC nrece pane )l1JCKOllTHfTya.!lHo, ;:) KOIHlCTC C'C npH
npOl-I3BOll.lhH OHJhHIlX y.lba ..Pajl:TIB l~HK!IYC C<011l!f,an;:ljy nylhc- C.'I/I/,(/59 2 l ' 1

l-bC, npCCOBaIhe, OlJ,et)HH<lll,e H npa"/xH,CJhe

l1pece ca KOHTlfH:)'8.;TTlHlVl ]1(1.}\Ol'Il lJ~lajy 31f(lTHC npc;l,llOCHl y OnHOCY na rrpece ]
T
ca ncpnoJ\W!I'lHM pa)].ol\1. Mau,c. cy no BCml'l1nll!, jCJTHOcT:JBflnjc KOHCTPYKnHjc. H
2
3axTen3jy M;:ll-he q)l13WlIZOr pa)xa.
DOMOTIIle onepal.l:nje KOJI XHiJP<lyTflI'TKC npece OJl.Y3HMajy H )1:0 30%., pa)1,nor
npeMC1-Ia, )J;OK ce qc"l)nhc 1<0)], npcce ca KOllTlwya.;nmM P<l;(0;\1 H3BO]Hi Y TOKY lJ,CT10l'
pa)1,I1or npe-Mena.
y l.JeCToj ynoTpcorr cy H npccc C8 nY)KeM, Koje lJollcehajy H8 MaIIHlHC 3a MJle- 3
Belbe Meca.
CaM ny)K Y OEO]",! CJTTIajy l1Ma KOHWIaH 06J1HIC OIl ce o6phe y OMOTa'IY no
KOMe cy CETlIH OTBOpH. MaTcpnjan Kojn ce npccyjc y6au;yje ce ca lIIlIpe CTp3ne
Cflll/W nO CflW{{{ 61
110 [_~"~"_."_""_ ..
MAIDIIHE II AnAPATII 3A
Bil/hal-be. OBe rrpece KopHcre ce 3a PA3J],BAJAlhE cpA3A
npmnBO)l;lhy XJIeGa. Ha CJIHI.(11 62 TIpliKa-
3aml jc meMa OOJll1KOBal-ba ll)lmiH,llJ)[j
tIHIIX K01...taJ.~a Tccra (xJJc6a) JJ<t TpaKacToj
npecn.
ITO'rpeoHH B,UbKaCrl1 00Jl11K xJlcGa
iJ,oouja CC Ta\(O illTO ce rpy60 YOO.TIWICnO
C;Wld162
TeCTO CT<lSJba If3MelYY ,QBC TpaKC (2) (1) 11
nOCT<lBJbCUC napa.acmw je.u.H3 H::man HPY-
reo Oue ce Kpelly y cynpOTllH!vl Cl\tepOBI1M(:I, pa3;\WU1TI1M 6p3I1lH1M<L To BOAI1 g3}L;]-- ""L PAJ!,l,BAJAThE WA3A
H~y lVl<1TCpnjaJla KOjU na II3mny nOOl1ja )KC}"hCIIH OOJlHK.
-YCi1UU:UGa/bC. MaWHHC 3<:1 YTllCKHBaIhC npH~'lelhyh' cc npll OUJllIKOH':U-bY Kc- HeXOMOI"t.',Uli CHC'l'CMI1L '''' j' TL'XHO.'IOI'Hj!1 CC GP)lO qccro KOPHCTH 11O)al\-1 cPi.t'Ja,
KGt, 'lOKOJtaI-V.: Wll( Gm.-lGonLl 1I3 TCCTacre !'If;l'I'Cpnjc. Te ce TF<:6a llu0,'::-:THTH nITa .ie jeyl/opug/lO (xo"~to2e/[({) CjJCi/lflUI- kOjy
011 jHa '.lU. qJ(laa
I-Iaj~KUJhc ce rrpn TOl'.1\: ua ,J;O(jUjCllC llPOU:.mOiJ,C Y'['HCKyjc It wapa OiWci)CHOI oIJ o1))'(c X?HOiCIlC cjJcgullc pa3!Juoftl ogpC{;ClIII {jOGjJlUWl[{ - ij](!NU'IWI l7oujJUlllfW.
OOJlHKtl. OBa IIP01UBOD,ILa uGaU.TbCl n: TaKO UlTO c:e WI ll()KpCTlle TpaKc TecraCTC- AKO.le lfnpC'ra cl),na BeOW.l clmHo pacllopcl;ewl (.ul1CllL~pr013aIw) IIO TC~lHUj,
l\WTcpnjc llcclJ,ajy KOMLlHH )KCJbCllor o(iJUu((1, oUi.ta ~e Tl.l.KaB cHcTe~'vl JIa'.HlBJ CycllclJ'mja ([1(:Ci.U~ p<.nl\['y'hcll Y BOJ..l,H, Kpt"lHU M.JicKO).
, /\KO JC Te'Jila (!>;na y. clHJ!JUl\1 KLU[JLH'!'~:JMa pacllo/'Jg.;bCHi.l 110 ,I~pyroj '1'et1llUCTU,
lpUKeHlpmLt'. - Dpwce{Liupufl,c i"ipCgClTiIl(Cb17 [(O()C3W){/l-bC 3jJ/-{{{ciiio2 AW[{{C-
J'ana ce TO. !l~r,mDa el\l)'Jl'3HJ'1 (,~L:l!:lW, K031\'1CT11'IKH lIpcnap,n}
pUjLW J' I{P}'LlJlC /{u~Hage OYl)CbCfl(j:~' U{};/UiCU )'J t.IOA-Wit lIel{(J2 Cie3IW!lO! cpcgc{[j(i(! l!
[lpwTiuC1UI. O(W oilcpaquju.ie /(aj}(u{iiicpllcillll'IlW 3(1 i"ipolnGogfl.!} urchepo. AKU J~ 'tBjY:Ti.l ct),ua l'pyGO paCIlU;(t:!hClla 110 raCOB11Toj, lO ce lIdm1.ld llDdll.l!l

lllehcpui.:l Kawa npCJ.\CTaBJbCl Mac), KOjy T[)cGa OCiTIl1KOBClTll ':/ KOl~Ke,. Be:mmro I-iO,ll,.f, a LtKO .Ie tjH1IH) paCIIO,1J,C"'h!:l1J - ':l)i\Wlvl (0c.'lH l~HM ,l.MOlUf}Y:X1XJIOpllga, t.:ojn H(j-
CT<!.W tvICl1J<'Hk:!I.,l raCUlHITor X':IOl)onO;l,OlllUO !1 :tMOHl1jaKd, HIlM "3a Ka!l.l),cl)JlU)KY ')'
CPC,TJ,CTBO.iC paCT130p LUchcpa K0.111, nOJ~ HCjCTBOM npllTHCK<:l, nOBcTyjc KpUCraJlC Ul\:;-
paT),; )~HM llpn llCUUTIlYllOl\l G!l'OPl.'H;UL y).
hcpa Y Tpa)Keml OG}lUK. rrOi~ IIPHTl1CKOM CJ\1i11Lyje ce 3anpcMmra IGUlle. rrOpO:~HlOCT
/\lace cc cMalhyje, jcp ~e.:IOllllllpl30Gl.1'rllI1X KplIC'raJla IIoIIylb~lBajy nope. IvlcXJUWIK<i l\KU jc Tt.:'llta (l)<.u<.t (!H111U pi.1C!lOnC:LCHi.l y racomlToj, OH,!.\<l lIaCTajy l\wrJlL: (Of-
lwpcnma 6PIlKCT<1 KOjU cc cj)opl\1Hpajy HP<:COB<.UbCM 3aBHCH OP. npHpogc Ma-rcpH- TlIe Kan.'bl1!J,e BOAC y t.lTiVlOCci)eprL IGrrpann::c !l.JaCIC 113 l"ellCpaTopa l'a'ca).
jaJla if ClIlaIJ.,(:lba nO'leTHe 3<.lnpOHUIC, AIW JC raClI;1 ciJ<:na ([)!Ht(J pacnOpd)ClIa Y Te:LlltOj q),BH, Oll~~a cc CTB~lpa He II;]
(IV1l.'::~YPH n,IJH)lxa Ira nOBpllHHl!l paCTHopa carryml, i.I.~IKOXOJIa. w:ua 0.0; 6emUl<1u,a
HTL~. ).

ene one CMellIe' 3aje;.\!lO H::l'.lllBajy CC HCX(}lvro['CIIH CHCTCMU. DpeMa Tor--te, C.,1(!~
geha lllCJW iipegci7.t(f(;.!ba (iogel)' lIC.rOAlOic/III.Y cuci{ic.-\,w.

Bp,.;col3aJ-Le jc oncpall,Hja It.uanllha MaTcp.u.jc UPHTl1CK::i .n:a 6li Ce oCTBapwlO

nl.:1)\:lbC, OOJlHKOBClf.he H,;JBGpuKcTupalL<:. DpH J.~d)CfLy.' ce HC'H1CKyje Te.'llHOCT IJja
ce HCTOBPClvlCIlU qm:rrpyjc 11 o)J.l3a,ia 0)), 'wpcn: tVITl"CpUje. Tccracrc Mi:rrepHjc cc 00'
:lltKyjy 11pC'con~uLt'l'd. IloBC:HlBalLc 11 uGJlllKOn<llbC 3pllacror f\.taTCpllja!!Ll !ICKH!\1 B(;-
3I[BI1Uhi cpc;~CrBO"l-j IIOll ;.lCjCTHO:':i Ilpl1T1KKi.\ lW:.HmCl cc 6PHKCTl1paILC'.
TC'tan raCl)IHtT

f-----
__J I
~I

1. llha je upr::couaILe? Cj 'eiic f la Ilja CAi)'. uu jo iiCJUI gLUt AU! ';L,Ui

2. 3amro jc u,d)Clbe yllCh np~\hCllO cim.'lTpal.l)tjo).i?
3, KaKu ce o~ TeCTa (l)op~1Hpajy ~W.KilpOHU'i
(TCliHOCT + (T(;'-UiOCT -I- (n;,4110CT + (rae + LlBPC'fO) (rae + TVIHOCT)

4. OGjacHll liKO C(; npul1l Ba!h:lU,C un TPiU(lCTO:-"l Tj)aHCIIOPTCpy?

'IBpcro) Te'11l0cr) rae)
5. WTil je Jajc;\HWIKO llpll npmBBO}lH,U KO!.J;KH mehqj{\ 11 ruuyJli\ aCIHlpllIla?

HacTajau.e neXOMorClIiiX CUCTCM'1. HtxoMoreHH CltCTCl\Ui Hacrajy )vllwrUl\.y

npupO;rJ.HHM H l:l1lJ.(ycrpfljcKIiM npOIJ,CCHM<'1. HCKaga ce jaBJLajy {(ao HcnQ)l(CJbJH HJlH
C1l0PCH<lH Up0113BO,u H.Hi~YCTpHjCl(Qr npOll,Cca (npalUHIIa o,n yr.JJ~a l1JIn lllehepa), nOK
cy y neI(HM CJIyqajeBI1Ma HeonXO~HH CaCTamm ;O:CO I1pOH3BO~}f,e (cycrrcH3Hja 6pa- MciTioge paagGOfmha .?a(nlce og caciliaGa cjJa30 If iipupoge He:XO.Mo2CHO? ("uriijc-
flU-I a y BOn11, eMYJ!3Hja BOne 11 yJha). Ma, .npH I1360py llal.UUla p(3)lH3jalh8 Tpe6a Y3CTH y 061HP H qn13wIKa H xelvIlljcK8
CBO]CTBa cpa3a,
Yapou,u F-WCiIiajaM{{ He.yo ..twz.cJ-u.o: cuCiTiC.AUI A10ZY 6uiIiu (leOMa pa,3Jw'1.ucTlu
i7pOl~ecu: J>1f'.rXIHU'lI(U, iTim7.l1oiTiHu, xe.Hllfoa/) grul)yauollu U 6w)JwWI<:II i7pou,ecu.
CRe MeToue pa3,!u~a.iaJ-ha Mory ce nOJl:emlTH y nBC rpyne: TaJW)Kel-he H r}WUf-
Tpnpafbe.
"WeXf.lHU'f/{L! L7.pmwcu. Dr)(junma cc cTBapa npu MHorHM MeXaI-IIPIKl-IM onepa- npu ma,,1OJICCf-hY 'lcciI1IU(C c(, lCpcnJ' gpo.] cjHYlfg. OBO KpCTalhe, Koje BOJl.H 31'y-
I~Hjal\,la - mehcpa, :V1JlenCI-bC 6pauma, ccjalbc )[(HT"l, 6pauma, lllchepa BTil.
CHTH,CihC ~n-baBalhY, Mory Jf(! T1:3330BY rpaHilTiU\HOna, nCHTpmilyTamW fum UTCK1'IJwn-ra CTI.rra.
MCm<1H-,cl\,1 npalllKaCT1fX },fi.lTCpnj<lJIiJ TaKoi)e cc cTlwpa npauHma. lIpe.Ha CUJU/.;H({ Iwjc ll.3a3luwjy l{pciiialhC 'lcciilUf{a y rjJ.,1YU[J,V, iJociJ]ojc ?po(lUiiia
CYlllCl-hC npmlIKacTor l\,f[lTepHjaJI3 je Bpo'10 llCCTO npahcno cTBaparbeM rrra- 1~llOf-{U) I!CHLiipucjJy'1{UHU U CJICld{"ipoclliainu'llw iiiniWJICl-lilll,ll. I1360p TcLTJ())IGfHKa v
mVfHe panlT 6JDKer cymeH-,(l_ TaKB<l npaunma ce CTBap(l npH cymcl-hY CJIa;o:a. mchcpa HC.11HKOj l\fepn 3aBHCH ()).t. neJ1H'fHlIe 'lCCTHW1. .
HTJ-(. Ha npH)\'lCp. 'ICCTH1\e y CYCl1CH'm,il1 Mor:: Cl~ BeOM<l cnopD TaJl())KHTH nOJ( y1'H~
nacTaje cycncH3Hja f.~nlHe
TIpalLCl\J lloBpli.a H neCK{) Y BOi~H UTI(. CycrrCII3rrje qajeM rpaTHnaqHOHc CHnc. VbnH(ljaIhC OnaKmJ;'; '[CCTllH;) If'1 C\'Cnclnnjc MO:;'KC CC
nacrajy II npn ;\ICmalhY o.:1'ooa 11 BO,V-:. yGp'3aTH (1KO cc. crane Y HCH'rpucjl)-TY. Y 11,CJrrpmJ))!f'(lI;El jC'~ Ta.nO>KCH,C OP)KC JC Y
fhT-jl\,l(l neHTpl1Cj)Vnl.'lIIJ CI.J:'r(l 'm;lTHO m:li;:l OJ( rpnmrrmXHOnc. ClUTe.
Toii.10iill-lll fJpOl{CCU. XCTcporemr CHCTCMH If(lCTajy IT Kao pC3YJlTaT 3arpCH;)!f,([
(PUJ1TpnpafhC jc onepaI1J-lja j)zn)'1naj;:llh;l cjl<l"3a nOI'lJ,,)hy HeRe nop()~mc: cpQ1l1l1e
B.nn XJlal)(';I-hi:l_ rlpHPOI1HC l\l(lfJTC nacrajy XJ'1i1ryel-hol C]\-lemC BO)1.eHe nape H n33JlYX<l
KOIlJJ..crBonal-IC KaTm BOJ\e 'Hmc M(lL'1Y y n,rny:-;y.
Koja nponyun<:l (j).llYH}(, a JlCTOnpCMClTO :w,np:"lwn,l 'mpcTC: 'JCCTl-ll{C. 311 n-Upu- 1m,
pan(' je i/O/Tij)cOI-I{i P(I,J.;1U1,:a UpIIlTiIf{Xa I{oir 0110;;'-\' gu U-7([.700r rTipu (Jpcfii(' en w: 2])(1
npH 11J!TCH3IIBnOI\I UCH<lp;tn<ll-hY paCTHopa, n;lpa. Koja ce Kpchc RC.'THKO\! 6jHH- nuiTiaWlOlla, qCllfIi[JllrjJ',/[a.:)JUI /I nun r7plliTmo:a
HOM, rron:T,FIII CIITl]C !GH!ll paCfBopa n CTnapa t"f(lr.rry paCfnnpa y Ba'3J1:Vxy. OnaKBC
Ha oCllony OBOr<l ce lJ rlm_wrpn lic.nc H<:\ rpnnIlTanm)l]c. IV'_HTjTHqJ)T;I.:lIlC I;
tviaL'1e ce jaB.1"hajy npn yKynanarhy pacrnopa me-hera, ]\UICI-CJ, KOl\.Hme l1Ti\.
cjm.:rrpc- non npWl'BCT";O\l
XC).-fUjCl([( iJpoqcclI. KapaKTeplIcTHl.HlO jc CTBapJThe cycncwmje npH npoH-
.Ie/\llil cycnCl-r.mj<-l l\lO)KC )11) CC (]m.rrrp-Ilp<l aKO CC C'T(lHn 5' (lHL'TT<1P rr C(l'WK(l ;:F1
3BOlOhH mcncpa. 'Y jcgnoj ~)<I3H npoH3BoJ~JhC yBO!~H ce KpC'-fI-lO MJICKO 11 yr.rhcIH1.:no
npoTcKI-fC (!m.T11'jX1T (rpaBHTau:noIIo CllIlJ1TpOnan,c). nOr011C1<Y CIL1)' OH,lC '::TIJ<Ij1;;!
KCH)1 Y T\ncl)Y:H-lOHU COK. xn;o:pocraTlPIKfT npVlTHCaT< cycnCI-UHjc, O;UIOClIO fhellC Mace nO)11l:cjCT!10l\j rp<lBHT!l
Kao pC:ry.TIT<1T XCl\JlTjcxnx pC(ll(nnja crnapa ce cycncIr.:mja TTeCTJIll,a 1\a.1~W-1jYM" II,Honnr y6p]i\JhJ. npCM<-l TOMe, n]1wrncaK jc (F :::c h.r '
Kap60I-T(lTa ':/ pacTBopy llTehepa. Ka.:I1l,ujYM-KapooJJ<1T ,ie naC'rao XeI\HTjCKOl\f pCaT~"
AIW jc. XHJJ:pocran1'IKH npHTHCClK mn~tK. )q(K_C CC CY01CIl3Hja ynOJl)fTH)' elm,}!
IV1jOM HTl\lCl)y 1([I.:H~Hiyl\f-OKCnl1{l H3 Kpc'lllor M:rTel({l 11 yr.'T)CJ1-rmm:.cn;ra.
T8I' He l1pH <IT\WCCpepCKO)l.l, nch npu lTCKOM nonnmCHOM rrpnnlcKY'. Omn::no (1m,:!
,llruj)),-mo{w 17p 01 \CCII. Y TOKY npou:38o;m~c rnehcpa H r-J1YK03C paC'rRop mche- TpnpaJ-hC non npHTHCKOM 6Hhc 6P>KC OJ\ rpam-ITtHl;IWJ10r (tJlf.Jrrplfp<11b~\. AKO je Vi TO
pa 11 cBpyn T'.nYKo3e )'Kynimajy ce H noc-rajy npeCHftellH. 300r npecni1cl-h8 JT<lCfajc CllOPO, l\.iO)](C ce l!1HfHHBTB nCllTpl1(i)yraJ1HO cjm.l1 Tp HIXI H-,e.
KpncT<.L1WI<HUTja. KpncTz\'';""fH nrchcjl8 If r.nyKo3c H8 Taj ll<l'lIlll W1CT<ljy n pacTy K80 P;urIBaj;lI-hC q);n8 ({Ina cc }'.fO)KC npnK;t'-lilTH clc,n,choI\1 lllO.'1O}'I:
pe:I)',lT<1'1' I~lJ(l)y:mjc, npn "l('1\IY ce cTnapa onfoBarajyha cycnCf-f3lIja_

bUO,WIlI/{lI I7pOI?CCIl_ Cycncwmja 1<l\(\C1\<1 n<lcrajc OH<UTOJUKHl\f npOl\CCOlIf pa3"

MUO>IG'lB(lT-h(\ lle.:mja KnaC1J,{l. :VLncKo jc. npOH3BOf( ono:x('~.mjcKHx npOJ~cca H npC;r~CTa
BJb3 Cl\!Y}T--mjy MaCH] .y BOT\li.
flO'rpeh}fo jc rL\I<lTH y mmy lia nehHH<"l j-1CX:OMOrCH!1X CHC'rnfZl m1CT<ljc. K;)() (PH.'lTjlllpalf,e
peT'y'JTTi.1T lIC G-1MO je;UJOr OIl, nancgcmlx llpontX8 Bch yc.;Ter~ HCTOBpOfellOr 11,C.JCTR<I
n,na lIJ1T'!" Blunt:- !lPOl1,CGl.

Pa3r,nujmM'- IWXOMOH'IIIiX Cm'TC)V1a. - Y TORY npOIf3Bo;u:nor np01~eC(1 np;lO 'Te-

CTO jc 1l()Tpc6no p(3)_l,BojnTH nCXQ1I,fOf'Cnfl CHCTGM. To upaKTIPlllo 3IfWlH )1.8 Tpcoa
O)lnojHTIl jCl\flY ct),13), 0,], iI,pyre. npn OR"lKROl\.\ p(3).'(Baja!I,Y HC OCTBClpyjy ce xCMnjcKf" lpanHTCl- Errernpo- T\CTTTpn Ucrrrpu- en:!;) T'paBnTcl"
rrpoMcHe na je pa:nnajmbc ,na OCllOHlJ3 oncp<ll\Hja. IJ,HOH8 CTaTH'TIGI cjTyra:rma cpyraJHl<'l npHTHC1Gl l\HOHa
Af(o ce ifOHOGO paaA10iTipe 1-f{l(J('gcllu l7.j)lUvtepll F-U7cllJajaHdl 1Icxo.wJ2C1-ncr cuc-
cnJ!a CH.:Ia enaa CH.TJa CH.na

iJiow, .MWICC C(' YOLmiIill go (lCliWl), ORr/X cucazC},U] Illpc6a paagl]oju.iTiu. qeCT!:ll\e
npalUIme Tpe6a ol1HojWrI:r 0;0: B(3)J.yxa 6n.rro TID 6n ce cnpelIIulO lbcrOBO 3aral)el-Le
(AHMHH raCOBI1) HJlI1;aa 6n cc CaqYBao rrpOlT3Bo,J,: (6pauIHo, mehep).
. . _1
CycncH3Hjc mehepa, f.11YK03C, raea HT)1.. 1'1'e6a pa3;UBojuTH )J(:l 6n ce ~06l'1o
rrpOH3ROJl:.
 I 115

LfeciTiwl,c ce y I-(CJ-llUpUCPYlCUW (;PAO C//[{'-tHO gfJchy oe3 003I1pa Ha To,u:a Jm cc cBoje rpamUI,C - jenHor TpcHyrKJ. OHa he nOC'ntTll KOHCTcHrnra 11 no Kpaja llaJ.l.all~a
paW-I 0 TUJlO)KClbY 11JlH qJlUrrpI1pathY. 3001' Tora cc V !"-.HlOrJ1M YI.16elUn~I1Ma OB<:l Hehe ce YOlIlllTC MCl:-baTH. GEW 6p3uHa Ha3LWG ce Up31.lItoJI1 ii1WIO)I(Obil. AKO ce
OnCpalJ,Hja pa'JMaTpa noceClllO II lIa:mu<t Ce u,Cl-l'rpl-H:pyrHpalbe. . nOCTaBH I111TalhC 3anlTO oAjcAHOM 6p'3I1H3 na,u,alhJ. rrocTaje KOHCT3HTIIa, oAroBop 6H
Pa:.Ulor Buwe 3a YBobeH~c ollcparU-1jc lWliTpJ-1cpyrHp~-uLa je KOHCTPYKTI1BI-Ia 11 cc HaIIJaO y cJlel'elicl'.c nOA p,CjcTBOM 3el\w:.une TOKe '-lCCTI1~C naAajy y6p3Clao; OB01\[
C-l)YJ-lKlI,l-iOULUll!il CJJWlHOCT MaUllma 3<:1 l.~eIITpI-icpyrHpalbC ~- l~cI-rrpml)yra. Qua C~1U KpCTalbY cynpoTCTanJbajy ce CHJIC Tpelba, Koje cy YTO}UIKO Bene YKOJIHKO .ie 6p:.nl~
~IHOCLTi. iJOCl1.l0jU 6c.J OU3UjHl J-ut iiio go JlIi ce )' Il,eJULipuqJ"YZQMO OUUGJbU lUl1JlO.JlCef-bC Ha KpeTalbCl Beha. OHor TpCHYTKi1 Kana CHJm Koja Iua:uma y6p:Wlbe 6ygc jelJJUtKa
[(;lll c]nuliIipuPilJ-IJC. CHmI OTilopa TpCIha, l:TeCTln~e he nOtIeTIi p:a IIagajy KOHcraHTHot.t 6P:il:lH01L TO j(::c'r
3aTo hc oncpau,ujc 1)(l3wwjalh'-t c!)(na 6WfH nO).(CJLCne ua iTiaJwJ/rcfbc, nJ.gafic OP3HHOM TaJlO)Kel-bJ.. TaJUJJICelbC ce IUlJWJa u ceguJvI/!/nuW!ujooH.
4]{'UlillpltpafbC U 1\C!-fiujJu4,}'2UjJ(lI-I>C. OnaKBo nu,-,albc 11CflHTIm<10 jc CTOKC 11 ;u,owao J~o 3<'\J.(JLy~tKa )_w JC u~Bmla
TaJI())Kelba npOnOpl(HOH~L'IHa llCKOj KOHCTaHTH K (Koja JUBHCH Oil oGJlHKa '-leCTl1-
lI,c), KBaAp;,rry npC~ImlKa 'lCCTlU..r,C d, pa3JlHu,l-1 rycnwa ~JcC'nHV' H glJJyllil,a y KOl-1C
H3BOil, 011:1 lla)Ja (PI P-J g, a J;aje o6puyro l1POllOPll.ltoIl'-L'Uta auco.:I)'Ti!O!Vl BI1CK03HTCTY l1

M,l'f'CI\1aTH'IKH IUpa)Ke:H onaj JaKOB l'JWC!-J:

HCXot-o'1UJ""C1l!1 CHCTCl\Ul t.wry GUTt-l TC'U!lt (C),ClICIBl1ja, eJl.I Y'Jf3uja, Bella) 11 ['aco-
B!1Tll CU.lL"-l, l\1ar:w). Hcxm.lOrClUi CHl"Tet'.-Hl !lac-rajy y "["OKY MCX(tUWIRHX, T01L'IOTHHX, \" ~. ',' _(PI ~ P2
'v'o F'
"g
~-

xClviHjn.::ux, i_\1JlI;y:'HI01ll-JX 11 Gl~lOJJO.wKllX UpUL(Cca. Pu.Jiluajal-hC (IJa:,W IWjC 'H-lHC HCXCl-

!\1()JTHl-I (;1-1CTI:':-"1 UCTB1lpyjC ce "J'iUlll./KC_lbCi\j UJUi CiJ1L'!TPI1PaI-bL:!I1. TU,'H))KCEbC lIClcTaje
HUH ncjcTBO,,-) rpaUI-rWlVlUllc, lJ,C!ITpJl(I))Ta:IlIt. .~ lJ. C]lC-KTfliPIll<: Cllne. 31l(\\!li, YKUJ!!lKO jc "lCCTl111,a Bell;} it YKUSlUKU joj je Betta l~ycrul!a, Y'H.l.'HlKO h;:..,
HUrUUc.KY CJ-W\" J~I ()l-[;rrpalJ,oi\' 'IHill: rpallliTClUHOUiL lI,ciITjJJ-icl)\TcUIW..l II Cll.!lU Gp)KC Il<J-f-l<lTlL flupaCTOM LHiCKO:JHTeTa, 6p3Hl1~1 T~UIQ)KcrLa ce- CMcU-LyjC. ! h
npllTHcK;L Ecl)--'cKaT 'l-)(\~\a q(:flTPl1cJJ;'~--;.l II.:' C!lJl'JaU 1\ a'pH TiL~lOJKcihy 11""" npH cjm!rqm T,l]iO)KClb<l IlapO'lUTO YTli'IC llpeLllillK 'ICCTHl..!,C, BmUTO Ce Gp:mu'-l [lOlJ<.:.'haB'-l C(l Rna-
DaIL)'. ,l_U_JaTOM npeqm-n-:..a.
Its CTOKCOBC cj)OP~1yJIC BH)HJ CC ;(a Ha OCllOUY pcu:llrlHTl-t\_ Gp311H<1 lJ'-i;~all--,U_ WJry
ita cc pcCJ;umjc I-L'lH 'ICCTlilJ,C 0)_\ UCTor MClTCpuja:w (1'-l IbHX CBe jc P1;:;: _ pa:Lll-i
iHffAlhA 'IHTl-iX npe~lHl1Ka, li3!l-11..WCTHu,e HCTIlX HpC'lHHE_d eu cne tlCCTHlJ,C II = coo'::;), i1.'1H p,-rnH
'll:lTHX ryenlUa. POJg(WjUl-vl! tlCcil"iuqa rio (JeflLl'lllIfIi u(}UM i/octTiYI"/f(HI iU/3W3{/ Ct' J{.:w
1. W__ ra .Ie t!Ji.na? Hh'a .Ie BHUlC(!HrJllll ClICTC"t'.)
2. KJ.kO ll;tcrUjy slHncLj)a:wH c.:uC"n:MH'.' cwjJWi."aqujr..Ul, a ])(IJguajani! iio zyciIul/-u-L1w xlIgpay.-1t{'IJ{O.A-i 11..:111 zauluAl cciiapoqujuA-l.
>. KilKO C\: paJ;lllajajy BHUl(;cl):nJl1! CHCTC~1H? HaBcw:nCl CWKCOBJ. CjJOPMY:ICl D,.l)KIl CJlvW HU)l, YClOBOM na cc '-lecTHl~C T~L~JO>Ke
-:1. KaKlhl .ic paJ:lllK<-l H"J~fcby T:t:IO::'KClhi1 II (jm:l'rpUpalha. a KJ.K1M jc CllJ JHLMUUapuo, TO jeer na lWi~a.iyhH He cTBapajy iniJ ceoc BjTLTron: y C!JJlyU)J:Y KP()"_) KUju
'lHUC"!'? CC Kpchy. AKO ona UB<.t YC]lOnJ iH1C y' :.mJl,OBO.TbellJ., Olli..l,il TpeG,-l llPI1t.1C-IIHTH iwyrc
S. Kuje CI.' ClUle npll.\tClLyjy IlpH p;u;wajalbY t!J<.lJii? tl)Optvl),JIC.
(i. Koju cy PWt'j()'J!l :Li YBolY':H,1.C lloce(iuc OIlI.Cp:H(Hje lWtrrpHC!lyTlfpalb<l, a KOjl1 cy Ta.;W)KIHIK. - AKo ce nyei'n !_Ft cc H3 HCKC cy~nclLHI.ie HCTCUlO)KC (Be 'lBpcrc
p;.rno-.IH ~F' Cl: lJ.vwrp}lc!lYlUPJ.JbC upO)"-liJB:t y OKlHlPY ullCpal\ujl...' T;U\U)KC\b;t !l
'lCCTllI\C Knit:' CC 1'.1Orv HCTZUlO)j{l-tTH, Ta cc ollcpau,HJ<l lla-mB~\ T'l.'lO>h,---'1{,C HJIH C("-HE-
(PU_'ITPI1!J:ltl,a?
l\-1CII't'al..\Hja. 'y TOl'.l JJ,ouuja cc McUhe-BlJU_;l~ 6HCTP~i
CJly'rajy
TC'IIIOCT InHaJ~ T~LrlOra KOjl-1 ce c<'u~y!L'ha no lWY. tv'Ia;xa c)
ce CBC ~JCCnllJ,C JlaTU:lO>K1lJ!C Hi.! iW)", llllL\l~ cy y llajHJ:l)l~nl\l
3.2. TA.:l())i(El bE
CJlOjCBHl\lct KOllll,ClrrpHC'-llle JlpCTC)KHO HajBcl-ic '-ICCTHl.l,C,
l~OE cy HajcuTlll-ljc yrJI;}Bl-lotvl y IW.jBllI.lIHM CJlOjcBUl>W T~UlO-
fiP:HHW T~L'HDJIe!a."-1o _. T~UjO)!(,-:H,C~l cc pa'JHBajar-bc cl)J1YHf~a 11 'lCCT!1~
lIUCTI-J>j(<.'
fa. )J,CIGUIT<JlI,HjUM, OiVIHBdlhl..':M TetmOCTll H3 CY1~a,
iHl Eel CiCHon)" pa'J31WUJTiL\ Gp:mllLl lla!-\,llL~i i-:'pO'J qnyH~~. CpCUHl-Ja Kp03 KU.iy na,L\ajy
Tt'-llliOCT CC Of-l)3aj,\ un Td.!lUra. CYH :1'-\ ,lICKaJITcll..!,Hjy (crt. 63)
'LeTuu,e Ill: )\-1()pa 6nTli C(l1--,1O llo;~a: MO)Ke gel Gy.uc H Ba'J~lYx IL'lH I!CKI:i i-l'pyn-l rae, Kao
lIaj~lCU..lhc je.l~lWHH;WH'-nWr o6.~ruKa H Ul\1<J KOHYCHU AHO. Y
l.\ J1pYfe TC'lllOCTH. Xu.::-\paymJllKl1M K!lCtCllpalbCM pa3i_{Bi.tj<Jjy CC- one '-leCTHlI,e 3<1 KOjC
KOl-1YCY ce caKynlba TallOI'. TC'IHOCT ce MQ)Ke OT<-lKaTJJ ca
ilLnocfojc 1'a1(O l-,laJlil una jep GIl llpoccja8<llhC Y IbI1M<l GlUlO BCOl"lIa cnopo. Bem1KC
crpaHC IIOMOhy CJIaBHHC UJlH CC MO)KC n,pnCTI-J OfJ,o':>ro
!WJH1'lHllC ([")paKUHOHl1JJJY CC- y XHLipaYJIH'IKl-tM K . .'l(1CHclJHKctTopl1l\ta :1<1 pen<:!THBHO
nOl\why nOKpCTlle l..!,CBH. TallOI' cc np;nHI-l U,,-,03fJ,O. OJ_,JlH-
KpaT!(u npCMC, }....\OK G!-1 ::Ii;! nBC KO.~Il1'IUU(~ TpeGaJlO MHoro BHlllC BpCMClla na (in ce
Bal-:bCM H3 Kouyca Kp03 c.namiHY
cl)paKll,HOHllGlJlC Ila Cl-1TI-Ll\W.
KaJ..\ ce 110CMaTpa ll(;Ka 'ICCTl!qa npcnYUlTC!lU caMa CC611 y nellOKpcTHoj cpe- llopou 3rYlmLuua"l. - Y Ihe!\-I)' cc T,UJO>KCl-hCM H3)J.BU-
i11il-1H, BHL(If CC l-W CC Y Ilu~leTKy l-hCHa op3HHa lta;lalL11 MClba: 0,0, ny.rre, KOJI1-1Ka je npH ja HajBefHl!\-"l )1,eJlOM ~lBpcTa Mc:rrepnja 113
cycncu:mjc, TaKO
nywTill-by, oaa CBaKor Tpeuynw llocraje Bcha. OUO nOBehaIbe 6p3Hl-Ie nagalba HMa )J.a ce ,il,06uja 060rahcHa cycncH3Hja. AKO 6H CC 113 pa3pe-
 Cmuw 65

npe~nnllhaBa}h21 HDal( JWBOIf,HO (nnMIlH

4
racOBB} ,D,06pa lIM je OC06HlTCl lllTO cy
npoCTH IT lIJTO 1\101'y Al1 pall.C ea npCJUIl\f II -"
arpCCJ-fBHH1Vf r(lCOT-Hu\'r<l, jep ce 1\-101'y na-
t
C..ruuw 64 npanUTH on: CR8.KOr Mexm-n1'lKH n;onOJhHO / " __ I __
OTnOp1fOJ'M<lTepHj8.Jla.
) (-~r- _ ~------l'-
I~eJrfpml)yTaJmu npc'mCT.pl. - 1'<-1-
i;eHt; C\'CllCHTHje XTeJIO ncnnCpC!1,llO, im.!1TpHpaH,CM iF] OJl,B01H 'mIXT;] l\i,lTCpnja,
10>KI-IHU,l1 THrJ<"I .J~HKJrOl!" (CT. 06) c.rrY)KC'-
on cc cl)IL'rriw-
'I
l\WP<l:lZl nponCT\H'rH orpOl\mJ KOJHPIlTtlJ Te'TITOCTTT. 3no[' TOfJ flu
l\mp'_1.TlH J\J 6YilY o:--pOl\f1m, l,OK on ce
KO.1T-1'mml C1-Jeprn]c C>'8 Tf,cl5CJhC T{lKO
llCTClBPC_i'.lC-HO HcnOTpcouO TpOlTm;W orpm-1l-p
BCnHKllX KO,lT!ll:n-n-W CYCllCH3I-ljC. Ha nn cc ()BCl
3(1 npe'mnlhanalhC 1-<1COTl<l nC1lTpncll).!1'a.'1-
HOM CTHIOl\--\. To ey y crnapn i\H.:n1Il;rQ-)n (1) :~ r

ln6crrro nrc .Hero 111'1'0 ce nycI'I! y ctn-LTlTap, cycnCJrmja cc MOptl I-lllCTXO;U-IO 000-
KojHMa ce TanfCTlll..nja.;mo ca crp,mc (2)
r;nnTlT IT;; TtlJ Htltnm TnTO cc nOMOhY TJJl())J(CIL(l ~rnrCTa l\\JTCpnja ne.rrTTKH\-J n;eJTO!l-I IlPHBO).1H rae. 3601' Ha[Ife npOlv!CnC npan-
nC~J06o;_IJi Tc-.:mOCTB. Ha Taj H8'IHH 0), pcin".ux cycifc!{;wjn ifO;'iI!f1jy ?l'cf[{r) OO(l- qa IIpn npO.T!acKY K])()1 j-f,nx. l\.JO.'lC-KY.'1H t U '
raca. nOlJlTO JIl\-l,:ljy 1\f('lJ1Y Mac)" lTehe 6~TfH ; j
?ai1eJlc CYC[]CI-{.]ujc, 360? 'lc2"a Ci' a-uapaiTI Y fW.HC CC ()(j() GjJuw 1U1.]/(()({ '-;-/YIllf-bWW'f.
H3J1O)KemJ Il.ClfTpncjJyra.'1l1oj cl-J;m \' TO]ll!-
. L~opcm 3rYUllbl-lBJ t l (CJJ. (4) ,ieerc mTl-1T,HZ cyrJ, WlH 68.3CIl -K1YY>KHor 06mTK<l, \< Ii
IWj MCpH Kao MTIOrO Bche' 'ICCTf1;~C '-lBp-
-.:n!JH llpcmnK H3HOCH 1O~ 100 111. CycrrcH3Hj<l KO,iy 1'rena '_{rYCl-I),Tu )lOBO)-tI-l cc 0.11Y'
eTC MaTcpnjc KOjC he y CH01\"1 neTY n ;1371>C
K01\1 (1) y. Hfm~jHI-l nHmmi~ar (2) . .vh }hera Olla HCTwrc y cnm...1 npaBll;TTl\r8 11 KpC'h: cc
npano Jl,3 cc Kpchy IT 1'3KO O;1B3j<Jjy 0;J;
1(() rrepHCpeplIJu, n~c ce npc':H!Ua npcKo KP:\')1(HOr f1PC.1ll-IBHO"f' mryK<l (3), H<1 TOlvi
cTpyje raca Koja cc KpO''I .,lU-HG10ll" CfIH-
nYTY.O)1 lJ,Cl-rrpa K<1 nepm11epl1.1H H3 cycncn:mje ce TanO'>1(CI1>C1\'1 lDHnaja 'mpcra 1\18-
pam-IO Kpefic. Y CBOM npaBo.1Hl-lHjcKOM
1'CPHFI, T<-1KO n<l )];0 npC]IHHa CTHrnl'. yrmJBHOM Ol-TCTpa TC'lHOC-T. nOlllTO jc ncmpmH--
freTY 1'elIIJ<C 'JCCTl1I~C YJlapahc 0 3H)J;oBe
Ha nrlCCClGl lrr-E1HII,Tl,pa BC.TlHK<l, TC'fHOCT CC- KJ1clle npc1\-W npc.llnm-niM O..'lyI{l-llvra Cno-
.. 1l,I1IC'10na". ry6chH 6p:n1HY, n nanahc 110- j
po, '~()()r 'T('.1'a ce 1W 1'0;\1 nyT)' HC1'<1]10)1('. H nem-lel CliT.ne l:IeCTHl\C, KpU3 cpeJ(HT-ly ~-!ry
}JaKO TIn] 3l1H Hal-mAze, {\a 6H ce caKylU-l~lc
lIJT-hHn(p1(~ npo.rra1H RCPTHTGUTITO npaTl-LTIO (4), '1a KOJC cy gevme rpa6y.ll-,e (::J)_ KOjc
ce IloKpehy 1-r:1naJ} e<lIvl0r KonycHor ;l:mt. .T10TIZlTHUC- (6) rp8.o\',-:1_,(\ cy T8.K0 HCKomCne
y KonycnoM ne.n)' 0). Oil<lK.ITC ce J10BpC-
MClfO nanc. lac cc 360[' oO.;H-mC1 .. 1~HKJlO-
}_I:l TJ~H rO()PT;H-!~}' nOTHcKY,jv CTil}fO>KCHH \J)'.:I, O;~ nepmpcpujc K(l liurrpy \' ca6n:pHll
H,-)" H nOJIO>flj!l OJl.Ho;lI-le n.erm (4) t<pelle cDnpa.TJllO, 11 TO cHe Y Y)KHJ'If cnnpaJl{):-'ICl,
)[(JICO (1)_ ~13 H,cra KOHltC1fTPHc(1H1-L .::;rycnYTrl" :-ry.n, npnc cc HJPO~mTHM 11,pm]M<:l
npn ~Tel\'IY CC., 300r :-wl1chanc IV~HTpII(Jl)T;L'1nC- ClIJlC, H 1\-I(\11,C 'IeCTTn~e 1l3]J.l'l<-1jJjy 11]
11 nOTT-fcJ(Y.1C K(1 (ImflTpy C KOllTHHyn.TTllllM panmL
CTPY.1C f<lGL j/l3,n;n;qan,y npmmmc In raca ;rronpIfIIOcn II TO lUTO cc rae 360f' nonc-
. Pa!'(Ol\1 3rYl.lHhHB8'lZl Oil cycncJnnje Koja C(lJl,P)KI1 SO,);, nOlle !100Hj<1 ce cYClTCf!-
ha1-10I_~ npCCCIGI y ncpmj1c,pIf1TlI-l II I\01bH?l.-J nCllOBHMa ,,1~lHofOml" np)j() cnopo Kpehe
THJa ca ::;O-40 0/'l 80)l;e, lIlTO npen;cran.'h8 ~)Zll-1CTa BCJnfl~y nOl\wh Q1H.T1TpHMa. AKO ce TC- ryon cnoco6HoCT 0p:lIomcl!,,] CYClICl-TTXOBaHC MaTcpnjc.
Ha J-(1-ry ]fYUHhHB(Plll HaKynl-l lvHlOro ]\1)-,,1'ha. npcrlT onaCl-IDCT rpa6y.n,al'\'1(j n3 ce nOJ[o-
y CJfWflHL\l ypel)njJ-l\12Il\wry ce H3J.(najaTH 'IBpcre 'ICCTIUl,C H IIJ TC-'HfOCTH. Un-
~rc ~i6.or npcoflTcpchcH,a. 3601' Tonl lTa 3ryIlHhI-HHl'lHl\'1<-l nocrojc Cf1Cl~llja,!HiH ypc!)a-
KJlOIUl Y KOjUMZl CC pa3,I1,na.iajy cycncn:mje na:mnajy cc XHi1.pOl~HJGTOHH.
,1H K0.111 3BY'I1IUM H.:m cnCT.'[OCl{Tf]\f 8..:1ZlPMO\-1 orrO!l-1l-HhY rrpncyTTle IIrl OTIiICI-lOCT. Oml
cc YK.TWI-h<-1 T(lIW lJjTO CC rpa6yIf~e no!vlofiy n<1pO'THTOr ypCl)3,ja BC-llITO W3;::-~ITrHy In EJICRTP0T<lJIO)lUUlK. - EncKTpoTa.n(1(l-I1-iKOlVf cc npe'ufTuhana rae n<l CTC!JJ:;J)]-1
lvlyJhil H T<l1(O cc pacrcpCTC. Piln ;:topC)Bnx 1rY!lI1Llma'I8 .ic KOIJTTIJIY<l.TT<Hl. KopHCTe Ila'ml-~< I 'nc Rojn ce npc.~HIlUhaBa nponylIlTil ce KP()] jaKo CJICKTPlPIHO nOJ1-,C Koje
ce nCOM<i 'TCCTO 3'-1 npe'nHUftamUhC OTna)lHHX HO!l<l. uacl'a,lc- H1MC!)Y CJfCKTpo,n:a; CJ1C-KTpOHn Kojn ce Kpchy BOTHKOM 6P3HHOM ca KaTO!J.e
cy;aapajy ec ca 1\wrre KyJ1l-lM Ll raea H jom-nyjy rC1. J01-)]-1 l'aca, a 11 C}ICKTPOl-TH, npn-
TUJIO)}nU! npC"HJCTa'l. ~ "['aeHU T'-1J1mKl-IHL1;J1 (en. 65) cy umpOl<a 11 l~yra'TKa
cYAapy ca )vIHOrO BehHl\-f '-lCCTHWHv1(l HC-'lHCTOhc y racy 13C3VjV cc ca I-bHM8 /WC.-1CI(-
rrpolUnpcH-,(j y raCHOM BOAY, Y KOMe CC, 360r BeJIIIKor rroBchaJ-ha npCCCKa, rae npJIO iTipuca(wiyhu /lX. TaIm naeneKTpHGiHC 'Iecnn~c, nOUlTO ce'I:J~JIa3e y eJfCKTpH'moM
CTI?PO Kpehe Te oMoryhyje)1.<1 ce '-[ecTHUc npn npoJl;ny T8.JIQ)KC. Ono cy npHMHnm- 110]1.,y, npI-IHJ1J'IC cynpOTI-JO HilenCK1'pnCJUC CJ1CKTPOP;C- no KOjHll.iJ ce OBC TaJIQ)KC n
HHJH TaJlO>KHHlJ,U If y IbHMa ce T3.'l0)1{C C<Jl\1O Behe l.Tc-cTm~c, uno.ie 38. MHOT-C ycnonc pa3cneKTpHcanajy, !lOK caM rae HenpOMen,eH H3na3H H3 eJICKTpJ1l.lI-lOr TIOJh3.
 119

Jep 6p::H1lla T(lJlO>I<elbl:l 3l:lSI1CH O,Q BCJIWlHHC qecnuJ,c. Y 3rYIlIl-hl1Ba

'-lHIll! 1
Il1Ma ce
pa30Jla.>K.Cna cycncH3Hja pa3ilBaja I-ra TC"IHOCT 11 yrymhCHY cycneH3lijy.
Y Ql1KJlOHl1Ma ce pa3,LiBaja '-mpcra qJ<:13a 0fJ, q)}lynga.
EJICKTpOTClJIO)KHl1L1,H ce KoprrCTC 3i1 l!3,!l;I3ajaIbC rrpaUHmc 11 MarJIe pa,O)'l 3a1llTH-
TC )KI1BOTHC cpe;.:umc.

fll1TAlbA

1. lllTa CBe yTl1'lC au Dp'JHUY T<lJlO)KCfLa?

2. 360r 'lent ce npe'Hl!llhaBajy raCOIH1?
3.3501' 'IeLI .ic nOTpeoan llHCOK JIaHOll '3<1 pa;~ eSlcKTpOTaJw)J{I-lHK(\'!
4. f'r.(C jc lIajuC'lia ll,CHTpml)YTa.:uw CHJW ';' lJ,HK1HJ!lY?
5. 3aurro crpyjalLc c]nyuL\i.l Y !(}lClcnqmKaTopy TpcGa jJ,a Cl),.'-\c CllOP(i':'
G. lliT~l j~' K.liKmJmK8.Uuja,;'i UlTa CCl!i.lpa!illjd?

:~ :~_ (I>H/IT'PAU:1--iJA
011 CC llUCTlil".rtO .)a'le C.TICKTrH!'-l!iU llU~LC. llc.TaTllBHUJ cnCKTpOJ_\l1 - Ki1TOXVJ
ce O():U1K '/Km\<:, }J,m: jc nU}HTliHIW TamlAGt<.1 CJC](TpOna -- (WO,'J.o. IJ(lj'lcwhe y HonmCIUl new n OTIWp. (1)a.'lTpaLi,iljo1l1 Ce nOCT1{)KC paJ;vnjauJc 'HlPeTt.:
Bn.,fl,), IL'l(J'lC, Pa3Ce'leKTpllGUl:: 'JeCT!:Ht.' lL1H K'Ul.'LHIJ,c Tc'llIOCTl1, caK),H.'l,CHC ua "1'<.1:10- q)~ue og T(::l{HC BJUJ racomrl'e, :}1li_ttJaja!l r~(:o 4HulTpa jc W:':,ll;U.rlO. Tu,ic I1punycT;hH-
)LHuj e,'ll:KTpO~'lL lla;\ajy fUlI-l ei.; C;H1B~tjy ;l,Y)K [be II caK),ll]bajy y )TJlaCTO:-I ;J,H)', O;1,<.\.](.'lC B'-l Ilp~rpa;--\<l Koja nponyuJTiJ Ca!\l.0 Tl~'-!lly (I);X3Y, HOL 'wpcry 3a;iVA<au<.1. OBU je
Ct, C BPC!\tdlil lla llPClvlC, WIHOCe, O)UlOCHO OPt'ly. HanOI! l(ojn H!w,u,a H3!\'lci)y c.'letCrpo- nOCT!1rI-!YTO TJ.KO lUTU cy O'1'80PH Ita U,e;_U1Jly l\EHl-,H OI\ cycncHiJ,OIHIlUlX \ll:CT!HJ,:1 KU.1 e
iiJ. Kpcbc CC op, Ill:E_OHllKO ~CCCTllHa Xlu-,a;~a ~o .l00 000 lJo}rnl. JJJTO JJ.ajc IIp.~IO ja!G:i XOht~MO Wt llJ;~BOjHhW. Y (UU!{Y ]Juga, Jut ~(eyLUI)' ce o(;IH13)'jc C(Je geG/I:>l1 c.wj lTia/w
c.;JiCKTfHl'-tlld lJOJha. Ha c:rHl~1I 67 Il]HU(inalI.it: IV.:\) ypel)aj J<1 CnCKTpH'lfIC TiLTI())l(llHKC y IlO~
fa KOju cc I-ta Ibt.HY 3ugp.lIC(lua 'IWIC/tU tWpc({iy ""ute)', iJlaf{oJGollY {(OZU'-I)-'. nOK
'J;} racone. Y KO;\WPU 'jet TaJlOlKC1LC (1) liaJla3C cc T~\Jl())KlIC e.~leKTpo;'J;e :Y BHllY fl.:IO(H: HpU~JU311 caJ\1O KPO] OCHOIJIIO I.~e.uHJJo) IGlCf-lUie OWl 1\1Opa na
lfCTKY IJ,cl)eH,(\ TC"'lHUCT
J,(OK CC lLlIVli:l)y fJ,HX. n<t TU.'tBKO;.l pacrojall-,y )Ja Bapumv: Ht 6u CKaK~UlC, Ui1!W3c ce npu6aja IT Kp03 nora'-lY, Koja y OBOM CJ!yL{;'ljy TUK(1)C HM3 yJIory I~C,lJ,H.'Ia. MO)Ke
llcr;lTliBllC C:lcKTpO;.\C y Blqy )Klll~C (3). fae C'rpyju 11'3\-ICb)' fLUX Y eMepy CrpeJLI111,e, a CC pehu W-I. je 3<1 npcr-.--tc u,el)Cl-La nora'[a crnapHO W::/UlJIO, a JJ,a OCHonHO lJ,CgHJlO CJI~/
CiJLyll!l-,Cll:.l UjXlWIllW ce O;.(IJO;J,H ca yrJl<-lCTOr ,'J,1l<1 (4). Crpyja Koja ce ;~UllO;~H y KOtvlOp) )l<k1 TOMe Act 1I0CH I-la CCUU nOra\1y.
jc jC;J,lJOCMCpUa Ii BHCOKOl' llallO!l,-L OHa !\lOpa npcTxOLl,HO, aKO ce }J.OBOllll H3 Tpocpa::lHc ,Ua 6u 'fe'IllOCT l\-'lOI'!W i-\a npol)c KpO"J OCllOBHO l~el-\HJlO (1), K,-W H KrH)'J aora'-!y
:-'{j_i:1Kc na cc Ilp01H~~I,C tqX}] pa:mo:U!y Tao:l)'" (6), U,]'-1K.ae ce yBO;~H y TP'-UiCCt)OP1\ta- (2), IlO'rpe611o jt WI npOTl.OKlIe KPO::lI\UIOrC Hope, Kanamlhc, o'mope Koju cc- y OBHlvW
TOp L~C ct:: IlpcoGpah~l y lIaWl\lCH!l'U-1Y crpyjy BP,:lU HHCOKOr, O;J;HOCilO >KCJheIlOl !-!<lJia"Je (ell. 68). fIODJTO cy TH llYTcBU Te'-!110CTH BP:lO ),CKH, ucnpam1.'lHH, llpU
tJiJlJOH,L K~\hU ll,-UU\ICHIl'lllil crpyj;l Hll.jc nO;.I,CCHd 'JI:1 pa}~ -raJIO>KHHKa, TO Ce Qua IvlOP,-l IhCHOM npOllac.KY jaBJl,ajy cc BI2:ll:iKH oTllopn. }1,<1 OH TC'lHOCT li 110pC;_~ Tora npoTH-
HpeTBUpllTH y J<:;'~HUOjC!_)Hy. 0130 ce llOCTIDI<c Y pOTdJJ)WHOj yCMl:pallH (8) tn Kl)jC ~aJW THl\l UyTl'BHhW, U()TP~OHO jl; )~a ec OTllOPll CJDJra}~ajy, (j TO he ce nOC'fulin C<lMt..1
U:'LUUI1 jC;~I!UC\H':pll(_l crpyja BV:lU BilCOKor rWHOWl. HLTi.rnmaU no:[ ce npeKo mOllO' Til,1\;J (lKO C jC,:,J,lIl' !1 C ~\Pyrc C'!'panc lJ,cJm.'ia llOCTOjH oJ~roBapaj)-.'ha pa:5)lHi':'i:l HPIH'HCKi:l
UcUlUX BU;~Ol:U nnyjc :::~\ )l(WIaHL' IGlT(),"JC, a l103HTllBaII BU.:! 3a 3tl\'1!h)' i1, npCKO !bC, :-I'-t U'I -P7) 1\1(0 jc pa:u!U(a IlpHTHcKa Beha U;_\ oTllopa KOjU ct' C),llPOTCT'-lB:l,a f-.:.pCT<l-
allO;~C. H cat,ia l\K'Ta.:lIla KO.J\wpa.ie 1I()3HTHBHO n<1c.'lCK'rpHCJlla. Ha 'j'aj llallHll CC' If'lGe- lh)' TC'lllOCTlL. CJli;W he cc Bpl.lHlTil Lici)->
['i.LB;l 3:1 >!(l1BOT OItaC!W pa"J.rlHK,1 wmOlld !1:\1\t(1))" K01>-topc H 3[;:1\1][,8. OnaClIOCT l!pCTE Ihe; a aKO je je.')Jll<JKa HJiH l\WlbJ. o!~ OTllO-
ca"w Uil;\i.t ilKU ce 'lUBe!\. Hate llJ:-'lciyy llOJHTHBUC I1llcraTHBlIC CJICK'rpOHC. pa, qel)clhc npccTajc. TIa,J llPllTl1CK<1 Hac-
LJlU.:iTipU'1I1U iTiiLW)Ic/HIl~U GjJ/W go(j,uo npe'llIwliooajy Z.({COGC U og ;\wzjl(: U og Taje, YCJle).\ CaBJlal)HBCllLa OT[Jopa HeN!.'l;"
iijJUlliliJlC: 1\'I01'y cc YIlOTpeO!I,;JBaTl1 11 3a llpCJ1C U 3et arpeCllBHC raccme; liMajy BpJlO U KPCTal-b<t TC'-lHOCT[L
lie)U!KJ! l;:,JliaWITCT: Ht: npY)IG1.iY CKOPO HI-1K<lKan OTIlOP I1pl1 KpCT<lILy raeOBa KP(B laCHO jc Wt he. cc l~ci)l.-:;ll~e BP!lO ]taKO
____ --2
fbUX. i-bHXUH Hl~~~OCT<JT(U( jc lllTO cy CKYIUJ, '3<lXTeBajy CTPY'IHY Hery, TC Ct~ HClUJa'['(: OuaB11Tli aKO UCHOBHO l~eJJ,H.rlO 11l\t<1 "wcra
ca!\-!O 'raMO OIC cy Y !lHT<JlbY B(:}IHKIl ypel)ajn. Be.rmKC OTBope 11 aKO jc noraLta Koja CC Ha
l-heMY o6pa3yje nopo31I3, ea _MHoro6poj-
HHM KaHCl,:ll1iU1!vla H3Mel)y TleCTlll~a. OBII
H3BOl\
YCJlOBl1 cy yrJlaBHOM 3(J)J,OB01heHIf OH.lJ,CI
IJp:.mua TaJI())KClba je OP3HI-l<1 KpCT<1H"a '--leCTlll~C Kp03 Q)JIYl1)J; npn paBHOTC.lKH aKO je OCHOBHO U,C)lllJlO HalB:UbCHO O,IJ, MC-
llorOHCKe clUre H CWit: OTt10pa. l:-IeCTI1U.e ce T(1JIO.lKel-bct-.l /\wry pa31~BajaTI1110 BenIif- TaJIa ITrreTCHe )KHll,e 1lJlH je H33TKano 0;.1, Cuual68
rpy6e jYTe, a cycrrelIp;oEana MaTepHja je tJnpCTJ, Kpym-103pH8 H HCCTTIIIIJblma. To jc - qWOJTPM C KOHTHHyaJTHIUI,J PD.IiOM:
Hajl.ICmlm CJIY~laj fIpn paAY ca KpHcTam-IHM MUTepl-IjaJIHMa: KpHC'raJIH, mehep, rrc- - om-mep-qmJITpn;
caK, MJleBeHa pyn:a 11 TaKO na.!be. AKO.lc cycncH,U.cmm-ur l\-I3TepnjaJJ BOJlYMl-IH03aH, --. raCIiH qmJITpII.
Cl'HIIIJl>l-IB, on)J,a ce KanaJUfhH l-I3Mel)y QCCTr11(a f10rWlC non npIlTHcKOM q))lYHP;i1 KOjl-l
fIocToje n TaKBn: qmnTpH KOH KOjHX cy nope ll,e):{IJJI8 TaRO M{lJIHX J{HMCll3uja JILl
CG U,GTl:H cy3c li ~aTBope, TaKO J],(} cc ll,e1)Obe Kpajy H HC npc-
3HaTHO OTC)J<8, TiOK Ha Kp03 IhMX He Mory ,n:a rrpol)y HH MHKpoopnnm3MH, HH KOJIOHTl:Iif. Y TUM CJlylrajeBH~
CTanc. TVUrWII-IH npeJ(cTaBHJU~H OBaKBI1X TiJJJOra cy: xup;poKcnH rBO>l<~a 11 anyMHHH- Ma rOBopn ce 0 yJTTp31~Ci)C}by. Kp03 I-hHX CC ll,c.uc Boln-m COKOBE, npcrrapanI MC}],H-
jyl\.fa, rmma, 6HJbHC n )KHBOTJ-HhCRG 6eJIaWICBHI-K IT TaKO }l;aJhC,
I1,HHCKC npOl1'3BO)lJT~e, '{{lIMe ce nOCTIDKC JlC CaMO 6HCTpeH~e ouenJUle Hero HCTOBPC-
Ep3un2 (IHlJlTPaJ~lfje.
- Y nOl.ICTK)' q)J:IJlTPOfHlI-bJ TCl.1HOCT Koja rrpolJc Kp03 Mcno 11 CTepnJIH30BaIbe, rrOUfTO ce TaKO Til Tel.H-JOCTH ),n3Jhe CBn MI1KpOOpral-Ul3MH.
new-mo _. cpHJJTpaT Haj~JeIJlhe je MyHW 3aTO fIJTO onmpn n<:l OCHOBHOM I~CAJL'1y HIleY nClWlanlf qnfJTl'ap. -- KOH OHHX n.wrapa neAILTTO 'IHI-lH HCnpal-I 11 npoccjmI TIt>
J\OBOJhIlO Meum na 611 MOrJfH 3<1JJ:[))lGJTH II najq1HI-mje- ~-iecTH1~e cycncnAoBanc ivf(lTC' caK. ful1Me ce J-Jajl.Jcmlic nYHH qlL'TUTIlXPlPT(lll (':VII (c:r. fi9) I~O.i1-I lfi\HI .'J;:I)1(1I0 (Jnfiy-
puje. YKOJIHKO ce lxe6JbHl-Ja rrora'IC rroBcl'iaml, H Ol~CJJ)-lIla he nocTajaTH cne 6HCI'PH- meno) IlHO (1). I1PCKO Jla)K]-]or W-W MO)J(e
.la" T<H{O f\d y6p30 HCTIf'Je CaCHH!'I-{ O!fC'Ipa Tn 1\C}1Tl.'hKC. ce nOCTaRHTH OCllonno IT,C;1HJTO 0)1 rpyoc
Dp.llf.!l(j rjuUtTtPO(WfI'(l 1,'{J.i1/.{'fU!{(1 (jnr,.7i1ipmi/a ,,oja J /rgwlllqll UpCJU'IW irjlo- TK~lItmrc (2) H.'m CC, HilK. TTa Thera HaCBIn
be {{po'} aunucli CfI.M() og iipl/pogc ilOI(I'II':, O{]1I0ClIO "'Hmueplljc 1{(1jO ji' '111-
1\('F/1.1.:70 IlC IUJbYf-JaK (3), nu TeK ':l;tTll\i ncca/\: (:1). J1e-
HU, l-fe;2'r.l If 09 iipuniuClUf (Pi) 170g ];Ojll.H CC Ii7C'flIO('i!l fj(wogll W.:gU.,1Y /\[(0 je npH- 6JhHll<1 c.-:-Joja nCCK;] WHlocn OEO 05 III Te,-
THC;)K c npyrc. crpanc np\TI.'Ia (T' 2) '~;) ('Be npOK nct)c.ll>;:t ncnpm.-!Cl-l.;J.,HH (uno _le na} 'IHOCT cc :"\On();~H KpOl ,10TlOJWY nCB
'!cmhe C.Tl)"Wj), Ollr\:l cc- C mmCArllhCl\{ npnTTlC1Gl (PI) n6wmo nOBchJB<l H 6p3I1lI;1 )]3 He on r;n;\;) K0.18 nplITu'IC y !vL:l;-ny JOf-
nc1)CIha. Ouo n,l)KIl, 1\;lCl.5:YTHM, CClI\fO npn rrebcTh)! C lleCnIlmUTBTIM nor;PI~1i\,!8, ;\KO PCKTIW Y;F1P;:Cl;:i !la neCtlE 11 ily6n.il<i r~L
cy nor;;!'TC CT!nJm,Imc, noncl'i;llhCIVf rrpHTHCIGI cpKilHajy ce 11 JaTBapajy nope [{pen lKHOrrJ: I\C1H! CC- CT,WJhci rU10'ra (fi) KOj/1 pn-
lWjc cc Kpchc TC"li-JOCT lHTO YTW1C TTn OnaJ1,im,C 6p1IllW cTp\'.im-h(l TC.'-THOCTTl ()[I/{- cnOllUr,-y.1C 11 YMHpyje TermoCT, nOJITTO
gar!?!? 6p:m!-lc IVbtl-h{( l/(loTiai(' ,1002 l7(02({ [{niiO Lln;i(l'{([ rlpc,.H('f{().M iJociTtajc CRe gc6 npol)e Kp01 necaT(. TClmOCT cc OTil'-It: 8
Jbfi, 'lUMP cc iioncha(l({ {./ olTiiiojJ, OqJ-IOO{(I ClWl-fJyjc fivnlJfo 0POIUf.!I{(!lba. Jil)vwjyhn Kpcn l-I3:ra:my nCB (7). l'b C.)1lH~ll jL~ (nrra-
OHO ')" BH;lY. nC1}CI-hC CC yr.n<lBflOl\1 HpIllE T;-lKO lIlTO re}' no'reTKY t\e;\H nOl\ l\1i'llhl'P-:] l.fCIl H OTROP (8) KpO'3 KojH ce npn 'THlll- 7
npHTHCKO)VL a nOTO\1 CC npnHlCaJ\: nocrYTmo YBen,\D,l Y TOK)! pap;3. . hClh\-' H'J6<ll1\,'jc nccm\. .
l~et)C'.Thc cYClTcn:mj<j
Taj H(FlHIl nlTO CC
Koje J(ajy CT'HIWhHHC nora'lC OJWf<WilBit cc ntl.l'lC'.mhe 1l<1
y cycncJrmjy ynO)JH llCKa nCCTl-flIIJT,UB(l Kpncramra l\'\clTCpnja (Tm-
.,' K;:l).W ce rOpThlT c.TIojenn nC-CK<"l. ]601"
(f:Hmor M),.11>(1, -J;:l"ICllC. npoflyru1\1 cc DOT\a
{--pY':'!OPUjCT<il lervebJ, l\tneBenIl KPC'!1lJilK, (jml-lTf nCG1K) I\:oja K(10 necnU!_m,nB CKc;rCT,
KI)(Y:! etn-UTTar Y CYlJPOTIIOl\j Ct-.KPY KaKO
H nopCT\ nonehanor npnTHCK'-1, o)w){(!n<l nenpOMCIJ.,C;JIHM nYTcne KOJH1'.,.f() TVIlWCT 011 cc 3aTBopcllH H 3arymclI1I 1({1l1(1.1Hhn
n1)l1 nehC1-hV npO:J3','>1L <:kcro ce lIapO'InTO ne..'lHKH OTnopn .i~lBJhaiy '30n]' 'fora JI]TO OTBopH.rm. Jom npocTHjn n8 1 IHIl ~THUlhc~
c::, cycn~n;-J,(~B(l1T(l M(lTepnja cJ6nje y nopc OCnOl3HOr T~CnHn8, n; nx 6p3C1 larynm, n~: H~il cln-r.;npa .ic ln6aW-1BaIbC ropn,nx cIOjCBJ HJIll yK)TlHOr nCCK<l H lhcrOBO :Dl\fC-
OH c('- ono Inner.TIO, H<1 OCHOBIIO IWnHJIO, 'J" nO'-H;;TK}-: p<1]\(1, JIaHCCC- ceo J\onYJICKH UWJ f-bHn;,llhC'THenv'v:.
'lHeTe KpnCT<IJTI1C 1I-laTCpnje, Kojn OTC}!{(lH(I cycnCHl{CH'l<lnOM T<l.rrory H;] no'l)e J1.0 OC Ilpl1TllG1K Kojn je nOTlx.6an -3<1 cnB. wl'jI1BaIhC T
TPCH-,(1 no6nja ce H(J p,l'ryn P8'3-
110\1110r f.~e!Uj.ll::1 11 118 ra '.l::Flcnu. .1HKC npHTHCK<l ROjl! Tl',l.lHOCT )fj'l'l,l C jenne 11 C ;~pyre errmIC flCHFl'.lTfOT HC)l}Lna. Dpn-
'lT1Ci.iK cc jaB,r!'>(l /(':lO nOC!{CltHf(a Xn;xpOCT8TIf'IKor npITTHCT\:(\. TO ]eCT TC>KJme nOile_
AKO jc nncnn(l TC'lHOCTl1 1I(J nrllMep 2 In, on/HI he OJ-l<1 3e1 caJ1}l(ll)HTWlhC oTnol~a
pacno.;wnnn BHlllKOlvi npnTHCK(l 0:\ OKO 0,2 6apa, UITO 3a l\HlOra IJ,ehen,(J Hl1.JC:
Ol~ TOn.1 Tzojn he ce npIrrHCnn '3;.\ ycncmHo f\ct)Cf-bC I1PWvlCll.JlBilTH l(lBnCH 11 i\OBOJI,J-IO.
Infiop THlB (Im]TTpa y Kor~le he cc nci)eH>e BplLlHTH. ffa u360p r/)f{JIi'fir.!} yi"II~I'{Y: 1(0- AKO ce y BOgH Koja ce l~C)Jl.I mUI,BH BpJTO CpIHIO cycncll/lOnau(J ]VWTcpnja, lhy
JI'u'1l!HU c),ciJ('l-{.Jl1jc, i7pupogn II iric.wlcpail7),poITi("lIlociTiu, /,:O./IlI'IIII({IlIIa ..'10UI, opeg" Bene \whn 38)'IjK8TH 3}!JlIJ,a nCCK<t. Hero he neCMCT8J-IO H3MCl)y IhlIX np0.TJ[UHTH.
floC/Til.! iri(l,q.(}Zif, oglfnclfo iUc'lfIociliu, ilpwTiur'{/f, cydic1I3U/C IIT)l. 3aTo ie nCHpc6no TiO ce rIa HeKB Hi:lllHH TC H8jcHTITBje MaTcpnje cKyrre 'f nche 'rc-
MH hCMO j-!l)OJlftlTl'i OBC HInOnC qm.;rrapa: CTHQe~ OJHIOCHO !Fl ce a7.,w/,tfjJUlU.V. To ce ynrannoM nOCTIOKC )lOllan;:l1I,CM CYJ1Cp,'l:(J
anYMHHHjvl\l8 HJ[lJ rBO)Ki)a H co;~e. OBC coml ce npn i\OJl,I1.py cn EOn;OM XH,l,PO.:-ITITYJY
nCllJlI<lHH cIHL'TTpn:
rpa.n:ehn -~8xyJhH'raCTe BO.;ry!vIHH03He XH,lpm.::cnn;c. 3<1 Bp110 Renl-IK), nonpunnry naxy-
- n3K),YM-cI)HJlTpJ1,
]hJlI~a BC3yjV cc n HajejmlInje tICCTHIlC (a)lcop6yjy) TC CG TaKO, nOlllTO cy BC1aHC 1a
H)"IeBl1;
nehc. \-lor)' 38Il,P)KtlTH Ha IWJJ.HJly. TaKO cc H3 n0i1:e YKJIalLajy l.laK H \1TJKpOOpraIIH3MH.
cpnJrrap-npccc:
KOl'vropm:;
KanaqnTcT cnaI(OI' CpHJlTpa, na B Ollor, npc CEera 3aEHcn on, ECJHrnmC nOEp"
ilHIHe t(CnmIa. YKOJUlKO je OH3 Belia. YTOJIHKO he Kanall;IITeT 6IITH Bchu. JJ:a on cc
paMCKC;
 123

u,eiV1JIC HeJlHKe KOJIWHlHe BO~\C, npaue ce Belle nocyp,e 0)]. apMupauor 6eTOJ-Ia, KOjC
liMajy UC}lHKY IIOnpUH111Y lJ,eAIUbKe, Otll1 geJUfKH 6a3eHH 06M'-IHO cy YlwrraHI1 1"
:3C!vUby.
ilelUtlaHH CP:HJlTPH ce KOPHCTC ::\tI l~ebel-LC TC-::tll-IOC'TI1 Koje canp)l{e Mane KOJ1H-
'-nme TaJIora. YKOJlHKO cy Belie Ko.rlIFumc TaJlOra, nope ce 6p:w 3aQefIJbaBajy Te ce
l~e'belLe Mopa CBaKli '-lac UpCKULFiTB paru'1 (lHWhelLa q:llUITpa, UJln ce Mopa crroJba-
llilLl1 IIpl1THG1K nOBetianaTll KaKO 6H CC caBJIai)HHaO OTllOP Ilora'ie, '-lHja )~e6)LIHW
pacre. fJ;a 611 npliTlicaK Kojn CaI3Jlal)yjc LYrnop 6HO OKO I Gap, 6HJIO on nOTpe6Ho iW
BHCf:l1l<l 'IT'-lHOCTH 6YP,e OKO 10 m H3Im,u. l1,e,II..HJla, uno 6n OBe ctJl:IJITPC ~mHHjJO Bp.10
rJlm,la3lTHM II cKynHM. 3aTo cc MOpaJlO fIpncryrlHTH UPOM3BOAlhll cpIVLTapa KOn KO-
jHX uonehiuhe npUT!1CIZ<l IIC lI:mn:yjc nOBchathC BOfl.CHor c1'y6<1. To cc M05Ke no-
cTHhn Bi.lKyyr-Wl\t ll':IH llPllTllCKOf;J. HO;I, KOjUl\i ce H,lJ1~rH'l TC"lHOCT lI!lH 1l0Mohy raca
113J--l,-W f-be.
nai{yyJ\1~(!m_JlTap. -- KO)=I JEtKYYr.1~cl)HJlTpa mrrpcClHa pa:;~lHKa npH'I'nC<1KU no,
CTvDKC cc TaKO uno ce c jC,L\llC erpaut' 11,CJW;la TC'lllOCT IW;liL:lH HOI.I aT,\locqKpcKllhI
UPU_TIlCKOM, ;1,01>: Ce C iJ,pyrc CTp~IHC Olla lta.:l:J.JIi UU;J, .!\!albIIMllPIlHlCKOJ\j Hero lHTO jc CIIII-:ll 7!1
Trl\'\()C\..pepn.::_B. nOLUTO aTMocclJelKKll npuTllcClC, npctvta clUconYTIiOM B:.tKYy\1Y, l--1hia
cal\w 1 C5ap ll<lTllPllTlICE<-l, TO JJJ(.l'lll JJ,'-l Cia Y lqca;molvl C!IY'Wjy, Kana 61'1 cc C }IP)Te I1pli Lnrpa,illbU <-pUJrrapa TC)KH C(; :-)(1 THM )~a ce ,itOOI-1jC neila ltOBpUJl-lHa u,clyc-
crpalle l1,e,'-l,H)la Ilocmrao allCO]JYTIII-l U<lKYyM, pa:JJlllKa npl1THealGL l1,aKJIC OlHt KO]a H,<1, a J~a CC HCTOBPC[I,-!GUU 3aY3hH; I.I.ITO l\1,UhC JlPocropa Y ci)aOpml,lL 3aTO ce q)lUl-
croju lla paCllOJraralbY :w GlB.!lai)uB(ubC OT!lOIX1., l-BllUClIJla najmulle 1 6ap_ 0130 jc 'l'ap-npece He l-nqJal)yjy Y HllHY C<lMO je)~llC HOBpmHIIC, 3D. lJ,C~ClbC, HtTO 113 BUiUC
Haj'-lcntih:'- 1-IC,L\OBUJl,llO. VllIaK, omI qmllT]JH llmpoKo Cc npl-ll\\Clb:.iy ')' Xe\1HjcKoj 1111~ 1\1aILli);, l\-lcl)yco6ao XCpMtTll'IKI1 IlOBC3'-tHHX, TaKO ,1~a '-Bmc u;c.'umy - l1:n'ap~npt:>
n),crpHju, uapo'lllTo Ka,!l,:J cy Y IlIH,UbY nora'lt' KpOJ KOjC cc .TlaKO l\CI_U1, C\,. CBiiKa O,li TUX rrOJ3PUllHia, IG:tO H )l,CJIOBlI Koiu lIM no BCJIHl.UUlH H oGJllll(): o:.~['o-
Il)-"Icnl-l. cy no KOHcrp:YI-a~Hjl! C.TJlIllHH nC!H'lUllHM clmJrrpHMa. OI-H1 CC, TaK01)c. n~lpajy, Hi.l3l-majy ce ~lJ'lalll~t-1Ma cpJLll'rap-npccc. . .
C(1C'rojc In je;~Hor cY,:J,i.l KOjU lHda ,'l:J>KllO ~l,llU, npeKo Koru je npcB)"-ll'HO UCKU JIJIaT KUAWP'Ul qJLUllTiajJ-iipeca cacTojn ce HJ rro)JjcHHaKHx '-{JlaIlaKa KOJll cc MCi)y:
JlO lL'IU J\lCTallHa TK:JlH!lIa. 113 ;~Olbcr ;~CJla cyga, J')W ce CKYlJ,bU OlJ.e~nllW, cra:mo ce C06HO llpl-nc>KY TaKO J.1,a '-ll1!IH XCPMCTWIKH 3C1TBOPCllY tI,c3Ilmy (cn. 70). '-L1aHlVl (1)
cuaKYUUlC rae,:J l>.JOfi.{C 1J TctUlOCT, na Gil. ce naKYYl\i 0AP>l.::ao. ]<-1 MaIbC KOJllFnlHC '['0;:;- 06CLUCHlI cy npcKo I-IaPO'IllTl1X APlllKH (2) 0 jaKY \-leJlwu-ry IllHIlKy (3) H llpwrcrny-
1-lHOCTfi nY'lCBil cc npaHC o:~ CT~IE_Aa, nopu,y}l:'llUt, a 3a Hehc og KaMCHHIIC, CMujJIHpa TH y3 ~le ..'lO llpeee (4) jaKHM 3anpTlhCl\i 3aTC3a t lCM (5). rIprrre3aI:be 1\10>1(; jl::t cc Bp
nor J"Bo3J-1,cnor JIllB;.t, 'ICJ1HKa Kojl1 HC- pJ)'-l H TaKO JJ)JJbC, BY'JeHU cy l!OrOJJ,llH 3(1 n}JM- UlH 1-1 xHHpaYJ1l-l'lKH. l-lempme IllHlIKe He CIY>l<:C caMO TOMe p,a Hoee pa!\1OBe !-l.tTO cy
Meny TaKO fJ-~C HOCTOj1J I.H1K')'yl\-\, O/J,llOCI!O llOiJ,eCHc naKYYM-IWllKC. AIW TC"-II-IOCT KO~ HCTonpct-leno no,o;cmcoe gf.l IBJ.\p>Kanajy II Y3HY>KHJ. l-tanpC3f.lU,J. KO.1a naCTaJY rIpH
ja ce l~CgH Hua llJ]CKY Ti.l'lKy lCTLY'!(ill~a, npCT!1 onaCHOCT J--ia nOll. CMaU,CHl1M npH- lIrHlTe~ml-by IWO'-W, C p,Ol-bC crpaHC ~l}laHaKa UJ.J1a3C ce CJtaBHHC (6) 3<1 OT~UG:HbC
THC1(OI>1 npoKJI.,yqa 11 TaKU y BIID,), ll~\Pl' oygc J1cu,puella 11::l llyJa. 0 onOMC CC l\lOpa O!J,e)~HHe) a BCllOn fLUX KOPl1TO (7) Y KOjC co:.:: ca6l1pa OJ.\CHlma llJll1 CKYllJbLl T,-l!lOr m Hr
BOjH1T11 pa'l)-!JlC\ aKO TC<lHOCTlI KOjt: CC l1,c,u,e !WKO lObY'Iajy (eTap, <1W';TOH) l-L'lH OlIC npa)Klbcll,Y. 3anpT,ub .~ :3aTCJ'PI llpll 3aTe:1<11-bY npwfHcKyjc Ha IIOCJICp,r'b:] nOJa-
'lHja .Ie Ulillla Ta'IK~l 1~.'by"wILa a:Ul J<.lrpejalw cy (()cn:mu, GCl13011, BClJla). lj,H-IH lUl3IlaK ~ 3anpum)' L'Iany (8) Koja jc ca CllOJb!lC crpaHc :1aTBopcHa. kaiW ce
<PH:rrap-lipecc. -. Jt:).\~Ul U,:~ L'"WBHHX llC;1.0C'Ll'raKa BaKyytl.l--C!Ju.rrrapa,ie uno ce JJ,c!)e!l~c 3(lnpllJH, :HlTC::l(\'l ce OTLtYCTl-I TOJlHKO iJ,i1 ce 'lJlal-ll\H Mor:y paCTaBI1TI1 11 TO-
Y lL,HMa HT hW>KC npOlI'_:\BeCTU ueha p<.UJlHKa npl1TllCK:.t o~~ 1 Gapa. UITO ::la lI,c:ljCU,C "'H-JKO nOMCpl1TU ):W nOf"a'la MO)!(C l1::\hwlyy
CTHlU.TLliBl-lX TaJJO['a OGWlllO IlJ-lKa,Ua Hl!jC ;V)uOJLIlO. Behe cy MoryhnocTH U_pt-l Jl,el)e- IJ.,liX 1'J,a lIaJ_(J AUJIC y' KOP1-lTO.
u~y OBaKEHX T,-UlOrJ YKOJUIKU (:c YllOTpCOJLJB<-t llPi1THGll~ 'j,\ l~ct)CH,e T(;"IlIOCTH, Ka- {iJJLlnU,H KOMOPUHX cl1H}lTapnpcCiJ
KO cc UPH'l"llCUl-I MO!'Y n013ChdIl(lTIl y llHipOKll:\1 rp'-1l!Hqatl.-1J., TO ce ouaj [-{a'!llll u,cl)e- cy T<lKO llO,LlC!1lCI!I-I )la, Kaf-i<t cc cacnme
lha !lO'-iCO llPllMCILIWJTl-l ::1<1 l1,el)CILC CYCllCI13l1ja KUjc cy CC HP}lO TeUlKO U ,TJ;yrvrpn- 360r w->J.\y6JbClha Koja e.c H3MC~)Y "lJlCl!l<lK'-!
jHO U;C~iHJIC. rIPHTHClJ,H KOjU ce n;mac Ilpa OBO!II l1,cl)ClhY llOCTlDKY H3110CC l[Jm6- oGpa3y.h! KOI\10pe (Cll. 71 H 72) Y
namno:.::,
JHDKHO}J,O 10 Gapa. nOUJTO ce OEll CiJlUITpH rpaiJ,c 'l'aKO na HMajy I1lTO Behy noup- lwjm--1a ce npn I~el)CI-hy cKynJL,a nor'FlCl.
lliHl-IY, om-l ee, )1)1 61-[ H3.D:P)IWJJH u<lnpe::HUUl Koja ey 3uaTua, rpagc og BPJlO jUKor {-j I.LC.Ll,IiJIO - flrraTlW 3-3 Hebel-be (1) - CT<t-
l\WCHBHOr rB03]J,Cl-IOl" "'Il-lEa, 3).l.pal.lOr ApntTa l1lwyror MaTepIIjaJIa. 8)bCl CC (llpe6au,yje) Hit '-IJraHKc. TIOBPIIIH-
Kop, CimJlTap-npeca Bp:l(~ Ba)K!!), y:lOry HMa ucrmpaJ-hc TaJlUra noraye, To ce He ~IJI,UWKa aa KOjc Hane)KC llJIaTHO I-HICY
pa)J,l-j ;u,a 6n Ce llora~w IloTnyno oCJ106o,UIL1<:1 OU,C}J,HHC, HJ1H}J,a 611 ce UlTO Bame oqe- I'JlaTKC Hcro H36pa'3!lRHC (5) ICaKO 6ll OI\C-
)J,l1l-le n06WlO H3 noraqe. I1PBO ce '-lHHI1 06WlHO 3<1'1'0 A<l ce iJ,06I~je 'lHeTa nora'-la JJ,HHa MOfJIa P,Y)K I-bI1X )la ce CJHma l-i caKy-
(Bnp, KBac(H~), a gpyro Aa ee }J,oGnjc liTO BUliC OlW,lVmC 360r ILeHe BPCp,HOCTH TUba Y Hajl-IlDKe.l\I )leJlY, O)J,aKJIC ce rrpCKO
(llilp. mehepHI1 COKOBH). OTBopa 3a CJIaBHHC (6) OTa'-IC H3 npecc. CflUI{U 72
 12~

CycnCH3l1ja K01-\ OBHX ~lJlaHaKa JWBOl-~l1 cc

Kp03 cpeAnny tlJ1aHaKa, na CG, npOJl33ehH
1 XORe YJlorc y ll:ei)effiY 11 Y JICTII-lPnI-bY TaIIOr-a. Ha CJU:Il1,J-f 75 ;naT je npeCCK Kp03 P(!_
MOlle 3<-1 npeMe qebeIba. Bu_,Urr ce pa OTBoprr Ha ropfbHM CTpaI-IaMa 'LIJlaHaKa, KaJ_1n CC
Kp03' I-bHX, O)VIHn(l H3 eBe crpaHC y KO- ciloje, '-lUBe Y CTBapn BO,!], 3a TCt.IHOCTH. TaKo ce Kp03 JIeBC (5) oTBope (cn. 74) npo-
Mope. 11 OBrle I-I3C'rajc rroTpc6an naJJ: ITpB- BO)lI-I cycrrcH3Hja, 3 Kp03 ,UCCHe (6), 3a npcMe q)a3e HCIlHpalba, Bona 3('\ HCTIHpatLC. C
TfICKa Ha C3M01\1 ll,c/Uwy. MaMa ce y npee)' ,~'OI'bC CTpaHC tfJ1aHaKa 1 IT :. ITOCToje K31I3J1H (7), KOjl1 eaKymbajy Ol1,C)IHHY H ynoiJ:c
YTHcKyje TC'UIOCT nop: npIlTHCKOl\J 110 8 JC y cnammy (8). ;Ua 01-1 TC"-IHOCT 1f3 TaKO HaCT8JIHX ROAona Y YrJloBHMa (5, 6) MOflIa
6apa, HIIC1K je Ol-wj ,a:eo oqe;O;I-IIlC KOjU 'relre ,Qa ce YJII-IBa Ynojen:1ure Q]13HKC, HH I-hHlvf8 noe-foic oTBopn (9, 10), Rojn ce BJ-I)le II n<l
IIH3 paf',L c [(pyre C'rpaJ-Tc IW)]llJla, nOM C,1IIIdi 73 ClIHK3Ma 74, 75 11 7(-,.;0:3 fin 611JIO jacHuje, nOrrpetIl-TH npeeeK Kp03 pm..rHHjc H3Bpuren
3TlvIOcq)el)cKH:'vf rrpHTHcKOM. D;raTI-IO Koje no HeKoj npmmj pam-Il;r, Hero no H3J10MJhCnoj. f-Ta urCMH 3<1 l(el)cn~e paM013H cy
CJIY)](11 1(30 nC!~HJI() y OOJTHKY jc qnaHKa lIil npOCC'\eHH no H3nOMH,cnoj ,TTITHHjr'] (1) (CJL 74), a 3<1 Hcnnpm-hC Tunora no JIHnHjn
Kojn CC CT<]BJb(,1. f-Ia IT.:1i1TH}' ce n3JTcUC oTBopn (7) Kp03 I<oje, cycncwmja Tpe6a X~n (ll). VI] CJIJIKC 75 n3 Kojoj.iC y npeccKy npIlK.,n3no TWi)ClhC". m-r;rHi ce)1<l c),cncl-r:mje)
npoTH'le~ y OBOM c.-rr)"Jajy Taj he cc OYBOr HJJIZl3IITI1 na cpc)J;lfIIn fPIJTI-IJ. Ua cyc- YJla'3J] y npOCTOp 33 uel)erT,C KPC)3 pal\f (2). 0l~C11lm3 npO;rJ3I1 Kp03 I(Ciumo (l':ojc jc
ncn:mja llC 6H npouypH:rw HenOi], cJ10601lHor Kpaj;] H TaKO OC'T;:J.)W llCnpOI\ei;cH<L y BHn::.-! u;pnn~a nOCTJBJhCnO H CHeCHe n C !Tene cTpane paMa) 1-1 G1HBa ce mr3 l-nOlXE-
TlJlnTHO cc (l H 2) npBTc~KC)'3 OTBope (C:1. 73). ;J:ClHt 3B;rl.OBC 'UJaffK3 (1,3) )J<1 6n ce c3KynH.!]~\ y !1OlhCll-I cafil1pHOJVI OTBOpy (7) n Tn
Ilo CTmjoj I(OHCTPYT{I~HjH KOJ\l0j111C qmm'ap-npcce cy n1']]o npoC'lY Te, npc\Ia ]-hCr<'l OTeKl1(l y c.namury (R.).
TOlvrc, H jCDTlU1C. r!T<lBnn nCl~OCTaTilK Hl\.J. je uno cy IzoMupe Y KojnMil ce T~l.rror Cd rio 3ilBPI1JCIlOlvl I~c1)Clhy norn'](l ocr:1,ic y paM)' (2) n qCJIor fa HcnYIl,;]B<L HcnrI'
KynII,a 1\l,Ull' n: TllTO CC ITOr;"!'];] y lhIl\lZ\ TClUKO HCl1HjJ'\. paH,c CC; BTl;W 11<1 C.T1HI.\l1 7(1 fl(l npccCI-~y (IJ) KpOJ "erallKC llpm;:a::IaJIc lW C1Tlqn To]
p({.tvI.U::O (jJIL'1I1i{fp-ifpCC{f H[lCTn.~a jc i\,L'bU),d ycanpman;:n-hCM KOf\IOpnnX (l)H.~J fTpoJ],-ncl-mK])(n KHnanc 3<1 npOBOI)CTbC TCTTlIOCTH 3.:1 HcnlIlXlH.. c (J(CCI1H rOplf,H :-,[80
Tap-npec;\' KO,lI P(l!\fCKHX (l)lL'ITap-npeca Tlocrnjc TpH npc1'C 'IJT811aK,L J1B~l '!)1<IHK(j cy C1HIGI 74). TC'lllOCT \10;'1(C na Jibe jC/l,liIlO y Trnamli-": (3) lKnOJ{ IU<lTIT:} ::Iii l\C;/CfhC
nYIf<-l (1) H (3), (j jc/\an myna.TJ, (2), ',001' 'Tera JTll'lH Il(l paM, no ~lCM).' ce (me rrpece On;m~(c 360r npnTncK~1 npc).:w:ni Kp0'3 fVlilTHO H KjlO:'l nOnl'fY ncrmpajyhn ;Vl Gn
TaKO n H<l'mmljy. Y paMy CC](1 HPC1VfC I\Ci)Clhtl caJ.;:yn.n,(\ T(l}Wf. HOIITTO jc '~aTTpe"'lH' npnmJl(\ 11 Kpen TL"18THO Tli.l 11.:J;mIl,m..lll (1') H HCTCK.:18 rqX)3-C,1aBHI-I), uano.1,c. 1\1\0 .Ie
l-lll pal\ta MHnro neft;'! O/11anpcll-nmc KOl\"lOpa, C8 onmamM q)ILTTTpJ-Il\-Ja IIfO>I(C ce MI-lOrO l'1OTpefino JOIn npU)JObHBllje HCIlnj1alT,C, OIl;rJ;Cl cc TC'llTOCT 38 HCflHpmhe IJ,OBO;\B U en
n),)KC pzunrrn n MHnro Bella KO.'1Tl'llHJa Te t lllOCI'J1 111)(n~C1JTITIL ana cc ne1)Clhe pa;Ul iHljarona.;u-IO CyllpOTHC CTpallC 0;1- one (;:X<lr-::.ac c neBC !lOIhe CTpane. - CJi. UITO Hi'l
np;DK1'heI-ba, HC npeIO-l;W. nne BPCTC- nylTlIx "Ura1-l<lKa noc-roje 3aTO i1.:a 6Il ce 1\10L'10 IhOj HHjc 031-j(\'TC110).
nOltCCr-mje npllHlTl1 qe'bU-ht;:, O;mOCHo HcnnpafhC. CBaIZH "Ll~HWK Hi\la Ba ce6n 01'130-
pe 3a npoBot)elht'. TC'THOCTH H nonCKH Kalla:T 3a ynol)CI-LC. O,ITnOClIO OJ:\ROl)Clht, TaKO
ita Tel( no 1']1]1 ClO)KCn;! Jl8jy Tw;mny ROjO!\! ce lWl)CI-J.,C MO)KC najoOJhC lI3BpUlHTH.
Ha GTHqn 74 npHKa:wIlH cy OR<!KBil {DJ(H-n~H.
Aa 611 CC OffH, KaWl cy CKJlOTlJhCHIL lvfOL!1J.1 CIlOJb3 pa3JlHKOBClTIl, f-l<l CnO.Thi:l-
TlI1hOj CTp8HH c:y ,ll,yn-raFJ: (4), Koja cy fTCI CKHl,H uma'ICHa C HCCHe crpmlc H11J:<:1;t
py'-rmw. Bngn: cc )1/1 np13H 'TJlCl.H;:lK HM() jC]l}IO nyTMC (4). npyrB 'manaK - paM - OM;]
T\B<l 11,)-TMC1';:1 (4) n Tpclm, nynlI lLrranaK. l:1M<i TpH (4). Ka,Qa ce UC~tH, oun cc CTap,-Tf~a
jy Y c])lL-:-fTap OBHM pe;,\oM: 1,2,:),2,1, 2, 3... i-\<lK.;lCo, CH8KIT )xpyn-l ~IJTaIl(lK,iC paM. D,;1
6[1 cc p,nYMc.:IO 3allfTO ct'. (mu TaKO pebaj:; jC,l_F1H nope;! ,'lP\TOL oojanH-hC-lle cy Ibn ..

10
/5 /6
;._,;:-.4

"

3 / 1 /
7 8

C.rlU/W 74 Cfl/-UW 75 Ci/UKQ 70

126 ,----

DJlaTHO 3<1 IteljClbe CaCTaBJbeuO je II3 KOM(1)J;a KO]11 ce npe CKJIaIIal-ba IIpe6a~ ?IlHOCHO y,n;ynan<l ce q.:LTIYUll Y CHaKy' ceKJJ;Hjy IToceGuo. Ha cmUI,H 78 IlDHK!l3<ll-l je
l.!,yjC npCKO nyHl1X t-IJlaH<lKU (1, 3), npcKpflBajy 11 jC;a,HY .\1 Apyry
TaKO ;a,a IIOTIIYHO ]c,n,<ln ,n:eo nOBpu.Il1llC ,ll,060lila ca jCgHOIV! cCKlI,Hjm,1 (1). CnaK<l CCKll,J1ja j~ O):.wojcHa
cTpaHY llOBpIlHmc 33 ltc~elhe. JaCHO jc Aa n<l MCCTIiMa rAe ce Ha 'IJIalll~nMa ltaJla3e 0,1.\ JJ.pyre nY.I-IHM ;lCTBaMa (2). Aa 6H I~eM.J1J10 (3) It3Meby J1CT;ma 3aY3CJlO KPY>K(tI-l
OTBOPH 3a npoBoljclhc TClIHOCTll, aa IVUtTHIIMa Koja I1X npcKpuBajy, Mopajy TaKO~c o6miK, o~o JC 1101WnPTO H<l BHlIIC MCCTa pC6pI1Ma (4), Koja cy TaKO IUPC33I-I3 Aa He
J~a nocTojc oTBopa. Ka,lJ,a cc '-IJIUnl.!,H no6po npJ:J.TeniY, Ta)la 11JIaTHa ~IItHC HCKY Ep- cnpe-':IaBaJY KperatbC TC"tll-:lOCTH Kp03 caMY cCKnHjy.
cry 3,HITHEa~Ja Ha cnojHHM MCCTHMa H3MCljy ~L1aHaKa. YKOJTHKO 61:1 ce nJlaTHO Ha Ommep-,(jJl1JITPfIMCl II,C1J;C CC Hajl{cwhe BeHHKe KOJlH'lI1HC cycncH3Mje ca nora-
HCKOM YJlamzy TOKOM paJJ,<t IlPOI(CIll1JlO, TO 611 ce BHACJlO no MYTHOj TC'-IHOCTH Koja LlaMa KP():) KOJY C(; JtaKO ueAH. OIUI cc MHoro npl1MClbyjy y cpJlOT,U~I1jH, f,IJ;e ce 11OMO-
HCTwre In IherOBe cmlBllf-IC. Y TOM CJlY~lajy CC 'fa CHaBll1Ia 33TBapa D,a ce He 6H oC'ra hy I-h[1X orpOl\'IHC KOJB-flUme KOm~ell'rpaTCl oHBajajy [13 cycnclI3fIje, 3aBHCHO Of.!, Karw-
JIa OlJ,C)..!,HHi.l llpJbUml. !J,HTcTa, BCJIWmWl ;J:of)oma je 0,3 --5 III og rrpclIIlHKa H i:l.)'>KHUC O,3~ 7 m, Ot~ ope
HCl.l,OCTaTaK paMCKHXCIJH)lTap-npcca jc UITO ce 3a paCT;U1Jhalbe n CaCTaBJbalbe llHHlGl IIo6omLl 11 .ac6:bHHe lloraT-iC 3aBHCH 6poj o6pTaja Ao6oilla H H3HOCH 0,1-1,5
'lJI<1i-IaKa ynoTpc6JbaB~1 cKyn JbYACKH pa~~ IT lI1TO I1Cl1apatbC nujc !1Ul"llYHO. Onc o6rnaja y MHHyT)'.
npecc cy HlIaK WIHlUJle. n8 Il.ll1pOKy npHMclIY \ll1chcp, KBacal~. Cluj:.: It }WKOBfI). facuH (lm:rrap. Of{ [lpe~HUHhaBa raCOBe clm,TIT1H1 IlOMOl'iy lWHlI-
Kao OUH'UUl
q)n,'!'rpn {' IWHnIHyaJIUIH'I. pail,OM. - OCllOBlm IIc.uoC'raTilK (IHIJITapa 0 KojHMa !1a. ")/01301\1 C:ly'!ajy U,C,:tH!lO j,.' Y BHi\Y 11,CBH. rae Kojn TpeCia
lli.tllHlhCno 0;\ TfGUliUlC
ic ;~o ca;~a rOBopCIlO jccre IllTO He 1\10ry )~a P<lfJC llCllPCKlI,[]JIO. l1H,\i ce JlO I~e.J~!1JIy ,u.n ce HpC~lHUlhaBa Iwna:.H.l cc lnnaii l.l,erm H.'m y lI,oj. na OIl npowao Kp03 ll.e,uIL'IO C
llaXU::.lT<1 iWBU]bH<l KO.lW'WlI<l 'nuora, lL'lH CC CJJOOO!J,JllnpOCrop "J::t HOri.1'l)" I1CllymL jCJ~J!c H Jwyre C'rpane TK;'U!llllC 1>1Opa aa llocrojll pa3!ll1Ka npHTHCK<l, YCSle,D, K01c
H.TlH OTHOP KOjH je t!OTpcGmr 3<1 1.l,CbUbC TOJUIKO Hapacrc !\Ll je WUbe qd)t:roe He l\o:ra:m ,l~O rrOKpCTaIh<'l r'-lea l1 GULTral)ll11arbLl. crrnopa IW qC:;~l!;ly.
pCllTaGHnHo, pa).( CC Mopa oGyC'raBlrrn, a nora'ta HJUal.\llTH H. t~e,l~ILTIO O'UiCTHTU. . Ha C:H!L~I.'. 79 Upl1K,n<"!lI jc BpJIO 'teCTO ywrrpC6JLamUW BpehaCTH CimJITap.
;:)l)()J Tura cy TP(1)KCHH CpIL'lTl.Hl KojU he lleIlpe.Kl1,TJUO [J,C,'-UlTil, UlTO 'ma~lB Jii:l cc Ha JCWla KO!>IOP,-i'(]) Bpeliacrur- (jH!.Trpa c:.Ie-roil! ce In Bl'iler Gpoja I~CBli fI~\'IUH)elIlJ.X
IhHf,J;1 l\wpa HCTOBPCl\'IClIO OUaU!L:..tT1J ll,cJ)ClhC, HCIIHpalhc 11 CYIllCii,C Til~lOra, CK1.'[
XI,aILC nora'lC Ii npalbc TIJlUTU<l. OBC YC'IOJ3C JW1WC ![ajGOJbC HCllj'!b<lnajy POTdll,HOfIH
Q 1I(~ 1
CrJl1JITjJll, 'mja nOBIBJJHJU !lpH OClPT<11LY \'iopa,a:a l[pO!Ia'3l! KI)(J} c})(lJI.:, KOjc C:i BC3~mc
3<1 qCi)ClhC.
._OJ1UGCjJ-qnwtnap. (CI, (7) Tl!lll1~lall jc npc;wraBllHK ponuJ,HoHor (lm.flTpa. Cac-
TOjH cc f13 xoplnoflT~t]IHor ,i.\OOOlll<.!
D,Ci)ClhC
(1), IlPCKU Kora je npcBy~[CHO fIJlaTllO 31.\
(2). LXuGom jc CKOPO J.\O nO.!TOBIllIC 3an\.>ypeH y CYCllCH3Hjy lwja ce BClJla3H
y KOpH'l'y (3). 06phylm cc OKO xoplnmrraJIHC ocommc (4), IlOnpLtllWI:l OMOTCl'!a
8~' .h:)~)::!
.IC!r-.i ,lEI' ~llI
/2
!lpo.~ta3Ii KPO} p~13Ile CTYlllbCBC: i.l,0K jc 3anbypClla y cycn.::u:mja, no JLOj CI.: BplUU
1'\ ~I V
nC"t>eI-bC (5), a :mTHI,l nOIIlTO H3pOllll H3 1M'. HCml~lalbl' (6), cyWelbC (7), OJJ,JICn;bH~
naH,C (8), ml ]l,Yll!TCl-hC T<'Ulora (9) 11 IlClll1pal:LC IlC,ll,l-L'I;l (10). Ha mel\H1 .ie TO ~ /i I
!' I ~
)" I ~ ,7
CJIHKOlll1TO H llpHK<.uaIlO. CBalG1 CCKlJ,uja '-nnlli Ca/I.1OcraJIllY jerumH1~y, Koja jc nYTCM
neEU CHojCE;} ca p,Dnm\HOivl !")I<1BOl>l.

L
/
2
ny-reM p[nnO,UllC rm:lBC 1\ qeBl! nCHGlB::t Ce,

1/"
1I ),{~{ l!ir J
~ /r': YLI~.
1~'~I~1/1
i

I,
/----'

! "6
Y

I'
,
I
I 11
[" i
I
Ii
I
I I
I

1r-1J "
\ " L_II "

"--,~
3
I
~-/
/

(/IW{(I 77 Cllm:a 78
 129

OJ!, TKClHl1HC (2). Koje cy gOI-bHM KpajcM nC3JHC 3a rrpcTKoMOpy (3) Y KOjy ce ynop;H
HeLmeT rae. t~eBI1 ce mU1J3C y XepMCTTl'-IKM 3aTBopcHoj KOMopn ea f1poq:nfJTTpl1pa- OJlPE1'>lIllAlbE KAI'AKTEPIfCTIfKA <l>1f.lJTPA
HHM '-InCT11M [<lCOM (1). GBa KOMopa CC HOMony 06pTHor ncnTHpa (4) cnaja. :mml-
CHO OJ!; tbenor nOJlO:tK:aja, rum 3a yelleRY ~eB BCHTHn3Topa (5) KOjH lICHcan3H,CM DE 33)l3T3K 1. OgpegwTw. aaau.utonU aaiJpe.MuHc cjJl.lJlITipaiiJa og
CM<ubyje npuTHcaK (rrOJIO)IG:!j I--r) 1um 3a aTMoccpepy (noJIo)J(Jj II"-II). gOBOp;H3 nCB-J. Gpe.HeHa rfJU-JllTi.J){ft~u.je.
(6) BC3aHa je 3[1 r11am'-!y rH13B01~HY lWB (7) 3a KOjy cy Be331lC HCToBpcMcno 11 OCra]lC noillpe6l-w fipeg;JJ-laH)a. 3a 113pan,y OBe nC)K6e Tpe6a IIOI-lOBI-lTH
KOMope l~eJ1m::yr!f-je I1HCT8J1aJvrje. Y rJIJBlwj pa3BoilHOj 1l,CBH, Kao It y AOBOi~HI1l\-f ITOrJraBJha Koja ce OAI-Ioce n3 6p3l-IHY OCHOBI-IHX OnepalJ,lIja, MepeH~e 3anpCJlrH1I-le 11
l,eBHMJ. HOllITO cy Bc3JIIC npeKo KOMopa 33 BCI-ITHSIaTOpe, npHTHCClK je YBCK MJH..n rrpoToKa. Kao li cjmJlTparrMjy.
on (-11'M001)cpCK01' npHTHCIGl. AHaJIUaa 3agarilKfl. DrOTOR cl)HJl-
BpchaCTM qm.TJTpH pa)~c na onaj l-Ja'IHlL
.1c 3601' nOJTQ)J(aja nClITHpn
nOlllTO TpaTa Kojn npOJl33H KP(J3 qrHJITPaI~HOI-lY
(1--1) KOMopa (1) nC-'3ana qcrm (5)'Y IhOj nacTajc n8-
3;-1 yrCHCfm HCHT1Ulc1TOP, I1])C1(O (en. 79a) KOJlony H TKanHl-fY (Clv) 3am-lCn
KyyM 360r 'rera ce K]10'j ncuu OI\ TK;mrme (2) YCHC<lBCI f(lC In npCTKOl\.JOpC (3), OT(HO-
eno 113 pa:mOJUTC l".ll am! C:'_ HeHU (7). rlpww3chn K]JCY:I T};<tIlHHY r<K ry6n Kr~im1Jlj('
'{CCTHI\C KOjC l-j(j l1>oj OCT<l,jy K<lO H<1 Hel_Hmy. HOlllTO ce nOCJTC l-nneCllor npCMC[W no
O,U norOHCKC ClIne (AP) H OTITOpa CTpy-
jaH)(1 clm.TrpclTa (Rj):
I
H

ynyrpcnuIl-,oj nOBpnllfIJIf qcm-r llaKymI Mlloro llpaullIHc. nOTpe6H0.1c YKJ101IHTTl.ic ilZl

6H ce onaKma.!lO qm.'TTpnpaT-hC '---Tmllhclhc H,CBIfllX cl)YL1Tapa upnm CC If;) T(lj Hf"l'nm
UlTO CC 06PTZ\lhCJ\j ;'"JC!1THP<1 no nOJiO>Kaj8(H---Il) cnaja KOMOjX! ca (lnwcqxcpcKll1d
LW4-'-:124--:':'W
H83/:(yXOM. nOI1lTo.ic npllTljGiK y npC'T'KOl\WpU mrW:H on ~l'n-"I()Ccpn::oi-, B,n)lYx he Onrop crpyjmT,Y cj)1'L'TTpaTa 'TIme
ce KpCT<lTH Y cynpoTHo\l nparm,Y Kp03 1-)l1.~lTi.)P IT OJl)JOCHTH C;1 co6m,j n;H<yn:hL:ny caM qm.ITTI1]l C;1 ';'K;:UlUnOM (No) Jf nora'I;;l
Ilpaumll}-'. Jl~l 6n ce (lHO p::,T!:llh:l1-hC ().TI(lKm;l.~10. 1l,C-lIJllI ctm.T1Tpn cc np,t!o eHiDEno npo- (R).
Treey npcKo CKCnCllTjXl (X) 11 nO:lyTC- (9) 'n fWjy cy (1):L~ITPF 06cmew-L rIp,l1Ium:1 Rr=Ro+R.
Y .T!CHK<'lCTO ;(IJO, On,nelC ce nonpe\jCHO wmOCH.
narl"l
Bpe-h':KTll fl)!,],Trpn np.:l0 ;\oopo npc'llmrhanajy n:unyx, HM(ljy HrL'lO ncmlKH K(j- Ba:l1(Ho je 3(\l1(l3HTH )J,J OTflOP nora~
nm~nTe,T (urro ];mViCH on: 6pnja KOl\fOpa, K;H'l If uenn: IWjC ce)' U,HMa H(1.'1:)(,), ~-Tc;\o, "'Je nenpecT<lHo pacTc jep ce I-hClJa )Ie6_'hH-
CTaT<:lK IHd jc UfTO IlpY)J\,ljy !tocra BC.'1HKT-! oTnop npn npOJIaCKy rac,! n HTTO cc. no, Ifa nOHcilaH8, llpyn1l\1 PC'IHl\,ta. YKO.lTUKO
CIIIIIW 79(/
1\1011y Ihl1X ne l\wry npc'lffHIDnn::1TI-l (IrpCCHBIlTL B]l(l)1{nH IT npum raCOBll_ nouno cy je Reha 33npeM!ma cl)llJTTpaTa (\'), neha je
,U,e6JbHH3 nor;riC, na If J-heI-l O1'110P, To
I\e)J,HJh)(C f-Hl'llnT,Cl{C on 0rr~mcKln BSialC1H?L
3I1ipm lI8. JC oTnop !10ra t TC Y cTBapH npOlIOpW-IOHa:!rl.n ]cmpell-umn caKyn:-hcnor qm.n:-

Ff3BOn R::: Ie V.
AKO ce TlBe nOCJlC)Jl-hC jCI-~n,FmHc 3al\-ICnC y npny. JJ:oonja ce:
(l)l1JfT]ln]l<lH,Cl\j Ct' pa::mHl.l.ja (llJr)'llil 011 "mpC're cl)(ne. '--lnpc1"() (-j"n"';;\ cc 3<l)\,P;'K;\-
B(1 J-1tl u.eJ~H.n:)-', (1 (1)'-1)-,11,1'( npc)"r1PJC K]l(YO nCJHL10 Jt naTa.nO)Keny nora'!),. EVH-1Ti;) (im.'! !l.=,!2._
Tpllpar-bil je n:nnwjel1(-l EO.TTWHlfl;-l (l)n.:nl'<1T<1 y .ic;l)nrr-n~n npCMCI),L Y '1"01\Y ZJ'J!-1.11TPll- Ro +kF'
PCII--},(1 pacrc OTIlOP rrpOTlIl.1.:lH,Y (lm.1TpaTzL <lnurrpnpall,c jc: llnjop>Kc Ifa nO'JeTE);. ;'\
],nnl\f jc cge cl1opnjc: le;OT' nOBch<:l1-hC1 ,n,e6J1>Bne TTor;l'fe. Pil3mn::a n]JHTHCt1K() llpr-\ AKO TKam-nw Hl\I<l Jv\(,L1H OTI10P, OIIn:a ce OIl lvro:'Ke '1fiUCl\WPHTH. y O;'J,'H()CY na
(J)H.l1'rpnpaH,y OCTf1ap)-'j(~ cc lFIll n;:lKYYViO\l 11.'1fT H:lTlljlHTHCl";Ol'lY OTlTOP ITOr(l'le U?o = 0) ml je:

L 3aHlTO je :\;\ (lmJITpnpZlIhc fHHpCOll{l P;U.I1!!K<I npnTllcKcl? v13 One .iC)~H(]'-IHHC BHgH cc Aa hc 6p311IW qmJ1Tpaunje 6UTH eBe cnopnja YK(l-
0;1 'Ier-a :,anllCH op:nl1W clmcnp<llI.Hi e ?
! JTHKO ce rronel-iana ]cmpCl\H-UHl cclKymhclIor HJTTp<rra.
3. Kan: ce I1e CMCjy Twpncnrrn naK}'y:'lHjHIJ1'rpn? JacHo je p;a he ce rrpoToK <rHJ1TpaTa CM3IbHB3TH ca nopaCTO:t'l-'f :wnpel\-'U1nc CaI(),-
4. Koja cy njleHMyticma (!)Hxrpa ca KOllTHnya:1IHllll pa;l oM ?
5. KaKo C[m.'0TpamlOlI<l non),la yTH'ff' na 6p:mn)' (!m:lTpaI\Hjc'}
TIJbCHOr qm:rTpaTa. CMaJ-bHBaJbe npoToKa je pe3YJITaT CTanHe npC,LiIJOCTH TIorOHCKC
6. 06jaclHl pan qm:1Tap-npece
CI1Jle (P j - P 2 ) II nopacra xI1~waymprKor oTHopa nora'-rc.
To 3H3 IH na he cpHJITpaT eBe enopn.-jc nCTl-fu;aTH.
L
 131

flOLllpc6Ha MepCIMJ Ll LlpUpaLl\iH. Y ",mil3

,{,OKY qHIJlTpaIJ,l1jc Tpe6a Mepwru Bp~Me H
3anpCMI1H)' qJH!rrpwra 11 cpopMl:IpaTlI Ha "1
pOBe \/- t. OBe napone Tpe6a rrpl1Ka3aT11
TaOeJIapHO I1 rpacl)H~IKI1. Q2cm]
Imin
Hapaga aagaiuxu. npBO cc cKIwnpa "
auap:.rrypa. ITCHOM y elm.wrap Tpe6a yne-
CTH cycncu3Hjy B O,u:Mi1X 11001CTH McpeH~e
1,2
BPClvlCIW oti notlCTKa cj)1I!lTpal~llie, 1\.8.0 1'1 0.25 em]
imi"
Ci:U(YWLCHY 3aupcilHluy qm.:rrpa'I'<:l. 1101'0-
llCKLl cuna (PI - P2).ie CT;;1JlHi:t. Arw jc no-
l"(lHCKa owa xllllpocraTH'lKI1 npltTltCaK 'S I
CYCl!Cll".mjc (pgII), Oll,tFl BaCillI\" CVCllCH3li- Ifnin

~.-
jc TpeGa OJip:iKJ.BaTlt IlellpOML'"!b~UO:>'1, no
.HlUi.U1,C}.[ i!OBHS KOJIH1H\H<l CYCllcn:.mje.

"'1
PC.3y . 'liiiai7.'iu. Pe3y:r{,(1Tll MCPClb<t
10
,
15
j
20 "
I(min)

njJHK;:l'.)allll ey C!IC)J,clioM TaGCJ!or.l 11 ;J,Bja

C i/I/(([ 7Ye
QXU\-fOl\1 (CL 7(0).
C.w.iI:a 7(j()
O~.\lIOCJlO je!UW'lltHH XHI!cp6oJle:

a\
~-I
x I

3a,'l.a'nu{ 2. [1:Jpa"YfwiTiu 3(1UIICIIOCll' up.mlle oy opC.AU!f-U1 (jJrcIl7ipaqu';c.

AfW ..1U3({ II 1.13/)({ga 3ugaiiir:a. .1'3 WI.iarpar.'lCl }.106Hjcnor y rrpCTXO;J,llOM ::lU,DJ1TKV
".-W)Ke. ce tllI;.i~'TH Ha ce Y TOKY UPBOl' }'1l1l1~YT<J TpajalL<:l Cl)lI,Trpm.l,Iljc Ci.!/(YlJIi 1,8 en/ 3.4. L~EHTPWvYrViPAtbE
Tu JlIa'lH /~a .1"::' llPOTOK Y TOK), npnor MlIllyT<.t GHO (jr;;;;; Vir:::; 1,8 em"/! min. Ha HCTil
H~l'mll \1?>I(.C ce '3~11Ul>y~1lITIJ ;~a npoToK)' BPC:>'1C Of.( UCTor ,LiO \l.lCCTOr MI1Hyra 1.13110CH IJ,CIIT!HtqJyra:ma ClEW, u,cwrpmJJ)TC. ,- IlpwTiU(Llf.: i1o{[(pc6w{ 3U r"iuu."iuCf"u-
OAO Cll1'!Il:Hl ,lITl'\', OualW Inp<llf'y'ltaT !lPll"l'(JK llpC!~CTaI.lJha HCTt.mpCMeno Gp3I-my (WILe epL[.!lriljJt.liI/u h:jJ(),J I.(CgLU/() gouuja cc Tipu licw7ipwjJy'/UjJUH))' n.{J,Awliy /.([:/1.-
cl)ll;nV<UJJIJC. L1KU cc., H,'j OCHUBY pCJY.!lTUTU In llpCrKO)..iIIOr 'JaJ.~aTh.. a, MU)f(C'C(J\iH- I.IIPUtjJyZO.VIC ClL1C. i.Xa UU IlP01l3BC!Ia U;CIlTPl1cp)T~tJmy elm)" U;CHT1)wJ1)TI:l (\oJ'UP,1 JAil
illlTH CJJciwha TaGemL tIMa POTUP .. ~1,OGOlH LV:1I'rpl1cl):,Tc - KOju ce Gvm oGph.c 01(0 CllOjt oeom-1llc. 01\10-
T,Ft :~oGoUla jc H36Ylll~H (ncpf{)()pIlcau) H u:myrpa oGJIUA<.eu ~C;J,lL'lOfd. CycW..'H'3HjO
1'1r f~~(~~~j-~--"f""(i"..o) i ' -(i~~2~j,'~. ."~"~:6=5)--1 """~i-l~=l())I-(2~i=;O)~'-1 Koja Cl' I-n:U.DKC IJ,CHTpHq)yrn:patLY p,CjCTl.IOM qClrrpHcpyra.'lllC C1L'lC 6UHa npUTHcKl.l-

l~~j.;~~~~=m'/llJ~~~"L".=I"-=.~.~_~. _=L_~~.".~i~~~.~.~. ~ '.._ .~~~40 ~.~I~=-~_O,20 '.

BalW )'"l l~C;~HJtO, llpH qn-ty ct LlBpcfa MaTepnja ua H~el\"ly J.:l,rJ,pA(aBi1, a 01V':,'J,lllW
__ j.. 0,25 I ll'J!la::m In Ao(}oL!.la li TaKO cc O~(B(\ja oJ.l. 'wpcTe cpa3e.
llaLLl..ljJwjJ"jZt.lAlilI CII.'/(( I/(! !,'upunTiu CC ((1.410 3([ 4,JU..-lIUpl.l.jJWf:,C rtc20 U 3a paJ[j-
l:!\.wjyhll Y RfIJI,Y f~(] cy H3pa'IYJIaTC 6p311IlC (l)t1JITpaIJ,Hje Cpe,L\fhH np()TOI,H Y naill/ve (p[lc./wiaGUHJc (}JaJu). HaUMC, aKO CC 1\C1lTpmvyraJIIlOJ\-1 J,l,CjCTIlY H::lJlO.lK.l'1
T?KY Jcwwr MIIllYTa, M())I;:C ce KOllcrpYHC<lTH i.llljaq.1;,t1\'1 npHKa':!aIl ua CJUlu;tl 796. HCJ(a C)."CllCHJuja llJUi CMYJUl1ja, oligu he ce z)'whe 'lecJTlUL{C Wr:ytiJb[J{Tiu rio i:iepucjJe-
''y OLI<1JIa ce 0J
.GlnHH<.l ~lmJITp~\J.(njc Gp:30 onaWl YCJIC).\ eBe nehcr OTIlOpa nora"Y.e. pllju II oOpu,10Gahe cf1Ct(ucj]I.[lt/1O LUc.JICU CllOi u,:may KUla he cc ca.J()'fiJb((iTi.U C.flOj
11:1 W10H,lCHOl' wqarpaMl:l BH)J,ll cc l\<l 3aBHCHOCT 6P31IUC cfm.wrpaqnje 0]..\ :)3npc- r.;i{(!I(UU'Il/.O /WIWIC (jJaac. 0130 pa3j..\Hajalhe 1J(t'.:H1B3 ce cCllapaquja, a anapaTM Y
IvU1HC q)HJlTpaT[l ojJ,rOJ3apa paU!1jc "oGl1jcnoj jegua1.IHlll1:
KOJHMa cc OHO BPWH -" cCIlapaTopH.
PI~' p) UcwrpHCI)yre BPJIO BCJIllKC l\ClrrpucpyraJl.He CI1JIC IUt3l1Bajy ce cyncpuellTpH~
ill-' :::: ... --',
/cV q:,yre.
 Cn.H.a Iwja IUlcTajc y nellTpHcjJyram-IOM nO':hY naTa je, Kao illTO jc 113 CPI13HKC f10KpeTafhe l~eJ-lTpVfcpyrc, Kao IlITO ce BH)lH U3 eJJNKC, Dpum ee C lWI'he CTrWHC
n03HaTO, H3pa30M:
nOMohy KaHIIIHHK8 (3) KojH IIoKpche nepnIJ.::aJIHO npaTl1JJo. 11 na OBOlv! ce BpaTHJfY
namt311 ypeljaj 3(1 y6JHI,)I(aBaJ-LC nOTpeea (4). Dpa::>J<1-beH>e ce BpUIH ea roplhc crpaHe
F a KOg Hapo'lHTl1X, MaJIO C3lO>KeHHjHx KOHcTpYKII;nja, I1 ea nOlbe. UellTpmI1)TJ.ie upn
pa)J:y 3aTBOpC1-1a rrOKJIOm~el\I. Aa
6H T(06oUJ 6H.o Cra6UJJHO Hacat>eH Ill:l BpanufO,
fHe cy: OBOMe je rrOHCKan naT TaK<lB 06.lUIK na.ie TC)KHllJTC H n:06oma 11 M<lTCpnjaJItI KOjHJ\.'l
In - Maca MClTcpnje Koja pC)Tupa, cc I~CHTpHcJJyra nyml YBCI{ HCIW;:r Ta'tIKC no).rVTIupau,J,
W - nepwj)CpH<1 6p3VlHa Ta~IKC Koja ponrpa H [opI-he np,l)KfhCrbC je nOnCCHO 3J TCTaKlIaCT l'vtaTCpnjan,
KOjH cc MO>Ke JlaKO
r- Ho'ylynpc'IHHK ;'1,060ma'1\C1TrpJ1(lY)rre. Ba~~HTH BHJIalvfa II ;u:pynn\-'f CJIWfIlHM opy'be:M. CTojcnc
qewrpm])yTC- 3aY311\lajy Jvf,'L"TJO
MchYTHM, nepIlcpepn<:l 6p3HHn (nYT KOjU neK,l Ta'TKa ncpnc})Cpnjc npe"bc y 1'1pocTopa H nlljc HM JIoTpe6H3 HHK<lKBlt napo'HITa ROHCTPYK1\Hja ca crpallc Knj<l fin
HX HOCnml. Y6pajajy c:e y rpyny (lJlfJl'rpm~HOllllx l~eI-TTpI:l(I)yra.
je;nnUU\H npeMelIa) wna je rnpa30M:
2r'It n
IV
60
rnc je Ii fipoj ClopTaj8 Y i\llnlyTy, AKO ce on(lj lUP,1i 'JZ\1\lCHH Y ropn-,oj jl:;ill;-PlHTlH,
TIpn Il3.1araTbY npe)J:Hocnr qmnTalxl KOjll K(1HnllIy~lJ!lIo p(1!~e, y OTH10CY Hn
,"\061-1J(1 ce: cl1HJfTpe ca )1TiCKOllTHIlYJ..1ITHM PCl):\or-r, BTI)1c.r 'dT 010 ,TlJl npBH H\1<1J), :lll;lTHO ~chn
, K,\TTaIUlTCT If ;J;1 lTl\\ je IT(YTPCfillil l\1<lH..,;[ pa;1l1ZI CIT;:)nl 1,1 TI()CJ1Y)KIH'!.an,e. Kog II,('IIWPIl"
F:=:;!~~~-(2r~)~.nr O,OJim r'n"" cjJy?a c I{()Hl{],IfHY({-'7~{{.{.. \i [Ja[jOJI O()().JlJ' CC qoga;c 11 YluiZicga J Cf./cplujU. Eno OcnZY;El
mw ~O<Tla'3{1.Kana ce I~Cl-rJ'plHpY"l nYJl1T(l Y pfln ..000IJJ)1 CE' IhOj ]10HO)'{H ~WX'~llll'T:,-a
eHcprnja'1(oje) cc Tpoum lTD C()Hnaf)nn,lIhC HHCP!~HjC nprl IlonehalhY opn12 onpT<lFL
113 jerl,lIH'HH-IC ce HH}_,\Jj JlC1 je Il,CTTTpml1yTamw CUJTa ynpaBo npnnOp!~H01I3.Tl1I;\ [wjy Il,CO CBeTel\! npn\fa Y Blmy KlmcTH'IKe cneprnjc, HOG1C- nebCIf,a, paCfTO)To)1ZHBi)
H nOo1ynpC'THHK)' pOT<lII,njc 1I KH<1JW,'1T)' npoja oornaja. 3HII'I!'L aKO CC 1"C110
(I.,J,1cn KHHCTW1K<I cHcprnjn RO'lCTheM cc. ynHIllT<lnZl 1-(;) on CC YKO'ICHH n000m \1OT'()() IIC-
O;qJCl)CHC i>faCC oorhc. C<l POTOPOM w::HTpncl)yre l-leKH1\-1 6pojeM II J, H aKO CC DBa Y)1- npa3H1fTH. fTOHOBH'f1jv! nYUlT,UhC-;"f v pnJ\ cBcpnlja he cc. TpOIII1ITH)J,a 6n KacHnjc Gn-
HocrpYTIH. onila he cc 1~eIlTpJI(pyra.1Jla cH.~[a y~rcTBopoCTPY'THTH. na VIIHIIfTClla 1l TaKO ,!li1.l1,e. Ko;~ nCHTrH(l)~T(l C KOHTHHya.1IlHM ])(l!I()l\-l nO-fa OHIIX
M(lUHme Y KojHr.-fa cc 008.B}h'-l I(cl-ITpml'yTHpaJhC nO)J,C.1henC c:V na ;(nc f]WBHC. rY61iTJ1Gl cneprnje nOI1TfO ce ;J:ooom I~cIrrprHpyre ofiphc CT<'LTTHCl HC'H:t-.-l Op3H!Whl.
q:rync, If TO: }1cnma, YUlTcna ce lTOCT1DKC CJMO ntl p<l'lyll l\f<\CC ;ro6oma, a:;m nOlino JC II on;l ]llil
_. nCHT);l1'fcpyrc KOjc IJ,HCKOHTHfT}!amro paw; H TH<:L T() ic Il V!IITCJta Rem1KeL
l\CllTpnqlyrc Koje KOHTlmya:mo pil,'lC. , TI<;croj;r HCKo.;-nH(() TITTTOBa OnaKBTIX nCHTpH(tl~Ta. nO'lCBlUlI 01 OTTnx c nO!Ty-
KOl-fTHHya.TIHHM paWlM, IIO OBEX KOjC pa;,e nOTnYHO KOllTw-rya.rrllO. OBJlt be OHTH
PCT.fB ()l~CrlTpHqJyrH 'Hljn jc pan lloTnyuo KOIITTluyaJI{lTL .
I~"'n!U1{pyre ell Tforriw:rw I{CulTipllrjJyl.a. Om:] je, 3<1 pa3)lIH<Y 0;1 pamqc Ifanen:cHl.J:X. XOP1BOll-
;l,UCi{OUTun-yaJUIUM llaJ~oM '['(tHEO nOCTfln.;f,eH(t (C.:1. 81). nOOO!!! l!.eJrrpH(!'~Te (1, 6) nplT'mpml'icn Jf: lIn IIlYrT.1hC
npaTH.:10 (2), Koje cc oophc nm,mhy K,HUlmnK<l (J). I'vbTCl:Hj;l.H_lwjn ce )I(CJfH ltCH-
Knf-I ORHX I~el-]'rpml,yr(j Bojen.Hllc TpmlT}THp;:nH )'J,ono;:tH ce [(po'}neB (4) n.a nCRKilCTH p;nl\n'~Fltr ()). IlouTTo cc T:n;:\
('p;ne 1';1;U1 T]OmlB.TJ,ajy cc nepno;1,H'1ll0, Baja~I oophe 1 J\ooOmCl\L )l.taTCpHjaJI KOJll ml;UIe H{'i rhl;r;l {HIne rrpamuno pZ130mvni
pa,:(a. Y T,lKflH l~H1Z
'lHHChJl ,iCJl,(IH l\l1K!lyC
no nonpmHHll HOOOlU<1. Ua CC l\l<lTCpnja;r He 6tT fla TO!\I MCCTY naTOl\lTU18B(lO, nOTlx '-
JlyC naj"rcnrhc C2- y6pajajy elenelic g-)J]c: 6no ie rrOTHCKllnJTH T'<-l npCM<l TlCPu(\Jcpnjn JJ:ooom<1. Ono nOTHCKHl'-IalhC TIOCTJDKC ce
nyn,eThc T\CT-TTpJH1Jyrc, u)'mT<tlhe y pailo <lKcT-ijam-IHM flOKpCT,)H,ei\-I nc.nH1(or J-XlICf{a (Re), 1(ao fino je cTpc.Jlm~a')l.li.llI~3Ha'Je,IIO,
'JaYCTJH.rL>'Hl,C H l1pJ)Kl-I-,CJhC. npClVW KOH-
AKcl1ja.l1Ho nOJvreraI-bC ,rrHC1((\ nOCTH)KC ce, nOl\why no.:!yre (7). KOFl .lc CB:).JHl\j
crpYKItI1jIl, KOj;J l-Ia npnOM MeCTY 3JBHCl1 rlpynfM KpajcM n]Jnllnpwhcn<:l :~a KJIHIT (8). On ce nasra311 y lJ,TL1THHnpy (9): y KO]fl ce
on '1'01'(1 Jlil ]HI je )1,ooom I~CIITpH(l))TC o6e- HaH3MemT'ff-1O nOROIlJ! C jcn;ne 11 C npyre. cTpane paJJ:HH nyHJl. 3aXnaJf<YJ::/hu :Il~o;v;:
men lIJIH o)J,()3ro llogynpT, rrocToje ilHZ!
nOKpCT<'lI--hY K.nnrra, nOJ1yra (7) ra rrpcHocH Kp03 mYTUhC BpaTHJ1(! (2) 1m WiCK. 3no~r
THTlJ I~CH'rpncj))Ta: 06ClllCHC H C'l'Ojchc
CTaJIHOr nOTHCKl-fB31-hCl o6p;:nommc rrOr;FJe no yH)'TpalUI-boJ lICmpmm-lH nCl--l-
I~nTTpH{-pyrc.
TpHcpyrc, )'I'l<1TcpHja.n npOJI<I3H Kp03 30lTY HCnnpaIha, jep ce Kp03 l~eB (14) !~ODO)1,:I
CiTiojche [~cl/Jlipurf)yzc (oJ. 80) Ta~ 4
TC'IHOCT 3a I1CHHp,nhc 06P<l30BClHC nora~IC. Ka~a rrOPl'JCl Y CBOM XOJI:)r Ka nepnq)e-
RODe VlMajy BCpTHK3JrHO npanuw (1) EllUl pnjn ll:060lli3 !lOCTIC no Kpaja, yCJICi'11~CHTpHq)yra::rHe clmc 6uBa o)J,6amJEan3 ca po-
je Ha H~era OJl,03f'O uacal)cH ,!J,0601I1 (2). 80
CllliKO
Topa y OKJIOn U;CIITpnq)yre (12). :Vb cmiKe ce BMJ~H n:a he Ol~e,n;Jima IiCTIUWTH Kp03
 _______________ '~_.L_. ___ ,L:""

135

\4

( ) , ':' ~
\.

C I!II;U ()} 'LHfle Ih::pTklK,lJIal-1 f-.:an'-l.'l (7). Tet~ KIX)3 oBaj KClllil![ 'l~~!HOCT ,u,OCllCBd [W :]CBKOlJC rw:
cc BpUHi c'rHapHo p<nlwajatJ..,e. 'Tc>t<J q)paKI~Hja Kpebe cc Ka IlCpuci)CpUjll, a '~aTHlIl
llpt-nt OTBOP (13), BOna Ja l1ClmpaJbe KpO:.5 APyn-l OTBOP (15), a 'wjJcra jvli.\ca he 113" nUIHlwe, ;iLl Gll HCTCICI<l Kp03 OTBOP (0) KOjH cc Ha:l(l3n IIi.! l'OplhCM nellY l';WBC.
.'1:l3HTll KpO:.5 Tpchn OTBUP (16). ana Jv~wrpl1(l)yr;J cc yopaja y rpyny (!:H1JlTpaU,HOHHX naKwu ctJpaKu,uja lT3!J,r3lJ !W OTBOP (9) KOjU jG GJlIDKll OCll 06PTaIL,(1 U IW;W3H cc
~crnVJ1(I)yra. UCWTO BHW~ [13Ila~ vrBopa :311 HCTHIJ,JlbC CllCU1Hl)l1'IHU TC';'KC Te'l!J()CTI1. OmlK('
pa3,u.)JojC[lC TellliOCTH caGupajy cc y pa3J(-
CcnapuTop. CenapaTOpUM(i cc, Kao UlTO jc Hi.HIOrvlcHYTO, Bpll1H p;BnBaj(m~e
BOjCHIIM IIpocropH~ta H HJBO,u,c .:lyJJJII-W
no '3(1lfpe!'.lHHcKuM lvWCal\1a y nna n:ui BHillC clOjcBa. CJlOj ca cnel~Hcplf'lHO !IaK1l10M
(10 H 11) H3 CCnJp'-l'fOpa. Hi.! Gu y ccnapa-
;\ii1TqmjoM oGpaJyjc cc: 61UDKe (JCll OUpTcULfl, a C~lOj ca cnell,Hclm'lHo TC)KOM iJ,<.lJhe
TOp yuwo OllOJlIlKO TeLJUOCTH KOJ1l1KO je
O;Q, 013C, 1IO ncpmi)CpIljU. flpC!vla TOlv1C, ccnapaTopHMl I-mjc I1O'rpcGna l1,CAHJLKa Koja
3<1 Ihc['OB paJ], uajoU]bC, y pC3e~JBOapy ::\a
he 13pWUTH pa3)J,naja!LC, IIUlllTO cc C;lOjCBH cat\1ll 113Mcl'yy cc6c pa'J!~Bajajy IlOBPWH-
TC']l!()CT H"UHUH CC Il.lJQB:.tK KOjU CTam-W
110M J.\coGv. ,U;oGmlJ ccuapaTop,-1 lUlje no OI\IOTa'!y 1136ymcII Hero jt~ l\CO, T"HW na y
pcrymnllc IljJHJJ1m TetJHOCTH )-.' ceJlapa-
ceGo J\W:'-KC CT'-l.~11l0 Aa /qY,Kl1 Te~I1I()C'r Koja CC l~cnTpH(1)yrHpa.
TOpy.
Hu CJU1Jl,ll 82 npBKa::wIl jc jeiWH THlI TUKBor cenapaTopa. Y nyu ,I~060lli (1) 013(; qCllTpml)yrc ce u0phy OKO
KpUJ U,CH (2) oGp,nyjy (3 11 4) ClJaKH Ja cc--
yBO;J,B cc ClvtYJI3Hja. 0;1 ,'.lB'-l caoja KOjU ce 1000- to (lU()' Illlin, l! I\lOry CC llOKpCTanl
0e ynrcaJHl Cc W:_:LH'JW.\ (511 6). rIpu npxy iWGOlWi u;}na:m cc npC"I'CltaCT<-t nJIO'W (7), py~!lJ.O I\1OTO])01\1. KaA<:! ce JJUKpchy p),'-
Kojajc TaKO 3,ildO t ICHCl Y TC'lHOCT ,TJ:a C j-LCHC i_l.PY!T crpauc fvtO)Kc i-Vi lB;laJH GL",W Te- K01\l, HMajy Kanal~HTeT 0,'.1, IljJltG:Ul>KUU
'-1ll0CT (4). T<1KU je JJ,CB 3<1 llCHCLll:\~ULe ~UlpCKTl!U llOTOlUbeml y '{'C'IHUCT (4) 0 He npo- 400 ~nrrapa rrC1 '-we, a Ka;J.a cc floKpehy
"'1<l3H Kp03 C31uj TClUlUCTIJ (3), UlTO 011 MOrJlO fl.;} fl.0Bel~c fJ,0 y::lMyhcu>'-l 360r o6pTau,a MOTopm.t, HOCTlDKY K'-lO(iU,ltTCT AO neKO-
Beh oGpaJOBClllHX C]IOjeBa. JlHKO XBJbaIUi JIl1T<l pa lora '-rac.
Mlloro C<lnpIUcl-mjH cy ccnapaTopu TH[ILl Amiw-JlaBflJL Kop, lhIlX ce pa3.llBa- KOil HetHIX eMy}l:J_uja p<:r3JIBajalhc
jaIhC BpUHl Y l-WpOllHTHM 00P1'11111\1 r!IaBaMJ. Ha CJIHU,H S3 rrpHKi:naHa je je/VIa TaKBa TC'UlOCTl1 MQ)Ke )~a 6y.u:c nOTlIYHu (BO;_W.
ClaBa, 1((10 B LfJaBIJU neJfOBH OBora ccnapaTopa. [JlaBa (1) jt; Hacabcaa no. BCPTl1- Y_'bC). I'v1uoro .ie tlcIlltll1 cn)'llaj na ce K(lO .4
K,VlHO npUTHJlO (2) Koje cc npJlo 6p::10 o6phe 3aXBaJbyjyhI1 nY)KaCTOM 3yWIaflHKY JIaKUlH ClOj go6l'tja CYCI1CH3Hja Il!lH eMy}J~
(3), Kojn je jC'[UH1M AeJlOlvt HOTOWbtIl Y YJhC ~la no;a,Ma3HB,l1he (4). f.!I<1B<1 (1) je npe- 311ja lwja je Go['c\'ra M<l!LOM 3anpCtvtHll-
rpal)emt BelluM Tal-bHpa - JleBK<-ICTUX Jll1MOBa (5). )-' lhy ce lI,elITpam-IO OA03-
GpOjCM CKOM MaCOM_ (nnp. nalL'laKa), a Kao TeX::l1
fO yBO)J.H TC'II!OCT Kp03 W~B (6). flOA )J.ejcTBoM Te)KC, Te'tlHOCT ce Kpche HaJlJ:DKC (6), CJIOj Tell-lOCT KOjOj je Y rBBccHoj Mepn
ITa 3UTl1M JIilmUne, Kp03 OTBOPC (7) lIa JICBKOBI1Ma (5), KOjl1 cy TaKO nope~aHH net O!W3CTa JJaKllIa MaTepHja (IlOCfIO MJleKO C
,1
136 c=. . ..
Ma.TJHM cagp)J(ajcM M3cIIohe). AKo ce pagA ea rpy60M cycncH3ujoM, '-IeCTl1u;e ~IBpcTe
MaTcpnjc ce o;a,Max TaJIO)J(e f1 c(n:'YfIJhajy no ;uo6omy, TC HX je nOTpc6no, C BpcMcHa
Ha npcMc, YKJIaJ-haTu; c}1UIIO cycnCI-I)1.(mCln3 MaTcpl1ja HCTWIC 113 CYIIepl~eHTpH<pyre
HCnpCKH,lJ;IW, Kao ofiorahcHa cycncl-BIIja. CYITepI~eHTpHq)yrc ce ym.1Tpe6Jb3najy 3a
yrOIaI-halbC BO)lC aKo.ie cMYJIrcmaHa Y YJbHMa, 33 rrpcLllnnliaBaH:.C ynoTpe6JhanaHl1X
YSba 3a nO,UM33HBaIbC 0,0, '-mpCTHX MCTaJIHHX 'ICCTHll,a, npH npepanH naKona, cprrpHH-
ca 1I TaKO )J,aJbC.
ITpCLlHHK go6oma cynepl~elI'J'pVj(pyre fJ3HOCH OKO 110 111m najmlJlIC, a 6poj
o6pTaja ce Kpehc H )];0 40 non
UCl MlmyT, na IT Bluue 0;0: Tora.

113BOA
MAmlIHE
y 11,eTrrpIJ(1]~TaJ\la cc y6p:wna p(n,r~BaJaJr,e (pa:-l,l Ta_'l0)KClhC H cpH.TrpaI\J.Jja
II
Ha npO\1ClT)' l\eifTp1Hl))'Tiulllc eH.Tre \to)J(C ce yTHI~aTH npOl\leTlOl\I 6poja n6pTaj8
I~eITTpHcl))Te. nCHTrmcl1)TC cc no Ha'lHny P,Ul<l Mory nO~{eJlHTH HZ! KOHTHHY8J1ITC 11
J1HCKOITTllJ-J)"c).TIHC. HpCl\lcl na'IHlTY p<r.1l(Hajan,a, I~C!lTpH(11yrc CC llCJIC nil TtlJfO)KIle IT
AnAPATM
CI)HJ1Tpm~HOHc IWHTpmj1yrc. 3a 06aJUhalhC Here oncpaJ(Hjc l{OI1TJUIya.TIHC qCJ!'J:pn-
(pyre TpOUIC :mWfHO \-I0-1hC cncprnjc nero iJ,HCKOHTlmyanlJC.
3A
flIHAlbA
TOnJIOTHE
1. 0), 'Jera 3aBnen ll.CJlTpmpyra:1lJ3 CH!f(] Koja ,1C:ryjc nil "rccTHl\c y qCH-
TpUq))TU?
OIIEPAQMJE
2. I1.ipa t IYllnj CH.ny l{Oja ;\c.'!yje U<1 'JCCTHUY on: jc,{HCW rpnMJ npn 6pojy on:
1 000 "/:,mll H8 paCTojaH,y jC.QaJl JCl\HlvJCTap o~( oce 06pT<llh8 (F = J. J N)'
3. KaKo )l.O.Tla3n no rJ:~J\B(lj(llr,a y cenapaTojlHMa?
4. IJIT8 ey cyncpl.J:cHTpHCr~Te?
5. 3anno pa:\ ea llClITpnclJyraM<I mHeKyjc noec6ny onpc'HfocT':)
6. Ha6poj BpCTe qeIlTpHChril.

.~==========-=========.= . .-=.-=-.-=-".=-==.=........._. ...... ...-..

 YBOA Y TOllJIOTHE
OnEPAll,MJE

OBl1!vt yr;'OCHHKOM naCraBJba CC 11 1,-lBpman<1 npoy~IaBaILe rrpcgr..lCT3 !\.o1allil1l-lC JiI

aIlJpanl ca aYTOMaT11KOM. 3anO'-ICTO y npeTXO,tJ,HOj rOJ~HIlH. To ce narJlaruaBJ ).:(a 6n
C~ YKa:mJlO U<1 nOTpe6y CafJlcgaBJI-ba l~em-IHC llpenMCT<l, Koja ce l:lCTOBpCMeHo no-
BC3yjC ca CTe~ICHI1M 3HaJ-LCM In cim3HKc, TCPMOf-lIflIaMHKC 11 q:nI3HtIKC xCflmje. ,Ua OlI
ce Taj Ilocao OJIaKUl(!O, y KILH311 he OUTl:l YIGnaI-IO H<J BC3Y Ollora Ii JJ.pyrax npc,Q-
IvteTa. EHl\r: :WT H KpaT<lK Hp(:TJlel~ Bet G1BJla~amIX nojMoBa.
Da 611 ce p,ny:vlt:o paJ~ M<tllllHl<l 11 I:IJlap,=tTa :Ja TOllJlOT!Ie oncpalJ,uje, Tpe6a cc
IlOJ~CCTHTJl YBoAa H3 Heror npcJ_i!>'1CT<l, KOjll je oGpa9Ima!l npoulJlc rO):l,ltl-le, 1(ao M
C'lC1J.chux IlOjMOB:.J LW3allllX Ja TOIUIOTHY cHepnlj), (q)1J3Ju::a, TCPlvfO):Vl11aMHKa).
TCl\-lllCpa'l)'pa. Te.tviw.:p,-rrypa OJll<l'laBa CTCllen ::sarpejanOCTlI 'lmpcHrx., Te\{~
ilHX liJlE raCOmfTl1X 'fe.Tra. l'v1cpIl ce KC"'!Bl1l111J\ta (K), ;;t 03HaQaBa cc ca (T). BC'3a
H31\1ei))' CTeUClla l~eJ13l1jyca ("C), 03Ha~lCHt1X ca (t), 11 CTcrrCHa KC.'IBHHa .ie:

T=273+I.
vb ol3ora Ce 11:31301\11 1.[eCTO Kopmuhcn(l 'mlhCHHl.I,a:

ilT = ill,

TJ. pa3J1I1Ka TCMUCp,lTypa je 6pojuo jCHUaK;;t, UllJlO iJ.(l ce MCpU CTeIlCHHl\ta i\CJBltjyca
(nl) HHII KCJlIlHll<l U\T). Pa])lHK<:t TeMIlep~tTypa je TlOrOHCKJ CllJIa ::sa IlPCHOC TO~
flJ10TC.
'fOHJWTU. - TmuroTJ .ic .ic,u,an Bl1JJ. cIIcprlIjc. 3H<.l'JajHo jc HarJlaCWnl iW je
ifl.oilJ/(}[ttu clicpiuja f,:oju cc itjh'IIOCtr ca TeJla BHlJJC 1[<1 TellO lIIDKC TCMrrep;:rrypc. He
CMC cc pehu ita jC}~HO TCID ,JtMa TOllJlln'Y". Ouo MmKC Aa lu.ta C<.lMOnehy HJm MalbY
ynYTpaUl1:hy encprHjy. A Kana W:o CBOjC yHyTpauHbC eHCprl1je npcJJ.aje APyrO!\,l
TClly. Ta,u,o. ce npCHOCl! TOflJIOTHa CHCprl1ja. TeJ\Ulcpcrrypa H TOllJlOTU cy, 3IW'-lH, JXnu
pa3JHt(tHTJ. noj:t.ti.l Koja ce He Cl\tejy 3<lMCILllBaTI1.
JCAHlll1l1,U TOlUIOTHc;, K<JO H }wyntx IHl,u,OBa cHcprHjc y l1HTepnaLl,lWH<lJlHOM CH-
CTeMY, je H3BC.D,Cna jeJHlImr~a - IJYJI (J). KaKO je ona /l.lana, npJlO 'lccro cc KOPl1CTJI
k1, XHJI,ap,y n~rra Bcha jep,HHHLl,a.
CllCl1,HCPWUI:H TOnJIOTIH1 IGlllal~HTeT. - 3a 3arpCBalbe HJll1 XJlat>CH,C Terra /I.-wee
(m) 0)], TCMnep;:\.Type TI flO TCMncpaType T2 6I1hc flOTpe6Ha KOJIWIliHa TonnOTe Q:
Q:::: C . In . (1'2"- T t ) ;:::: C . In . (t2'- tl)
 141

OBAe c npC}-1C'raBJba KoeqHflJ,lfjcHT nponopn;nOHam-IOCTH M 3amIeR OJ!. llpupoge

MaTcpnje 11 HO'lW-!il JJ,oBol)cfba Hnn opnoljcI-h(l TOIUIOTC. OBaj Koec}munjcllT }lMa
JenHI-nn~y:

jC)J)1HJUJ,(l Q J
jC,L\HHHI\a c::::: . .
JCgHI-IHl\a m . JCJJ:mnnl,a T kg K '

IlITO npep.cTaBJba KOJI1I'-Hmy TOllJ10TC KOjY.ie nOTpe6Ho nOBccrn Ira 61I ce je;uH! KH-
.'10rpaM HCKor rena 3arpejao 3a 1. K, a na:nma cc n:ier~llq'JU'/JW H.Ym MaCeT-In illoii.rIO-
i17HU Karrall,HTCT Tora Tena. CncIl,ucl:np-nm TOIL10THH KanaU,lITCT (cneUHCtHPIH3 TO-
llJIOTa) IIl1je KOHCT3IlTI-Ia nCJIIf<JHlla, neh ce MCf-ba en TCl\WepaTypoM. To 3Ha~m, aKO
Tpe6a 3arpcjanI neRO TeJIO, lIa rrpHMCp, on: 0 ;10 1C a 3JTHM on 100 )1.0 1O1"C 6Hl'iC
fI()Tpe6nc P<13;UPIllTC KO:lWIMHC TOD.'10TC Ma~(a cc paWl 0 HeToj MaCH II HCTOj pa3.'lHlJ,11
TCMrrep,-rrypa. TIpn rpy6HM pa t lylIaJhHlvl<L H aKO CC pl:1JJ:H 0 Y)KHM rpannna,\l<:l TCMIIcpa-
Typa, i\IO>I(e ce 33nC:'I"'lpHTH npm'WJJa cneumtHilTHC TOn,10Te ca TClvH1CIXITyp0;\I,
Kon racomITnx TC.:ra iwc}mllIHUY CC )l,na CTIcqHqrfl'TH3 TOTIJ10TWl ]Cl1laIl,fTTCTa 3;::;
pa31IClIY TOTTJlOTC npn KOHCTaJ-ITllO~l npllTHCl<y (e/,) IJ :W pz!3?\WHY TOTI.10TC rqm KOl]'
CT{lHTHOj 3Z!npeMHHH (e i ,). Cncnmjm'TJIH TOWIOTl!H JGlJ1<lll,HTCT npn KonCTaHTflOhj
npHTHcKy BchTl .ic OA cnclwcl)l!'lllor TOTL'IOTllor K,mal.vnCT3 npH KOIfCTalITJToj 1<1--
npCMHHH, jcp cc 'y IlpnO:\1 CJI),'Jajy Teno (rae) umpn H TaKO npmn pai1 npOTHH l1p11-
THCK3 cpc),(rmc (T-l<-l npI-ll'vlCP, ClTMOCCj)Cpc) Y Koioj ce 1l<lJIZl3H.
TIonrro je IlIHPCH--,C TC'IITIIX H 'tBjXTHX TC.1<l npn 3arpen31hY 3anCMapl1Bo. HClvW
OHTHC pa3)1HKC H3Met)y IhBXOnI1X Cf1el~H~)H'fHHX Torr.110T8 npH npOi\lCHH H,FIHll<1 J(J.-
rpCBZlT-b3 HJ1H x::raj)CTh~L Tj, {llc'ITW II [H--!pctTin iTi('.;w (LIW}y c(uw.fega/l ciiPIf/((jJlI'l.!-lIl
i710if.IJOIDH/( gafimplllh:iIi.
c{!:::: c:.:;;:; C.

Y Ta6cn<1l\ta 1, 2 H 3 npHK<Y1cHlC cy rycrm-lc f1 cHClJ,ml)]PlHC TonnOTe '-lcnri1c

ynoTpe6JbaBaUFfx l\lt1TcpnjanC1.
T<loc.'1a 1. ~ fycnme If cnCI~lHl)lPIHU TOH.-:-IOTIIn ImmUI,IJTCTH nCiniX l'O-H'OfW

r rac T- l~,l~;;~l~~F~~;p-1 cn;l~~~l;;~~;~~n"01" ---.

--

:::~:;lIiJ'=-= ____j~-- -____ ~_~_~ --~_-L_ ~:;;~---- _I

r Fk13)1yx ~
___'-_"-".". __ .. ___.. 1,29~ -- -~-: -.- ._~~.~~_==-=~,.' _ _~
I BO!-1~:-~:~~~ napa =t=' 0,596 .--L _________2,0)..._" ________. __J!
!L____
KUCCOHI-TK
-. __________________ ____
1,43 .
..-..-.-,,-------- . -t---I 0,92
----- .
i Cy>1l1()P!lHOKC}~_l__+ . . . ---- 2,9~_____'__ "_i_' -------.--~~~ ----- I
~:_~~;:~!I~~;~:~;l)\ -t-- . _~:~~__~~:==~:~~_~~~J
YnopcDyjyhn CnCl1,Hq)WIllC TOIIJ10THC KamUVTTCTe pa3HI1X i>HlTCpnja,'1<l, Tpe68
YO'IHTH BpJlO Be}1HKH CnCll,'Yf(j)H'--If-lH TOTIJ10THVf KanaI(HTCT Bop;e.
142 c=
TOIIJIOTIfH K3nau.HTCT . .~ AKO je pa3JIHK<-l Tet-.mepaTypa ABa Ten a npc H noc:rc Ta6cJIa 4. -. KapaKTepucTuKC BOJ(enC nape
::larpCB<:ULa Hera, TaJJ,3 he ce 3a 3arpcBaiLc TpOlll11Tl:l OIiOJIJiIKO TOl1JlOTC muue yKO-
JIHKO je Beha Maca je.ruwr TCJW H J:-bCrOB cnell,l1qH1'-lHlI TOflJlOTHl1 KanaJJ,llTCT. fipOll-
3BO!J, Bemrnma (m . c) mnUBa ce TOWTOTlU1 Kallat~HTCT. YKOJIHKO je Behn TOI1JlOT-
HH K<:lnall,I1TCT HCKOf' 1'0Jl3, Yl'OJJJ1KO ce OlIO TC)J<C (clIopnje) 3arpcna, O,I\HOCnO
XJlaJJ,H. 360r Tara ce TCPMOCT3TH (pc3cpnoapn KOjl1 o)lp)Kanajy Tt:~!\mepaTypy KOH-
crauTHoM) nyHc BOnOI\'j, jcp cc:, nOA YTI1UajcM OKOJlI1HC, TClllKO XJH1,u,e II TemKO
:wrpeBajy.

EIlTanuuja. - 11u Tcpr"to.1~HUat\'lwlKoj p,CC1JHlIHlJ,Hju Cl-ITaJHll1ja (Ii) jc:

H::::m cJi' f,

r;~e jc f 'lTMHCpirrypa MCpCl:la CTCnCIH-U,I<t LI,CJl3njyca. To 3Ha'LH ]J,a je TOllJIOT<1 KOJCl

Ct' ,IWBO;lH UplI CT~Ulll{)l\'l llPUTllCKY:

(1 == til cf' . (T2 ~". T j) co: m . eli" (/2 ~ f l ),

jC~UlaKa npO!\It:l!l:l CliTa.JUIlljC: 1.[((41[' L7il.!'INOCWu. fI({31{(J({ CC iT1.oii.101ua llc[7apal3{/!/~(l. GBa BCo1Wll1Ua ceo 06H'IHO 03-
lIa'IaBi1 ca (r) 11 liMa jCAHIUHW .lIb::>:.
el, t,: - HI
TOllJIOTcl.I10TpeOn<:l 3<1 l~CIlai;'-lBalbe (QJ TC~IIlOCTH Mace (m) npe;~CraBJha
Q == fII c,, (12 (j) "" 111 ftI ell tl "" Il2
paJ-
DOlllTO ce Cne1.l.Hq)H'1ll1l TOJUlOTHH KanaqnTCTl1 'lBlKTUX II TC~lllHX TeSli.1lic pa~ mIRy CI!TaJHlH.JC Il<."tP(~ Here l>laCe (fl/J JJ CllT~Lalllljc TCqnocTH (HI):
'JllHKyjy, 30- (ile'lflOuiiu U 'wpClTia !TtCJW (}WIOt:
Qi ~ Ifp Hi
Q::::!il(~~"(12 f,):::::/llC"(r) [I),
flOlll1"O je Bn:l yKyuuc (If) l[ CIlCll,UCj)H(l.I-IC CllTiUJ[lHjc (ll):
AHOCIIO:
f-I "" rn . h,
Q=I1II. (t';.-f l )=H2 -!lj.
TO JC:
AKO ce 11CKO GlO)KeHO '1'(:)10 caC'foju H3 lHllUC XO!vlUI'CH.HX Testa '1'aACl.ic yKy!lHa
Qi = m (hp --- hJ
CUTa:WHja (HJ:
TOlLl0Ta HCnapaB<1H,a (r) O,u,HOCU CC 1Ic.t .icHHl:mu;y 1\taCc:
Hu : : : fJ I + liz + !l" ... "" (fill Cj + III:; . ("2 +. tn.:l . CJ + .. ) f,
rAt j<:: 111 1) /II \, In, ... ;"wca, a "I, c2, c, .. , clleqH(lmt.ulH TOWlOTllll Kanal(HTCTH nojeWHlHx Q hi! -hi:;::'::: hf! -C p '1,
Tn
XOl>;OITHHX :~'C"'la Koja 'WIle UOC[\1(rrpaHO GlO.iKl~HO TeJIO, a (mja.it:: 3ajeW[WIKa TeM~
nep,.rrypa (t) . .1/13 ropu,e jc,Una'-IJ:IHc npOlBJl<'BH ;~a ce CHTaJrmtjn CJlO)KCHO! TC]I(l Wy n~e jt:.c!! cnCUHCpH'llla TOIUfOTa TeclllOCTll, a I TeMnep,nypa KJbY'JeHh<:l.
ol1ja (lKO ce '3Dllp TOWJOTllHX KalILtl./,HTeTa npocHlx TCJW nOMlIQ)l(l1 3ajcHllH'I.K0l'I"j llapn Koja cc ;~J1)l(e InlJa,!.\ ltpm'"..'b),'IaJIC TC'UlOCTHjc 3:.tCuflCH<:l. 3acHhcuy napy
Te\l11(;'paTypo~L }-hwcJ\eHlI o6pa.H1I~ MQ)J{e CC IlPHI\I<:IH1TH jCI.l.IUIO i.lJ(O XOMur~Ha TC" II TC(UlOCT KapaKTcplHUY ;"'lCljYCOOIl0 3;JHIlCllii II llOTHYHO o;~petJ':lUr npHTUC;:lK H
JW He 1-151")'6c CBojc XCMujcKe, a THMC Il. (Im:'Hl'IKC OC06HlIC. TaKO ce cHTaSlIIHJC BOAC TCMI]Clxrrypa ('raO. 4).
TL'1Il !;leCIIHI"a He )\lo1'Y lUP;:PIYJIaTII liOMOli.y TODJIOTllHX KaIIalJ,IITCTa KlICCOI!.HK<:l B AKO cc 3acui1cIIuj n~lpll OJ.\BO;~U TOlf!IC)Ta, Ihella TOHlCp:1Typa CC, :1<1 pa:3JIHKy
IlO.uOlltIKCt, OHHOCUO 6aKpa 11 IJ,lll!Ka. o,r~ raCC)J3<l, Hehe )v1CH,(JTH, JC-}1 he cc OC!lOoai)aTH JI<1TellTlIa Hcnapau(Jlba H goliH he J\O
Hcnapanall.c If KOllIlCn3at~nja. AKO ce OllJJO KOjOj TCtlllOCTH ;WBOJ.l.H TUIlJ10- KOfl[lCH3all,ltjc, 3aTo ce Tct-.tnclxlTypa IICKC cpe;.ViHe, npu O,Il.BOi)clhY TOrlJlOTt:, Helie
T.:l, ILelmhe CllTU}HlHja it TCMnepaTypa IIOCTC!lU10 paeTH. Y jCAHO~1 TpeuyTl~y, WI MelhaTII CBe P;OT,'IC /WK liMa 3aCHhcH(~ napc. TOl1J!OTa flcnapan<'Hba jc;n;HaK<:l je
o;.\pctJe!loj TCl\UlCpaTyp!1, TC'IHOCT hc nOllCTH Aa KJhY't<1, Tj. ;W HClIapan<l 110 U:CJlo.l jc cynpoTlIor 3fIaKa:
TOllJIOTH KOflnC1l3auHje, C<ll\lO
MaCH. CH~; TOllJlOT<1 Koja OH ce ;VUhC .uOBOAHJIa 6WIa 6H YTpowelH1 Hfl l1cuapaU<lI-LC,
a TCMllcpa'rypa y3<lBp~JIC TCllHOCTll. CC Hehe MClhaTl! CBe )WK Tpajc w..:napaBaI:bC.
TonrroTa HCllapauaH,a c~, TOI1JlOT(l KOIlJ1CH3(U.l.Hje.

fIOlllTO 11 napa Koja CC JHDKe ca y3anpCJJe TC<fHOCTI{ 11M;} lieTY TCMnepaTYPY Kf.lO H
Te"(lHOCT, TO 3H\<IH na ce AOBotJelbCM TOI1]lOTe npH K)bY'I~Uby TCLII-lOCTH TOfIJJOT<:1 He
TpOIliH Ha IIonchal-bC TCMl1CpaTYpc TC"LIHOCTH HJUI nape (OCCTHC TOIlJIOTe) nero Ha
ce "CKpHBa" Y napa, 360r llcra CC H(.l'3l1Ba cKplmeHa HJllI JIaTCHTIla '1'OnnO'1'(I. KOJLL{-
<lUHO Utoi1JwUie KOjy je umTipe6110 gOGeClUU ga 6[1 ucuapLlo jegau l([uwzpa.M lUby-
TaKO, Ha npHMCp, aKO jcwl1l KIUlOrpal\1 Bo,u:e, 3arpcjaJ-IC )]:0 KJbytJal-h8, Hcrra-
paBa na lOO"C, 6nl'ic IloTpe6Ho 2250 kJ. AKO ce '1'aKO J~0611jCIW :w.cHheua napa Koja
lIMa lO(}"C KOHACI-l3yjC, 61111e floTpeono OfJ,BCCTlI 2250 kJ Aa Gil ce OHa rrpcTBopm'w
y KOH,Il,CH3<1T Ter-.mcpaType lOO"C. bUJlO n:a TClIHOCT KJhyll11 3501' iWBoi)clba '[01[-
.!lOTe, lIJ1H JUt ce 3aCl1nCHa napa KOH)~CH3yjC 360r oHBoi)clha TOnJlOTe, Mapa Hoim AO
 M3BOPM II HOCMOl.(II TOnJIOTE
3acToja y npOMCI-IH TCMnCpaTYpC; oBaj 3ac1'oj Tpaje eBC AOK CBa TC9JfOCT HC llcnapll,
OgHOCnO AOK ce eEa 3acHi1.cHa napa He KOH;rrCl-13yje. Tpe6a HMaTll Y EllAY Aa jc iile~\1-
r"""Jepmuypa KOHgeH3{]llla jegl-lGKG l7ieMllepa([lYpu ilape U3 Koje je KcmgeH3aiIi fioci:Uao ,
LUj. c KojO.Ai ci110ju y pa6HouleJlcu.
AKO ee 3acnhcna napa 3arpejc H3flaA TCMIlcpaTYpc Ha KOjOj je naCTana
K]by~mH~cM, .n:06nja ee npcrpcjm-13 napa. OHa l1MH CHe oeo6HHe rHCOBa 11 MO)KC ce
X.'1aAHTlT a Aa cc He KOHnCU3yje, eal\-fO AO TCMTICpaType, OIUWCHO CTaI-hJ Koje OAf0-
Bapa fbCHOM 3aCnneI-bY
3arpeBaJbC, OAHOCHO AOBOi)ClhC TOnJlOTe HCKOM CliCTClviY, BplllH ce paJ~H noc

H3BOJ( TI13aIha oApe'l)eHI1X xClvmjcKHx nflH Q)J-13WII(UX npOMcna. TOIlnOTa, Koja cc nOBOJ(l1 y
TaKBHM cHcTeMHM3, MO)KC na nOTW.Je gUPCl{lLif-lo ua fliau.lUlI71HUX u,}rwpa nm-1 ce ;1/J
Ton.nOTa j cncprHja Koja ce npCl-lOCM TC1"mepclTypa. Cnc1U1
yc.ne;:r pa3JH1KC MeeT;] ynoTpc6e iJPCl-IOCI-t ilo.lI1.ol1), HOCUOl?C1 Lll.ollJlOiiic. YI:mopn Ton.nOTe oC.flona-
(-j1Ht.IHa TOTI]WTZt raCOB<l 3ZtBHCH 0):1 raca 11 Oil, Hzpnma npenoca TOTIJWTe. Crreu;n- 1)ajy TO~:10TJ-Iy cHepnrjy 3axnan"yjyhn neKoj qm3JPIKoj, XC1vfHjCRoj TUIH nYK,1TCapnoj
CI)IPlH<1 TOlVIOTa TctHlnx H 'mpcTHx TC.na 18BHCH ojJ, npcre Te'IHOCTH n}m 'mpcTor pem<qH]H. YKO.lTHKO cy TOTUIOTHH rnnopn :man)eHH o;n: rpejnnx TeJlfl, H aKO 3(1 TO
rVl(ncpHja.1a. Te.!lil Cil ncnnKHM TOTIJlOTIlHl\l KilnaI~HTcToivr cnopo MClbajy T(.'.11'111ep(l" l1ocToje cncltujamm pa3J[()]IL TOYlnOTZl ce OJI TomIOTIIHX H3Bopa npCHOCH uocpe)l,."
HO, HOCHOU;lIMf.l TonnOTe HO rpejnor TC.nf1. Kao lI3Bopn TOTlJIOTC (y XC]vfnjo;:oj BEnyC'
Typy.
TOTIJ10T<l ucnapaBa1-ha jCCTC pa:lJlHK(l cncqnc1-)Ip-nmx elrr(lJTnHja 3acHh_enc llapc TpUjU) Haj"Clcmhe cn)!)KC C.:1.Cl\iTtPU t /l-1U U:WOplf Y KOjHMJ ce CJICKTpIPlHa cneprHja
(h") 11 K)hY'T<1.'1e TC{IHOCTH (h'). Tcna npe'mapa y TOTI.:IOTJlY. CaropcnalhC roprma npCJl:CTaRJhl-l IClaCIFf3B TIlE on;;-
1{BOr H(PHIHil V1CKopmuhcu,a.

HHTAIi-.A

1. HancJI,InC n(1J\cny TCXl-lO:lOIHKHX oncpall;nja. UITa jc llOrOllCK<l CIITlil '{(l

2.1. H3BOPl1 TOnJlOTE
TOl'J.THnnC onepanHic?
2. 3a KOjc ,'(pyre HlIHoRC eJlcjlrnjc 3H<lTC CCl\f Ton:loTe? EJ1CKTPIFTfIH 113Bopn TonnOTe. -- DpB rrpom13y CJ"ICKTPHt.lHC' crpyjc j KpOJ
3. lilT" :m;lTC 0 BO;XCJlOj I1rlpn? nponoJU-IHK oTfIopa R no,iaBJLyjc cc TOTIJIOTa Q rrpCMJ :mKmry:
4. iUTJ.ic cllTiulnnja? Q ~ R . 1'.
5. 3amTo ce llO;'I.a Y 'JalIllf fip)KC xna;T)1 on gO~\C y clOHI\Y'?
6. 3tllJJTO ce 3tl HCTIClpanan,e Ka)f.;:e !la.ie nOBpa-ran npOl~ec? Kao C"lCKTpH'IHH OTJ.JOpH KopIlcrc ce p;nuH lvrCTaJlH H H,MXOBC .rrcT),pe., }TJhC-
HWIHH OTIIOPH nm-f jonrnyjyrm rae.
rpcjaI-hc C.'1CKTrnflIHoM crpyjoM nOMohy oTDopa Hhl11 HCKo.amw na)](HHX
npcHMyhcrana:
KOCCPHl\TfjOTT HCKOPHTUftCI-r.;} je BP)IO nBCOK (OKO 95%),
1\-1Or)' ce {'j()cTI-rna HHCOKC TC1'vmcp,nypc.
3~rp~nalhc rrO'-iHlhC TpCH)'TIfCL 6C3 HKaKmlX npcTxoHHHX
npnnpCJ\-1a. 'HIM CC
YK.T['Y'IH.
CTpYJa
360r Tora jc CJJeKTpHTma cTpyja norOHna 3a 3arpCBaJr,c i\HCKOIITHIlyaJIITnX
npOlICca. MCQYfHM, crpyja II cncHHja.JlHl1 rpcjHYf CJleMeHTH cy cKymL Ha cncl'>
Tpwmy cHcprnjy. KOjC no npmmJIy T-H.:JvW I-TJ-Ir)J,e P:OHO}hHO, MO)I<t', cc pa'!ynClTFJ je;~H
no y t.raCOBHM3 MaH>e rrOTponUbC. K311<\ cc jcqJTHl-H:Ije npoiVljC.
XCMlfjCKlf InBopn TOI1J10TC. - Y xCJ\'mjcKHM n:mopITl\13 TonnOTllC cncprnjc xc-
MnjcK3 eHcprnja cc, 33XBaJhyjylm onT(mapajyhoj PC(lKlXHjH, npCTB(lpa y TOnJTOnry.
O~( eRIU /l.-wryhnx pCaKl{Hja, KOjC CTOjC Ha pacnOJlarafhY, jegu1-In Ol{CugmFlja U.AW
cfii.aupl-lY iIieXHUL{KY ilpU,AieHY. ITpH TOMC, Kao MaTcpnjc KOjC ce OKCHAl1lUY, CJIY)J(c
-'mpC'ra, Tet.fHa H raCOBlrra ropUBa. OKCH)pll,rrjoM ce fOPIIBO 3arpeBa, .n:ajynu 3arpe-
jaHc IlpmnBO,a,C - IlJla!\'1CHC raeone. "Y' OBOM CJlY'liljy, raCOBHTH npoJ~yKTI1 caropena- OA 3HaTHO jtF-ler M~\,I'epHjana, 1l1TO 611 IIOCKYIIHJlO OB<lKBO rpcjaIhC, 'Y HOpMLlJIHIHd
H,(l H ocral~H B<13Ayxa np(:ACTuU.1],;}jy HOCI101~C TonflOTC KOjU ce :!\fOfY KOPHC"THTI1 !-Ia CJly'rajcBliMa Y xCl'>mjcKoj HH1J:ycTpnjl1 rrpOH3BOtW napy Koja HMLl trpl1THU1K w) I) ban
JllIll,y MCCTa I1JlH TpallC[lOIYrOlElTll no MCCTU YllO'rpe6e, O,L,HOCHO '3arpeBaIba. (ICMY ollroBapa TCIvmepaT)va 3acuhcHc nape o,!~ 175"C. Y OBaKBOM. ce DoroH),
naKJle, 3<lCHi1eHoM napoM lIe 1\-1O)1(C JarpejaTit HeRa cyllcTam~a Ha BllJlle OJ-I 175"C
UlTO je, npaRTWIHO, roplha rpaHHIJ,a nplfMCllC BO)XCUC nape, Kao rpcjHOl" t.-tef\1:ijYMCl
2.2. HOCHOW1 TOflnOTE Y BeliMHH norOHa. Dp06JLeM :mrpeUaIba MeAHjYMa net TCMuepaTypl1 Delioj on: 180"C
nocTojH, H ::\(tTO ce Mopa pellI<.lnaTli na cneUHjaJme 1!a'-lHHC. Je,uHO 0,0, TilKBHX pe
TorLilOTY HlljC YBCK nOrO.L\llo rwcpc,Ll,J-lO KOPHCTllTl-I Ita JIIill..Y l\lccra. 3001' Tora mCIba npCHCTJBJbJ rrpUMCHa 3<lel1heunx uapa opraHCKHX TC~lUOCTB BHCOK.e T,l'!KC
cy naj'lcll.!hc IlJBOpa TOIUlOTC O;~HOjCHH op, McC"ra nil KOjUM<1 ce oHa KOPl1CTI1 (TO- KJb Y'-I311>(l,
flJI{)THU nOltopa). I-locJIonn TOIL'lOTC Tpe6a fW jc npeHce)' 0)..1.. H3Bopa go nOHopa. nape opraUCKlfX TC"lIfOCTIt, .- Ma,Ja cy CHTcUlllHjc llapa oprallCKHX TC~lHOCTlJ
GUll Tpc6a H<:"t Gy;J,)' jccjnlU-ll-l, ~1.8 I\wry }laKO ;~,=l npHMc BC.'lHKC KOjI11(IHHC TOnlJOTC, l\IaI-be OJ..!. clnammja ROACHe nape, Kao H fbI1XOBC TOnJlOTt HCllapaB<J.lhi:1, OHC HJlLlK
Tj. ;~a Hl\lajy (Ie/III I;/{ (iiui/./lOiTillU l;ai[(Il~llLUciTi, II iJ,a.ie .'laKO npcAajy Tal\-1Q r)(c.ie no- Jloce 3HaTllC KO.~LWU1He cllcprHje, uapO'IHTO ;]KO ce yllOpt'J~C ca CIITaJlll11ja".,w i'aco
TpcuHa. To :m<l'lU ;~(.! 'fpeGa na H!l.lajy UUUo (Jchu KUCcjJII11U/elliLI i7.pe.:w,w llto(iflOlliL
I.W H TC\!HOCTIi lICTIL>; Tt.'MuepaTyp~L DpH 0I30!V1C, aKO cc P~\})ll Cil CraUK'JHlDd upra.H'
Haj~lCL.uhH HOCBOnH TomlOTc cy: npc.:l11 JL\COnll . BOJ~(,wll1apa, n(Jp<..~ Opri.l!lCKHX je;w, CK11M Tc~mOCTnMa Bl:lCOKH.\ Ti.\lHUG.l K}L'Y'Ii.lll,cL Mury ce fJ,oGwru Jacnliel1c llape HU-
lbClLa, TCltHUCTH nHCOl~C 'fa'IKe K.~byqalJ~a l1TiJ..
COKUX TeMnep;:rrypa, Ouc he tlpH KOIl;.l,CIl'JUl:I(.l!"Y U<l TUM TCMJJCpJTypal\W Oj~aKtn]
Hpc;m. racomL - fLra;"ll.'liH it ,LlHMH![ raCOlHl ce llj.)H)l.WH)yjy ja 3aqJcB,1l'J,C y TUllJlOT~i KUHf~ClI'JanHjc Kuja.ic :llWTHi.\' 3a'~'o Cl~ y OBi.1KBl1\1 cny'ujcBlL\iLt BU;l.<l 'Ll:,ll'-
:;e!\Il1jC!~o.\ HU;J,)'crpujn. !'bHl\J~\ Ce llOCTLDKY BP!IU BHCOKe TC:>'Ulc.p~rr'ype (Behe on u,y'je Tl'~HlOCn.tM<l BHCOKC Ti.\'lliC K.IJ'Y'I<.llbi.l, IUTU ..IIla'W ,uJl je U lia TUM Hl.lCUKI'ji\j Tcr,;
1 O()O"C) U flUjC [JO"rpcGaH Cnt'L\lljcUl(1U ypd)aj :Jet IHIXuHU Hpml'.3BoljclLc, jC;or 'icra IicpaTy'l)(\l\Ia npHTHU1K nape l\W:1U. 0;\ \IllOrlIX Te'lIlOCTl.l KOjl Cc j\lUl"-y' ): UilY CHl:X';>"
jc UB<1KBO :;aqxllall.,e .nP}lU jc(IJTl~l!o. Md)"flHl, Ollli il!\tajy BC.'lJJf.:.ll Gpoj IlCI(OCTaTa- flPU!\leIlHTll llajuorOlllIII.k cy: (lllCl)CIlI-!:l, ;J,ti(IK~IIH'!lOhCH,!~ It .l:-bllXOB;:, e;"tuua.
Ki.l. I(uccllllll,kljeuT llCKOpllUJhu'Lci UJ\f je C:laG~ HapO\JHTO aKO CC )J(cne nocrutin Ilk!' Ha 2j,:1"C lIplHHGlK nape ,'J)J(J)CUWIZt jc je,Uall bar. AKO GIlCMU X'lCll.l OGY TCi\l
CUKe TClv11lepOlTY'PC. Y TIf!'.l CHY\El\C13i11\lZt OlUl ID~HUe j.:U(O 3arpejalll1. 11d l!1\1 .ic w.:paTypy IlOCTHhll !IoMohy BOHellC nape, Tpl'GaJlO 0n pa,UHTu ca llCU]vt:j. BllCUlOlj\l'
KOC(tHl1.l,U.jCllT .HCKOpHWhelLCl BCUMa l\l~UH. npHTHchOM Oil. 44 bara, liITO :JJXTcnZl CllC.IJ,l1jaJluy anapaTypy. I.lOlIlTO j''; Ku!~(lml~H
IhHXUlld TC/\"Ulcp;xr)'pa CC TCUtKO j)Cl'y.;IBWC, a KOTlCTaHTHa Te!\1HCp<lTypajc np- jeWl" npco'l;na Ton:JOTC oprallcKHx hWTcpHja Koje Ce KOH,L.IClnyjy l\l<1JLH O~l. tllJC"''',
310 'leCTO Ilpccy;J,ua 3<J HOP!\W.'tall pa;.!. TOltJlOTC lIpl:l KOH,!..I.CllJal~uiH ROACHe nape, OBe allapaTYlx; l\lOpajy H~,WTlJ rpc-
HJWhlCllli raCOI.Hl, BCUMet <!I.;CTU !loce y ("CUlL 3H<.lTlle KOJJll'lHI1(, w::caropC}JOT" Jue rrODpl.1.Hme.
YCl,CnHK<l Jl _'It'TChlT ilt'fK:la KOj1l CC Ti.l.'tU>KC !1O I'PCjHWV! llLJBPWlttJ(\\la na n<l Taj ua- Hpcm: Tc~mOCTU. - ,Upyro pClllelJ~e npll. Jarpenan.,)' l\[C~iHjy.Ma Ii;.[ TC!vll1l'paTYP';
'IHfl (JTC;'KaBajy llpOBOI)er-be TOIL:IOTC. Tm,tc ce J!l<'lTlILJ CIvlalbyjC K~UUll,IlTeT rpejullx BllWC OJ~ 18(r'C npeHCran;1>a Ilpt'1MClla TC'!I[OCTH Kao llUCIlOL(a. TUW1UTC (TO cy '!CCTU
lJOBpWHua. pa3H<1 y:ba). 01le Mopajy GIT!'H TCpWj'-!K!l nocrojaHc H H~lan! Ivla!ll1 HaUOll llape, a
ilOlllTO [!JcfaMCHH raCOBH l1l\"Jajy l3UCOJ:..::Y TnHlcp<.rrypy, 'ICCTO [[pent onaCHOCl '!CCTO CC KOpl1CrC y rpejlnlM Kyn<.tT!1.TlI-lt\ta. lhUM<"l cc paBHOMl:.pUO npct-fOClJ TU!L![o'ra
UiJ, JamL'hClbi.l, CKCl!:w:mjc 1l . :JH TCpr,lu'lKor paJJlarau"a cYllCrallll,c [(oja ce rpeje. Ii o.:raK!.u;tBa pcrym,jGlIv:: TCMllcp<:lTypa. Gel-1M TOFt, Houno cc !nG~raBa llCllocpe
360r 'fora .ic :JaGpaJlA'llU 3arpcBau,e 11.'Wl\fCllHl\1 raCOfH1M<J !\WTcpHja KO,iC .'IaKO lJ}.lll f~Oi1HP npeJlHX raCOBa ca TC'l!lOCT!:!J\l~l KOjc CC ';wrpcnajy, CM<.lU"YJC ce Ull~~CU()CT
I1Cl1apaBajy, ,Cl<.lKO ce [la.'lC H.Tlli cy TCjJt-.l!l'!KU neIlucrojallc. 0]1. H(})K~lpa, /(OCtjJUII,UjI.!IlIU ;;OPUCl102 gcjClTi(W jc gouTi.u UC"'UII{{{, LLlLl cy ypcVajU :JClf"'
OBJ) !!UCllUHlJ T()!lJlUTC nplll\lCI:l,yjy CC 'teCTo II y nurOilHtvW rJ-.(1' cyncTalllJ,C _HU LKyilu U CfIOJICI!lfU. 3<1'1'0 uno cy TO u01"l'JJW f.lHCKO'.HJC T,:'J!!OCTH, KOC(IW.L(l1JUi":
TpeGd ::>al'pl'H,IT11 lJtl Hll.J.lll' (\~\ !~')()"C Y TCl\IIlt'P<lTYPlllll\l OC5.rWCfUMCl Kojc C<..' TeJUKu llpe!Jet'J<l TOIIJIOTe jc PC}taTHBHO l\"1~L~tH ':\Gor l[Cj";l CiifJcua go 6)'g)' CJi.>'/II1,',' !PCjNt: jJo
\wry WJCrUh!l npl!.MCHO\"\ :Jantllcllc 13U,',tClll' !lape, L1 i-lPYUl TeXllWllGJ pelllCl!,Zl HI'ICY (ij.'Wll!fI'.
OCTllaPU1Ll..

BO;.l,cua napa. -- BUJ~ClI~\ JIapa je O/PU'Wfi l-lUCI.um~ IUU({//(J/TiC. BOJl,Cl.ie jcqrfu-

Ita, Urrcl.!lllllja B01\CllC nape .ic UjJJ10 UC)lI1KH, Kau 11 TOW10Ta ncnapanau,n Kujy OCJlO-
()~d);.\ [!1m KOl!J\C!nal~HjH. KOC(lllll~Hic.llT upC.Tla3a TOflJlOTc ca nape, h.OjU ce KUHJ~Cj-J
Jyje.IW JII,U je BpJ1(J BeJlUKI1. 3axnan,yjyhn uapO'lHTU llOCJlC,UH,Hl\l ;.~DC.\ta OC{)Olma- npIl '3aj"peB~uLy ce TOIIilOTil llPCHOC!l 0,:.1, Ton:10Tllur B:mopa !~U TOfl.:WTlluL
1\!,1. gu ..Hai.wic a(iaj.!ail.lypu y ';OjU.H({ CC G[JWU {lion/wluna jJ(/JAICIW .HUly uuiliu Jf-W- nUllopa. To 31la\lUi-\a ::larpCBaIht:, Tj_ UPCI:lOlllclbC TOI!!lO'IT, M(J)K<: OilTlJ i-llipt:E.TllU 11
mllu .HLIne I-IC2(} {{leu cy y {luii7.(/wy gpyz.u HOCUUll,U lTio{iJwiuL'. juoe TO!'a cy OBaKBH noCpenHO.
<lllLtPUTI.J n 31WTHO jecjnHllHj[1. AmI 3L1CHi1cllCi BOneHa !lapa IHvla .ieiIaIl O',1CilfJl,aH He> Y B3130pHl\la TOJUIOTC cc Haj'Icll.Iile CJleKTpWIIW H XCMlljCK<l Cllc.prn}a llpCT~
,o,OC1"aT<1K. l-LCll<1 TClvlIlCpaTypa jc YUlOBJhClJa npHTI1CI<OM. y'KO;mKO je nOTpeoa3 n<lpajy Y TOWlOTHY cHcprHjy. flpcTBap;:uLc XCMHjCKc Y TOIlJIOTHY cHcpruJY CKOPO
Bl1llla Tcrl'lflcp;:l"I'ypa. H napa 'fpeGa J..!.u 6YJJ,c nOll, Bellm.j npHTHcKOM. TIapuH KOTJ10BH YUCK jc npaliCHO pe<J.KIJ,ujoM OKCHP:<lll,Hje, Tj. carOpCB<HbCM tlBpcrOf, 'fe'mOl' HJlH
Ull ::mwlH, MOP,=UIH 31 BPJlO Bl1eOK0 TCMTIepaType H/>.UlTIi ClIC1.I,Hjamre KOHCTPYKltHjc, raCOBlrror rOpUBa. I1pH nocpC!VJOl\1 :wrpCBJIbY, KaO HOCllOIJ,II T0I1J1UTC KOPHCTC ce
HOI\. 911 llCBOBOLVi, apl\lTrypc, K(lO Ii. cal\H1 rpcjlIH arrapaTl1 MOpaJI11 OHTH Jnrpal}emi UpCJH1 raemHI, HOi~CHa napa. napc opraHCKHX TCY.HOCTIl 11JIH BpCJ1C TC'UJOCTH.
 149

1. Koje eTe H3Bope H HOCI10u:e TOnJlOTC Bu,n:eJIH? A Koje nOHopc?

2. KO,'lHKlI jc CTenCH HCKopHlUhen,a CJICKTPH'IHHX, a KOJIHKH xCMujCKHX
H'3BOPi1 TOITJIOTC'!
6 3
3. Koje cy nOTpc61-te IGlpaKTCpncTHKc HocHoqa TOTIJIOTe? 5
4. Koje cy nperu-rocTlr II M8HC BpC.'1HX raCOR:] npn npcHocy TOTIJlOTe?
5. 3auITo cc BOItCn;) napa!H: KOPHCTH 'W 3arpemllf,C npH BnCOKHM TCMHcpaTyparvH1'?
6. 3auJTo cy anapaTll 3a JarpCHill-hC Te~lHOCTHMa pCJJaTHBHO Berm Oil arrapaT<l Y 2
KOjHM<l ce Kao HOCmIa]], Ton,nOTe KopnCTH napa?
1-

BAI'IHI KOTAO H 1l0)lEIlA IlAPA

IJapIlH KOTHOBH cy ypel)<1jH 3;:) npmnnolUl,y BCl-lnx KO;Hl'lHIW

BOr\C}lC rmpc tlHjn jc IIplITHcar.;: (}(lH'-ll!O Belirl on <!TMOCCl)cp'
CKor.
HajpmV10I-ra.'THrljT1 o()snnz llapHOr KOT.Tla. C on:mpOM 1],'1 :ynyTpanTlhTT nnTrrpH-
THeilE, npH HCrO] llco.n,mm :mlI<-l.,lc Il,HnHH))'pTPTJfT Gl nOJ(SloflqC\I cq)cp1l0r o6.rrm;:a.
IlflPllH l<Ol\:JOIHI ce rp'li.lC, Y 3anHC1WCTIl on mlMcnc, ]J pJ3JI1FIHTe pa;r~He npn-
r"IIU{n R3n
TT:ICKC napc:. KOTJlOBH fl<1jIIH)KHX npnTHc,n";(l, pan.e, non nplTTHCKOl\\ OJ), 1.2 i-In 1.) bar,i
n cTryx;:c '-\(1 nC1ITp[L:JTl(1 rrapno rpej;Hhc, .:'T3fiop,rropl1jcKll pa;\ H'r:~.
OCHl\l one neonXOnHC ~lpl\--r(lType, llDcTojn jom H ('.T1Ci_\cl'l8: npo611c- CWBHHe,
K30 wmojJn 1'OJ1)TOTC. y l1<lpmlM KOT}10HT1:'\ra EOpl-lCrC cc ~mpcT{l (npno, yr<l.'1_,).
nCIITIUl :{<l H(ll1(ljJThC H 13cnTlI.;r Hfln C,ilarmn3 30 npa)Klbt"-:'!{,C. KOTJJa.
7'e Y ma (FWq)T(J, J\'1<13)'T, l(:Tpan) n ra~omrrJ ropnna (rcIfCpJ1'OpCKIL npnpOrufH racy
H.rm c.ncKTpWTlW cIll::pn--l.la, <l Y HOBHJC HPCl\fC. H 1'O[1.n()T(l naCT3Jla rrpH nyK.llCapUHl\l Opo6nc cnamme ce cran,l,aj:y nil najmDKn'i no:mO.Tf,CH01vf, IfOpM~UIlfOhi H H3Hi.1)1
pCaI(I~Hja\fil HOpM(t.TIHOr HHBoa. fJOl\why H,HX CC. Y CJf).nxajy Imapn nOJ(OIrmOr CTal<.'['L o;J:pclyyje
Dpn oncl),)KImalhY napnor- KOT}1<l l\WP;1 ce ::iIJ1TiT T8'mo 'reM}, noje.N-lJTa ;-ljJ\i(l mmo Y KOTJIY_ YMCCTO CJaBl-IHa MO>Ke CC CTclBHTH !lpyro nOJlJTI-.:.:a:mo CTaK.no.
rypa CJl)'>KH 1-1 K(l1(n CC l-hOMC PYKyjc. Ito6pa KD!-ICT)JYKnnja H npe;rY3CTC Mcpe npe- BCTlTJUT '3<1 nanajan,e ce aYTOMHTCKH 3;:rrnapa non YTunajcM rrpWrHCKi1 :Y KOT,T)"Y.
HOC-TpmKHOCTH y 1'OK), p8ila rmnc ocnony '3a cnrypaIl pan KOT11a. :hpOlm necpeha a OTBJpa rrpH n3rrajmhY.
Tlaj'fClllhc q: JF)1U(~ rr HCD<DKJ.[,UHO PYT{OB(lJbe J<OTJJOM:
BCHTH.ll H.llH C.l1mmnil ~a Up,J)Klhen,c KOTJI<1 CC, pa)\B TfCnYlUTiHh<1 rrpH tmmncF,y
~ 3KO.iC rnmo'no)1f: 'y 1(001'.'!Y 1\1(\11,1-1 OU )\03Bon"elfOr;
ne.ne KOmrTHITe nOAC, CMCIllT8jy na najl-lI-DKC-lvI )"(e.'lY KOT.'1;:\' Onaj BCHTrt.1T C.ny"?KH IT 3d
- Ka}l,a npwrncaK nape y KOTJIY 6YJ\c Bchn OJl, }103BOJhCHOl' nprrfl-fCKa;
TIOBpeMCHO HCTI)/UITaJhC T'1.'101"'8 f-l BOJI:C.
- (lK_O HO}1~! :)(1 HcllTajmhc llTfje 6HJT8 )l:06por KB;L'1HTCTa:
- <lKC< rmje J<lIT<I)f(cno Mcx;:mO'lKO OlIlTC.l'iCH,C ROT,na;
no CKCD:I03HjC napHHX KDTJTOB3 ;WJj,nn '{6or Tora UITO OHH Y ce6n Ca}Tp-;'KC
BCJIHKe_ KO}Hl'UmC nape no)), nplnnCKOM, K(]O H BC'JIHKy KOJIIf'-nmy BOgC. Ch_Cn;l(i-.
--- tllW jc rpejJI8 nonpnmna 6nna npcKj)I-meml JJ.c6c.:rHM ''::,;]OjCl\l Ka!vICnua, J1.JIH JC'
:nlOHor Yi-wpa JlO130)1;I-r nar,TIO ocm)6aban-,e napc W; ROT}1,}' [Gin n TpcnYTHO Hen;')
CHOn,,] fin.;w npcny\ll~H;l nCflC'-TIOl\l 11 'Tat)TL
pJRaJbC BOnC Koja CC TOJ\-! nplL'lHKOM HaDe non; <ITl\loccl)CpcKHlI!1 rllH-1'lTfCIWM 1l nOCT;l
P,jiHt crrryplIor n 6<.-:;~OC;-\lror pa;lil_, CRrn:.l'i IWTiWl\10P;-l ;PlIl\W nponncmy ap\I;l
je npcrpejam1
T~:py (CT. Kh): "i'--1,llIO'MCT<lP '\;1 l\fepClT,C_ HllJlTIPHTHCEJ Y KOTJlY cHrypnocHu neH-
THJ! 11 BOJlOK,l3nO CT<1K,:[O.
CTWVPllOCHH BcnTler (3) ce aYTOi\IJTCKH OTB;\P<l '-\KO npnTi-fCi.lK Y KOTJIY o,rrpc-
/ilfa.,waa <]{(g(IIT(I'~({. HOnOl)CThC-M TOTU10TC, HOJP ce y HapnOl\.f KOTJ1}, Jarpcr;(1 \-j
bCH 3a Taj KOTcH), 6yne Beflu OM TOre) I-JanrrpnTIlCKa. 06]P-mO cc no )f.B8 OBaKHa BCH-
l1pn oTJ:pe1)enoM llPHTHCKj' Y KO'L'l)' nO'IHl-hC rw K.Tf,~,"w. BOJ(CH(l n.1pa, Koja nacTajc
Tl1JJa CTClBJha.iy na KOT30. ReHTVLTt CC ]cHBapa aYT())'vlaTCKH Kalla npHTl--lCaK Y KOT11),
J'l1\1a MHoro Bch_y 'janpCl\-fTlHY Of{ BOlle, In lW,iC jc H3Cfmw, II Kp<n napOJmn CTjTV,iH K::l
ovne Beurro M;HhH on 1l0DMi).H1l0L TOIlJlOTJIOM TIonopy. fhlpa no6njcn<l In napnor KOT,:ra KOPHCTH ce 1((10 HOCHJlaI1 TO-
- HOMohy BOHoKa3Ho'r CTIJKJTa (2) BH)),H cc iliJ KOM cc m-moy I-I'L':Ia3H BOAa Y KO-
ITJlOTe 3Cl 3arpeB(ll-he. cymeThe, YKynJBaI-be HTJI:.
Tny. To jc CTClK-TfCn(l qCB ClJOjCB<l ca napmHd t1 BO~~Cl-lHM npoC'ropoM KOTJIa. KC)Tao
cc IHTK<1):i He CMC Hanym-fTH nO/XOM. J,13Hit.n. BOne oCTajc CJ106o,!V!l-l napHlI npocTop.
f10cMaTpathCM TCl\-mCpJTYpC Ha TCPMOI\JCTPY TInpHOr KOT.na, MOpa ce BITp;enr
HOpMaJIalT IT najHTDKIf ,n03BOJheI-I mmo Tpe6a ,qa oy;xy jacHo 03Htl'IeHH H3 cno- )),a je TCMncpaTypa nape Boue H3 Koje je napa HaCTa.TT3 KOHCTmrnI8. IT Jil ce napn
H
npOH3BO)~I1 npn KOHCTaI-lTHOM npHTHcKy. (Tpc6a 06110BlTTI1 3lJal'hC- 0 HCnapaBaI-b)-' H
.1l:>3UHhOj nonpnun-m CT<lK.'Ta.
Bo;a,eHoj napn M:3 TepMOJI:IIHJMHKC.)
 ~
~
. ".., " , ,'' ' ," '
,., ,....".".'.'"...'"...',.'..,......,..............,,"'......... '.,.'..,.'. .
....................... ..
3AKOHM nPEHOCA TOnJIOTE
.vl'5Y3CTHC OCOOI1HC 3acni'ienc Bo,o,enc nape yTlftIy IW !-beny mHpoKy llpHMcny:
n'-lcraje In BO;V: Koja jc jeq),!,UHa 11 C<-I,,\jJ)Kl1 TOllJlOTY HCnap,W<lI-La, OJ\HOCHO Cl-I'raJI-
llHjy Koja jc Bcha 0)( iwyrux TC'1110CTH.
TOITJlOTa Cd nape, Koja ce l\.Oll~\eH3yjc, JraKO rrpemUI1 lIa 3HI.\ CYli<l Y KOjCl\i ce
BplIU1 :iarpC1HlI-hC K()llJ~eI-Ua[J,HjOl\f nape. :3aCl1hCIla BOncna napa liMa je,QaIl 03611J1,dH
HeJJ,OCTaT<llc 1I,CHa TC!'"lIlCp,ITypa jc Be:Jall<l 3a npH'l'UCaK. YKOIlHKO je {J(npe6Hd
llHLua Tl'MllCp::tT)'pa, YTOJIHKU napa TpeGa ,LI,a GyJl.C (10)..\ SChUM npHTl1,CKOlVL
l1apnH \(OTJlO1Hl upc,r:\lm1)clu1 :m BHCOKC TCMllcp,.rrype cy ItO)l, llPHTHCKOM [fa
1Ywpajy GH'ru Clll;UlljaJllll' 1\UIICTPYKLl,Ujc, !WK IWl:lOBO~J,H, apl\-1<-1Typa, lG10 H CCu,1I.I rpc-
jml <JnapaTH, TpcGa Wi. Gyi-l..Y wJrpat)CHH O,J,. 3JlaTHO ja'icr IvwTepHjaJl<l, lUTO TorL'lOTd ce npCllOCI1 CaMO TaMO r!-~c l1ocrojn pa3}lHKC! TCt\'1flCpaT y-'pa H rrpCHOCH
IlOCKYIL'Lyjc Uni.\Kau Ita'lIlH rpej~uLa. cc o;.~ l\leCra ca 13Il1110M Ka MCCTlU,,!J. ca 1111)1\.01\1 TCMllqJaTypOM, Tlucroje TIH-l Ha'-U1ll:l
J!c;puya JogaiZiga. L'h.'K'rpU'lllu napllli KOTi10 3a llPOH:JBOfUl,y Jacuhew::: 80,IJCHt npC-Hoca TOII!lOTC:
napc (CL S3a) llll!m DCPT!H~i.lJ!1l0 IlUCTi.lBJhell Q1L"UHUq)ll'UlJ1 Cj'iJ, 0)- HlIBU nOMe ce -- npoBoryclhC (l-;:OI!;WKI~I'lia),
KOHTPO.rfUUil' nor.luhy BO~\O\H':Pl!C Hem[ (2) J!OHC3i.\nC oiJ,nmapajyhf-L\l c:taBJ:!il2l.M:J Ca -- ~iClLl~ULe (KOlIJJCKqHja),
E()~lCH[Jl\.l ilp(jCj'UpO~-l LOTJ1;[. Kcrf:\U jc cua6iJ..cBcn C1H'YPHOCH1J\1 BCllTUJ!Olvl :Jpa'lC/l,C (pa;.1,itjauujCl).
Ken ,'to Ct:.' 3clrpc'uil C.:1CK1l11.l'lJlID1. J'PC!,-l'llI1'.l<l 'Ja uaplu JJPuC'l'Op KOTJJa Be-- To cy: OCllOH!l!J 'Ji.lKOllll }j lla'lmlll llpellUCa TOIL'lOTC. rvloryh je, Me~)yTi1;"l, H
1i.\l1J-j J\li.Ul()\ll."rap H 'n;pf\'1U~lcTap [bell CJHJ)!(""ll IlpcHOC Ka;.(:l C;' 3aCT\'!lJJ.,eH~1 ~wa, I1JUl eBD. Tpli OCHUBlla Wl'll'l!l:l HCTO"
KuTao CC H~l!lajc\ iU pC'3cpllOapa (7). Ha,'ltIll~llbt: BOHe l'l:"; pC~lcpHuajJa BPCl\-lCI10.
KOliT~)( ,1!-lUic' C",' HO~Wl\'l""Pl!lli\\ CTaL:U)!vJ. :j~! TO BfX:MC unIT!!.:!.k OTBOPCH H oC),:-

l':UT;w ce Il):!lJT'-i y pa;.l IlOCTYllllO, YICl'';-J'lHUJ.Il,C\i rpeja'iiJ (--1-) llUMOil)-- 31. m'EHOC rOfUOTE llI'ODO'EElbEM
G~n()llKlj lla '3H,!:,Iy_ "Y TOKY JarpCIEliha BO!-~C ')' llap1!Ol\f KOTJIY n\':HT1L'J (S) .Ie O'rBOPCH,
n C1Y>Kjj Ja HJ).\YBClBalbc Hapnor llpoc!'opa. TOllJ!OTi.l c(;' npellOCJ.1 lIPOBOl)CILO'J Kp03 MaTepllja!l '-lHju cy \lOJlel.:y:m c,iJa60
Ha l\lCPUHi\1 HHCTPYf<.WUTllMa CC,; np.1Tc npOMclIc ;~u KOjUX ,LI,O!Ia3U, a K'-I,U uapa JfOKpeTlHl l{}Ill [lCnOKpCTlHL a TO jc ()J~!lllKa 'fBPCTHX TtJIa.
IlO'IUC ;J,'.l [1("1'11'1(\ KpOJ JJell'flW (~) Oil CC 'J<1TBapa 11 Ira ldCPlllUd HllCTPYMCIITHM<.l npo' AIZO cc raCOBl-l JI:Il! TClUIOCTU 1l1.l!1;nC y BP,:lU T,UlKllM C,lJojcBn~w (ran,J:jJ\l o~\
YC-'HJlJH pa)_(iJ KUTJLl, Kal~a ce llOCTHl'U), 3afJ,ctHH YCJlUHn, DO~lCI!a llapa ce, (},5 m) U3Md)y i_\IK 'uqJCTe lOBPIlHlIlC, \1{)I(C CC CM<1TpaTH fJa Cl~ TOllJ!OT<i npCllOCH
LnunOJ.FUIU\i iiCBliHM U01J,OJ\'! (1.0), HcnYUlTa KpUi BClfTlW (9) ;~o lv!C,;CTa YW)Tpc6e. Kp(n ILl1X HCKJLY'lHBO npoBobeILe~L :/KOJlHKO cy CJlOjCCH nd)JhH W)Jl~r:Hl ~\o crpy-
OH lluq)01ll1bC nape .I'-HlHCli Gpoj YIG1'Y'!CllHX rpcj;l'la U cHao/'lcBalhc llapuuI' jalba ~JecTHu,a (l}!IYH!J,Ll, jcp ce TonnHje 'lCCTHl~C nClI,), HamUli': uourl'o Hoc-rajy
K(rL'[~( llO,l.\OIlL ClapHH KOTiJO C(: upa:mu KPO] BCltTl-Hl (11). .'IaKme on XJJa,'J,!ll1jIlX. :JGor T(wa jc llpcnoc TOWlOTC npoBorycH>C/'I-j, y OBaKBHM
o pa/l,Y KOT}l,\ ~-1Opa na J.HJ;'~n pa'IYl!<:l CTP),'IllO /lJ-J1\e KOjC he o)],loHapi.lTli 3(:1 CIY'lajcBHM3, y :m"l'moj MCPll, IlpahcHO II npCUOCOM TOIViOTC- hlcmalhClvr.
lLtTOI',y llcnpaBHucr 1'1 GnGc;\!lOCT P;}f.:P. npCllOC TOllJ1Crre npoBotclbe\{ (CJ\, 84) MO-
EnCKTplt'iJili napilli KOT ..'lOBH ce KOpltCrC KJ.;J,a jc np0I:lJBOJW,::l nape pcJJClTU-- )KC CC I1]Jlik<lJilTli jC;~lla(lHHo/'l-r:
IHIO Mana II La;w CC OlU nOBpCJ\lUIO KOPl-lCTl1.
E.1ICKTpll'UHl KOTJIOBll 1.1l;wjy npcH!I.tyhcTBU 'JGCH' Tora UlTU mtje lloTp-:GalI Q =?~ -A . (TJ .- Td T,
npocl'Ofj :Ja rOpHUi:l, Hl~!\ta JJ..l1:"1a H t!~l1)IL .:1111\.0 cc llYlI.rrajy Ynorol.! U Jl::tKO 5
p.:ry!llHUj )KC'lA'llll YC'lOlJJ:! pa;w. \1etyyn-n.1. !lC,1.{OC'!'<lT:U: 11I\;j .Ie YTOMC tuTU KOPHCTC
,'1 llOUJTO JC:
U~ylly C"'I'-'KT1Ht'l!lY Clll'PJ'lljy, UJ. .Ie L~c'lla llapt: Bli':UK(1.

OllWt JC:

'1 )~
Q _"oA(
-- . {'--("J \ '"[-:-:--'/1'/",
"./ 8 " I -1:,

l'nC JC:
Q ~. KOJlHllHlla TOllJlOTC Koja ce npoBeJ~e_
I~ - KoecplllJ,HjcllT TOI1JIOTHC npouoJVbHBOCTH,
152

8- J-\e6JbHHa CJIoja Kp03 KOjH ce TOTIJIOTa npOBop;Ir,

T1 H II -- TClIimepaType TomUIje nOBplmme,
T2 Ii t2 - TCMnepaTypa XJIap:HHje 110BpIUfmc,
./J,T Ii !1.t - pa3JnTK3 TCMncpaType,
A - BCJUPU1Ha nOBpIUYlHC Kp03 KOjy ce TOWIOTa IlPOB())~1l H

'1 - BPCMC 33 Koje ce TOITJIQTa npOBO)J;IL

QBaj 3aRon ce ~ICCTO THUJIG Y OOJlI1KY:

npn '-!eM)' CC J~eqH:nmme TIPOTOK TonnOTe (q). DPOTOK TOllJIOTC, H3HMC npenCTalUha
Ko.rrH~mI-ly TOTL'10TC Iwja ce npcncce Y JCJ\Hl-THTUJ npCMcna. JCJl:umU1,3 TOTT.110THor
npOTOKH JC::
.
Je/IHHln~a (j
jc]nn-mna Q
= '-;-----------:::;; J
: : : '\\.
r

;CJU1HH1\cl l -"

013aj '3aKOIl Twjn je TIOCTamm (Pypnje ClIacn: npOHC)Wn,1 K0.fIWIHJ-Ia TOiUfOTe

ynpano jc nponopnnOnanlI<1 KoccjmI~HjeHTY TomroTc npOBOrVhHBOCTH, TCMrlCpa-
TYP1-TOj pa3JTHI~H, nerrWTHlIH nonpunme H BPCMCHY, <l OfipUYTO jc npOIJOpr.\HOlT<lJIIIa
;u;eon,nnn cTOja Kp03 lwja cc npOROJ\H.
BCTH 3ilKOH ce l\W>KC I1HC<lTH y o6mIKy:

!'J.T norOHCKa CHna

q ~ 00, A ~ OTTTOP

UlTO 3UWlH )1:a je OTDOP npn npC)J3oi)ClhY TomIOTC 0/1. .

Ha CJTViI~H 84 npmGnaHa je ilreM3 npoBolJcH~a TOI1JlOTC, T13MCby .!lRe jCJlJlaKC H
napa.'!C.'lHC nOl1ptllHHC, Kpcn HCKli '-mpC'fn MCJlnjy:-.1.
DOHTTO ce TOIT.TlOT8 Kpehc narope (nITo jc 03Tla~ICJI() C'rpcmn,aMa), 0WJOCHO
on l1cmpuume Koja HMa fUTIDY TeMDepaTYPY_ l\lO)J(CMO 3Z1KJbYlIH1'H.ua je I! > 11 , YKO-
.TUTKO jc }J;C6JhHlHl c.noja Bcha, YTO.TIHf(Q he npOBCl\Cn<t KO.nwnma TOIlJroTC 6ITfH
lvJ3H-,a. Kp03 T(nanyT n:e6.n~H CJlOj np()}30JUI ce 3a HCTO npcMc nBarrYT l\IaH..(1 KOJUPIHHa
1'OD]101'('.. Tpc6a IIl\f(1TH ITa yMy na cc TOIIJIOT(l paCnpOCTlTpC Y CMCp:y onanaH,{] TCl\,j-
ncpaTypc. lIlTO ~m{PTH n<:1 ce iJ]oll.,1mTw u.1Jlicby iJaptLlc.,1l-1U}.: i1oapw,tm{{ ifpel-wcu
nop.tUl.'lHO y ogf-wc)' 1{(1 /-bUX.
KOC(rJln~l1jcH1' TOIUIOTHC npoBofVhHDOCTH je KapaKTCpl-1CTH'IH<l KOHCTaflTa
M<:1TCpn,la.cr'L 011 cc )wqH:lI-UnnC nOl\mhy <I)ypnjoHor 1mWHa:

) -~~-----
Q8
'-A (T,-T,),'
TO jeer:
. ) _ jC)J,l:lHMlJ;(I Q. jC)J,HImn;a' 8 Jm W
JeAHHHJ~d ,,- ~~-~-
je.o:liHuqa A. . je;unnma T jeAlInnqa t m2 -Ks mK
154 155

H::l cI)ypl1jcBor ::HlKOH<J rrpmnlUIa3H: Y!{()J1W(() jc apegHoci71 iUOllJlOlUC [ip060g- Typa KOHCraHTlta. To cc Bl1,D,H no xopu-
/bwwCLT.iu fle/W2 .MwTicpltjaJw Nelia, yraOJ1l/lW ON 6Wbe UjJocwgu {iioiiJlolTiy. MCT3- 30HTaJUIOtvf ,ll,CCHOM Kpajy TC1\H1CpaTypllc
_'ll-L a !\ld)y !f,IUvIa CpCopo, oaKap II <l.'lY!<.HlllHjYM, crraAajy Me!)y IIaj60JbC IIpOBOf~HH KpHBC KojH .Ie napaJlc.'IaH ca anCI~HCHOM
KC TOfL'lUTe, AllK cy raCOBH !IajCJlaGl1ja IlpOBOgIIH~H ('raG. 5). OCOM, l.!.ITO 'HI.attI11J,a ce ca paCl'ojalbcM He

fb naBCJ--\CHC TaOCJlC cc BHtllI l~a pac-rpecHTll MaTcpHja:m BPJIO cJIaGo npoBollc MCI+,(.\. I1cToBpeMeao ce Bl1,lJ,l1 ,n:J .ie rrap,

'1'on:1O'1')', 3aTO cc KOpl1Cre K<10 H30JtaTOPl1. 1--laHhlc, OHa cagp)l(c ]\tanc KOJIWIHIle
TCMrrcpaTYpc y rpaIlH'lHOM CJIoj.\! BpJIO TO\(_ ._-
TannOTE
nCJrHKH, UiTO yK~ny.ic, KaKO he cc Kaclmje
tWpcJ'c I\JaTcpuje, Koja jc lw6ap npOlloJl,lUlK TOI1JlOTe. Y H~HXOBI1]\l nopa)l,w H wy- TYP5YJlEHTH,\
BH~CT11, ml npHcycTBO BC!lHKHX OTIlOpa
WLHll<lM<l Ui1JJa:m ce B<l3ny'X, p'aK.~li,:, npJIO JIOlllllPOBOll.HHK TOIIJIOTC. AKO OH ce rae MACA
llpa npOJ1;J3Y TOIlJIOTe,
3alvteHl-\O Tl:lU-!Owhy, fUl npm,lcp HOf-\OI\t, TOiL'lO'D{,\ npOBO,IJ,!bHBOCT onaKBor H30Jl(1-
Topa fiu cc lloBcha . !l<i, YC;1e1' 'teL:"! C)1l TaJG1H 1130;li:rrop Gao :maTllO JIOlllHjcr KBaJHf-
IhYTll .ie IIOKa3ao ;~a ct: KOJIHl'lH1Ja
TOUJIOTe C<1 ~mpC'ror 'HIHa lJa (l1JJYH)~ ripe
TeTa. H<tK"'le, MaTI.;~pHj((}l 3a TOJ1J)OTllY 1!3UJIaQl!jy Tpt:6a ~ii.l Gy,lV: Y!:ICK eYB.
UOelt MCLU<.lIhCM UJTO CC MO)KC HpHK<l3ElTH
KOCCjJlW,lljCllT TOH.:lOTll(; llP()HUi~.n.,H!.H)CTH !'vlelba cc ca Tc:vmcpaTypOM. KOLl,
CICf~ch(J!VI jC}\H<l L[HHU.tvr:
ri.luma it ll".H.l!tal.lllOHUr J\J(ncpHja!Ja llouehaH<l CC HeTOBpCMl'HO G\ nopaCTOM TCM- C . .IW.:O 85
llL.'pi.lTy}K, <1 LOn TC\llJOCTU 1J l.IClillHC !\lCT'-l.'EI CMaH~'yje CC Ka(~a TCM.llCp.:rrypa pac]'c.
Q ~.:;: (X A (I,. - t n ,) . t,

AKU jc TCMlh::paTyp'.1 TUIDUjC. flOl:\pWHllC /!> a X.~WP.l!Hjl..; f:" O,'Wcl)yj:.:.' CC Kocqm- Hell\ J<a0 !IPOTOL Te\lUrOTe
l.!,1!J<:HT llpUBU;J.'l,IWUCTH llpC!\Ja CPCi-\t,uj TC!\J[!CpaTYpU! (li";- /2) / 2. (1/1.':;::;: q ::::. a . A (t;; - ill}
Y T,;Xlll!'lkJllll pa'IYllW,1<.\ [;.\L cy j\"it\Ii,C TCKill.Cp,rrypw.: npoMcHc, ;v,W;.Ke ce C);l[\
To '3fta'lH )J,<1.ie npoToK TOIL'lOTC YllpaBo llponupll,IIOIWJIaIl Koeqml\l1jcIITY npe-
TpaTH )la (c Koccjmu,lljeHT TO!DUTilC HPOllOWLllBOCTI1 He MCllJi.t ea TCl\.I1lep[rrypml.
.'ia'J<l Torl.~WTe (cl), p,r:Pllll\1l TC!\lIlCpi.rryp,l 'JIl[~a H cj).:r)-!H,Lia lz - f!11 Ii IlOBPUUiHH A. OB<l
1)yplljCOB :HIKOH llpOJJoi)Clf,a TOWIOTC .~lll;.KC CC rrplt]l,lCHlITH if u<.t KpllBC llOllp- jC,D,lW'lIlU:'\ ee, C'Ul'lHO KLtO II <[)ypJ.1jeoB :larOE, M{))KC fU1C<JTH ) OUJlfiKY:
WHIle, Tj. 11<1 L~CIH1, ca!\."10 llU,'.t YC10H01\f /.I,a jc IbH'\OH npC'fIfHK UlTo. BCb.H a HcDsL.l1Ha
"3H,'VJB<1 f.l!TO ;,lcllLa, jep je y T01\! C'Iytlajy YUYT1XlUllb<.l IlOHPWHlW IJ;CBH npn6,;IH)KHO llOrOHCKi.l CIVIa

jC!~liaKa u,cllOj CllO.'bllOj fl()BPll.UUlO. AKO Taj YC'JOB ulljc llcnY1Lcll, ]l,topa cc P"FIYI'W- OTnop
'I'll Ci\ Cpt~;:J)h()l\l HrK'~ulOwhy nOBpulllllC 11,CBIL
tliTO Jml'lH i~a .Ie- OTIlOP np! upellOCY Ton.'IOT"': MCllI<l!hCM. l/(z A. H:.:: ufmxjeW-la'{l-lHa
!do/KC CC l!3BeCTI1 jc,lJ,llHJfll,a KOe{IHll.~H.ie!{'ra npe.'J~na TOWI0Tt:

3.2. liPEHOC TOl1ilOTE IYIElllAtbEIYI

/\.K() ce y llcKlJ. c::m lHUlt1jc X,~Ja;.~Ha, a llPCKO ll.,.e fli.DK}bllBO BPC!l<J. 'IT'1Il0CT, Taj.\et I"lpcMa TOMe, I<ucCI.lHll,HjCllT npe:Eua TOfLlIUTe l[OIC<l'3yjC KOJUiKa ce KOJIWlUHa
he Up.TIO cuopo HulilJ ;..1,0 HJjc;.l,lta<[Clba 'l\.'i\llj(;parypc !.1,C:l(; !\lace. AKO ee, l....ldYyTlll\L TOIlJ!OTlit: CJlcpnrje upcnece no,D, ,rJ,:1nIM yeJlOlH-1l\W cTpyjalba C!))IYHf.J,a ca jCf.\IIOl
caJ~p)KH!W OBUr;J CYiJii MCU.W ).'3 BtYr}IO)KClhC. Tei\ll!CpaTypa Te<"LIlOCTH he ce BPJIO l-:'Ba,u,paTlWr MCTpa llOllPllil1HC :w jC~Wll eCKyH,U, Ka;'l,a pa:L'lHKa T01llep;.rrypc l!3McJ.');
6p:w HJjc,'J,ua'lllT1L 3Gol" Tora OfJdj lW'IHH lIpL:1!oea T01l!lOTC ca TUrUJOr na X!JaL\IIH lJOnplllHlIt: :::H-[i~a II
TypClYJIUlTUt:." l\Jace c1).'lY111W rnHOCH "JOC. AKO je OBa pa:~:HlKa, U<i
(f)"!Yt1J~, y Tl'XllllL!,llllC upe;.l.CTclUJ1,'.\ BeilH llpOGJJCl\1. flOTpL'ClHO jc C(Jl\W ].\f.l j\;lCIl1,L'UllW npHMep, 30"C, Tana he en Hcre llOBj.HlH!llC, Y llCTOM BpC1\fcny, nOi~ I1CTlIlvl YC,r!(.HHlMa
G>'Jl,c J~OB0;LHU jaKa, ;1,:1 llpOHJlle,r.1,t: npT,'lO)KClhC, l!a he
cc '1'el\1llepaTypa W.'.:H: :<'.Jace crp:yjall,a, 0UTH I!pt:IICTi.l TPUHCCCT nYTa Beha KOJIH'llI11<.l TOllJIOTe.
Ginu InjcWW'llJT1L BP.'IO 'ICCT lla'lllH J~U'pcB<uba jccre t\1elll~ULCl\"1 X!l<1;l,llC J.l Bpule PauHjc je IlOK<.t:.::au.o in ;~c0:LJHIa I'paUU'lllor CJloja, a nptwl TO]l,1C 11 .ilal\umap
TC1.lHOCTll ')' BC,'UtKOl\l c'l."f.fY. Hor rrOJ~CJlo.ia. 3ar.HICH O;~ IlPl1pO).\C q)JlYU}W II 0;'\ Gp:mnc npOTlll\i:lIL<1, Oll,HOCHO 0).\ 00-
ivIcl)'y"l"!l:"lI, II nopcjJ, HllTCll'..lltBHUr l\IClJI'Ul,i.\, T0WWTa ce TOKe lIPCIIOCIl eel qHYH" JIHKa nOBpWHllc ~[!.ipC'ror TClla. "YKU.~lHKO.it Bella 6p'JllHd JtP()THl~atba HeKOr (1).11YU-
ita Ha <"lBpcry nOBpllH!llY II OGP!lj'TO. l'bHMc, y rpallWllIOJ\"! ClUj)" llpH KpeTafbY f.(a, YTOJIHKO he 011'1'11 T,UhH rpaHU'lHH c.auL a ca1\"1111\1 TUM 1"1 JlaMHWlpmr llO,D,CHOj.
(l)JlYH!lJ. nocl"ojr: Jla~lllllapfllJ IlO}l,C}lOj KPC)3 1(Oj11 TOIL'lOTa MOiKC llpohH jC!.l,HHO llpO- 360r Torcl he npcn(]'J TOILlOTC (ca 3Uf.(a 11a CtJJJ.YH,r~ H!lli OOPHYTO), Kojn y CTBapI1 :1a-
lloIY:ILC1VL KOC(j)UlWiuIT TOllJ10THC IlPOBO,T..l,JLIIBOCTH cj)JlYU}W .ie npJlO Mann, 360r BlICH OA IbcnOf' upollobcfLa KPO] J!i.ll\ll1JlapHH ClOj, 611'1'11 GmbH, Tj.l1Mahc Bchy npcf.],-
'-lenl cy H OTllOPU npa IIPC}l~Uy TOUJ10Te ca :mlJ,a Uil q.lJlyU,D, H, 06pllyTO, KpOJ rpaml~ HOCT ca llopacrol\.l CiP"JllHC. 3Gor BpJl() CJlO>I<CHHX Xl1AP0,D,HHal.\lWlKI1X 0JJ,HOCCl, TCWKO
'taH CJwj BpJlO BCo'lHKH. Ha CJUiIJ,l185 npHKa'JeU! je npcna'J T011JIOTe Q ca :Ht,Il,a lla Typ- jt:: TCOPHjCKH Yll<:iUPCA O,lJ,j)(')1,HTHlV~6Jhl!HY rpauwm:or CJlOja, a CUMUM TUM II Bpen-
0YJICHTHY Mac), CfJJlYlli1a. HOCT Kocclml.\HjcH'ra npeJl~na TOItJlOTC. 3a TCXIIWIKa pa~!yH(uha, 0 ~lCMy OUAe Hche
611T11 pe~m, OIl ce npOHamnH HOMOhy CJlO)J(CHHX C}JOpMy.rra. Y TaGcSl"n 61l.<1TC cy rpa-
Donno TOllJlOTa upCJJa:m ca 3J1W:1. Ha TC'IHOCT, TO 3H<:FlH ,Il,a .ie TC1\urepaTypa
HHll,C Y KOjHl\fa CL' Kpelly npC1J..HOCTH Kocq)J1J~I~C!laTa rrpClll.l'.,m TOIIJIOTC :::a HeKC C.TIY-
HIJxa !~ BHllIa o~ TCMrTCpaType TypGy.'JWHTIIC !\.face fill" fIOllrro jc y Typ6yJlCHOj MaCH
~rajcBe cTpyjaI-b<.l H HCKC CfWYHAc.
Mcural/,e ,IJ,oGpo, MO':'KC ce IIPCTIlOCTUBl1TH I1,a je no i~eJJO,\1 IbCllOM npeccKy TCl\UICpa-
 npCJl333 TOnJlOTC 3a HeKC YCJIOBC crpyjau.a H lIeKe TOIIJ10THO 3paqeH~e He Mopa Y CBaKQM MC,fiHjyMY 611TH yneK ancop60Bano.
!'1mKC 6l'fTH H O)J:6HjCHO (peqmcKTOBaHO) fiJIH nporrymTcHo (Tpm-fCMIITonauo). AKO
.~--~"-.~----~-- ---_------1 ]e :oIlnOTHO 3pa'-Ie1-hC yeMepeno un Bpno TaHKa Tena, lICCTO ce HCTOBpeMcno jaB-
a (kW/m 2 . K) JhaJY eRa Tpn cpeHOMCHa. OTYJ\a npOH3HJTa3H.ua je:
yKynHo 3paQCH::.C ::: ancop60naHO 3paQClhC + pecpnCKTOBaHO 3paQCH:>c +
nporrYIUTcno 3pa'Iclbe.
3aKoH Kojn OJl,pet;yje npOToK Torr;WTHe cneprnje KOjy 3pa ' IJ1 i\pHO TeJIO (qJ
n33HBa cc CTceJ)(lH- BO.TTl~l\.mHOB 3aKOR Ii H3pa)l(aB3 ce:
TC'fHOCTH Koje KJhY'Wjy
Dape Koje e.c KOHi_W1f3yjy

rAe je C( KocqmlU1jclIT 3J)(1'1CI-1'>8 H.D:eaJTJTOf upHor TCJf3.

3.3. IlPEHOC TOTIJ10TE 3PA'IFH,EM
TO[lJlOTa CC. K30 uno je parmje PC'ICHO, I.-jo/I<C npcnocrrrH IT 1jXl'IClhCJVL T<lJi<l
cc, TOTL'lOTH(l cHcpnlja, y nHHY CJICKTpOMarHCTHl1X 1';:1.'1aC<1, pacnpOC'fHpc Kp03 npo
CTOP H Tel( TaJ1,a nOCITe :y cpcnuny Ko.1a ancop6yje OBO 3PWlelhC.
nO Y TonnoT)". On OCT;:L1HX CJ1CI<TpOIvtarUCTlIHX 3pa'JClha TOITnOTHa
JTHKyjy C8MO no TaJlaCHoj ;:tY)I(BHH (Ta6. 7).
fIlx'TBapa cc nOBO"
3pa'TcTha cc p<:n-
3a TICKO npyro Te.l10, KOjc, cBa1(;,IKo, cJIa6njc 31){PIH TOIIJIOTY 0i\ Hf\ca.rrno D,p-
nor. )Jo6nj3 ce KOCcj)l1L~Hjcf-lT '3prl'rcrh8 HJ rrpm13BO,IW:
C:::::: Co
rr~e jc c crenCH l~pnohe Tena (TaG. 7).
npel\.jC! TOMe. rrpOTOK cncprnjc KOjy H3jla'lH 61l.fl0 KOjC TC:IO. (lKO.iC 3aqyjann
na anCOJTyrny TCMI1CpaT).'py (T) jc:
T
lOO
H3 CrccpaH-bOJI1l1.,1aUOROr '3alWHCl npmBHJl33H Wi.iC cncprnja '~p<1~ICJha ynpa-
RHO npOTIOpIUfOHClJIH<1 l;ICTBPTOM eTerrCHY aIlCOJIYTHC TCMTICpaTYpc, mTO 5H<FIH l.W
ec H3pmKCH(J TonnOTZI H3BClnpCfl:HO 6]130 nOl'lCnaBZI ea nopacToM To,mcpaT)'pc 11 lla
je 3I)(FICH-,e OBe cncprnjc 3HaTHO TeI( 118 BHCOKffM IT npJIO FHfCOKHl\1 TCMIIcpaTypZ\}..fcL
ana} 38KOH HCTonpCMCHO nOK33yjc JI:<1 1'OfT:IOTY 3pa~m cnaKO TU1O, IT TOTL'1Hjc H
X.'1a:umjc. TOTUIOTC 31)(PfCJhClvj 1\10p<1 Y3CTli Y 06:31111 ne
300r 1'ora CC, IIpH npCIIOmCJhY
CiJMO fTonpnnma Koja 3P,l'IH Ben II mmpnnma Koja npn\J(J 3pWICJhC, jcp VI OIl"L f10UlTO
.ie Ha nCKoj TCl\mcp<lTypH nehoj 0;1 <lnC()}I),TlTC Hyi1C. \lOpa, Tiu::nl)c. ~t3 3p<P-lH TOTUJOT),.
3aJ(OlHl TonnOTHor 3P8'.JClh8 HJl:eITTlr'TIlH cy Gl 3[I)Wmrl'>W CrWTJIOCnOr 3pa
"'!eIL"L H1MC1)), OCTanOL M(l(C CC ')(lK.f1,YlTHTH ):Itt ce TOTT.nOTHO 3P,1'1ClhC np;'lBO.DH
IlHjO::U nrCBOCH Kp03 npOCTOp n na jc yn<:liJ,HB yrao. rrpn pC(imCKcHjn TOTT.l10THOr
3p(l'-ICfha.jerl,H(lK O!J60jlfO:M yen)'.
fvimKc ce 38I<.TbytIHTH, TaKoi)G, JF) cc cal\.W ona lWBpuuma Koja CC !JUJU! C(l J\.fC-
era I:f3BOpa 3p;x'lcu,a MmKC 3P;:l'lClbCM ~}arpen(rrH. 03pal:rCH3 TCJTi.1 Hlvrajy Tna ce6c
TOnJJOTJIC CCHKC. fycnma 3p(J'IlIor TOK3, 3KO jc u:mop T,1\IKaCT, Cl'vfZln,yjc ce ca 1<Ba--
npaTOM pacTojcIJh<1. KOHKamIJ.IM pcctJJlCKTOrmM<l TOlIJlOTHO 3PWICH,C ce MO)KC KOH-
l~eIfTpHCaTH 1m M(jJJe nonpmnHC, HlTO ~m(l'JH 1m ce lI.wry nocTHhu cmpmH cq)cKTH
Kao rrpn KOPHlTIhClh), CHCTJIOCHor 3P'Pfclha.

3.4. KOE(N11\l1JEHT DPOJlA3A TODnOTE

Koel)JfI~njenT npo"la33 TOnJIOTC. ~ Y TCXlIllll;If je npJTO l:lCCT c.nyl:xaj pa3hIcHc

TOllJfOTC 113M(1)Y nBa rrOKpeTIIa cprrYHna, pa3HnojeHa llpCrpail:HI1M 3IUJOM. OnaKan

.~====--,-,---~====,,===========~~-~--.-
CJIO)l:<CH npCHoe TOflJJOTC Kojn o6yXB:1Ta OBJlt je K KOC(!}W~{.{jC!-llTi ijpo/w.;w iitOiLrlOtTic, a )J,ecpHHHGU1 je roplLHM HJ1H CJ1C-
MeIliaIhC ca jCHHC crpanc 3H)l<J, Hponoi)c-
,u:ehl1M Inpa3nMa:
I-hC Kp03 311J-l, 11 MCllliUbe ca lwyrc C'rpauc
1
3l1Aa na:nwa ce npo.'l'-13 TOIlJJOTC. K "' -i-~8-j-
Ha lliCMH (CJL 86), na op.o,ImaHTBY --+ +.-
ocy Hal-IeTe cy UPC/ViOCTH TeMI1CpaTYfK':. a [Xi A 0:2
G,
lJa ancUI1CHY ocy nY)KHW1, O;,HOCHO geG- l1:UI
pr' c nc-
Jhl1(1(1, nojciJ,HHliX CJlojcBa. Q).1 Y!H)l;
Be CTI)"UlC :m;J,<:\ t'IM.a y CBujOj Typ6y'JICIIT-
. F' ~ 1/ K = I
IlOj !'.WCH TCMT!epi1Typ):' rN, nOl( q)JJYUi-l, (x,
)leCHC erpant 31f;l,J HJ\ta y Typ6YJICHTHOJ
I\'DCH TC\lllCp,-rrypy (. ncG:LI1Ha 31qa H3110- KocclHlu,ujclrr upo;W:W "l"01L'1OTC ItMd Hcr)" jc,uumn~)' IGtO n KOCCIJl!QHjcHT npc-
en O. J1a3a TonJ"toTe,
rIourro Cl)cl)'I!JJ F" liMa Te~mcpaTYpy C . lllhJi S(;
-
Jt;;I--illlltll~a K:;:;:- jCi-lHWill,i.lq
----'"'-.""--.--------------~'.~-
\N
(I)JIYUlI,a F', TO he
BHUIY Oil, TC:\,llll'p,-l'rypc
ce T"OrJJ1Uri1 pacupucrupaTIl CJJCg,J _)!~[.c- I je':J,lllfllua A . jCjVWHlJ,(1 l' m} K-
CilO, UlTO jc crpcJUlLl,oJ\J 03Jl(llJCl-lU.Ha UCHO~Y J'-1K()H,-1 0 O.,u,p:tlGLlLY CHCpn1lc, TUll-
tlPCj\W 'lOMe aKO Ce ;'1(,,:[1( lnpa'l)'IJaTH KO,:WKH JC Ilp0JI~n TOWlc\fc ca
.'10'1'::\ Koj:y TUll:llljU qJ;IYU_1_\ npC;i;.\jc '-WW< I) \!opa GUTH .le;~uaE:a KOSJll'1HllIl TUll-
i~pyrl1, rlU'rpCOlJO jc IlO'3[l~lBi\TU !_(oC{j)l'llJ,HjcltTC upc.:Jiua T(ilUlOTc 11' ca
iV1C;_l,i1.jy:vw na
JIOTC Kuja CC UPOHC,[V': Kp03 JHi'l (~h), a Ulla \Wra GHTll iCi-~Wll.:a TUilJlOTD KUJY
.jei~IfC U ;\PjTI: crpaHC 3Jlll.i"l, KOC(I)Hl~Hjclrj' TOfL'I(l'fHC llP()BO~~l!UCT!l {lBpcror :m;_~a H
npl1lVlH Oi_1 3Hj-la q)Jl)'H;J, C ;-\CClIC CTpallc.:
lLerOB)" HCC),'bl!!!Y, TC!vHwpaTypy !\WC(' T01L'IJ1jCI' H X.'W;WHjCl' <1}JIYH;~::L 1(;10 u !JC;llFlli~
Q,~Q,=Q> 11)' rpc.lHC no.uplW!1!t:.
rIC'roHpcl\-ll~HO nocro.i~l Ii jqlwu,;oCr HpoToF.a TUWlUTC: HOrOIiCIG! cn:ut :m npcmn TOiUOTl'. - Y npaKCH CC BP.'lO 'fCCTO lWIL'W3H na
Q 1/1 ~ Q,/1= Q1/1. mn,HLe l<ojy Te",mcp,-rryplIY p;:rJJllU-:Y IVCO::t OJ_QX:i_iHTlI 3,-> lIorOHCKY (lUI)" jcp ce
.kWtl1 cJ.);I::-iH~\ XI!a;~J) (F') a gpyn-l 3arpCB;\ (F) WTO JHCl'UT ;Hl Ct: 170l"OI-iCKU ClL'W gY.Jli
TO jCCT:
({()U[JWWIC UTi(LVW JtCliAi. OBO jc jOlll C:J0)I":CJIlljC Juor Tora UlT(J Cl:: {l)]lYll,J)l ,\lOry
KpCTi.lTll JlCTOBPCtl'lClIO, WIll Y cyllpOTHO:"ll CMCpy ;~y)l< [fOBPlUUJIC HpH TOIIJlOTHOj pa-
YKYUULl nurollCIW CIL'W :)Ci llpcuaJ TOfUlOTC, Y, ,n:l!J:CM llPl1i\lCpy, O.H,pC~)CJW je j!\lCllH (c!L 87).
pa:UI1KUM TC,\UIC"jJa-rypcl: yKymw nonJl\CK<'l C~I.'W ::::: f - ~ = At". Ha cy lUll'-lH ;~l1jarpa!VI;__l) yu,lnallII Cf;j(':POBll crpyjal-LLl HTt:l\!llcp:rryp8
C!IJ!KaM<l 1

OHoj norolleKoj
CJiJlll cc cYllptrITTal3:JAI)' TjJll \::J,'Hupa: TO!L'lHjcr (I") u XJI~I~J,llIljer t!)!lYU;W (r') )_1)')1..: rpcjJlC l!OBfHUHHC. Ha npBOM f.\Hji.ll'pa-
_ OT!TOP HpBC KOllBCKl(lljc 1/0"1' A (y Cl)_~)yl1,!j,y r ), My jc npJ!Kina!!a Tel\I11Cp,-rrypa uoa Cl):lyu;,~~t I\Y;"1..: rptjHc lIOqJllHlUC, aKo.ie cTpyjatbe
-- OTllOP llpouobcH,a 8(;.. A ()-I 3Hfty), _ o6a c!m:yn;_\a Y !ICTOM OlCpy. Ha Hpyrml !_wjaqJat\J)' cy UpHK:-t:.:;,me npOW:llc TC.\H1C--
OTllOP i_!,pyrc kOllBCKlJ,UjC l/U~I . f~ C'/ (l)JlY;,l;~Y I ). p~rrypa ej)Jlyltna llpH apUn!BCTpyjUUM TOKy.
Tu 3H(]\Jl:J iJ,a ce YKYlllloj [!OI'OncKoJ C!-i.au (I () l')'JlJ)()1'CTJUJLCl )'Kyna!J urnup 1\,10':'1<C cc }taKO YO"UlTll ;~a ce uon)!JCK<1 C!:L'!a 3;\ npO.:W'3 TOWIOTc. 'I]. pi.r).:I!H~c!
(ll,,! TClvlt)Cpa'I'Y]!a ln~!cby T()[IJ1HIC[- (I") H '\:I~Ul!I!ic!' (ll!!yl1~w (I'):
8 ( 1
R" -:: : +
---1-
(XIA 'AA 0> A /\ l;x,
fIpet-l<l TuMe, lIPOT01( Ton;lOT~ he GHTH:

Yl,:ymla t~on~~t_~_~_iLY~~l_I~ = _(' ___ f

i

-~-----~';(VIllln OTliOP R , '

'.
1

."
L
TO jeCT:
J.l,t~
t;
__.._. __ ~.....J
Dy.ti-lHA flY)i(!<HA

C.'IUl{{{ 87
 !itl!:::: f" -- t', _ Onepan;nja npOBo:!JeH~3 TOfInOTe, K30 II CBe TCXHOJJOlIIKC OIlcpaI~nje,
MeH~a OA At) Ha flcBOj C'rpaHH nospmrn-re, AO b.t2 H3 AccHoj CTpaHl1 IIoBpllllmc. To
CBOJY 6p3HUY, IIOrOI-ICKY cuny H OTIIOP, Y CKJIa)lY ca OillUTOM je;UHatllIUOM:
:ma'Y:l1 H3 hc Cpc;UJba norOHCK3 GIna (L\t\'/') 6H'I'n je,n:H3K3 apuuL,lAeiill1'tlwj cpegl-boj . nOrOI-lCK8. CHJIa
6p3llH3 OnCpaIUIJc:::::: ---'---.. -"--.--~.
Bpeg"wC/uu: OTIIOP

Y OB01\-1 cnytlajy 6p3HH<l OrrCpaI(Hjc jc 6p3lUHl npOBOf)elh3 TomlOTC, Tj. TOTInOT-

HH rrpOToK Kp03 H301JaIWjy (c.n. 87a), a rrorOHCKa eTma jc TCMncp,nypc
pa3JIHKfl
MCryYTHM, aKO cy pa3JIHKC TCMnCpclTypa Q)JIYH)J,3 3HaTHc, TeMucpaTypa ce ynyTpaIIJILe II CnOJhaUIIf,e nonpnHmc H30:Jan;nje, O;r~HOCHO:
MeH~a no .JTorapWraMCK01\if 33Kmry Kojn je y H3BCneHHM l\njarpaMHM3 rrpC)lCTaBJbell
KprUnI1Vi J1HlmjaMa. Y TOM CJIytwjy, MOIJ<.l ce Ol.(pe;n;IITH cpegfMJ .,1.o'IopuiLia.MCIUI me/yf
flcpalZ(Vlma pa3.Mil{a nOMoity ,jefmatIHHe:

D.t\., .. _~.=.0Jl_
2,31og
At2

Y o6e jcnml'lHHC l\[ j 11 /J.t 2 cy O).tpC~CJjH VJTJ3Il1IM 11 H::lJI;nHHlvr TeJ\mcp"rrypaMil k--L=2.6m~1

To T2
(lJJTYHJW,
3a napa<leJ1aH TOE.iC (HH):lU cmHo::)' P,7): C.1II1W 871.1
At! -=. tl ",- tl'
r)1C cy:
1112 = - f'2'. Op'31Ula OnepnI\Hjc npoBobCIbll TOn,;lOTt: Q/L
.- I"iOTOnCK8 CHJTtl ")(1 npoBol)cJhe TOTIJTOTe (1'1 ,.- 1'2)'
3a cynpoT3H TOK je:
AKO cc npno jeJ1.11a~llllfa YCIClarlH ca ;.~pyr()M, T<liVI jc:

/\12:::::: - t l ',
.QL = !i=-_72
" 5
OB;a:e ce HH):lCKC 1 O.11HOCH Ha jenan, a YlH)::(eKc? H:l I1Pyrn Kpaj nonpmHHc. AA
nOTIlTO jc AT = iJ.t, Y cnn;>,1 H3Bell,cHHM lnpa3HM;t, Tel\mCpclTypa cc MO)KC IUP(1-
3HTH YCTcnCHHMa IJ;c][mjyca H KcmnuIa.
TOTUIOTHH OTl10P wlo.nal\njc = '0//.. /1,
O)lHOCnn

( "
PACflI'OCTl1PAll,l, Tor!.~OTE 8

~IlE . . GA)
........................
3aJJ:knaK ]. OrJPcglflTil{ ITiOh..'10ITillU olTiUop li;10,,7m~rlJC uapo-
Gaga,
AJ{n.1U:W aaga{iIJ.:{/. TIapOBO]"lll ce H30.Try.1y nCKHM tmpCTlTM
l\.r<1TepHja.10M (CJ1. R7a) KOjH CnpCTli.tHa O.11<lnaFhC TOfIlIOTC 0):\
nape TCwmepaTYpc err) Y O1<ommy TCl\H1Cp,nype To, Ha He 6n IXOmJI~) no KOl?IeH-
3alJ,nje napc Koja npCHOCH TOTIJIOTY on u-:mopa no ~CCT,J Ha KOJCM he OHTH
Kopnmhcna 3a rpejrHhe. Kp03 lHO:WlJ.HOHH lVlaTCPHJ<:1J1 TOnJ10Ta. ce npcnocH
npOBO!)CJbCM, npn "IeMY cc TOllJIOTCl Koja cc. npoBCnC Kp03 H30JIal.WJ)' (QI)
Inp;:l'lylHlTH IlOMOhy o6paCl~a:
QI-r )\,,;\'
nrro '.lHa"m J\a y 3<1J.\8TKY Tpc6a WI]I..JC[mTH TIOrOHCKY elmy (1'1 - 1'2) H npOTOK 1'0-
rrnOTC Kpcn H:{O,~raIVTjy (Q/l).
n()I"i"ipc6!1G .HcpCf{,a II U]70pa'I}'I!. DOrOIICK<l CIVIa ce Mer11 jCJ\HOCTanno
McpCIhervf yH~trraI1lH'C H CIIO.TJ,HC TCMnq1<iTYpc HJO!Tmmjc, a npOTOK TOHJl(Yrc ce
onpei)yje Ha cTcJ\chH Jl(l"HUL TOmIOT<l cc OH napc ;10 OKOfluor n;:13;nyxa npenoen
TaKO UITO cc npno KOHBCKI(njOJ'v1 npCHcce 0)1. ff(]PC (QI') no ynyrpauuber 3TlJ1.<1 11(1-
MQ)KC POBO!],a, 3aTHM npOB01)eu,C;""1 Kp03 W.~B rrapOBOna (QJ, a ourw Kp03 H:{OJ1:lI~njy (QJ
CTJDKC )J..O CnOJhamn,e rrOBpnmne H30JIal~Hjc. 1111a Kpajy ce nOHOBO KOHRCKl~Hj()Nr ca
CnOJ1,aIIIlhC nonpUITmc H30JIaIl,Hjc npenOCH na OROJUm na3JWX (Q()), Tj.:

Qp : : : QI. :::: Qi : : : Qo
 163

rIPE ~:Tal\liOH,-,pIlHM ,YCJlOBl-iMiL CBe OBC KO}HPil:Utl: TOlJJlOTC cc npeuccy :;;a He j'() H:J _,wfiicpaiiiypc: TOIVIOTJ HClIap,W;'UI,(\ nOi.teHc nape ce O'llTrana y Ji11:H1CllOC-
Ep,-~r>il:, W\ :\1';0 CI' jd.i_ULiJ jc~w(l'Imw llO)~CJlH Cd BPCI','h;HOM Tpajul-h'-l OliCpUlV-ljC: TH u;~ lqJHTHCKJ. nape y oapuBui],)i,

g~ _._ 9( _(2
1: l ::

0'1'110]) lUiJ/r~UJ,Hjc (K/k\\i)

He) JC
R,
;T!_'tL"'i{i'i~~ ('( (iiu/LtLiU[{ UPC!l-Ui" f-F' in:;)
\) 11 liilU!',( J.\.'

-- j:,

;iUpUUi.>;.\, ,t MC:PClbC
f'v - A
Lwr{ij'llWC L1\H.:crauy 'W~""'.IY _ Tl- Ka,'la C:; CHC'l,->\1 )TTd 'W ,-I iT _,!]<,JtUCii< (\."1'..'

-l1".Hl :Ji IJO ~T,UiC CT~tt~li\.-'IUpjH)_ ;.:u1L(l1l! lTE :':;;\F r;'y'PY

ili/uUfU :; "PCTX J}.I1!(i yU()~~C C1 ' C-;L',U'~-h)! L'Y"'~'f!cl-r;i
pc l):L :Xi'}:.

,r'

,---,,,-
'1 -= I.-roc
'-ii'
=-C I

T In
'1,

47K
I, 74--27~
J( =-
U,lJ:;kV,t
n,,. T
ric
HI = 74, 6-~~-
k\V

J(

:jail.~H~IK :2. OqecgU!Tiu ITioTi.:'iUiflfIY UPO(wy~'-ulluuclli It3U:"lLll(uje ri,ajJOGogu.

/l!UlJ)li.}d 3({gaUI-Xi.i, --XOl!.'!O'nra IIPC1g\,j,L\Jj,l1BOC'I' H'31...IJla.qU.le jc }~t'(l)HIlHCalW
lC-)J,lIa~H-1HOM:
!;
164
165
AU AS L 26
I---- '" m AH'(JJlu.1a aagaiIiKa. TIoroHcKa CHJxa 33 npcnoc TOTIJIOTe ea II30.'1all,uje I-Ia OKOJ1-
(en. 831;) pa3JIHKa TCMucpaTypa nospIlIHHC 1130nan;nje (TJ 11 OKOJlHHC
fill B(3)J;yx je
(1'0), (T2 - To) CIIOJhaUIfba l10npulJma H30JIall,Hje je A,I" na je KOIIBeKTHBHO
Tj.
npcncT3 KOJIWlllHa TOTInOTe (Qo):

T, HJIH
T,

CrnllW R7(j
Qo. ~ T2 - To. norOHCKa CHJJ(]

T 1/0::0 As OTIIOP

T'i_1e.ie Ciil KoeqmllnjenT npcmna Tono10TC ca rBo.namT.1C na IW3JJ.:YX.

Ha (lenony pa3MaTpan,a 113 rrpnor 3t1)l,<lTK;:t, oBaj UPOTOI( TOl1JIOTC ce 1\10)1(C IT)-
JenmPH1TH ca TOTIJlOTOl\1 KOjy Inryon napa:
nonrro je y npCTXOJl.lIOld 38NlTKY o,upe1)CUZl npe;a:nOCT TOIL'IOTIIOr OTITOpa, ca-
)Xil je !hHpe6no If3lvl'eprITH cal\W T(c6.'l,m-ry H IfOHpUJJ1HY n30}IaI~Hje (C1. B76). Dc-
6.T1:,TUI3 ce ,'13[(0 0 = r l, rw DOnpUll-Hla Kp03 KOj~} cc TOrT.ITOTa nponOHn
oJJ:pe'l)yje: TO .lCCT:
Mel-hel CC. O)1HOCHO OEZl ccnonchaFl<1 3<lFlHCHO O;{ Hpc;mocTll YHYTpaIITH.,e ncmpunmc
gO Bpc;\ITOCnr cnOJ1,aUlH,C rronpurHHC rno.:I(Hl,HjC. (i\.,). Y roplhoj jCltHa'IHHH A Qo Qp r_ f11.k
_~_=:o _ _ _ '---:: Cj,
npenCTanJ},il cpcTOhy npl'iUIOCT omIX ncmpumnJ. op:nocuo:
1; '[ T

na,ic OTfIOP llpCra)f(Clha TOIEIOTC (Rp):

Chk': DonpnHme l1Majy 06mIK O!v!OT3 l j3 na.rhK<l IT IT3p,P1YHanaJY ce Kao npOH-

q
(0) H J{y>IG1HC (L):
-mop oonl\lJ OMOT<.!lra

S~OL~2rrrL lJolZipe6r1a .HCpCH)[J /I. pcay/uIla/JJ.H. 3a 113pany OHOT' 3anaTKa Tpc68 IT3MCPFlTH
Ca1\10 TC:-'H1CP,lTYPY Ba3nyxa: 10 ,;;;. ! 9C. Y npcTxo;:UIOM 3n;a:aTKy je H3MCPCHO na jt"
J7oiTipe611o /.,repClbO U pcay.1UWUIU. KocqmnnjoIT TOflJlOTHC npOBO;VhHTlOCTH
q =~ qi = 630 \V, a fl'::::; 2T'C. CaJP je:
)e.
(27 - 19 1"C
Ro = _. ___1_.. ~ 0,0285 K/\V.
q 630W

DOllno je:
8"" r.\. .-- 1'110-.--: O,OG Tn 0,0 J.5 rn :::: 0,045 m.
DOHTTO jc- nY>KHntl 1wun L;:o 2,6 111 OHJ\il je: Ro . Ro . 2 . J~, ,1t . L

35,7+
Ha Kpajy: 0,0286 K/W . 2 . 0, 06m 1C .2:6~' nr K
0,045111
- 3an3T3K 4. Ogpegui71u ),K}'ilaJ-l iuofiJlOiIiHU oiUilop u KoC{jnll~ujeF-flTi i1po . .w3.a
---~
~ 0.001 kWjm K ~ 1,0 W/m K.
74,6K/kWO,61m' WoLl/wulc, iJpu li.peHoc)' i.l1otl.rwiIie og li.apc gpoa 3Ug u,cau i1apoBoga, U U30.;Wl~IJJY
go Ol{O//T-{.OZ- eaagyxa.
3a;V!Tm{ 3. Ogpegwliu KOHACJ{WUBl-tU iiioi1./IOlJ1/-fU oildiop U KoeqJu/.(ujeHiii AHaJ1U..3a 3agaiUKa. TIoroHcKa C}fJIa 3a rrpona3 TonnOTe je (CJl. 87a) pa3JIHKa
i1pcJIfJ.3a iJiOlL,w(ijr I1pLl iJPCl-locy fiiol1.iwiIic ca /.(,10JIfJl(UjC l-iG Ba3YVx 0I{().,1-I!H(,. TCMrrcpaTYpc napc (1',,) II OKOJTHor Ba3Ayxa (To):
166

TC,\Hl(.::p~rrypl! 01-\ 0' C nJ_\rULlap~l (i;.l 273J:; K 'J;\jj\JCllt;

Q/T ::;; TCI\'tlICp,-lTypH O,ij, lOO"C O/i,nJBapi1 Tt:tvUlcj)Xrypa 01-\
1,,1<:'1'O;),L- ::!i-l ivlCPCU>C Tl:\tHC-paTy'p':' '_ \aCHlu~ajy Cc llJ 'lllTdBOt>l Lnt'3j 'jJ'HII"Tll
UpOl\'1C-ll~\ l\IL!TCj.H'ljC. Koje CC IJCU1<1Bajy ~'l ap(!l\H:l101Vl Tel\WCpaTYI>:. nU'3H~lTO .~: ,'Ui
'tBpCra TC;U. F!CUn)) Ii Tt'LHOCTH jvlClJ)Cl.!Y CBO])' 3:.l.l!pC!\HHIY lIpi'! npU;\,!CHE TC~\'m~p;,
Type, IOJ(} II ;;~ll\'lllUr!l C1L"I;TfJU'Ill.H M:rrepnj;)!lll r.h;iLJ~l.i) KTP1'~' ilLt n"l" l
,:~i llPOI\1CHUhl TC-MflCpaTj"pt', fCpMU"h."rpc, ]<ujn Cl: (.(,-IJlac 1\.1 Jpu;:'!.',: y iT)!!)

{j = fJ / T\
(i,! = ,
11l!!\YCTpuj!L ,\1U.;l'':Ci\W !lO':teHHTll lId:
, 1/1('/'1 i~iL'laTilUl\UHC 'L.:Pl\iOi>k' rpc,
TCpHUC.:JU\1CHTC jj

- Dfnupuc TCP\JUt,lL'TP,:
iJJtm..rr<iU,HO.lHl TL'pi\W:\R'TI:m. - (iLl' L.:pJ\H.J,\l;...TjJL hi,:.!;.: )in. ,1;. U)(Ui'
..i.
.L
rIl,..
q ~" Ji

(,.. 1'; .1\../'),.

Q

j(

;,-;
" >UjJ!: 110CpLUll
1[: II >.) )l!l','

"J ~.
r- L'",
-ilHk
lU.
, ' . 2
'),!;

J'1l'II'cl UU.'JaC"1 "lepeE", !.ipni.' Hll ,'OLH~~ T'::MfH.'}.<lT:V'p<'L

!jCO;V;'t pC! 1.'LH'WTC l\lCT():,~c '3Cl f\lCPClbC TCMlll.'paTYpc.
HIlCT1Yy'!dCllTH ]\.UJ1-' C!lyA~(~ :EI MCPClhC TC\IJU:paTYVC '.H>B)' CC {iu:p-
y CW.>f'_'\E!.\tLi ~l\'TU L!TCl~C pcry'J~LH\l-\i(- 'J\) '.:y Cl"i[JfIlICMIILTlCjJU lDt'/t{[rcP<i-
iTiypC . .Jl.)\\WH<\d 'W. l\lCp'.::a,t; TCMrJcpaTYpc y kvld)Yll<tpOi01Ulvl CHCTcI\'l~/ MCPllllX
I'. r:C./i(i!i!i (h \ KC.~lH!!llL1 JJ,O:JBO}hCllO .1,-, J~a CC i<UfH1CTH l:! CitlCUCIi
168
I 169

C!lUf([/ f)y

Y rpyny I-rajpacnpoCTpafhCmtjnx TCpl\Tm.fCTilpa CB{!K(jJ~O cna,n:ajy ("IU{/1\.aCT!lf

OlIn cy nYThCHH TCtJIlHld (pJlyn;n:Oll:i, TIai~IelIfhe :;;KHHOJ\I, a rnflop q).nyn--
IIICP.M(),,)fClTiPII.
ClInc, Koja laUHCH OJ1 pa3/TTlKC TCMnCpZl"rype lI(l KOjl1M<-l ec Hi'L'I<l3C cnollT<-l l\-feCT~\'
ga 3JBHCH Oil oncer(1 Tnmep<1TYpc Koja ce )J<C.1TH l'IKpHTH. Cacrojc ce O)l. Malhcr pe-
YKO.YJIll<O je TC.;\-f~Cp(1TYPH{) p,nmma neila, YTO-'Tl-TKO jc ncha J--J e.TICKTr;OMOTOpHJ
J.cpHO<lpa Y KOl'vlC CC TIaJT<l3H TC'IHOCT H KClnn.TI<lpn Cil C1U10!\-1. TCJ\wcp;:lTypa CC MepH
CI-fJI::t. ATW JC lla Jcnnol\l crrOJf-IO!>1 l\lccry K01-lCT<lnTH3 (pecj)CpCIlTH<l) TCMnCpZIT)'pa.
na ocnOB)' npOl\IC-nC ilY)f(HnC cryfia Te~IHocTH y Kam-L'Tapn. 360r '1'01'3 om) Mopa no
OJ-ma np.o;\fCn;l cncTcrpOMOTOpnc. C1-Elt 3dDnCll C;J1'I10 oJ~ llPOl\fCHC TomcJ1clTYpc 7WY-
nenoj )l)')KHHH nrlTH HCTCll' npc t IIIHK8 B HC CMe Cf' TOKOM 'wrpCBi11LJ nrn MepeH,y
rOf cnoJl-lor Kife1';;!. Ha Or.OM rrpmrnnny HpIITH CC Mcpcn-,c TCIvlTlCpaT)'pa no?\-why
Men.anL /TI;,-l 6n 3<lJrOBO.'Hl.Tf(l one YC.'IOBC KJlll-12Tapa cc Haj~lcmht'- npmm OJ[ KBzq:nx-
HOI' CTQK.TJ(l. 3~1 npOl1lHpC1-hC l\fCpnOr onccra ODHX Tepl\-JO!l-fCTapa (holCpCthe TCMTlC-pa-
TCP\fOCJIOrCnT<1.. Ha cmTIv-r 90 1~;lT<l je np!fln~nm-rjCJIHa HlCl\-la TcpMoc.nc'VICTlT<-1 (a) n
Typa Koje cy BHUTC G,11 T<l'lKC K,lhY'Iat-h<l TC1[HOCTH KojnMtl ce n)'nc TCPMOMCTpn) npo-
H3fJrep: Jl[lilycTpnjo:or TCp"lOC.'ICi\lCIIT;:l (h).
CTOP H3H<l)\ TC'-ff-]OCTll ce nyHH OnpCDC1-lHM raCOM nOll TTpnTlfcKo~l, TaKO W! HC iwna- TepMoc/IC'-)l.fCTlT ec c8cTOjH on row p;n.TllPlIITa npOBOHlll1Ka A H R '(P,pCTO CllO-
'-Hi no K:hY-'::IaH-,(\ TC'lHOC1Tl, OJlnocno go I-hCllor HCnapaI3(1I-hcL AIW ce Kopncre '3a JvfC~ .lelia (:::anapeHa) y jcnlloj T,PrKIf .,T(m.TTH Kpaj", a ,1)]!)TlI Kpaj "xna;um Kpat, jc
pC-The TCJ>.mep:lType Y HHnycrpnjcKHM 1I0fOHHl>.r<l, CT<HZ.fTCHVl TCPMOlviCTpn CC 06H1.IHO nOMohy KOl\-:t:nCIJ3aJl,HOHI-IX Bo,u:ona (f(,) BC'')(lIT '~<1 nOK;)3HH HHCTPYl\-rCHT ((Y). naj
CTanJI1!ljy y MCTilJJllC'- :1amTHTllC l,(CB]l, Koje cy y ropn-.n'l )l:C.TlY )"3nY)KJ-JO rrpopC3anc qenrhe OCC-TJhI-lBH f3.'1B3HOlVfCTap ca CK<l.'10M Koja IH.-1(1 oneer Mcpnc TCMTICj1aTypC.
Wi tilt ce lvlOnra BHil,Cnr CKcUl't. Kao K()MnCH3<H~1-TO!-m HO;lORH I-wj'Tcrnl'ic ce KopncTc \-1CT<l.TTU lew }fcrypc KOjc JI:\-tajy
noce6ny rpyny TCP1vlOMCTapa lIHHe .JWlfo.lwiTiapCfW ilicP.AW.MCiIipu. Oun Mcpe BeOM<l CHl--JllHC TCpMOeJICKT]1WIHC oco6nIIC lGlO H TCPMOCJTC1'IfCHT, ann cy 3J1(lTHO

TeJvmep;:rrypy Ira oCHony npO\jC_HC l1PT-ITHCKJ. q)::'TYl-lJ,a, KOjH!\f,ie Hcnyn~cH 33TBOPCHH jecpnlHnjn. )l(HI~C TcpMoe.'JCMCHT<l cy, nO'lC13 OM \-JCCT8 en oj ,:'1 H30JIOB3nC je;:m;1 OIX
l\-laI-JOMCTapCKH CI1C1Th1. Ha emm,n 89 npHIZ<l3ilH je \l<-lHOl'lfCTapCKH TCPMOMCT<1p. ,u:pyre H30.'I(lTf)PO'tl--1 on r-::cmlJ\fWIKHX nCPJJHT~8 H CMCHITCIIC CV \-' 3anrTHTHV l~CB (1).
)JaHac CC MIlOI' 0 Qcrrri1c, Yl\;CCTO ra.rmanOl\-rCTpJ. KOPHCTC Mcpn(T ~pCTJ3ara'Il-;, Kojn l\m
l"Y'faHOl\-lCTapn:::n TCPI\WlvlCTilP C3CTOjH ce 01\ OCCTItOr CJfC_MC'-UT<l (1). n<.mpa-
BJhCIlOf' y 06J1HK)' l\-mn,er pe:-lepHo8pa, lwjn jc C)TflCnFnrOM KJ.m-T.~TlIpOM (2) cnojen mtHOJITC H3 TCPMOCIC)\'ICI1T<-l lIpcTnapajy y CTarrnap;\HH CTpyjI-lIl CnfmL'1 (4-" 20 mA).
3<:1 BypnOJIOB )\fllHOMCTap (3). CKC1:rTa na M,WOJ\fC_Tpy !~HpeKTIln ITOKJ.3yjC npe).tHocfn CanpeMcmr TnlCTpYMellT!J 3a :vrCpeI-hC TCMITCpaTYpc lIoMohy TCPMOC.ncMCJJ<lTa
l-l:1l\repCHC TCiI.-mep;rrypc. 3;nllopcHn ClICTCh! G1CT<lTL1,CU je 0l( I;YPJl01JOnC nem-1, HMajy ,.lYToM;:ncKY KOMTIen3<l1\Hj)i TCMncjxlTYlx; "X.TI<lilHOr Kpaje1", 1'8KO iVJ Ifl\f jc
K8rnmapa l-l OCCT}hlIHOr C.1C1I1CHT'L npc;(XOJ_\HO jc 113JcYyJ\fHpalL '-)ilTHl'I1 ni1TIVn,CH 3Hwnm nOBchanCl Ti1'fHOCT MCPCI-h(l.
OJtpC-pCm-fM (l,)l'j'HJlO-:-'! 11 '3;:lTOll)T,(;H. I-+J.fiop (jmYlllFI 'HI llYl-hClhC (TC'IIlOCTlT, raCOlm: 3<-1 Mepelv;; Tomepa1'Ypc Y oncery op: -200 ;uo 350"C', KOPUCTJI ce TepMoc.;-rC~
rum TC{IHOCT---napa) 3<-lBlfCll 0;1: TOla KnjH je oncer l>.-lCPC1h;1 TC\-nTCP(lTYpC TIoTpc6an: MCllT 6;lKap KOHCT311Tan (KOHCTflHT<l1l jc, ~Icrypa ca 54(1'0 !JHKJTa l-l 4G% 6;n::pa), ")(1
YnJaBHOh1 cc 6HP:1jy (lL:1YHHll KOjl1 Hlvrajy Be.:rn1T{H :;,mpCMHlfClZH Koc(lmW'ljt:-HT nm oncer o,a -200 no 750"C KOpnCTTl ce rRO)KOe - KOHCTaHTIJII, a 38 oncer o~\ 0 i10
pca-,a. Ca nOp(lC1'OM MCPC1!C TCl'I-1l1Cp,:rT'Ypc cpciOmc Y KOjOj cc. H;UliJ3H OCCTTHl C.lIC- 1 450"C IL1(rrmla ~, n.nanma rO!(niYl>-l (10%), 3a np.lo BHeOKe TC\-mep,rrypc go
MCHT, J\OJIC13H ;ro ll1FfpelhC! r-l)J1Yl-ma y '~aTBOrCHOl\l CHCTCl'I-lY, YOIC)1 'lCT'a paCTe npn- 3 OOO"C KOpnCTlJ cc TCPl>.10C)JCHClfT on Bo,:)(l,pal>.-IJ " l3oJHI)jJm! Mo,'n-l6)J,cH3.
TllC<IK. nopCII npHTHCK(l Y :l;:frnopenm,l CHCTC.}\I~y i-DWnma nOMcpmhC c]]o50JllTor
O'fIIOPIIH TeplvlOMcT3V. ncnm-lTo jc ;13 MCT<l.i1HH npoBo}U-IlUl,I-l lI[clhajy CBOj
Kpaja EypnoJT()J3c 1~CB!1, ](ojc npeKo npenocITor MCXamf3Ma f]ol\.fcpa K;naJ1~Ky Tep~
OTflOP rrpOTT-lJ(aI-h)' UlcKTpwme crpyje< Ku;ra HM cc MClba Tc-MnepaTypa. OTTIOPIlll-
MOMcTpa n 1'<1KO rroK33yje H3Mcpcny Bpe):l:l-lOCT TC!l.HlCpJTYpC.
ql1 ~IfIjH CC OTllOP Me-Fha ca np0Jl,-fC-nOl\f TCl\--HlepaTYpc lJa3HBaj:y ce TepMOOTTIOpmJl(H.
TepMoCJ'1CMCUT1:i. - Tern-roCnCMCHTH 11m-I KJKO ce JOIn '-TCCTO nCl31-IBajy, TCpl\fO- Kog netu-me jv!CTammX npOBOHJ-lHKa ca 1l0BI-mrClhe:tvj TCTl-mepinypc m)Bchana ce
rrapOBJ-l mIH TcpMocnpCrOBl-I, Mepe TCMIIcpaTYPY nil npmn.'\HOY TCpMOCJfCKTpH'IHor CJleKTpH'-nm OT110p, OBCI 3aBHCHOCT O'fDopa on; TCMTlCp;nypc l-mje JIl-mCapH(l., Reh
- 3e6cKoBor CCpCKTU. 3c6cK je OTKpno ):\a Y c~aTnopcHoM 1(O]1Y caC'raBJhCHOM on ium cKCnOHCHI1,Hj3nHa, <-um ce oua y npaKCH naj'TCUlfte anpoKcHMHpa H Y3HMa K<lO JlH-
nponoJJ;UI-n::a H3papcHI-Ix O):l pa3.11WIHTHX MeTana (JIcrypa) HacTaje CJ1CKTfHNI-Ia neapH3.
crp)ja, aKO ce MeCT3 I-bliXOBHX cnojcBJ nan33e na pa31IJFIHTI-IM TCMucpaTypaM3. OceTHH cneMeHT O1'TIOPHOf TCPl'IWMCTpa H3j'"l:Iemfie cc npaml y o6mn::y RHIne
IIpCMH TOMe, Y TCpMOeJ1CMCi-TY TC'IC cTpyja no,n: )WjCTBOM TepMocnCKTpOMOTopHe n3MoTaja TaHKe )KI-IIJ,e, Koja MQ)KC 6HTH Oil IIn3THHe, 6aKpa, HHKJIJ. rBQ)K1ja, HT,u:.
170

MEPElhE TEMUEPATYPE

JaA~nm,- 1. ;\'ruwUpltCliLTiu tTicp.Moc"le}dCu.iiJ.

ilOlTipc61lu fipcg3IWII>{/. - Ji()f{o(!uiill! iiUZ/WO/be I;()jc cc ugHU-
('~i'i!,d 0i cu lUi niC_HiiepwTi.ypy, AtepC!uC tliCAlfiepLlulYpC Ii ili.cpMoc.:7e-
..lie uTie cuciLl 1I0llU .Ie y ejlll.3ULI,U IW)"!.CH(} 0 u!.ef;~

o..~ h' '1J'-;'~' 11 tL'ldTllliLl,

iTijJii'lIiU.\1 i!{i/loll,r U "',[cjicn), !wi7oiW.
[\.\\liF' ;J.t.i'- "i'U 'WC'Ft Ii JT il,\1,' idl-qK>i( ullCCI ~dCpC1id ~U}) l::;i.; iJ,U ,sOU c /)JiLI.-liI,)U Jil.ijtiiiu;u. 1(:'UllGpueaTH, lL1H Ga>K,'J,apHl'll, GlUt.' KO)H f1!JCcpy,Qcln
o 31El'lli ri')lK,)UTlj UUk;UIUl:JUA:: U1L.Tl);.. . !c1Clrra Tcl'ili\ HpC;~HU~-'

I;J3BOJJ. ~l-I

il.,,!!!C :wyui;in.i kld!)!"d'.! J.lU[)<.!'rypy.

5J'><_,',C>L '-n'; .]U\]CllTJi CllUJ(:: T'.'i't,lU'lC,u

il~,:','U';( (d; 1'j'C )_' ,Pi.hT\.'!)]j(,iHE:; !"UlOi!~l ]j

il' :"\c.'U.,cllL,:: 'i,;J :j~\)C.'IC'~l-::'~

4
(,()

l, '

;',:J H1..: \l j u.i:l \1\ j; :.,i1Hlli\:

'L'i',-, 'j~,j) leu ,lui ul! ;K,-' ...:ll,:i~; Hpll nj}U,'l:U;

( .1Ii/d.1 ()/ 11

OmI PC3Y.'1TaTH cy H rpacpWlKH npnKa3amr Ha HujarpaMY (cn. 91a).
33J.(3TaJ( 2. }!3.McpuiLiu iUep.tfocJlc."teJ-ll1io.M Ulovtilepaiiiypy ile"hu y iUOKy paga.
Jfapaga u PC3}'fduaiJ1. TepMOCJICMeHT Kojn je H36a)1{)lapeu y rrpCTXO)lHOM 3a;ua
TRy MO)Ke ce caJ~a KopnCTHTH
BM y neh H H3Mcpn uo6nja ce:
UITO ce 113 6a>K)1.apnor ;D:njarp3l\13 tuna ga onaj mmOl-T
PA3MEffiMBAQMTOnHOTE
3a MepCI-LC TeMTICpaTYpc. AKO ce TcpMocnCMCHT CTa
U~7,5 mY;
o~lI'oHapa Tc::-.mcpaTypn
Pa3MeJbI1B3 t IH TOrTJWTe cy arrap3TH:Y IWjHM3 ce jenaH (j):rYlIJl 3arpcB3 xmlJlctm
T ~ I06"c'
!1pyrH.
H rrapmI KOTJIOBH cy. y cTsapu, p33MeJhI1Sat Il1 TOITflOTe HOlUTO ce B KOlJ l-hIIX
TOTIJIOTa npcHocH ca Bpe.TTux raconJ lIa 3UJIOBC KOTJIa, a OTYlFl H f-Ja Bony c ::Ipyrc
crpaIlC 3I1J\a. Pa3l\.JCH,HB,PIU TOIT.nOTe cy, 3nCl'Hl arrap3n! Y KOjRJ"Ia CC TOWJQTa Ilpt::-
HoeH ea je;1Hora cj).TTyuga na ,n;pyn1.
DPM OBOl\fC noeTojc ,fJ,BC \lOryhnoCTH: mlH cy (/7/1)'l-IgU paagAojCl-lU jegau og !:JP),-
?:oza "z'pejHO.1vI i7oAP/{WI-fOJI na CC 1\p03 lh)' npnJfT Ton;rOTHa p;:n:vrcna. TIJIH ce Olll! gu-
pn,'(ilJ-fO .MCI.IUlj)'. Pa3l>-rc.JhHua<m TOIVIOTC C)'. JWKJJC. anapaTIJ Y KOJWW CC W()U.'1OUf(]
paa . HCl['yje ua.Mefyr gGa rjJ.-1Vuga ])(/a(-Jr;ojcl-l(/ fpejuo.M 1706pWWWAL Y OBOJ\T CJY'r(l.i~
IJ(Yfpe6uo .Ie pa3.'11fKOBZlTI-J:
~ Ton.;rnjn cp.:rynn l{()jn l~pe.ie ." zj)(;,iT-llI cju),lIg,
~ x.l1agrmjn Q).'J).'H)1 Kojn Tpe6a rpejZlTI-J rpcjaI-IH Q)J1yn;n,.
npCM3 CPWH-f'IKOM CTenT,)", qJ!Jynna U3MCVY KOjHX ec BrUHl TOItJlOTna pa3MCn<l
MoryhH cy oun c.TI}Hrajenn:
~
rpejHlll1 rpcjmm qUTyrT)1. ey TCtIHH._
-. rpejHH II rpejmfH Q).)1YIlJJ, cy racOBIITH,
~ jC!--~aH (}1J1Y11::1.iC TC'I,UI a JJ:pyrn racomH.
Me1)YTUJ\l, M())KC cc ,n;ecHTll 11.na ITCKH o;,~ tjulYJI,Ua npn TOTIJTOTHOj pa3\-tcHH npo-
MCHH cBoje flrperaTI-TO CTaIhC (KoHlrCTf3y,ie ce HlllT KJhy-"'ra). uno jc BpJIO <IeCT CTJ:s-nwj
y Tcxl-nn~n.
On KOHCTPYKll;IfjC HeKor pa3MCThHBa l ia TOl1J[oTC 3aXTCBn CC J(3 TOTInOTHa lX13-
Mean n:mpUlH uno rrOTll],lIujC. )'3 wffto AWlbU yiIipozU{lf{ Atafftepuja.,1Q U ya llUTiO ),,/a-
N,.V 11oiTtpow,f-/-,Y Cl-{[;P7UjC Koja cc ynoTpe6.'1,3na 3a nprn-IY1_VW crpyjarbC ri13lyu;rJ<l KpOJ
pa::nvlCI-bIlBWL Hajn3)KlmjH, a H llajcKYJEhH J~CO Ha pa3l\fCl-bHB<-l'TY TOTVlOTC jc lpcj/{{f
r]oApIUJil-W. Ol~ Ihcue nCmltHmc 3(lBHCn f(Onl-IKa he 6HTH qC.lI<1 anapaTypa. Palm IllT0
60JbCr rrpOBOl)cU,f\ TormoTc, rpcjna rrOBpmHI-Ia. 0P:JIOCIIO 3IlJi Kp03 Kojn CC TOW10T-
Ha pa3MCnJ BPIfIU, Tpeoa na jc Il"PlUlbCna Oil MaTcpl1ja.:ra KOjH I1l\lil RC.'TIlKIf KOCCI)H'
ImjcHT npOBO}l)hHBOCTH TOflJfOTC.
npCM<'l KOHcTp),KqnjH pa3MClhHBiFTll TormOTe Mory OHTH:
~ BHlliCJJ,CBHii pa3Mc~bHBatlH TOITJIOTC.
- rWOCTpYKH ll,CBI-lH pa3MCJhHBa"IB TOTInOTC,
-- ope6pCHH pa3MCJ-f,UB<PIH TOIlJIOTe,
- KOHgcH3aTopn,
IIJIOtIaCfn pa3MCI-hlIB3 t lH TOTInOTC I-J
pa3MCI-LHBatJn TOTIJIOTC ea opOm<ln<lJ-LeM.
174

BHmCi~eBlln p~nMl~IMma'IH TOIWOTe. IlJIl--! '_\;UvcHajy J'L lola Kpajy, llajM.::tlbll Ko('cl)!U.(ujt:HT npcn:JJa TOJJJ'lOTC ie KOlll'aCOlill~
l~a G~i ct:'; iJl)DH.;i<J IUTO 13l:lu IlOBPLlllHW n[\ \Ein:pl(j~: f 'Ie' Y T()j~_y 'l'011.:10T][(,__ jXl3~l(:HC'IIC \lCJ-kljj' C!Jojc arpu:aTUU cran,c,
3d TUIUWTHY pa'3l\lcllY Koja he ",whu _~--loJHTc! I-~a }'KYllH,Y KUJIU'HWY TOtL'lOTc Knja upube KpU:3 l'jlCJI-!), U()Hpjjll-W_,~
HlTmqJC;\-!CHU 11'JiJ,p:-KaTH H [lO'rpc6Hc llpll- lWJ,lK'hH y~n!L~al ltMa llarvt,-llLl! KucCjJHlJHjt'llT npC.fli.Ua TOllJiOTC, TO jl: llpll IWllCTP)-'E-
Tl'lCKC, llai'-!CLuli.c cc YHOTpt:GJb<.wajy w> J.U'l-!111l H3UUpy Ttllla jEUt\jl:lblIH<l'la HHL'lUT(;' O;~ fl~ljl:;(~hcr 31W'l<lja HC'lH'IJ:!JW kucdm-
[HL 1)'-1;1.11 !lUHvIWll,'-\ j"l(Y!llJl' rpcjul' ![(JUP- iU1JC!-lTa ill)c.rr~U<l TO!L!lUTt~ c uCiv CTpillJe qJl:jJle nOllpUH!HC,
UllHk~ Iupahyiy CC UD11'tllU ":,t llchliM Gpo" H~l ClLI1UI 9:" JlPllK,l':',aU jc Y Kuje't<t c: l-kKI'l {J}.~lYIl;,\ 'JarpCKi naT,:'liTHOi\i
lJ~LP:L!L'~:lJ!C; lluCTaH,'j.,cUllX U,CHH, ITplt TOl1JWTO\l flilpV K(\ja cc i'e .Ie l(!,Lll-w'u,pWlaj-J cy;~ KOjil ,ie ;JEcMd
lJP(Tp~!!l.af..lJ (2 1J ~i) lr),l_\:JJ,ClJ Wl Tilll ;_lCJCL Y I i,C<I KPO] (ymop )iH()~(n Cc
p;.Ut;-(CllIL llpO'1'l1'_'C: KpU'5 U,ClHl EO]11 c'--- >Kc,'ll-! '3~U'PCFlT!'\ !l j: H.,O! ,1(ClU U lllkTp,UJH:',
(F 1), i.l ;1]))'1'11 TC'lG UK) ll,CHU r.lCiilJ. cy DL\dPUJC JL'lll jj;! W:Kll ;\PYJ H lUl'Jljii i~elW 11'_\ J.[<--:,:U 1
npHTI!','':: Ilj.i()cTUp It Ui.l'H,_,:j: cc UJ~B'J:_i,l hjJ0~;
OTt':i)]:

->'-d!:,.'jJ i1.!f"- ilk ,_'x!,,: j';:Ji." "ih,\H.Hi.

lJ,c.. 1;111_' l'pyli( 'jL'" ;q:y~-l

(1) 'j ,'ll ' Up'_-:

il]',,__ :):r]!', ~i'< 11:,:J i:

l1p;;- 'jCl'd i\f) .U ""'C"i""L(!fJ'
~,;.IVYI U\! )'Kj/lliHl tl('V\ ,~-j Lp;U HP(,TH'-l;~~ ,le rpli n)'T:; li U J 1) );tj;~j,;' yLi
pc..::;;Ci. ,ll~'~- i.~C Hi] _ Ilel j !'-l~lC.:lliu nut. 'j ;UL'L,cUc; " Cd.-'I-[ (j), ELU:,h
3,--', ,- f;'~ 'illi:,'-- UUl',PUjHHV H1K'CU'-i.l
tiL,} ll,Uli' \,)ll:; elj \UiU! "1~llb;L
u:, ,r,HCiLIWc;'lj TOJ1.'I'lTL', ,\[,llLll un \-lUi ;1;,; ili\
LjJ Llb,-,-
;[5\1l' LjlB~i iLl 1,!-';,tllll'lIll'! ;,{PjTUi,i r- tKU
";<..1 'j",')ll:\UT::": '-:alH ell Ufi
i\nT); 11 !-\~"~' :~)LU:
l:i-'" '!:i_)~' ['un."1 l'f', C iU lU']Wi lip':nuC:\ 'j'()tLiH_' 1"'-1 J!Z,jIUi.)" !\'_) : {:'E /' ',iTEUP t-' !lcl.'!Hi'
il.ULli THli)'-" 'UUJ\'JJi,ll li1)C)'UTii;t\l(l C, l"l'i1li()),UU1Til ():-i()P:; L ~-\UH,f: U.U_IlOEUIIC.: V
lip!' IlVUTUll,;\lV (jIlhc \'[ e'~['.lll,)\' ;q:. ;\:, !LjXI'P:t;l)' 1-:.{J!\'lUp~'

:~ :q:ji't)\L 'f'" 'lW"lU ','1;Oi' :<-(:U

rH'

;;r i!l()ij,i,}f(i~'!' -\1i!';;/ (i,'ili F U

pap,), e,l j5( _'tIi KHi;l

TOlt:lOTC c:: ll,lP;,L~tl:_:l!H'l;\i l~Ujj[M,L J-(UL c)'

!LlIWY!I! C;l liaJJ'\.\'H,'!if1'ill[j\,j IJ:'::3lJ[Uik::>L
jXl'H:1CIH!, ce UKU lV:BE

U;_\ BC'lli'llHll,-,
OUUl ,'_J,l','[i.l P"U\fCILliKl'i<l T(llL'lOTC.
lie] u 1iJTU l,T r()HqHL~iO 0 !lpl1!liI.H!lY raJ!.'.l p;nMClhl,tHa'l~l. 'lUIiJ1UTC,
KUc'clmu,l!jcnf HpC.'l~U(l TulL'lOTC [(U,Lt Hape Kuja Cc k,Oll
)i'fll'YI!. riOTOld J~();~ TC']HUcTU lWj,-\' K:L)"la, a :,aTUM l(O)~ TC-{HlOCTH l<,ojc C(' X-,l'-t!_l,t:
HaH3MeHlJ;e Kp03 npegrpejwl, UITO je yneK npafieHO n060JI)llIal-heM YCJTOBa npena3a
TOTInOTe.
Ha ClIHll,I1 94 npl1Kl33H .ic HClUTO CJIQ)KcnnjH BI1IUCI,Cmm pa3"MeJ-bI1Ba~l '1'0-
fL10TC ca ,l.\Ba IIpOJIa3a qmYH,Iia Kp03 il,CBH. Ben je pe'-IcHo na jc C 063I1POM un Koe-
q)ln~HjeHT npcna3a TOIIJIOTe, yncK rrOBOJbHrrjc Kana cpJIyun npOTWIC Kp03 1~CBl1 Hcro
OKO r~eBl{, I1 oBaj pa3MCl-bHB(llf '-IHHU il,1IJ1lIJI;UPWIHI1 OMOTaq (1) '-mja je jeJ_'iH3 KOMO-
pa nperpat;cHa XOpH30HTamIOM nperpa,u:oM (2). 3601' TOra TC~IUOC'1', Koja cc yBO)l:H
Kp03 OTBOP (3), npOTfft-Ie )lEa nyT3 K1'03 P(l3MCH,I1Ba"l[, Kao UITO je CTPCJIHU3Ma
03H3'IeHo, H n3na3H Kp03 OTHOP (4).
J~pyra Te'THOCT, Ko.1a y OBOj pa3McHH Y~TCCTByje, yBO,Iin ce Kp03 OTBOr (5) Ty
TCt-IHOCT cnn1'amfH JrHMOBH (G) YCMcpaB8jy Il<l TC'-TC cnnpam-ro OKO l~enH, n:a 01'J HCl
Kpajy HCl{ypl:Era 113 pa3MeI-hHna~la Kp03 OTB<)P (7). 3601' crmpanmlx ':UIMona TC-
'mOCT ce Kpehc ~~ORO.rHIO neJ1IfKOM 6]Y3Hf-HYM H npH crpyja}h), )')1apa nopM;tSll-JO TIn CrlUl{([ 95
qeBIl, ycne;o. ~KTa ce KoeclmI~lljenT npcna'1a l'OTI.iIOTC 3H;:lTHO IIOOO.1hllHlBcL H8 Taj
Ha'JHll ce. Y OBOj T0fL110THOj paTlv1CIlH nOCTlDl<C ila Ko(:;cjml1,njcHTB npe.rr,n,j TorJ.~JOTC
rpejnor H rpcjm-mr q)}Tyn;Xil 6YTJ:Y npH6JHDKJJ0 jCj\HaKl1. I1lTO oMoryhyje J~c.;mCXO;IaJl
jlcm OnaK110r pa31'l'tClhHna'Hl. Tepl\'IWlKO 11l!1peH,C CHCTCl\r{1 qenH oMoryhcno jc CJl(1-
CTWJHHM 3,HTTHntl t IlTIv1<l (R) Kojn ce TOKO~'l pa)lJ1 ca6l-ljajy, y6.lla)K<lnajyhn Hil Taj mi-
'IlTIl TIITCTllC Han0l-1C. OTBopn 9 H 10 rrpn npccramzy paTin C'T)")KC '_HI HcnymT<:lIhC TC-
'-IHOCTH IT] npOCTopa OMO'1"1'l(l.
BeJllI'fWW OC!(ll{(3u'X ]7a:}.Mr'lbWW'{(J iJ](Jl7,.UJlllc amHlell, nre CBen::. 0,'( KOJ1WlHHC
Te'-fHoCTH Koje Y'-Iecmyjy)' Ton.1l01'Twj paTMCI-1lf. Tj. og f{oJIII'//{//(' /Thn7J/O/Tlc {{oja ('("
y f-l!IUW !H/3.MCII,yic. OCHORI-IH crrClvlCUT jc, Cna1<aKO, nonpnnma iT,CBH KO];) HM{l y::I01')'
rpejHe nOnplIH1Hc. Helm pa3i1-fCfhHU,)t-IH Ton;rlOTe cy J1:YfWIKH T3HlIlt MCTapa, npe-
TIHHK Hhf H3lJOCH .1--2 I\1(;Tpa, a 1\-wr)' l-\a IJl\-'rajy jJ,0 200 KOMajJ,a HeRB.
Dr}] KOHCTP).'HC<lI-hY p;or-Il\JC-lhHB3'-la TormoTC jCJ\Ll1-J O,U o'36H.TbIlnjnx np()o.~rel\);1
je 1--bHXOHO TOTL'lOTIIO WHpeu,c. Y no~rcTKy pa,rw, HaHl\-{C, oun anapaTH eli XJ1(lI~HH,
T3KO .n:a ce TeK TOKOM paAa 3arpenaj)-! !I(l onperycHY TCMflcpaTYPY. 3zITo UITO cy i~
l\crm f-ia'UTlLCnc o6wIl-lo ())1 jquwr, a OMOTa'T o,a npyror M(lTepHjaml, npn 'jarpc-
Hal-bV )JO)]<:UH]1o. npoMcnc nY)KHHC OBl-lX ;l,CJTOBa. 360r TOLl lIaCT<ljy HanpC3aJh(l Koja C.rrUK(1 96 CJIIU((1 97
Te->K~- n.a HlIT'-T"YTI(ljy nenH H3 npcrpa)1'.1 (2 11 :;) 3a KOjc cy one 3anapcnc lUHi ll<l on:JO
KojH ;o:pyrH n',l'nIH cllojcne (e.fl. 93). ARo cy cHojeml )\OBOJhHO OTTIOPHH, l\Cml ceo KOMOpy (II) OjI3KJIC llCTH"IC Kp03 OTBOP (5). Ba3AYx ce 3arpcna npoTll'{yfiu OKO ryc-
KpHBC 11.'111 ,UO.TlJ311 no HCKC !.l,pyrc HC->l{c.:r,cnc nOCJTc)J}u~e. l~J fiu CC onn l]::;6er.'1o., 11(1
Tor CHona U,eBH. 360r TO[a UITO jc KoecpHI.~HjeHT npcmGa TOIVlOTC Jla3,D,yxa Bp:IO
OlViOTa'ry (1) ce na.1(1]C Ta.1(tcaCTH )K.'1eOOB!l (9 Tl 10) KOjlL nOUITO cy CnaCT1YTl-IIL Ma]Ul, BLl31IYx nnje y cTaibY Ad npHMH eny TOnJTOTY KOjy napa O)lajc.
npHlv1ajy ;n:eCl)OP1Vla11,Ujy oe':\ Tn.::JKBl1X HfTCTHHX noc.:\CJUII\Cl D,a 611 cc HCKOpHCTHJ1a TOTI.nOTt1 KOjy napd MOACe na npc)la, nOTpe6HO jc, nel
XlBOCTPYKH I,em-Hi pa3Mcihlfmp~ Ton~lOTC. 3a Mau,e KO.'\iT'lHHC TC\IHOCTH, HeIGl 1I,PIlm, oMoryhHTH ALI B~13AYX npHMH llITO Bchy KonwIHHY TonnOTe. 0no cc
KOpI-iCre cc ;lBOCTpYKTI l1,enUH pa3]\'fe1-hHHa-'::Hl TOHJTOTC (CJH1Ka 95). TC."IHOCT lnpo-- nocnDKC I-ra Taj HarnlH lIlTO ce OKO l\CHH (1) rrpw1Bpmhyjy napol.nn'<I KPY)KH<t pc6pa
.'1J3U Kp03 ynyrpalIll-hy (1), f{OK Tc-.::moeT IT y cynpoTHOlvt CMCpy Kpoc) CTIOJI,mlJI-bY Koja 3HaYHO noscfiaBajy crro.J1~ny nOBpunmy 3a pa3McH),. Ha Taj H.1-'::IHH
(2) (CIL 97),
l~eB (2). OBe I(CBH cy ivIelJYC06HO cnojcHe uapO-'::IHTHM CITOirnn~a]Vw (3). Cl1CTCM I~em1 Ba:myx 11 BOPCA Manor Kocq-mIJ.HjcHTa rrpCJT33<l TOTIrrOTe, nOJ( rWfHM ycnoBlfMH IIpH-
KOjc '--lHHe oBaj pa3MclhHBa~l nocranJI,a ce 06WlHO BcpTHKa.nno H M())KC cc npH'TBp- Ma TOflJJ()TY 0;.1 BO)WHe nape.
CTOTH )l;npCKTlIO na 3HTJ:, 360r ~lcra 3aY3HM3 M<1.110 npocTopa. KOH.n,eIl3aTopn. KOH,UtH3aTopH cy pa3MCJhHBa 1-II1 TOITnOTC y KOjHM<l napa
OpC6pClllf pa3MCIMfBa-! TomJOTl~. - K;:L'IOpncpcpn cy anapaTH KOjllMLI CC, no-
Melba CBOjc arperanIO CTal-be, npeJ1a3ehH Y Te"IHOCT. npCMa l-Ia"'-nmy x;IaljeH>a napc
Mohy BOAeHe nape, 3arpcBajy BCJTllKC KomP-lIme Ba3A)'X3 H.:1H HCKor Apyror raea. pa3J1UKyjy ce ABa TI1ITa KOH,UeH3aTopa.
CacToje ce (cn. 96) H3 mI>OCH3Tor MeT(lJIHor GlIJ)lYKa (1) KOjn: .1c, Y3TJ:Y)I(J-lot.,.1 npc~ nOBpIllUHCKH KOHll:eH3aTopn. ~ napa H <pJIyn.D: KOjHM ce OHa XJ1a}lH He ,!l.OJIa3C y
rpa)1,oJv[ (2), rrOACJbCH Ha ~lBC KOMope, (I, Jl). KOMope cy cnOjcHc ca munt U;CIU:l Koje HerrocpC,fJ,aH ,n:OAHP, Tj. HC Mewajy CC, a TOHJlOTHa pa3MCHa ce Bpmn: Kp03 rpejHY
cy Y 06mlKY YKoCHHlje, (3). Kpo3 OTBOP (4) napa 3a rpejmhe co yuonn Y KOMOpy (T). nospuHmy. Osaj TRn KOH.uCH3aTopa He pa3JIHKyje ce rOTOBO rUl no '-ICMY 011.
napa npOJIa3H Kp03 I~emI Ii 3arpeBa HX KOHgeH3yjyfiu cc H K<lO KOHgcH3aT OTlFTC y pa3MClbHB3"Ia TonnOTe. TIoTpe6HO je HanOMCHYTH Ha Y Bo,aeHoj napn yseK nOCToje
 .. , _____ -.l~""~

178 179

T3lL IlCpMaHeHTll.H ['aCOB11 O)~ Hoge H3 KOTo1a Y KOjOj ce, y MaJIoj KOJLlP-ll1HH, naJTa3C
paCl'BOpel-Hl YrJLeH-gHoKcn;\, KHCI:OHHK it tt30T. IIpucyciilou ilep.lvIClHcml'iHux zaCOfW
Y ((({PlI, Kuja ce !UmgeHJyjc_, JIUliIlIlO C.Malbyjc f{aiJaL(wTtciii f{OHgcH3ailiopa. To ,aOJla- r ~ rf ~
3II (1)'!~a llITO cc Ha nonpllImm 3a xmtl)CILe CTallHO rroBehanL1 KOHIl,eHTpa~n:ja nep- 0, A ~ ~
M~UICllTHHX racuna, KOjH ce KOnp,eIl::lOn<llbCM He l'>lOry YKJlOHHTH. flpl1cYCTno OBHX
racoua CnpC'-I.:1B<t MOJICKYM:1 nape npHJW::I ).:(0 llOBPlllHUC 30. XJW.i)ClbC, 3601' Tora,
BpJlO CnOpO!\i !~l1(iJy::lHjOM Kp03 CTloj JJ('::PMlIlCHTHHX raCOBi.i, MOJlCK'y'JUl Hapc Mopajy
:r
;.\a J~OIlpy )JO nUBplIlHHC, 111'1'0 3HaTIIO CMClH,yjC KanaqHTcT KOHnCI-l3aTOpa, 3aTo .Ie
ll<yrpC6lfO H:.l. KOJIl-J;eH3<tTopa CT~L'UlO YKJJaIl,<lTH lIpHCyTHC IICPI'>,WHCHTHC raconc.
AKO .II: KOHI~eH"J<1TOp 3<1TBOPCl1, Ij. aKO HOW Be3e eLI CnOJI,HOM <1TMocq)epOM,
y [be IV!)' , tlpll K01'1;(CHJOB(llb)', nacrajc BLlKYYM, rIOUlTO BCJIHKCl 3<'UlpCMHlla [(ojy 3ay-
l 1
A l tJ
'.:Hl\Ia uap;J OJ!Ba CBC;~Clra Ila 3W1T1J0 MalhY 'J<:lIlPCMHH),' TC'lHe q1aJI:. Y TaKBWvl CJlyLjJ-
~ ~
jCBH\-ta KOll~\C1l3(.rropH j(e.:lyjy Kao BilK)'Y~\"ll\lIliKl'. x l'
Kon;.V.'WHHOIHt ell !VlcmaU,CI\-'L - 4-'.TYU;J. KOjH Ce KOII;~cIl3yje ,LtoBO}.1;a ce Y Hcno- -1 ( - r-
~
Cpl:/_Iall /..\UHlJp ca X~Ta;~HOM 'J\:.'lllOUJtty. To gUllU/Ill HO l\!CW,-liLa KOH;,(CUJClTa 11 TL''lllO''
A
1..''1'11. OBaj llpUllUlill L\Jll/\C1l3(}Bau,;:: UPHl\ll'lLyjC Cc OGWl!1U IGlJ.l napa, Haj'lcmbc a) 6) '" ,
Il();~Cna, nel\I:l HC! Hapn'IltTC upC,'UWCTH_ Yl<,-ll'CTU )~~\ cc BC)ll1Kl: KO:U1'IHHe llO;,\ew~
nape !lYWT<!jy y anwccl)cpy, onc cc J\OB();~\.. y HenucpcL~~Hl i~OW[P Gl BO~l,OM Y KOH-
;~,-:H'3aToptfl\Jd 3a i'vlClmllJ,c, UlTU .Ie uporlj.nltJClw :maTlllni C.l\WJ-bClbC!v! :~i.ll!pC'mHC
r;JCOiHlTC (iHUe, ITOlllTU c1' 11 uHaKHU KOll;~(]u(rropH 3aTl~Opelln, II;} oBaj liatIHU CC 'y'
TC{[!l1l~lJ IlPJlO .'laKU ;J,OUl1ji.\ HaKY)'!>j Jnu;.li~ nOiJ,CJlHX paC"J'Bopa KOjU KJbY'lajy.
KOllCTpYKl.I,uja E.Oll1'l,cIULrrop;J. TfK.oa ,Jel G)'J,l: TaKBLt Ha OI'>'1Or)'11.H tuTU OOJLl1 ca cyce.lUlOM T;:\f(O ita CC clmpl'>1I1pajy K;wa!lll KPO] KojC. npOTH'lC jC,ll<lU qJ}!),llP" t.mjll
f\O;-\IlP HJ\lCby napl: If 1H\'\l: lWjOM ct:.' xnU;~l1, 3601' Tora cc BO~~i.l npeJllIBal-btl\l Pi.U[)H- jc 1l.~'T 03U<iLIClI cTpe.:IUl.\OM. CIlOjclH.' rWotlC cy llpuK,nane I-m CJlkIl.\H 990. 3U<t ' ll:l, CD.
ja y lWWL Hj!ll (I...', uah y/~(lp'-UJ.,CI\l .l\1:W3a U o,u:GujmlK (pUJI:TY) pacllpmyje y CHT1-lt' jC,llHC crpaiH:. fLlJO'IC KpOJ Kalla]l cc Kpche jC)J.aH qJJrYHn lWjH yJla:.m !.... pOJ (HHOP Y
KJ.rrn K.p(n KOjC lIapa i<.-wpa rW llpOljC. rOp!beM riCCHOM YTJ1)", a U3JlaJIi y A01hCM JICBOl\1 yrJly UlCMC. l~.p03 J~l?:'Ta J.iBa OTBO~
Ha Cm!..\H 98 apHJ.::,-uan .Ie T1HlllpC.!lU.Bl!()f' 1~()\lf~Cln~rropa C ,\1elli<.UI~CM. Bo;,~cnZl pa iJ,pynt (p.rlyH)~ y.:1<1311 y K<tWL'l ca!\-tO ca )..!.py\'e crpane lL1tOLle. Ha Ta] I-Ia'lHH (4J:1Yll~
napa 1'1\0/..\11 Ct KpOJ OTBOP (1), crpaHc.llacyupoT !'bOj )".'lCl,'(!W 130A d CC gOBO-
c f(ofLC llll pa3MCl-Lyjy TOlUWTY Kp03 IUIO'I)" C'rpyjdiH .icJ~aH ca jCAllt: <l !-!,pyrH ~(l I_l..pyrc IL~11C
J..\H K])(L:; O"ruup (2) y npcTclwCT upc:nw Or..(aK,~lC ee, na;~ah!hH UaHl:J:A{;';, ptU6Hja 0 crpanc. GIm paJMCILHBwm cc BCO;o.ll '1eCTO KO},H1CTI: y upcxpuM6cHOJ IIUHYCTPHJIl.
llO;lCCHO JiUCTaB,bcm: npcrpaf-\c II cnyW'l''-l Kao KHlllHa l}a3MCIl>lma~11i. TOII!UHe ca opornusUlhcM. -- Onu paJMCH,HB<l1..Ul cc KopHCTe 321.
3aBI.:.~ca tCl Ui\HO;,UIUj I(CBH. napa IJa OBU:'l n)'T)' lIaBHUJe X.Tl;lIY:IbC fIlma, MJtCK<:t II pa3HHX {l)!lYHJ~a paCXJIa,ITUHX. ypcl-Jaja. no KOBCTp:YKU,ajH cy
npo.:{;tJ}j KpO'3 OBe :.I;ttkCC, l!pH '-!C,\lY ce XJlJ.W,! I[ KOH1.l,Cln y' Up.TTO JCl-l,HOCTaml.U cl)JlYUi\ npOJl<.13H Kp03 W;':llH (ClL 100), OKO KOjl1,X cc CJHBa BOn,}
JC. [kPl'-tLlHCHTHlJ raCOIllJ CI: H'JUaqy'jy nOMohy BaKYYM- :;:a X.ll<.li)CIbC, OuaKBH pa::!MClhHB;J'1!1 cy jC,llHOCTaBI-le KO!lCTPYKL\HJC If OOl1'lHO cy
lWIlKC tQXJ3 vruop \,:!),;] HO,'.\a".:lLl x.'la~)Clhe ca KOH,J,C1l3ClTOM IlOC'!',lHJhCHH naIl pa.umlX IIpocropuja.
[(CTU'tl: HJ Kon,J.clr.:l~l"J'Op~\. KpOJ o;woJ,Vry UCB AKO 1<:.01\-
i\CIUaTOp npol1Jl.lo/\Jl B;'\Kyy~L Olla l{();~d llul\,Johy qpnKc
\lUPiJ ;J,{\ cc IBBj"lC 113 }1,cra.
Dpli KOll;.\CIU<ll\lJjl) BO;J..~l 3::1 X;Ialy::lbe Ct' :1arpcua.
')';KO.'tJlKU jl: lldia KO.'llViHlW [tape Koja ce KOI!~l,CHJyjC. YT()-

JlUKU.ie- BO;..\<1 TllIL'llIja. nOlllTO Ci.l llopacro!>.f TC\lIll:paTYlw

nO)J.a pact',:: lllldllOH H,CHC !lap,-', Kp:tjlbIi Ui.lKYYM Y KOHHeH-
JaTop), O)J,pd)Cll jc TCl'.UlCpaT),pO,\j BOi-~C. 3uor Tl.W<l, f.l,il 611
CC HUGEl) UlTO Il(.::hn BUKYYM, 1'>10pa iJ,'-l 6Y;lC uno Bella ,
1~011li'um(j U UlTO X.JIaJJ,lll1ja UUi..\~L \-
HJ"lwmCTlt paJMCIMmU"M TOII:lOTC. Oun pa:3MClbll-
Ba l III cy GI'Ull-bCUH on naKCT<:l <JCJlH'IIiHX flJlO'la (CJIWHIO
pal\'lCKHM q.:JlUl'rcp-npeCLlMa). Y lbI1t-.-1a noC'roje (YrBOPH KOjU
ca"-uHhanajy I{(UI{UIC (CrI, 99a) :m gOBon 11 Ol~BOA cl)JIYl1f~a.
Ha cnml,l1 je npHKU3UHD. npoclJHJIl1CaHil IIJlOtIa Koja ce crraja CflWca 100
 181
f13BO,I:(
All";;;:: H/j" -Iii",
Pa3MCH)lUHP-IH TOTIJTQTe cy ypclJajn y KojI1Ma ce TOWlOTa Ca rpejHor qmYI1;IJ.3, a IIOlIJTo.ie cHT3nIIrrja l-i;:;:. 111 . ('}) . t::::: m . 11, TO ce 3<lMeflOM )J.o6Hja:
Kp03 rpejuy nOBpIUl1HY, TIPCHOCH l~O rpejaHor cpJIYHna. BHillel~eBJIJ1 pa:n.1CJhHBatm
Ml" :::: m" Cp " (tli - f;) ::::: m" (h u " - hi "),
Mory 6f1Tl1 ea jC,1J;Hl1I'I'J HJIH ca JJ:n3 npo;ra3a q:lJIYJHltl Kp03 U,CBH. ,f(nocrpYKH :O;CBHH
pa3MeH~Hna"II1 TonnOTe HMajy MaJIIl KarraqHTCT. Ope6pclbcM lJ,crIH rrOCTIDKC ce Beha r;~e je:
nOnplInfH3 TOTInOTHC pa3McHc. m" - TOrrJTMjer Q)J1YI1)1(J Koja ym13li y pa3MCI:hIlBalI,
Maca
Y Kon;o:cH3aropHMa ce caKyn.1bajy nepMaHCHTI-IH raCOBH yCJIe):~ lICra ce yCIIO- Cp " CneIJ,MCpWJHll TOITJIOTllH KanaUHTCT TOfIJUljer cjUlyn;o;a,
-
paBa rrpCHOC TOlTnOTC. I1J10tIaCTII pa3MC1LHB3 1 IH TOllJIQTC ce '(TeCTO KOPffCTC Y npe~ t1l'" Ii" - YJIa3Ha H H3Jla3Ha TelvmepclTypa Tonmrjer {l)JlYUlla, H
xparvr6cHoj m-mYCTpnjn. Pa3JviCI-LllB<PIH TOIL'10TC ca opomanaH,cM ce KOPI1CTC 33 (h ll " h/') - pc13IfI-lKa yna:mc H H3J1a3He el-ITaJTJ1Hjc Torr.TUIjcr cp.rryn.L\:a.
XJl(1)eH~e Te"lIHOC1'H If raeOBa.
T011)1OTa KOjy ,ll,06Hja XJla)l,fInjn Q/.7JYH;J; je;m-raKa.ie thcrcmoM IIopaCT)' eHTCl.:l!IlJ-
jc upn npOJTa3y Kp03 pa3MClbHI3cFI (CI. 100a):
nHTAlhA l!1fl' :::: H/ -- Hi" ;:::: m'cr ' (t;' rll '):::: m' (11/ - hu'),
1. Kojc cy npC}(HOCTH, (l Knjll JJ('110cr:m:n p;nMCfbHlHI'-la TOn.'(1TC UI ;(U,l npo- rAe je:
.'83a (])JlYlT;lil Kp03 l~CnJl? m' l\taca XJT<l;n;Hlljer ri)}l:!H;1cL
2. 3anTTo cc 0pCOpClIC I~CTm KoplICTe TWpOlllJTO npH Jilrpcnall>y raCOB(l? cp cneltHCpWTl-Uf TOTVlOTHn K<lflClWTTCT X.1a;~IIBier rj)]l),UT(:l,
3_ 3alJ.1TO nCpMimeTlTllH raCOBn oMcT;ljy KOH;l.C1I3i\t(HjV no;w') {If' r;' --- ymi3HCl 11 H3.Tla:ma TCl\1TICpa1'Ypa xJIa]l)-m.ier (fmYllrr8., II
4. OJ( '-fC[8 -j8BHCH nc.:-nl'lHH<l raTMel-l,llBa'T(l TOITJIOTC? (h,' -- IIu') - pa3J1l,n:-a H3Jla'3ne lJ y.:Ja:mc eHTa.:mnjc X.TW"Hlljcr (l)JlYHII<l.
5. UITa cc W:lllilBil Y jJ(l3MCfhnn;PI)" Ton:JOW Kojn cc JI,Lli13H C(l 3aUlhC crpal-lt'
<j)pmKIl;J:cp;l 11 Kojer jc TIma? J<aga fiu paa.{-rc/-i)u(Ja'l filiO IIgNU/I() iTiC/J.'IIU'I!,-1l U,]O.H)(i(fJ-i, (WC gfiC {lpo.Mellc VI!
611.!lC jcgl-/{!I{c:
6. )Jh !1H je KyXH!-hCKU ooj,'!cp pa:_,\-lcfMma'l TOIrlOTC?

AH" :::: All'.

One 011, TClKObc, OlLTlC je)1JJClKC 1X131I-'fCH,CllOj KonIPnmn TomTOTC (Q):
l' A3MElMIIlA 'II{ TOn.1I0TE Q ~ M-T" "' JIJ-l' .
311J~aTm~ -I. flrllJUcai7i1l II c/-;cileplJ.MclIliio.vlO i7p()(I(_)lJ1f(~nlf IIio-
DOlIJTO TO Tonmrjer ql.T1YH)l,l] I1PCT-fOCH U Hi! OKO-
I-IHjc CJI)"Iaj, 11 TOWTOTa ce ca
BE EA fL10iTiJlu 151l:1({IfC .ifl pa3.HCll>IIGfI'l i7(o(i ..1-0iTic.
.'nmy H Hi! Xna,Il)Iujn clulynn, OITHaTon.TlOTa ROjy ryon TOTIJInjH q).TrYHi~ (6ft") jC;:l:
jc
BaRJ TOTI:rOTIT KOjy 1~o6Hja X.'IannHjIl (inyHll (6ft) H TOIlnOTH Koja cc ryon y
Arro./1.uaa 30gai"Uga. TOWTOTIIH omrm-Tc, yonurrc. !lpcl\CT(nLl~a oKoJUmy (Q~):
jCTI:3H BI1)1 3aKon3 0 O)1jJ>K<lH-,Y cJ-lcprnje. npJ-lJ\fCI-LCI-lOr na TOIl.1l0TITY cHcpnqy u
enT<wrmjy. }Ia on cc OHJj :1iHWll npHl\-fCnHO na P,Bl\--ICThr-mil'I 1'011.1101'C, nOTpe6no je. ,\1/" ~ Mf' + Q,
[fpC CHera. )'THpnHTH KaKO CC TOfTnOT3 -y l-hO-I)' npenOCll H KaKO CC TI--ICIhajy CIlT,V1nFl AKO pa3Mcr-hlma-Q pa;m CT,U\HOllaplIo, T3TI:a cc 11,C}hClhCl\-j ca SPCJ\JCHOJ\j' (r)
je (j/.ilYH/lcl. 'ronJmjn Cj).ll)'lfll (Cl l. 10(8) ry(5n TOnJlOTY Koja jc jCJ-\HilKa ra:nnu~IT ilo6nja:
CUT<l.'TITHja )-J~l )'Jla:ry (flu") Vi \1(.1 lIVlalY (f-!/t):
,\H" I'1H' + (l, ,
nAPA m YJ
Q9 1: '[ 1:

til I'1H," = i'.1l,' + qg.

--4 PACTBOP
V nxc HI rrpC)J;CT3BJLlI npOl\--1ClfY CI-l'ra.ilTlIqc Y JCHHIlHI]J1 BPCl\-fCf-Ia. a qg rrpoToK ry61ITa-
K<'1 TonnOTC.
3aMcHoM Acclmm-n~Hje cHTa.'1J1Hjc:

C1UKa }OOa
a nOlliTO je m/r MaCCUH npoToK (m.I.), TO jc:
HJIl1

/11,/' (h u " ~- h/ ') :::: my' (h/ ,.- h/J') + qIi'

To 3fill'lU go ce (lPO{UOf{ [/1uilJ10ale IWj)' lyou [/1uti.tzuju 1-}'Ug geJlu rw ripoWUf{ qJ. .
illU(L10iTie f{oj), goGllju XJUlglIUjU ejJJryug /I II({ (ipoCiJOf<: ty6ui1ol(a iUmlJ1oi11e y Of{O.r1UI-IU.
JIcnupeuf-w .HepC/-I.di U ilpopall)'I-l. ;o;a 611 ce npOl:lepHO TOIlJIOTHH oumu-!C flOTpe-
Gno je H'3pa 1 Iy!laTH, OI~HOCHO H3\ICPl1TI1, CBaKH l..lJlaH y je,[l,l-Ial..llII-m TonJIOTIlOr 611-
JIanG!. Il/H'lurIoClU(lGILHO ga cc Y lw3.HCfHwo'IY paao,'-UlJlfCrlll Gogcltu paciTiGup (lJZl{O'
X'()//{J ,1L1ZJ)WfI liogerw.1,( tll/pO.AI. To 3mllll[ p,a Tpe6a H:.HI-It:pl:1T11 npoToKc o6a ql;rYlI)J)L
IUIXOUC- Y-'.l[(13J-!C 11 !UJl<.l'JUC TCl\'tu~paType, a JaTHM H3jXl<lYlElTH UPOlviCl-JC el-l'ra5U1H)<1.
PC3ywraTe Tj)c6a YUCTH '/ crc;~chy Ta6cJiy.

1-- . . - PaCI'llOp
~"'~~--

napa
.. _... _ - - - - Ca)~acc 1\iOry JUpa\lylwTH H OpJlH!C KOjl1l\1i.'J
rIpm.u:aa elITcl,;1l1ltjc X.:w,D,llujl'r .:IYHi~'-1 jc:
cc- 1l-'len,ajy C!!Ta:ulH,ic

Al{.' := m'/T' cr ' . (fl' -Iu'):::: 0,013 kg/s 4.] kJ;1(gK (72 - 18)'C:-::: 2,B8 k\V.
M_CpcHO. YJJ a:i 11'311(1'3 ').'Jl:d3 H:J!ta:l
rIpoMclw t:lrra.:uulje TOlL'lHJC! 4J:JYHi-w,it::
",;, I.,' i,1 !!lIT. 111'/t m"/'t m"!,t
My" "" 111"/T' (h ll " h,"):::: I'll '/T' r:::: OJ)017 kg/s' 2252 id/kg::::: 3,l)j kW,
~i~;J\mcpaTypCl ,. ---

til i t/ /" "

" - '. ry-'Onll,H TOJL110Te y OKO,:UHIY cy, UPl\\l.J TO!-.H::
. vb .'tllTCjXrrypl': ,

,el , (J/kg K) cp e,)

! h(J/kg) hll" r:::: hi
i Pa'-I)'U'-1TO: i '- .. 3Ui-,aT:1K 2. OgpcfjwulI iTioil.iOlUlIlI oillito]) UpUeW3Y {l1oiL,wiZ'it' 0,9 nape go pa-
I f1pO\JI::-Ili1 ,. cw(wpa Y
,. ,. jJi.3JfC/bWW'lY
ewraJtnuJ'-' /illl' ~~ 111/'[ Cp (I: 'II' ) l'11l1, m"/t (h ll -- h/ ') :::: 111 . r/1
AlUuu,w 3agmiilw. IlpOJlaJ TOllJlOTe j~ ,a,crlmmlc<1n jCi-\lHl'-ll1HO,\L

;\.]-,;0 cy l\lcpt:lLa II Ilpopa~lyH C:iUJUl UCIlpaB11lJ, Tpcoa )H ce )J,oouje JHl.je: q K Ah.t sr ::::

ill-i.I," > 1;,]1./, 1(.;\

0JUlUCllO ,U<.I .lc: WlIl

'1g;::: i~H\" -- D.lI\,'_
TOl!:lOTmr OTl!OP
H']j){1ga JliYULIll,JL TpCG'l cKHL\HpaTH <lllapaTypy. OTBOPUTli ;~OBU!J, nap'-' H pa- KA q
C'rBopa 11 pcry,:ulC;nTI J10Tpe6an npoToK. Ka~~a cc )-rCT~L'le apOTOlJ)I H Tl'Mw.:paTYPG,
lHYIl'TU ca MCPCILCl\l Ilpc!>'la npeTXO,1lJoj 'l'aGCJllL ] lOCJl-l'-l TOMC, TpeGa 0i-qJC,l\liTH llorollcKY cu:ry:n npoJl;:u TOIL10TC o;~ flape ):.1U
FCJY"II)](UUU. 'fpeCia 3aua::Il!TH i',~a cy y:ta:H-IH H Inna:mu l\ltlCeUH llpoTOqll nap..: P,:lCTIIOiJa (6..l l ,!.j, Kao H liPOTOk TUWlOTC U,J, nape, no P<JcTflopa (q).. .
H KOII,L\t:lua-ra iC;~m\KB, O!JJ!OCHO ga-.it }-.\OUOJLHO l\WpUTH Ctlf>,IO jC;:\LlU O,Il, T<l HH<1 IlpO- JIO-Z-O!l.CI;JI uu-w cc oagc _'HCfNt, u.rru Cl: MQ)KC :3~n:;LY'HJT11 Wl JUIFlrpa~la K_Oj1I1I-l
'!'Oi.:.a. M,H.Tl-Hi'npOTOQI1 ce Moey I\tCpHTll n<1 lHY3lWTC H(l(lHllc, a HujjeJ~HocraHI-JHjc jc ce ,aaje npOMCUi.l TCMlIcpaTYpc TOn;r[ljcr (r"} It xJIap.,lmjcl' (r') qJJlYllna y TOK)' !-j,H-
MCpHTH l\-'Iacy Koja npOTCKI!C 3'-1 o)Jlwbeno BpCMC. I1:~MCpCHl1 H JlHTepaTypUH PC3YJ1- XOBor KpeT,:Uha KpO:~ p(U~lClhI1Ba'-l (CJI. lOOe) y 3aBlICHOCTH 01\ nOBfHLlHIlC, p,n~iClbH
TUTH ,Ui:lTH cy Y TaOCJU1 ua crenchoj c-rpalIlL BilCta.
llpoMcHa CHTJJl1Ulje TC~lliOCTH ce H3pa'lymlBLl KOPl1W1iCfLCM CI!Cll,HCPI1'-1lLHX Kao lllTO ic Y npCTXO,UUOM 3a;u,ilTKy 1t::IMCPCHO, TOfIJlHjU (lLryH~\ HC MelI,il cnojy
T()[L'!OTHHX KilllalUlTCTa, J 3a lnpa'-lymlBalbc npOMCllC cHTammje nape KopHcrc ce TCMlIepaTYPY, :rj. It llapa 11 Kon;J,CH:>aT cy Ha Heroj TeMncp~TypH.
crr~u,H(tH1 'lue CHT<lJlIlHjC (Ii") KO.1C .ce Haml3C y CJ!c)~ehoj TaOem1. l-buxoBa pa:UlI1Ka TeMnepaTypa paCI'IWPa pacTe 'y' TOKY CTpyj::lH,a Kp0'3)-)a3MelLH~m'-1. 3001' TOE.'<t
npC,UCTi.lBJbf:l TOIlJ10TY .KOll~C!l:3al-.\l1Je: je nOrOHC[G) CH~la '3<1 npomlJ TOIl.'lO'n; llajBcila Ha nO~leTKy \i~tl)' a lIaJMaI-La Ira KpaJY
1 ~ Ii,," - h: ~ 2 671 _. 41g = 2 252 kJ/kg. (t-.t 2 ) rpcjau.a. Y OBOM 3aJJ,<1TKY je nCYfpe6110 oJ-,pe,ll!-1TH CpC)J;H.)--' npenlloC'r norOHCKC
 YKYBAQM
-+-- nAPA

---f;>o PACTBOP

I 6t = 27C
I 2

~
" t. = 73'C

YK)'UaB3Ihe. - YKYSJlIH I1JTH HCnapHBR'-lH cy arrapaTH Y KOjHM3 ce I'lOBobelhCM

TOllJIOTC ncrrapana HeKa "fe'mOCT. npOI~ec Hcrrap::maI-b3 3aBHcn OJ~ npnpouc TC'lHO~
L eTH, op; rrpHTHCKH K(~ill BJIaJ-W Y racomrroj cpc):unm 113IIaJ1 TC'IHOCTH Koja Hcnapcma,
II Ofl, TeJvmep;;rrype Te'mOCTH. Kana HaTIOn nape Te'mOCTH, Koja "fpe6a )1<:1 HCnap8nJ.
Cf/ Uf{(/ I (jOe nOCT(lUC BehH Hero UITo.ie npHTlIcaK JTlvIOCqK:pt: y IWjOj ce n8JW3H, ona IJO'mlbc,u,a
KJhY'Ja, Tj. l1CrrapaB<1 no nCJJoj MaCH.
CHJre. Oml ce MO)KC o;n:pen;UTII HJTJJ Kao apIHMCTWIK,j CPCglh<1 npcJ_\HOCT (Elf)Hi cmm_y
Y 1'OI<Y pan8 113 CYJi<l Tpc6a YKJI(lIhHTH uapy.JJ:8 nc 6n npUTT-lCaK y cyny nopac-
100B): Tao If na Tc'mOCT He 6n npeCT,UT!1 Jfa KT),)"TZl. OJIBo1)eH~C nape BpUIn ce ofhplHO Ha
'raj Ha"YIIl-I nITO ce I1npnu rrpocrop cnojn ([1 111)()CTOPOJ\f ~r KOl\!C BJW1W HH)J(H npHTH-
A
D.l _,6.tl+6f2.~81+27"'-4or_cIK
" - " - - ~)
IT - ------------- - \.. _- _)( ,
caR, rmn Cil npOCTopOM Y KOMe .ie 118]7I\Hja':lHll npI1TIIC<1K nape MaJUI o~ II<1TIOH<1
22
nape H3H3;1; nonpnumc TC'LrHOCT1I. JIm: cc y npnOl\f CJf~'\fajy, 3601' pa3~IHKe npl'fTTlca-
rum, T3'II-mjc, Rao JIOJ'8pHTaMcK<1 CpCJfl-hfl npCl\HOCT: Ka, napa Kpehe non; 'THeTO MCXaI-IIPIKHM. xnnpaYJIWIKHl\-1 YC.TI0BHlvJa (1[3 o6.TfaCTIT
nehnx npUTlIC<1KCl Kfl oGnaCTl1IImJUIX nplfTHcm::a), p;OTJle cc y p;pyroM napa )-"KJ1<:Uha
LV log 0;:; __ AfJ_ -:J1f2_, ):1}fQ1Y3HjOl\-I. TIpEn ce na'-UlH cpeTIe KO)] ncnapHHcl'-Ia KOjH cy BC3aHH 33 IWIWCH33TOp.
2, 3Iog_~!J. a ;u;pyrn IIpH l1CnapaBaH~y y c.'1(60)'HIY 3TMOCQ)Cpy.
6.r 2 YKYBanmhCM ce y TeXTIJH~H 06WlI-JO )KeJ1H Ao6uTH BCfta KOl-lJ..\ClfTpau,uja HCHC-
nap!bHBOr cacTojKH nCKOr pacTBopa. To cc ITOCTIDKC y.uan"anaI-bCM HCrrapJhT:lBC ROM-
npOTOK TOH.HOTe, rrpCI'It::Te npO!Ia30M OA napc AO pacTBopa, je, y cTBapJ-L 6P3H- nOHeHTe.
H3 KOjOM P8CTBOP no6nja TommT), H IWjOl'.-I paCTe J-bcrona CJITaJIJUIja: IIpH )n;:ynaBaH~Y.ie rroTpe6no na cc no6njc nOHO.1hHO KOHucln-PHc;:um MaTepn-
J3 Raja rrOCJIC YKyn3nmh<l oCTajc y )'1<)'13(1'1)' l-mn H:~.;Ja3n H3 lhcra. ITpu TOMe cc,
q=LlW
311a'-1Ti, Kao rrpowmor; JIOOJfja }'{{yaaflu ocrIiaiiial{' CTBOpeIJJ I7apa paCili()({j)(I'la ic
3I-raqH:
cliopegf--lfl IIPOIl3(Wg n Ha:mml ce ceKylIp;aplI<1 napn.
YKyna,{ T-1aj'Icmtie lIMa JHJ\aT8K lV1 HCKIT p;:n5na)KCHH paCTBop KOHll,CHTpnme
;0:0 TC MCpC )J,8 6n: OH naKJIaAnO Morao rIa KpnCT3.rnnnc H.TIl:I )l,tl ce eKcTpaxyjc. TaKO
KA Llff' cc, Ha lIpTIMCp. yKynosa COK Ulchcpnc pene J-\a on
ce TWIlUCIITpnCaO, a KpnCT<:UlH me--
hera H3J\Eoju;:-m 113 paCTEopa. AKO jc nOTp~()IT() Tl'WHcnOpT(m3TH Bcbe KO.TfWHme
OnJj OTIIOP ce ~tO)Ke CM(ll-hI-lTIl HJ1H nOBchaI-hCl\f TIOEpImme KJW3 KOjy npo.'-w:m cyrrcTaJIl\H, pacTBopemIX Y BOil;1"1. Kopncno JC OB3KBC paCTEopc npeTXOJmO yKyna-
TOTInOTJ mITI TIoBchar-hC!\'l Kocqml~njcIITa npo.-:m3a TOllnOTC. EaI-heM KOTll~eHTpHC;;lTH, a :3(1THM, npe ymnJlc6c (1 Hoene Apyror TpaHCnOpT3.. DorIO
BO pn30.n<DKJITH )l(C.'1.CHOM I(O.TfWIHIIOM lW;rC. Ha Taj Ha'"'mn ce 1f36eraBajy cKyml
HauoMcn3. AHaJIOran npopwlyIf cc M())KC rrpHMcHHTH H Ha 3,n]10peHH YKYB,Pi
TPOlllKOBT-l TpanCHOpTl! BOne.
ca KOIITHJ1YJJIHHM pa)J,oM. HHHMe, rpcjHH CJICMCl-TT yKyUWI8 rrpe,rrcTJHJba P;-BMClhH-
HR<'i TOflJ10TC y KojeM ce napoM 3arpeE8 pacTHop. CB8KH yKyna'I ce MO)KC cxnaTHTH TWO p<:13\jelhUBil'I TOTT.nOTC ca cneqHjamioM
HaMeHOM. Y TheM), .ic TC'fl-IOCT, KOjJ ce YKYBClB3, o;UEojeHa rpcjHoM nonpIllHHOl\i on
rrpOCTopa y KOj11 CC Y130)111 rpejHH MC]l)ljYIVL [(ao zpcjl-m /v/CgU;Y.M I-Ulfi-I_cllllte CC 1((1-
puciTiu (wgow aapa 'wja ce HaaW3a iJpu.A-wpl-la ilapa. A,U) liaCLUaJUl iiapa I,wa ~H{L7)'
GpegHociIl, Yl()iBa'-tU cy 06UilHO OlTi80PCl-lI.I, iilaJw ga cc CegYHgapl-ta aapa )lH)!(C Y
aTMocq)epy cpe)J,I1He Y ROjOj ce anapaT Harr(l3H. OBaKaB Tun yKyBR'la cc l\W)KC yno-
Tpe6l1TH Kap;3 jc J{O.Tl1i'-II1Ha Bo;n,e Koja ucuapana Mana.

I
 _. _____ L ___ L __ _
186 c=_
AKO nape, KojC npu IIcrrapanalhY Hac-rajy, liMajy 3I-l<tTHy BPClI,HOCT HnM cy oUl~
POaf{C Ll UliUeiTiui.! flo 3gP({(3.fbC, (ilaga lTie'tI-/.(}c(ii HcuaplUw )' .Ja,iil60peHu.M )'K)'8tl'iU-
hUt, KaKO 6H ce ocnoGotjCRa napa MOrJIa KopncTHTH MJlH 113ABO]HTll113 paAHc 3TMOc-
1.Jepe cpa6pIF-IKC o,IJ,aje. DpeMa TOMe, YKYBa'Ul ce Acne ua oTBopeHe. n 3aTBopeHe.
KoJJ, 3aTBopcHllX yKyBaLm rpejua nOBpUIIUIa cy u.eBlL I1peMa fIOJIQ)KaJY I~eBH OEll ce
YKynal.Jll JJ,eJIC Ha yKyBa~le ca XOPlI30HT3JIHllM H yKyna'-le ca BepTl:IKaJIHIIM u.eBMMa.
Dpe!<.1a KOHCTpYK1wjn YKYBaqrr ce f~eJIe Ha:
- oTBopene yKYB3'L{e,
.- 3aTBopeHe yKyna'Lle,
.- YKYBa'-lC ea XOPII30HTaJIHllM ~eBfIM<:l,
- YKYBaqe ca BepTl1K<:lJIHl1M u,enI1Ma.
- yKyua'le ca r~yn-fM l~eBHl\-ta II
- yKyBa'-IC ca KOCHM JJ,eBHhEL
5.1. OTBOPEHH YKYBNl.J.l
Orm \'Kvna'IH CJIY)KC OGWlHO npll HCnap3B<ll:hY M3HHX KOJIH'-IHH3 pacTBopa,
TaKo, Ha rlpl~!\lep, Ihl1M(I cc C'IY)KJ-! npH yKynanaI-LY Boha H nOBpha, npn TOlIJbel-bY
l\1'KTl-1l1TlJ,. Orm ce cflcfoje (cn. 101) o!~ },WTflm-lOr Ka3aHa nOo'lYC(pepHOr oomIK3 0)
Kojn jc y oMoTa'-IY (2). rpcjIIll or.'IOTa'Ll ce nOHeKa~l, ua311Ba li ~ynJIHKaT?p. Y rrpoc-
TOp H3MCt)y K;naI-W 11 OMOT(llta YB0,JJ.H ceo Haj'Ltewhc Kao rpcJl-Ill MCJJ,l1JYM, Bo;ucna
napa (3). Omt, K30 KOHnCH311T. HCTH"llC Kp03 (HBOP (4) Kojn ec HaJIa3H Ha ,uHy OMO"
'falla. 013aj yKyBaL{ cHa6,ucBcH je Tepfl-toMCTPOM (5), MflHoMeTpoM (6) na oMoTa'-ry
TepMoMeTpoM (7) KO.iIIM ce Me pM TCl\-mepaTypa rpcjHc napc. Ha HeKHM yKyna'IIiMa
IHUla3M ce 11 BeHTHJI CHfypHOCTH (8), Kao IT OTBOP:;<1 H3AynaBalbC nape (9).
HeKB OTlIOpeHI1 YKYBaljH cy nOAcmCl-m TaKO)W Ce IhHXOB ca,up)Kaj MOMC npa-
3HllTH Kp03 OTBOP Ha ilI-IY, lV)K cc Hpynl JYwcy np<13HHTH OOPT(ll-bCM OKO XOPU30H-
'ramIe OCOBfme.
OBaj npopa\fyH ce, Kao II 3a APyre pa3MelbHBa~lC TOIlJIOTe, oCTnapyje npUl'I-IC"
HOM TOIIJlOTHor 6111!aHC<1. MaTeplIja;l OJJ, Kojcr ce H3pat)yjc Ka:;3H 3aBllCl1 op; TeLlHO-
CTH 3a KOjy je uaMClbeH. 06I1'-IHO ce npaBH o,u oaKpa KOjl1 jc KanajI1CaH. 3a jaKo Kli-
ccnc nohne cOKoHe, MJICKO 11'1').\. rrpane ce 0,JJ. nerypc HHKJW H xpoMa, Kao H 0)1 any-
MHl-llljYM3.
C'/WW 101
___.__J 187
5.2. 3ATBOPEHH YKYBA em
OBM ce yKyna~IH BpJIO LICCTO npl1Mel-byjy y Hajpa3JIH'LII1T1IjuM rpamlMa rrpe-
xpaM6cHc H XCl\--rnjcKe HHAycrpHje, a ImpOQllTO TaMO rAe ce KOPHCTC BeJIHKC KonH-
"llIme pacTnopa. 3aTBopcIIH yKyna"lIH ce KOPUCTC 3<1 YKYBaBafbC cKyrrOl~eI-lI1X JUH1 01'-
POBHHX Te'lHOCTH, 'lmje nape He TpeGa]:ia OAJIa3C y an.-1Occpepy. I1 KGn: OBlIX yKyBa-
'Ia Kao rpejHH Me,uujYM e.TJ.Y)Kll nOlJ,cH<1 napa .
YKyn3 ' lH ea XOPI-l30IlTa.JlIIHM l~eBIIMa. ~ Hajn03HaTl1jH TIm ORUX yKyBa'LIa je
Belmep -- JC.lllUICKOB KO,il1 .ie
rrpuKa3aH Ha Cm{l~H 102. To je ll,HITHI-IAPH"lIaH BepTII-
KaITHH cyJl, (1) KOjU ce 33rpeBa nOMon)-1 Cl-lOrra XOPH30HTlJlHIIX npaBllx l~eBH (2).
Dapa cc YBOi\H Kp03 u,eB (3) y pacrrOpCl)HnaLl (4) cje,!lJIc crpaRe IJ,enH, a oxnalJena
11 KOH,l\eH30BaHa I13Jl<:1311 Kp03 oTBope (5 H 5') Ha caKyrL'baqy (6). napa ce H3JIYBa
''1)03 I1eB (7).
CBe:iKa TC'LlHOCT ce YBOAH Kp03 IJ,eB (8), a YKynlla H3BOJl,H Kp03 qeB (9) Koja ce
Ha:ra3H Ha AHy HcnapHna'la. napa YKynaHc TC'-lHOCTH Op,BOJ-,J1 ce Kp03 l~eB (10), ca
npxa 11cUapUUaqa. ()Tl~OpH (11) cy np030pQnhl1 Kp03 Koje Ce MQ)KC nocMaTpaTH
npoi~cc HCnapaBaIha y yKymply.
YKymlm ca BepTllKaJllIUM UCBJlMa. - KOH OBHX yKyBa~ra I~CBll Y KOjH},.\a Te-
"-IHOCT 1icnapana eToje nepTltKa;llIo. OKO H~HX ce Haml.3H Bo;o;em~ napa Koja 3arpe-
Hal-:beM H3a311Ba HCnapaSaI-ba Te~IIlOLJIL
Ha cm1D;H J 03 npHKa3aH je jeIJ;aH Tan TaKBor yKYBa'-Ia. To je BepTltKaJIHO
noC'ranJhCl-I u,HnHHnap (1) Y KOMC ce H~U1a3H 3arpenHo TCJIO, CtlCTaB]hCHO il3 CHono-
Ba KpaTKl1X IJ,CBH (2) OKO KOjllX rrpOTWIC BO,Il,CWl napa Koja ce ,Il,OBO,JJ.H KP0311,C13 (3).
TC'LlHOCT KOjy TpeGa yKynaTH yno,n:n ce Kp0311,CS (4), YKYBaHa ce OTaqe Kp03 [J,pyry
u,cn (5) Ha N-lY HcnapHBa~Ia. Dape, Ko.le ce npH HcrrapaBalhY ocn06ai)ajy, OABO;1C ce
6
J
3
r
2
, CIlUlW j 02 . CJlUKU f(}3 )

Kp03 U:CB (6) na Bpxy I1CnapHBa'-ra. KOH)l.CH3(1T rpcjHe napc H raCOEH Koje ona
Canp)KH O;El,Boge ce Kp03 Il,eSI1 (7 H 8). C"I\'wp KpeTaJ-ba TC'-IHOCTH TOKOM nCnapaB3I:ba
03ua'-ICH je CTpCJIl111,alvta. Xn:ap:Ha I1 YKYBaHa TC'-IHOCT nana Ha ):I,HO Kp03 ll,CIITpa~'IHy
IIInpOI<y l(CB (9) H ca ):I,Ha IIOHOBO npOJIa3I-I y rpcjHH I\CBHH CHCTCM. TC'-IHOCT 3arpc-
BaHa napm,I ,lJ,CJIH:r.m'-IHO nCnapaBJ 11 Illwpn ec, 3601' '-tera nocTajc crrcll,J1qH1'-IHO JIaK-
IlIa II IIClbC ee nam-Hue, npn '-ICMY ce 360r KpcTaIba. O,n:HO':HO CMal-beJ-ba rpaHl1'-lHOr
cJIoja, 3HauIO no6o.JbllIasa npCJla3 TOnJJOTC. I1pn J-f3JIaCKY 113 ll.CBH napa cc ):I,H::1(C
HaBlunc, a gCJIHMI1"<"IHO OXJJapCHa TC'lIHOCT Bpatia CC Kp03 U;CB (9) H, YKOJJllKO CC He
OTO'lH-:I, nOHOBO HMa HCTTI TOK.
HC.QocraTaK rrpCTXOp)IOr nnw YKYBil'Ja.iC Y TOMe UlTO je Ma.lla 6p3HHa KpCTa-
I-b3 TC'lIHOCTll Koja HcnapaBa, crc jc nOTpc6no ,n:yro np)K3TH Te'llI-lOCT y yK)'B<l'Iy. a TO
cc BPJIO HcnOBOJhHO o,n:pa)R3nn Ha MaTepnja;Ic ncnocrojaHc Ha Bl-IIllOj TCMTICpa-
Typn. HC):I,OCTaT3K jc n y TOlviC lllTO.iC KaII3I~nTCT on3KBHX yKyB<Fra M(UIH.
D,a 611 ce OEl] HCf~()CTaI~H OTIClOIIHJU!, KOUCTPYHGlH.iC yKyBa<I ca AyrH~1 BCPTI1-
KaJIBHM r,CBHM3.
)J,06pa cTpana OBor YK)'na'lD je nc;mKH KOC(jmIWjCIIT rrpCJ1a3a TOn!10TC H
KpaTKo BpeMc 3a,n:p%aBaI-ha TC'lHOCTTI (0):1, 60,::(090 CCKYH;:.\ll) Y anapaTy. l-lcJ~oCT3lJ;IT
cy BCJIHKa BHCHHa 3napaTa H MoryhHocT oIIlTehcH~a ncnu H ;lcnORa arrap,n),pe 3601"
Bemmc 6P3HHC KpcTaH,a TC'lIHOCTU (30-50 mis). 3HaT3n nc.u;OCTaTflK jc Ii TO lIlTO
TCQHOCT npOJW3H caMO jCT(annyT Kp03 (mapaT, 360r '-Icra je nOTpe6Ho,n:a ce na Tm. .J
nyTy KOII.ll,CI-npHIIIC T,FIHO ;10 )Kc.rbeuc KOnU;CJ1Tp,UJ,HjC. To jc 1'elllKO l10cruhn 3a
KpaT1co Bpel\fC, 3a KOjC TC"IHOCT jCAaunYT npO:be KP()3 yKyna'lJ. 3601" Tara je, npn pa-
,n:y C3 onaKBHM YKYBa'IHrvla, TIoTpc6no perynuC3TlI ,n:OBOn napc TaKO ;::(a 6YAe paB-
HOMepaH 11 JW rpcjaJbC 0YiIC 6e3 IIKaKHHX KOJIc6m-ba.
KopFfcrc cc pa3T-1H TImOBll yK)'Ra'lJa, 3aBlICHO on Tora Kojn .lc TlIn HajITOrOlJ,IH1-
JI-I 31 o,n:pebcnc ycJt()BC pana. Tc YC.nOBC OJ\pcl)yjy: BHCK03JITCT P;;lCTBopa. nocToja-
I-Iocr npn 3arpCB3H,Y, MoryhnocT 1I3T\BajaJ-ha TaJJOra I1ml KpHC'ra.nfl, nojaB<1 fIe He
VITJI..
5.3. BI1IIIECTEITEHO YKYBABAlhE
npl--f 06H'UlOhr YKYBaB,uhY CJ napoJ\L Kao rpejmnvf Tenor-l, nenOBpaTllO cc ry6c
EcJHIKe KOJIll'-IHHC TOTIJTOTe. AKO ce HCKU BOT(ClIH pacrBop 3arpeBa pa;lIr YKynaBan,a
BOnCHOM rrapoM, TaJ\3 ce rrpn6JH-DKHO 3a jCJ_l.au KH.TlOrpaM MenapCHe Bone (CCKYIJ-
.IJ.apHC nape) yTpOlllH jeW-HI KHJIOrpaM rpcjHc, O,D)lOCHO npUMapHe, nape. O'IHrJlcn-
HO jc lJ.a 6n TomrOTlJa enepruja, onaKO HaCTanc CCKYlTTWPHC Hapc, 6HJJa y cTaH~y i1a
llcnapn HOB KIlJIOrpaM BO):(C cal\-W KaWl tin ce 3a 0130 CTTIOpmIll 1l0rO)J;HlI YCJIOBH.
Mc1YYUIM, nOIJJTO J-hHX HCMa y 06IPIlIHM ypcbajHl\ta 3a YKYBaB3I-bCo ceKyH;qapH3 na-
pa cc O)lROAn BCHTlVJaI~HjOl\.-I y an.-mcepy, 3001' "Iera ce nC."'IHKa CHT3JUll1ja KOjy OHa
C<-1gP)KH He MO)KC IIOHOBO HCKOPHCTHTH.
Y CHCTCMY RHfIICCTpYKor YKYBaB<llh<l nnaK ce ycncnajy I1CKOPHCTHTH CHTamIH-
.ic OBe nape. Y OROM CHCTCMY iJapa! Twja ce i7pll ),,,),cuwaH).\-' oc.flo,6afya U3 pacilJeo-
pal CAY.1fCU l<aO zpejHa aapa Y HapegflO.M Y!{))(W(lY, lUTO 3Ha'-HI Aa cCKyH).:(apH!:l napa
npeTxogn:or yKyBa'-Hl. CJIY::1(H Kao npHMapHa napa (3arpCBlIa) y c.rrC)lehCM yKyna'lly
lIT)),. OCHOBHa je TeIllKoha Ha KOjy ce npn pcmaB31bY OBOI' IIllT3T-h3 uarma3H: KaKO
npCI-ICTI:I TOIIJIOTY Oil CCKYH,n:apHc nape AO paCTBopa KO.1I1 ce YKYBaB3. BogcHa napa,
Koja ee oCJlo6aba KJbY'-Ja"fhCM nog aTMoccpepCKllM npHTJ-fCKOM lIMa rrpHTHcaK 0,[1,
189
je.u~eaTMocrpepc H T~tvmepaTYp~ 0)] 100C. nOMony I-be ce MOl)' 3arpeBaTH CUl\W
pacrBopn JWJH KJhY'lIa.lY Ha HlDKOJ TeMnepaTypn.
~a 6l:I TOIIJIOTa rpcjHc nape npClliJIa Ha Tel.{HOCTl'I Koja KJh)''lI3, IToTpe6HO jc Aa
nOCTOJII norOHCKa Cl:IlIa, O;O:HOCHO pa3JIJ.IKa TCMncpaTypa nape H TC'IHOCTH. To 3I-Ja~
tIll,n;a 6H ?'el.J.HOCT MOraJ1a I~a KJhY'.fa Ha HI1)KOj TeMucpaTypH ncro lliTO je TCMncpa-
:r~pa rpeJHe nape. To cc MO)Ke oCTBapwfn YKOJIHKO .ic npHTHcaK aTMOccpC Y KO-
JO] ce TetIHOCT uaJ1a:m HJDKll 0;0: anlOccjJCpcKor. f1peMJ TOMe, ;o:a 6u TOllJIOTa ca
BO~CI:IC napc npCIlIJIa n<l BO;O:y K?ja KJb)''lIa, Bona CC Mopa HaJIa3HTH nop; npHTHCKOM
~OJH.le Hli)KH O)l. IIPII~~:IIc~a Ilap-~I!SuIillL:m:.1J:a ce .aailiefuIiHoJiloaSQJJ1(L.f.lD:.!i9!.!1!!!f
u~~~e .MO.7ICe U~:J(O pucuuw UU!!.J:t.~?!-~-:!:-1'!!.iaJ--jLil.KfLf:...PClf!!!.E~J i1a,qJ!l.Milepaill.y pe u,~~-'
Jv[iJ)J!...!:!!!P..~j;L~'l11':!!L~ ~'!!.!!!~: l.'-',_L~~_ J.f!L _l!:/J!JJd _t7.QSc'{l!I Qff.(:.. ~A-I,g_!t'_t:!j!..e:JJ (lp lJJJ] ITf;;C.C(lj1i~JP, c'-- .
t/?!1:l,~ y 1(0/01 we'IHOC/U l(.rI:>}''-/(f, IlITO 3na t lH):\a iJpU1TillC(lf{ y 0~-$mw),t l-WpCgHO.M J'l~'~'"
;:.:")' .~ 0 P4-,6UUl~~~1.~q}-_QL!~2.q,.ujlUWLiCK-a-..J'Jlp-elilX..Qgl(f!A~.~ --"~~-- .. --,~, .. ,--,,---,, ... '
(\1(0 Ie OBa] yenoB HCITYli~,,-M-Q;'lW.LC...rill~~g}I!lgJjl~J(QT.-=:..1@...S9_~j.QJJ:::.
HH~1 IGUIOrpaMOM naQ~ Hcnapn Bl1lII~ KlIrIOrpaM(j TCIl:!QJ;;.IJl~. Y rrpaKCH ce KOPHCTl-J
0;0: ~ ;0:0 8 CTerrCHl'[, IIITO 31JalUI iFl ce JC}~mnI KlInOrpal\.WM rpcjnc nape Hcnapn O~~ 3
no 8 KJfJIOrpaMCl TC'-IHOCTII. 3Wl'IH !w ce y O:WM cnY'Iajy, OClIM rpcjHc napc. Mopa
\ YTPOIU~fTH .lOlU H H3Bcc.Ha KOJIH'lIma cncpnf.lc 3a pan 1{OH,IJ.CH3aTopa n B3Kyy"H~p
~Ke K0.JHl\W cc oCTBapYJc P<l3.TJHK<l npnTlICK<l, rroTpe6n3 3<1 CHIDKClhC Te1mep<l'rvpe.
. .Ji~,cnIll.U1-.10.4..llPIIK~ImJ.j~~,"g:~.~:~_~~.~!~.S:1:~}J.~YI!.2,j'KYBa 'Ia Koj IT ~IHllB j egHV
Jli1TGPI1:jY, Y YKYBa~LLce.._-~-O;1,l-lQ)l..Qlx~!.()nn, npl1~1ap~a _q)c:JJ.r~~~'~'j)a: ''-iTlja'.Ie Te~mc~
p~T~pa 127C~~.!!'!'!9_JC 32.cnheHfl. oAP'ef5ci"(je'-iiprrfI{CaK -on 1,2 6apa-. Tc-.:rHoer
__~~_TP~Q,;l-yK)::lliLTH YB0I.l~~r,~IBa'lI K~J~,OBO;J, 2":'11O)TiWJUI KpU.tV)JB'IT):f".3.."V_,. .
cyceJl.HH yKyB,FI II. '---....--.-.".-."'~-. --". .
=.~rri?!~2XW-(Uc51.JJ.ap.um.tll]_ql::.T_0,I?Y,,,n[m9r YKy13a~la j_C,1J.Wl~jS: _<lTMOCgJCpCK OM ,_ liITO
:J.Hwm Ua qnCT.:~l-Y..JJ.>.eAljL-I<JbYll.a-.ua.l..Q~l.Llmjs:.~l:.~.M}l~P"~T'y_pa. CCKYlI;J:3 pHe
"J}':.l:pe npBOr YKY~<::!.?
TaKol)~.1_) OOC. TIpeMa TOMe, nocTojn pa3.T1HKa H3MeiW TCMIJC-
paT)T)(l rpejllc napc 11 rpejnor pac-mopa, nCl .ic ITorOI-IcJ(a cuna 3(1 npona3 ';'ODJlOTC,
OJ\HOCHO pa3JJl1Ka TeMnepaTypa -y npBOM YKYB3'-IY, i'J.T I ::;:; 27 K_
4 6 11 13
U~12
1
2
10
5 8 7
CJUIK(I ]04
 CCKYII~~pHa JJ;,~,~pl?BOr" YB~)AH ee, K.E?"~~~,?i~_.~_~~_~_~?_r_l:lp~~~~{~~~,,_\~)_:J:_~~~iHn OBa pa3JUIKU TCMnepaTypa ycnoCT3BJba ce CITOIiTaHO, lino 3Ha'-Il1 Aa ce 0 TOMe
c"iiIT~M]!p)TOr yKyua ~Ia, 360r ";:fet'"acln:5fffl, _H~:_(~~~.c_li_?__ ?~_ !:r()p~l(J_I_9:_~ _~~5!!_E~...~~ rrpH- TOKOM pa,IW He Mopa rroce6110 BOJ~HTI1 pa'-IyHa.
Mapny fYd.P-S'~Y~Y1la"'l-a,:-"Ait4H~!9~IE!~~~~fMapHe TIa pc MorJIa.__ ~~__ ,_~E~t>~_. H~ KpeTaI-bC Te'-i.HOCTli H rpejHc nape KOg BJ-UIIeC'rymmx YKYBal.ra MO){(e 6HTl1
]2acriEWII!Pyr'''TYKI'llITQY;-m?rpe6t!0J.c.l;\ilI",,[ill'U1..:n:.M!lJm_".IY]l]!J5J'Jle.. !fI1'I'.~ 1511 napa~1eJIIm 11 rrpOTHBcTPyjHO. Ko)J, rrapaJleJIHOr Kperafba Tel.JHOCTli II nape HenOBO-
:reMrrepaTyp~j!~_~!_~E~-J'lcn:e- iioc~Ni;.Ke CMalbClbCM npHTliCKa ~ ~eMY: 360r <.:fera ]baa 1C OKOJIHOCT WTO TelIHOCT 360r YKYBaBafba rrocTajc CBe BHCK0311l:fja 11, l1C'ro~
he pa6113"op -KJbY'-JaTIf l-Ia HlDKOj TCMrrepaTypn, ua IIpIIMCp, Het 74 C. fbo] oAfoBapa BpeMeHo, CBe XJla/~HH.ia. 36?r Tora ce, aKO cy OBli. YCJIOBH paga HCrrO)KCJhHH, np116c~
npHTHcaK flape OJJ; 0,36 6apa, lllTO 3Ha'-:I11 nu je IIorOHCKa CIIJJa 3a npoJ1a3 TOl1JlOTC y raBa npoTHBcTpYJHOl\.f I:WW1J3IbY Y KaMe ca CTen~HOM YKYBaBaI-h3 pacTe TeMllep;'lTY-
OSOM yKyBa<!y /:-,T, ~ 26 K. pa, TC ce Ha TaJ Ha~IHH y6na)KaBJ UlTeTHI:I YTlUPJ BHCKO:~I1TeT(t Ha npOJIa3 TOHJlOTe.
CCKYI-Ip;apHa napa .n;pyror yuo,un ce Kp03 BOA (6) Y rpejHlf CI1CTCM Tpch,er yKY-
Ba'-w. ,D;a 6I1 JIaTCUTIM TOIWOTa napc MOrJla IIpdm H3 pac1'Bop rroTpc~HO Je OUCT
H333B3TH nap: TCl\WepTrype, lllTO ce rrOCTlGKC cMaH,eR.CM rrpHTHCKa y OBOM yKyBUl.IY 113BOn
Y OP:HOCY In rrpCTXOrvm.
fIapl-HI l1pocrop KpajI-bCr yKyBrll.Ia nC3an je, npCKO KOI-IACH33Topa ~12), 3~, YKYBaBal!A~}.I HCnapaB<l paCTInpaq H KOHI~CI-lTpHille ce paCTBOp. TlPH yKY-
naKyYM-u,pnKy. 1101\1Ohy KOHJlCH3;:rropa napa l1pCna311 Y KOH,[],el-I3aT H Ha TaJ HUl.llIH BaRaTh), TOIL'10Ta npo.:Ja:m O~llIplfMapHC nape, Kp03 rpejuy IlOBPillI1UY, JJ;O paCrBopa
CC YIbCMY C'l'Bapa llaKYYM. JJ:a UH ce Morao 1136all,HTH KOUJ~eH3aT, a H ncpMaHeHTHH Koja CC yKYBa13U. H3Jl;'LlHC TOKOBC H3 yKyB<FW tBIlle TOK KOHu,eHTpucallor paCTl'lOpa
raCOm'1113 yKyBal.Ia, IToTpc6nc cy HaKYYM-u,pnKe. H TOl( CCKYHiJ,apw,-: flape paCTB<-lIXl'-lJ.
lloWTO npu mlIllecTyrrUO!\,l yKynal:lcuby jq~Hor KIlJlOrpaMa BO!J.eH~ JI(lpe lfcnapH 3aTllopCIHl )'KyB<:ll.H! Ce ~(eJle npC\Ja BjJCTH l~CI:\H Koje ~lJ-IHC rpcjHY nOBpUlHllY.
H3 l1PliUJUDKHO jC)J)lor KHJlOrpa:rvm BOnC, TO cy KOJ1H'lHnc TOnnOTe KO.1e cc pa3MCHe Bl1lJlCCTClll'HHlIl YKYBaJ3aJ-hOl ce llOCTJI)KC YLllTCA<l Y JI(npOlllfLH rpejHc Hapc.
Y CBfJKOM HcnapIIBaqy l1pU6mDKHO jeAI:IaKC, Tj.: Ueo YUlTct)cue cHcprnjc ce TIXlIWl WI HCOHXUr(HO OCTIClaplwau)c naKYYMa, 1'.1. jJa3-
JIIIKe IIpHTHcaK<:t Y YKYl3aQnMJ.
Q, = Q2 = Q].
TOl1Jlura Koja rrpei)e ea rpcjHc napc Kp03 3Hn Ha paCfBOp, K30 DJTO jc paHuje
fIMTAlhA
pCl.reno, H3J-JOcn:
1. Ha Kojn cc lta'lllH napa ),Ko1<11ha KOJ.\ oTBOpeUI1X, a n<l Kojn KO,:.( HCnapnB(\~la
Be:HIHIlX 3(\ BUKYYM?
rAe JC: 2. 3aW'fO cy KOHcTpYHcaHH yKyB,-l'lH ca r~yrHM BepTlIK,wUHM lJ,CBHM,L Kalla CY'
K - Koectnl.u,ujCHT rrpomna TomlOTe, OHH 360r Belle h:O}1lf'IHHC MtlTCpnj;uw cKynJhu'?
A . - rpcjHa rroBpllufHa, . 3. KYJii1 cc 11 3<.m1TO TOKOM nCnapaBaIba H3!J:Bajajy KpHcTa.:m pacfBopcnc
!1T _ pa:ufHKa TeMnepaType H3l\1Ct;y rpejilc nape H pacTBopa KOJI1 KJbYLIa. MaTCpl1je?
.:1. HanpBll JlOL'1C,LI pl:KJIO Oil CC}.\U pa~\ mlll!CcrYI1lUlX yKyBa~!a npCJ.\CTaB.'l-,8 I-ICKy
I1pCi\Ia TOMe jc:
Bpcry .. llcprrCTYYM 1\106UJlC". 06jacHlrrc 300I' 'lcra OHJIC J(O.'ta3H,nO 3a6!t)'!J:c.
K, . At ;l,T, = K 2 A, ;l,T2 = K] AJ ;l,T" 5. J~a ,mje HlJ CHIU}! !041lpHKa3lJH<l GaTcpllja Cil napaJlc.'llUIlVI1UlU ca npoTHBCTpyjHHMl!ana-
jarLcM?
rAe je HHllCKCOM 1,2,3 03HaLICH ITpBlI, JlPyrn 11 Tpeim yKyBWl.
6. IllTa Gu cc J1eCHJlO Ka,o.a un ce 3<1TBOP110 OJ.\BO~i J1 CCKYll;taPllC nape 11 yKyn<1HC Te~ll-:!OCTH
nOIl1TO cy yKyBal..JH BeTt KOHCTpYKu,Bje, TO je: H3 i1PYTor YKYBa'-w'?
AI :::::;;A1.:::::A}:::::;;A.

Mci)"yTlIM, KocclHllwjcHTli npOJla3a IUtcy jC,lJ,HaKll, jep ce Melha 11 TCMllcpaTypa

11 BI1CK03HTeT. 360r Tora jc:
YKYBAIlAlhE
K, > K2 > K).
Aa 611 ce Hcnyuuo YCJIOB JWT Y rOpl-hoj je,[J;I-al.fHHU, Mapa 611TW BE IiA 3a~~aTaK. I7pu yKyGllOal-b)' pacifiuopa lllehepa y OUWOPO{(UI
Y'{),(}{{'-lY ogpeguiTil/ cllerurcjJll'lllY fioil.l.poulI-vy nape U f(oajnt-
;1,1', < ;l,T2 < ;l,T,. l(ujeHlu llC1WpuuillefbCl lTioiL1OiTIe.
':mal.lH)J,a he llaJl TeMnepa1'ype 611TH HajMalbl1 y rrpBOM, a najBefin y IIOCJICA~
To AHll.,1U3{{ 3agaiJil<CI. Pac'l'Bop Kojn cc YKYBana 3arpeBa ce Bo.n;eHOM napOM Koja

IheM yKyBal.ly. fIpeMa TOMe, CTBapHe Bpe;J;HOC'l'I: na.n;OBa TeMrrepaTypa He 6H 6~1Jle ce I-Ia3HBa npHM<lpUa WIJ:1 rpejHa napa. Aa 611 nocl'ojana norOHCKa CHJla 3a IlpOJIa3
one Koje cy y npeTxop,HOM 113JlaralhY naBcACHe, Jep, Kao nITO ~e BUAH, He Y3liMaJY y TOfIJIOTe O)J, napc go pac-fEopa, TCMIIepaTypa rpejne nape Mopa n<1 6YAC Bl1lIIa 0.0:
063lip nOBcfialhe BI1CK03J1TCTa TeLIHOCTli npn YKYBaBal--bY, ,CTBapHI1 na,UOBI1 TeM- Tel\urepaTYpc KJLY'--JaH"a pacTBopa. IlpH YKYBa!3al-bY paC'rBopa, yeneg Tora lllTO pa-
nepaTypa ll3rrrel1aJIf! 6!I, !Ia npMMep, osaKO: ;l,T, = 19 K; /:-,1 2 = 23 K II /:-,T, ~ 36 K. CTBapaq HcnapaBa, gOJIa311 AO nopaC'fa KC)Hl1,eIrrpau,uje mehepa. I1cnapaBaI:beM
 193

!lJm

nAPA
-r.-
m

Cn 11/((1 104a

paCTBopa CTBapa ce y yKYB3'tIY ceKyH~rapH3 napa. OAlIoe Mace YTpomCHC rpejHc na-
pe (m") IT HcnapCHor paCrBapWIa (m') (crr. 1043) I-Ja3lma ce cnCll,uqJWIH(l mnpo-
IlUb3 nape (.'I):
n1"
s:::: ----.
rn'
OB<:tj OIO-lOG je y nO'lcTKY yKyBaBaH~a BCOMa RCJIHKll, jep je CTBapaI-bC CCKyR"
gapHc nape CflOrO, ~\OK He rrO'lHC KJhTlaI-hC pacrBopa. Kana KJl,y~I;HbC no'me, oBaj
OJ~HOC ce HC31-JaTHO Melha ,1:\0 Kpaja YKYBaB31h,L
Koeqwn~HjeH'r I1CKOpIHnficlba TOIUIOTC rrpC,lJ;CTaBJha OJlHOC Kopncno yncnpe-
OJl,CHe TOTIJIOTC (Q),-) H YTpomcHc TOfInOTHC cHcprnje (Qu):

110 "'"
~
9k
(/;,
.
Ona.1 Koec1)IlI~njCIrr CC, TaKol)c, MCl-b3 y nepHony 3~lrpeBalha pacTlwpa. J(3 ou
nOCTao npn6mDKHO KOHCTi1HTaH Kana ce AOCTJ1fHC TCMrrepaTypa Klhyl.JaH,a.
AKO ce ,)[{CJIH ogpeLlHTH onaj Koeq)Hll,HjeHT, on; TlWIC1'Ka no Kpaja YKYBaBaJ-r,3,
111c6a 3amnilTH )J,3 KopncHY TorrnoTY Y J10tICTKY pa:u.a npe:u.CTaBJb3 1'0115101'3 no- 11 ~ (/;,
Tp~6}Ia 3a 33rpeBaJ'bC nO'ICTHor paCTBopa Mace (mol). 0)),110CHO }bcrOBa npOl'vlcna (/;,
CH1'a.rTIInje (6H:') OJ-I DO'leTHe TeNmepaType (to) go TCl\mepa1'ype KJbY'IaI-ha (II} PeavmIlmTllf. YKyn3B3IhCl\.j pa30mr/I<cHor pac-mopa mchepa }I06H.iaj~, cc CIC-

AHz' 0:: miJI , c' " (t{: -- toJ. nCftH pe:;ynT3TH.

Kaga ce )lOCTl1l'He TeMnep,:nypa KJhY'TCH-ba. 1'011nOT<1 ce KopnCTH 3a CrBapm-hC ~I
PaCTnop TIpHh,[apna napa
CCKyHUapHC napc KonWIHHc l\'fC, OJ-VlOCHO 3a Hcnap("lBaI-LC pacTBapacIZl (8-.!-I'I,\1')
i~--. -,-, -
!
(KOH),CII3aT)
To 3Ha T m:: .---4--~~ ----
M-ti,l'f!:;;;;: n1' . r', I rrO'-TCTClK Kpaj nOrtCTaK KPaj

!
I

__. _ , _ _ _ _ _
[I (" = 0) 1:;:; I cas (" ~ 0) "{ ::::: 1 cas;
Qk:;;;;: Mtz + 8-.H'i,I'P" I -- -l~- ------ - '-""~"- ..-~-

, __ ~C) --~J t{)_;=-200(~ __ ~_ ~c_~_~Olo~ 105C 105CJ

YTpomena Kom1Y]-'lH::1 TonnOTe (QJ .ie oiwei)ena fIOTPOlJllliOI\I npl1MapHe
nape:
~l(kg) I m,i~ 16kg (mo' ni)~ 12kg mN~O mN~7kgi
~
: H3 JfliTepaTl=pe ~~ ~- ~ ----"---1---- I
Pa3JIHK3 QBHX }1,Bejy KOJUFBlHa npe),lCraBJba ry6uTKc y OKOJ[lHIY (Q.~): i7(kJ/kg K) -c' ~ 4,0 kl/kg K I

Q,,- Qk ~ Q"
I ,(kJ/kg) ~
,'~ 2 250 kT/kg _ ... ,~~ .._~
IN ~ 2 236
"
kIlleN
b -._,_J
I
 XJIA'BEIhE
Ha OC~-{oB):,~BHX nOPl~TaKa Mory ce I13pa'lynaTll eBe nOTpe6HC Bpe,n:HocTII. 113
fOpI-be Ta6enc ce Bll/Vi Ha JC cKcrrcpliMcHT Tpajaa jcp;an '-laC n Aa ce Y TOM nepnon
ella Maca paCTBopa (mo' "" 16 kO') 3arpebJIa oA 20 no 1010C . Y
nol. '" , IT .:;;0 M.' - , a 3aTliM JC pacTBop
, . Ie~,a;a K;TbytUL 0 HC1'CKY JC,rV-IOf Qac:'1 OCTaJlO je 12 kg, IUTO 3I-Ia'ln,lJ;a je Hcnapn-
JIO.n! =m(1 -12kg-16b,
,'. - ':: - 12kg-4ko
- o 3 ' BPCMC JC
a 10 . KOHAcH30Bano (m") 7 k
1pCJIIC nape. To 3HR<-m: J~a JC cnen;IlCi)lFIHa IlOTpOilil-ba nape: g
m" 7kg
s "" ._- :::: '-- "" 1 75
m' 4kg , .

TOIlJI?T,a YTpomCH<-l 1m npOMCHY eHTa}IIIl~C paCTBopa OJ..\. 20 0 e AO CTaI-I,a KJb _

3arpejaI-IO Tcno cc IIpHpOAHHM ITY'rcM MQ)KC OXJIaJl:HTH caMO AO TCMucpaType
'laH,a (t;H,) Je: Y OKOJllUIC, 1j. AO TCMIIepa1),pe na3p,yxa aKO elC xnaAH na3)WXOM 113m TCMncpaType
BO)],C aKO ce XJlap,ll BOA OM. BpJIO 'ICCTO je Il()Tpe6HO HeKO TeJlO OXJla,l~HTH 1-1 oJ],p)Ka-
LH/;;;:: mo' . c' . (II: - 10)' BaTH na TCMIIcpaTypH HIDKoj OJ\: TCMl1epaTYpc OKOJlHHC. Xnal)clbc Hcno;J, TCtvmCpa-
TypC OKOmn-Ic CC oCTnapyjc paCXJIJJ.l,HHM MC,lUljyMl1Ma,
XnabCH,C CC l\-1Q)J(C llOCTUhll lUlU ry6uTKoM paCXJltiAHOr MC)J,HjYM<l, UJln npn-
AI1', = 16 kg 4,0 kJjkg K (101 -- 20) K = 5184 k1. MenOr>1" paeXIIa!J,HHX M.LllllI1Ha. TUl1IJ1IHO XJWf)ClbC npl1 KOjCM CC ryou paCX.T1J,'J,HH Ide-
npOMt'I-l<1 cnnuIluje V YOk)' HCIW!JJl:Ii:U-b'l
' . C L
(!::,1j'
\
) I"",
1.1f). G,
HlljYM je TOIlJbClhC nCAa, apJj '-lHjCM TOIIJbelbY ce 113 xna1)enor IIpOCI'Opa O)J,y~HllVla

tJI'isp "'. tJI' . ,-' :;:;; 4 kg 2250 kJ/kg 9 om~ kJ.

TO!1JIOTa, u JteJ~ ce npCTBapa Y BOn}-: Ko.ia cc IlOCJIC TOIlJLCILa 6aIW. n031Ia.TO Je, 1'a~
Kobe,lW ce X]lal)cH~c 1IQ)Ke nocTl1hl1 "CyBliM JlCAO:tvC, Tj. LtBPCTlH,l ynbcH-nHOKCH-
0;::

Kopnclla KOJIH'lHHa TOllJlOTe jc: ):tOM. tJBPCT yrJheH-in10KeH)~, naIlMC, aa an.1Occt)t~pCKOM npHTHCK)-" npeJIa3H lUlPCKT-
HO Y raCHO CTal-bC, na TCMITCpaTypn og ~ 7YC. VL oBaj paCXJla~HH MCJJ;HjyM ce 1'1'611,
Q, = t;f1'k + MI','P ~ 5184 kJ + 9 008 kJ ~ 14 192 kJ.
OJJ:J1a3li y OKOJIHHY no 3aBpJJlCHOM x.'lai)cfhY. YKOJIllKO cy nOTpe6nc Bpno I-IBCKC
YTpomClli1 KOJJ.WlHHa TOfUlOTC jc: TCMncpaType, XJlat>clbc cc 13pUIB TeLLHBM Btl3)WXOM Kojn Ha an..wCtI)epcKoM IIpH-
u
Qu:::;; III'" . r":::o 7 kg . 2 236 kJ/kg:= 1.5 652 kJ. TUCKY KJLy1..ta 11 I1CnapaBa Ha 192 C, liJUJ TCLIHHM a30TOM. OHH ee, TaKOl)c, 1'y6c y
OKOJIIiHll TOKOM xJla~C}La, O!~I-IOCHO ltcnapaB<:lEba. 311J1..1ajno .ie 3ana3HTH Aa x..-wf)eHJc
ilpCM<l TOt.lt: Koeq)H.lJ,l~icIIT HCKOPllluhcfha TOIUIOre je:
ilpmuu fipo/;iC1Ul cj:W3C ~ JIC)} ec TOHH, TCLJaH Ba3nyx ucnapan<1, CyBll JICp: c:y6JlHr..llIIIlC.
rrpl1Hl~Hn xnal)cl-ba je nOTnYHo CJIWJaH ecpeKTY KojH Ce oceha K<11W Ha KO)KJ.J liCl1a-
l1a = -Q/k = ,~14192
. .------- = 0 91 paBa e'fap HJlH anKOXOJI nnJ1 ee TOJIH Jle,L\..
Q" 15652 ,.
Y JlOra pac:xna;:iHc MaIl1JIHe je Ma ca'-IyBa pacXJl<1}.\HI1 MeAHjYM, O,IIIlOCHO i1a CTBO-
peny napy KOH;~el-I3yje 1:1 nonOBO,IJ,<l jc gpaTH An 6H o6aml11<1 eHojy yJIOry XJlai)elba y

TEMnEPATYPA
OKonHHE
Wff///'////'////7/??;:;:T~
o TOnnOTA
OKOn\-iHVl

EHEPrHJA
l K30KOiTHHE

00 TOnnOTA

XiTAliEHH
npOCTOP
T,
 197

TOKY HCrrapaBaIba. IlIcMa palla paCXJIa,D;HC !l'taIUHHe npllKa3aHa je Ha CJIHll,ll 105.

MaUIHna npenC'raBJha 3aTBopeH CHCTeM Y KojeM pacxrranHH Me)J;HjYM OJiY3IIM3 TO-
\Q
Pl< p,
nJIoyY H3 xnai)cHor npocTopa (Qo) H, y3 yitipOUlaJ{ CHc]Jzuje U3 OKOAUHe, (L) npe-
h 11(:T
;o.ajc OKOJIHHH TomTOTY (Q). Y OBOM cHcTeMY pacx.TJa,lJ,HH MC.n;UjyM 06aBJha TCpMOn;- T
2
HHaMWIKH KPY)J(HU rrpoqec YJIeBO H na Taj Hal-IIU-l CTaJIHO TOl1JIOTY ea m:DKC 'reM-
rrcp3TYpC (To) rrpcnocH Y OKOJIHHY mIllie TeMrrcpaTYpc (T). EncprcTcKlf 6UJl3HC 3
paCXJIa)),HOI' MC)),HjYMa .ie:

Qo + L:= Q,
Le
- ~

~-mMe ce TBp)),H )),3 je paJiHOM Tcny, go 6u iJPUA-IlUlO lUOU/lOlT-tHy cHepzujy (Qo) Po

Pe
rioiIipe61-tO g060guiIiu Cl-tepzujy ua ()l(OJlUI-f(' (L), TIOCJIC "'-lera he OHO 36up ilI.ux CHCP-
To 4 Te
luja y 06mm:y TOITnOTHC cucprnje (Q).
fipegoiJ111 O!WJ1UHl/. Q Te
KpY)KHHnpoll,cc OB1-JX palvmx TCJIa "1vfQ)KC ce OCTB3pHTH, Kao UlTO .ie pe~lcHo, 5
caMO y3 YTpomaK cncprnje H3 OKOJIUHC. TIpu TO~fC ce MO)l(C TpOIIlHTH HJIH cal\.-fO
MCXaIITPIIW lL'lH H McxaHHl-IKa H TOnJrOTlW cHeprHJa. C,U/W ]06
C.illU({/. 107
IIpeM3 TOI\-Je, paCXJWHHC MaUJIIHC cc llene ITa:
KOi\-mpccop YCHcan3 rrar~v pacx.na)ulOI' lvre~H.ly}.-:ra Ha npHTl-ICKy :) ~ H ~CM~Cp(l
!w.MiIpecuo/-fe pac'OwgJ-l(; JWl/lWIC KOjc 3<1 OCTBapCI-bC KpY)I(J-Jor nponcca
Typn Til (cTal-he /1) U a):Ulja6aTcKH je KOMl1pecYJc (rrpoll,e~ A ~ B~, H(~ ,j~plIrHCak ~~
Tpome GIMO McxaHiPIKY cncprnjy: Hl
(crau,c B) npu 'teM), TpOIIJH pa;o: LIc,' Y TOKY KOMnpeCH]C TCl\fITCf T) p3 nape
aflcopfil~llm{(' U C/CJ\:WOPC/{C paCX./Ulg}{C AUllllUHe KOJCKPY-3Cl OCTBapHR3fbC
ITOBlICM Hil TeMncpaTYPY T
0;0: Tn _ , )M
)101Or npOl~eca pacxnaJil-fOr Ivrc;a:njYM3 KOPHCTC, nopcJ.X McxaW-J1IKor rana, H KOMflpl1MOBaHa napa O,D:JIa:m y KOHiICI-f3aTOp rJlC ce ~.JlaAH DKOJIHl1"t>.-: E(1)}) Xl
1'OJ1.TlOTY. Tj. rnfmp TonnOTC Tpe6a )~il HM<l TCMncpaTYPY EHIlI)' 0)), TCMIlcpa- TCMuepaType (T < T,,} YCJICJl. -':Icra 1l:0.rra:1l1 no KOIII~eH3aI'HJC (TlpOl~ec B~C). Dpn 1'0-
TYPC OKo:rHHc. Nre Y oKom-my oAXJ1a31I }\3BeCn3 KO_'lI1'IHl-Ja TOrrJIOTC (9) , ,.
D:aHac cc I-lajLfemhe KopnCTe KOlvmpCCl-JOHC pae.X.lla;U:HC MaIllHHC, n:OR e.c ancop- Te"'-IHOCT lwja H3Jfa3H 113 KOHncr-T3aTopa, YBOJi11 ce y CKCTIllH3HOHH lldJIMd,rrap
CMnepOT)'pe T v TORV onor
rn~HOHC H CjCKTOPCKC KOPUCTC TaMO r)\c 1It-'fa ry6HTIGl TOIIJlOTlIC eHeprHjc. Y 1'aK- r,n,e cc a)),Hja6aTcKllllmpn;o:o npHTHc-Ka P() II X.nann,Uo T . < - ,)'.J --

BUM c.rryqajcm-lMa CC TOflJTOTHa cncprnja, YMCCTO ;::t:a OIle y OKOJIJ1HY RaG rYOHTaK. limpelha !!o6uja ce paJ! L, (rrpOllee C-D): , nOlll'fO
KOrnICTII Aa 6n cc YIUTert:eJTO Ha MCX3HIFIKOM pany TC'IHOCT CTaJ-ba D v.TIa3H \' ncnaprrB3"t.I 11 IIcrrap3Ba Ha TCJ\.-mepaTYpu To' , T'
Kao panHO TeJTO y pacx.naJl.HHM MaIIlIH-IaMa (pacx.TIa)1HH MCl.lHjYM) KopncTc cc ie TeMnepaTypa ucnapa~a:tba l~H)Ka 0;0: TCMTlCpaType y pacxna)J,1-IOM I~POCTOPY ( (; :
TC"LrHOCTH HHCKe TeMnepaTYpc KJT;y~IilH:>a, If TO 3a KOMrrpccopCKC M3UIl1HC Hajl-Icmhe -T) -1'0 TC"LlHOCT OnV3Ul'vla TOH.l10TV (Qo) ID OBOr rrpOCTOpa 33 .CRo]e nCnapan3U,G
o ' I-'~ ..-

eppeoH ,12 (CF2Cl r:J, 33 arrCOpIIlJ,HOHC al\.fOHnjaK, a 33 cjCKTopcKe BOJia. Ha nHDKC (TIDOII,CC D-A), E h -aeroCT
HOM rrpHTHcKy paCXAagJ-W C4JCfWW C6UX OGUX pagl-fl-lx iI]('.,W je. ,JOCf-f060l-1 Ita (JCuapa-
. TIocnc 33npmCHOr HCnapaB3H-,a KpyJKlIII npOIJ,CC ce HaCTamb3. _ CJ.,UK -\ e
e{ll-bY fm NUC/{Oj iTt.e"Hl1cpaiJiyprr, npu 'I(:J1)-, gO . .7a,J/.f go og(w!Jeri>a iJioFi.o'?(Jl71e U3 flpoc- X.TI3l)efba (f ) npegcT3BJh3 OP;HOC OC!BapeHOr H :J'1'POmeHOr. OCTnapCnO JC aAnory -
T

mopa l(Off-! C(! x.<1agu. 1f,C TOnnOTe Qo' a YTpomcrnr pap: (Lr

6.1. PACX.TTAJ~HE MA !liMBE

Tpc6a HMaTH Y EU)),Y rw je y-rpomeH pa,u_ jcp:HaK p33JTHI'~1 p3)la 'y3T(~_~KC1-~~r 33
J(Ol\mp(~tnone pacx.TIa,l,IIC M31UHIIC. ~ Y KOMnpCCHOI-lOj paCX}Ia;rmoj M3nHunI ce
KOl\-mpccujy (J~/J 11 pa)Ja J\06nj?I-Ior y CKcrraH3HOHOl\-I I~lIJ1Im)1py (Le), TJ. L - [I, Le'
oCTTWpyjC- Kpy:>KHH UHK.nyc llcnapaBalb3 H KOI-I)l,Cn3aI~Hjc <Fpc-ona ~12. Y TOKY Tora AKO ce npcTnocT3BH na .Ie:
I~H1Uryca, (l)peoll --12 jc TIpBO Y KOHTaKTY ca X.113'9CHHM npocTopOM TCMrrepaType To:;;::' To' rr T:;;::. TI:>
To. a 3aTHM ca OKOnJIHM na3J.XyxoM Tcr..mepzlType T. HajnoBOJLHnju KpY>Kl1U rrpoIl,cc Tj. Aa cc HCnapaBaIbC 1-1 KOH)1eH3all,Hja oCTBapyjy I-l~ ITOBpaT3n Ha'IHH upn paB!-!OT~~
H3MCl)y OBC nBC TCMncpaType, .le, Kao IIITO je II3 TepMO.IJ:Hl-IaMI1Ke n03HaTo, Kap-
)KH Te~mepaTypa, Tana ce IJ;06Hja rr0'3HaT3 peJIaJJ,l1J3 H3 TepMOAl-fHaMUKe 3a OOPH)
HOOB I~HKJIyC. Ha CJIHll,11106 p;3Ta jc rneMa pana OBaKBe Marmmc Koja cc cacTojH on:
KOMnpecopa (1), KOH.IJ:CH3aTOpa (2), CKCnaH3l-tOHOr I~HJIHH.n.pa (3) H HcnapHBa-':I(\ (4), Tn KapHOOB w-umyc:
KOjll cc HaJI33H y paCXJT3JiHOM npocTopy (5).'-PacxJT3,lJ)m Me,QlljYM rrpo.IJ33H Kp03 OBC
eJIeMeHTC ClIojeHe !l,eB!!Ma H oCTBapyje KapnooB I\HKJ!yC (cJ!. 1(7). fIocMaTpatbeM
C.llIIKa 106 IT 107 MO)KC cc 3aKJLYl-IHTli p;a nocToje -YCTl1pH KapaKTCpHCTJ:I"'-IHa npou,cca.

-----"",-.,,"'-,~,~------~,~--
---~'~-~"---'-'~'--~'--."--"-
 Q
Pn
PK PK
T TK
2
3
Le
- ~
To~ I
Po Po
To 4 To
Q To

'5 5

CIlU{{l 1()6 C/lllrcu }07

~o!vmpccop YCHcaBa, lIapy pa~xJ!a~uwr Me;~HjYMa Ila npHTHcKy Pu Ii 1'eMIlepa~ Po

Typli i() (craH,e Ii) 11 aglIJa6aTcKH JC KOMflpecyje (npou;ec A -- B) Ha npHTHcaK Pi,
(erm-be B) nprr '-ICAIY Tpoum pa,U Lk . Y TOKy Ko:-.mpccHjc TCMIlcpaTypa napc ce
IIOBUCH on To HJ TelvHIepaTYPY T. C1lIlW JOy
Kot-.mpuMOllLUIa napa 0iJ,Ila:m y K(jHJ~eIl3aTOp fMC ce XJlagll na3,UYXOM OKom-IHM
TCl\mepfl'rype (T < T k ), YCHCg 'IC1'a gO;w3H r.l,O KOHgcH3al(Hjc (npou.cc B~C). np~I TO- EjeKTopcKC paCXJla,Ll,Ue ManHIIIC. ~ TIPHI-J.IJ,IUI pana OBHX Mi1IlIIiHa HpI1Ka:3an je
Me y ~)KOJH:lI-IY O,Il,_:a3H H3Bccna KOJUr-IHH<l TOIlJlOTC (Q). ' Ha CJl1n~H 109, a paCX]I<:tAHH McgnjYM Y OBUM MaIlIHHaMa jc B01~a, Koja cc 3arpcBa y
[elm.ocr KOJEt U:Ula:m 113 KOH/I,CH3<lTOpa, YBOAi1 ce- :y CKCnaH3HOHH ll.l1JIHHgap KOTJIY (1) rrpH t{eMy ce Ao611ja napa nplITI1CKa P w :Vb KOTna ce OBa napa, BHCOKOI'
fl~e cc ajJ,l1Ja6aTCKl1 WHpn)10 rrpUTHCK3 Po H XJIaiW HO TCMnepaTy'PC T~. Y TOKY OBor npuTHcKa, yBo,n:n y cjeKTop (2) [,I],e npO!Ia3I1 KpO:1 npl1ry!lIHI1QY (3) 11 yJI<13Jl Ynpoc-
llilipCH3Cl p;o6Hja cc pa~( Lc (npou;ec C--D): TOp (4) rge je YCJICJl, BCJIHKe 6p3Imc HCTHu,alba Kp03 !-by CHU)i(eH npuTllcaK (Po) Y
. Te~lJJOCT CT"Uba To- 110IIlTO
D YJIa3H Y Hcnaprmaq Ii HClwpaHa I-ra TCMuepaTypH CKJIa,n:y ca BepHYJIujcnoM jeJlIUltlHHOM. 3601' Cl-HDKCHOr npl1TllCKa gOJIa3li Jl,O
Je TCI\-HIcpaTypa l1CnapaBatb3 HlDKa O,U TCl\mCpaTYpc y paCX.'IallHOM rrpocropy (To' < YCHcaBaI-ha nape 113 IIcnapHBaLIa (5), nprr tleMY cc MeUlajy OBa ABa TOKa napc. IloeTIc
T(J, TO TCLlHOCT O,u,Y3HM<1 TOIlJIOTY (Qo) 113 OBOr npoCTopa 3a CBOjC ITCrrapaBaI-he Memalha, napa Y,'1a311 y gncpy30p (6) r,l],c ce IIOIlOBO KOMIIpI1Myje go npHTHcKa P k H
(npOl\Cc V-A). AcmiMutlHo KOHncH3yje. CMCIIIa BOAC I1 nape H3 UH<py30pa YJIa:m y KOH,n:cI-13aTop (7)
TIOC.T~C 3<1UpWCUor HCnapaB<llha KPY)KIfH npoucc ce I-IaCraBJba. EHIKacHocT I'AC ce XJIaJ(H BO)J,OM Ii )~aJbe KOH,I],CII3yjC. )J,0611jCHl1 KOH;_\Cl-naT ce, KP()3 BeHTl1Jl (9),
XJIai)cH~a (,J npc.n;cnlBJba oAnoe oc'.mapcHor H YTpomcHor. OCTBapeno je O,n:BO~C ca nOmHlJeHor llPI1THCKCl (P), nyurra na Cl-IfDKeHH npHTHcaK (Po)' yCJIC,n: '-lcra ,Ll,o.aa3H
IhC TOllJlOTe QU' a Y'rpOIllCI-IH pa;\ (L): ,L'\O licnapaBaILa Ha TCMIIcpaTypH 1~ Ii oABol)elba TOIlJlOTc Qo II3 rrpocTopa :1a xna-
l)clbe (10). IIapa Roja nujc KOH.qewmBaH<1 rrYMBOl\l (8) cc Kot.-mpHMyje, Kon,n:cH3yje
H Bpaha Y KOT<lO. OBaKBl1 ypc~ajl1 ce HajQc1l1he KOPI1CTC '33 XJla:bCH~e na3gYX3.

Tpcoa HM<lTH Y BUAY na jc YTpomcn paM jC,D;I-IaK paclJUIll,H pai~a VJlO)KCHOr 3a 6.2. XJIADJLA elE 11 XJIAJ],lLAlJ,11
KOl\mpCCI-Ijy (L k ) II paWl :~oGHjellor y eKcnaU3HOHOl\1 WIJIHl-l,a:py (Le), T( L:::: Lk -- Lw
AKO cc llPCTIIOCT<:lBH gil je: XJIa,Ll,lbaqe cy CKJIagHlllTa Koja ce KopHCTe 33 Onp>KanaHJC nOTpe6HHX OC06H-
Ha npcxpaM6cHI-IX np01i3BO)J..3 na CHIDKel-lOj TCl\HIepaTypH Y TOKY AY>Kcr npeMCH3.
To:::: To':iiI T::::: 7,,, Aa 6H ce Taj ~riJb rroC'ru1'ao, Hcouxogrw je ga 06(J1({3U UpaLl3(wgu ug .k1(HtCHLua KagLl
Tj. ga ce HCIlapaBalbC 11 KOlIgcH3aUHja ocrnapyjy Ha nOBpaT<1H I-Ia1-lHJI upn paBHOTC- iipOU36()gH~a UOLfHe ua go l-leuocpegHe iipui7pe..He Ja IwpuudtObC, 6ygy dUel/UfO I-ta
)KB TCMncpaTypa, Taga cc Ao611ja TI03I-IaT<1 pCJIaIJ,Hja H3 TCpMOAHHaMllKC 3a o6pnv- [jailipeoNoj, CHw/eCHO} file.MfiepaiXiypu. I1Majyllil y HHAY )l.a je nYT AonpChml-h<:l npc-
TH KapHOOB QI1KJIYC: . - ., xpaM6eHl1X rrp0113BOila.uo nOTpOllIa~ia l.IeCTO CTImKCH l-lgyr, Ol-Ill Mory )J,a ce ~lYBajy
pa3JIl-l'UITllM BpCT<:Ihia XJla,l],lbalIa.
HH!1.YCTpnjcKc XJIa)l,lhalle. ~ One cy caCTaBHli Aeo npoII3BoAHor npoll,cca, rrpn
npon3Bo):1;I-hn o,n.pcl)eHe BpC"re xpaHc. Y lhl-lMa cc ogpwBa CHH>KeHa TCMncpaTypa,
rroTpe6Ha 3a O));JTe>K3Balhe, XJIaljel-bC fiJII! 33Mp3an3H,e XpaHe 36or, nOTpe6a IlpOue~
ca npOH3BO)),lbe, a nOHcKag H 3a Kpa:hc JIarepOnaIbC CHPOBHl-Ja I1JUl rOTOBor npOH~
3Bop:a.

")JHxnaTIIC XJ13;J;II~aIe. ~ .. OBe XJIa,IlJbayC CJTY:>Ke n:a ce y lLI1X, nOCJIe ca6HpaHla

oCTaBH BOne, TIonphc, j3ja, nJIn: Meeo H3 lliHpe 06JIaCTH nenocpe,!J.HC np0J13Bo,n.H~C. Y
}bHMa ce H3l\-mpmU.l,C npHMajy, KJT3CHP3jy, naKyjy H KpaTKOBpCMCHO JIarepyjy no
TpaHcnopTa Ka MeCTY ynoTpc6c.

XJIaAlb3 t IC 33 pC3cpnc. - Kao IlITO caM Ha:mB rORopn, ORH XJla):lJbaI~11 CJIY>KC 33
rryropo~HlO CKJI3,lJ,l-llliTCILC npeXpaMOCHJIX npOH3Bo,n.a KOjH ce caKynJbajy 113 InIltye~
TpnjcKI1X H rrpUXRaTIUIX XJJa,lJ,l-ba'-Ia. OrraB,n.e ce, npCMa nOTpe6aMa, RplIlH TpaHcrropT
y nOTpOIll~PIKe ll,CI-fTpe Ii HI-IOCTpanCTBO.
QCHTP3JlUC XJl3,lIL3'fC. ~- OBC XJJaW--ha'-IC CJIY>KC 3a 06C30C'bClbC Benux rrOTpo-
ma'IKHX OOJT<lCTH, 110 II 3a rryropo'-umjc 'tlYBJJ-hC xpane. fpanc ce TaKO JJ:3 cc y I-hHM3
Cill11W J10
l\!Ory o.n:p)ImTH pa3JJTFTIlTI-l npon:mOgH H3 pa3Jll1 t lHTIIl'Il TCMTICp;:rrypaM3, I1pcXpa?ll-
oeHH npoH3Bo)J;IT ce y IhHX )lOH03e II3 HlIJiYCTPH.1CKHX, npHXB3nIJ.-iX lIJIn XjJal~l:baKa 33
Ko:rvmpHMyjc Y KOMnpecopy (6), xnan;n IT KOHnCI13yjc y KOITJ~CH3aTopy (7), a 3annf
pC3cpnc. YKOJTIJKO CC npH.TfHKOM 'l'JXlHcnOpT<l npcrpejy mUl O)J.MP3HY, rrocTojc crre-
~[ljamfc rrpocTopllje f)J,C CC rrOlIono, nocrcrrcno, )~()ROiW H<l fIurpc6uy TCl\:mCp,rrvpy. nOHOBO Kp03 nCHTH.TT (2) ynon:u Y HcnapaFHl'tl.

OC11M OBlIX, TlOCTOjC T1 X.TfalVb<l1~H ca npyrl1M naMcnaMa: npnCTRHHlIIHlI, 1-3TUM

x.rram'MUl,H y TproBHHaMa IT n:01vrahI:II-ICTBHMa. 3H'aq3jI-~e cy r<lKol)c, If TpanCllOIYfI-H.',
:cm,UILa'te BilrOHlI II KilMHOIll-l.
OnlIITe KapaKTCpnCTlfKC XJI3,Il,ILa"m. ~ CBaK3 XJIan:H~a'tla HM3 jc;uny lUlU mmlc
noce6uHx pacxJTa,ruurx npocTopnja Koje '-lHHC I-hCn aKTHBIITI nco y KojCM CC npmn
XorraI,clhc, 3aJ\fp3aBalbC 111m ~Iyn3lhC XP<-l1lC. Tc npocTopnjc l1Majy ncocJTC no6po TCp--
MH"-IKH H30JIOsaHC 3HnOSC, 06WIHO 6e3 oTBopa (np030pa). ,na TOIIJIOTa II3 ORommc
He 6n npOJ1331Wa y l-MIX. T0I1J10TI-I3 II30J1al~Hja je SCOMa 31Ia'-IajaH (paKTOp 33 ,Qo6ap
pan xna,o;H,aKa, jcp 60 0ft) TOIlJlOTe Koja y~c y XJI3!J)haK npoJTa:m Kp03 3HnOBC 11 TO:1B(l-
HHl1,y. 3a1'o ce 3Hl~OBH 06ml)I(Y M<1TcpnjaJIOM McL'lC TOTIJJOTHe npoBoJlJbIIBOCTH. J1c~
TO TaKO, BpaTa ce Mopajy np)J(3TH nITO Kpahc OTBopcml. 110CTOjC noce6na 06C36e-
9Cfha Koja Cf1pC~u\Bajy MOfyhHOCT CJ1Y'Iajnor 3aTBapa}b<l pa,n.HHKtl y X.Hal~H~a~m, 0
"reMY CC Mopa BO}l,HTH pWIYH<1. Y iiofeguHwd (ipOCll'{OjJUjcuw cc .MO?), ogp.waAaiIill
paa..:1U l /1uT!.e iTie.A1i1epaiTIypc.
PaCXJ1a)JHe MaUll-me ce )l;P)l(C y noceGIIHI>r MaIllHHCKl1M O,UC.:bClhHMa. Pacx,:wp-
HH CJICMCHTH (ncnaplma'IH) ~IOry 611TB CMCllITCHH IL'l11 Y paCXJlal~llOj npocTopnjn
(en. 110), r,n;c ce Ba3,nyx ,nHPCKTIIO XJ1a)J,H, mnl CC XJIai)ClhC j'vTO;"KC BpWnTIr nocpcJ_\-
HO. Y CllY'Wjy lTi(f!{(]OZ U}-u)ujJo:iTirw';[ X./W!) ('}ba, [{ocilioju i?occ6aH r!JJlYU() !wjn
ilpoczTlopufc r)o ucFiapueo'ul J)(ICX.-1tl()HC AtaUlUH(!, To
flloi1f[(}ITi.V i1l'Cl-lOClt or) x ..1a!;CHC
M(KC OHTH Ba3rl,yX, Bona I-Vnt cmIa. COJ1G fe (lOC)CHIl pacili(Wp cruu (NaCt, Cae!2 HJ1H
MgCI 2 ) Kojn HM3 CI-IlI)1(eny TeMfIcpaTYPY Mp>KJ-hCH,1 II l\.f()>KC CC KopnCTIITH 31
XJI3i)CH,C H no -40C.
Ha CJ1Hl~H 110 npI1"Ka3aHa jc mCM8 rrocpe)lHOr xJ!af)cJ-ba UpocTopnje (1) KOM~
rrpeC110HOM paCXJI3p;I-fOM MarrIHHOM. I--b pe,n.yKI~HOI-IOr BCHTHJIa (2) Te'tIHOCT y.rra3II y
HCrraplIB(llI (3) y KOjCM ncnapaBa H XJIa)lH cony Ba TCMnepaTYPY T:i Koja ce rrYMTlOM
(4) Bonn y rrpocTopnjy 3a XJIai)obe (J) r,n.e XJT3,lJ;H na::myx ~mja jc TeMncparyp1 To'
3arpejaH3 COJIa O)lJJa3H y XJJa;O;lbaK (5) n~e nOHOBO 6uBa OXJI3'bcHa lTCnapaB31LcM
pacxnaL\Hor Mcp:njYMa y HcrrapHBaqy, no TCMncpaType T.I ., 'tIHMC ce 3aTBapa I~IlKJTyC
cone. PaCXJIagHlI MegnjYM oCTBapyje Beh rr03HaTII KpY)}(HH npou;ec y TOKY Kojer ce
113BOX\
XJ1a'bClbC ce -MO)Ke HplllIITH HITH )'3 ry6HTaK paCXJIanHOr M~,nlij)~J\.W (ne));, CY~H
J1e,!J,. Ha3J(YX) lInn paCXJIH,t1.lIHM MaUHIHal\1<l y3 YTpomaK cncprM.le. "') 06a ~J1y'tJaJ3
XJ13'bCILC je npahcno npOMel-IOl'.-l cpa3C, 3 i-wj'Icmhe IIcnapaBal-bCM. XJT(1)Cl-bC J~ npo~
U:cc Kojn CC He MO)KC o}J;Bl1jaTH cnOHT3HO n rrOBeJaH je ca 110TpOnI1-hOM CHcpnIJC HJIH
MaTCpu.JC. . '
KOMnpccopCKC MalIlHHC Tpomc McxaJ-HP-lKY CI-ICpn-qy, 3 ancopm~llOHC II C]CK-
TOPCKC, HajnchllM )J,CJIOM, oTna;wy TOTIITOTHY cHcpnrjy. TIpn npOl-I3BOnJ-hH xpaHC y
TOKY rrpmI3HOrnrof nponcca 11 J1arCpOBaIha, 'ICCTO jc nOTpc6HO nocTntin CHlOf{CHY
TCMrrcpaTYPY
)C'la)lf-b3'-TC CC )lC.TIC npCM8 CBOjOj n3l\ICHI1, a Tcr-.-mcpaTypa y 1-hl-Tl\1<l ce O,lJ,p>KaBa
;DyrpcKTHu:fI,t HJIH Im)UlpeKTHHM XJ1atcnk!vl. 33 IUI)llTPCKTHO XJIa~Clhe KopncTH CC
coria ..- Boncnn pacTBOp Hl-In,YCTpnjcKHx com-I.
nMTAlhA
1. 3allITo.ie npn xJ1arycu,y IHnpc61lo TPOUIUTH cncprujy?
? 06iacHHTc npnmXl1n paJ~a KOMopccHonc pacxJIa;\Hc M311IHHC.
3. 3af~JTO je peaJ1Ha ccpuKacnoCT XJl3-ryCn,a Mafha 0)1 TCOPHjcKC?
4. Kai1:a cc KOPHCTC anCOpmV-IOHC pacxJla;me MaIllHHC I-l KaKO p a i1: e ?
5. Koje BpCTe X:1all,lhaQa n03HajC'Tc?
6. Ka)."i<l Ii KaKO cc BpUHI HH}lJlpCKTHO xJIarycn,e?
MAmlIHE
II
AIIAPATM
3A
Jl.M <Il Y3M 0 HE
OIIEPAU:IIJE
 YBOJ1, Y J1,H(J)Y3HOHE OIIEPAQHJE

MOJ1eKYJICKa II KOHBCKTnBna J~n$y3I1ja. ~ Je,n;HJ rpyna OCHOBHHX onepal~Hja

XCMHjCKC I1H)J:YCTpn,ie y BC3H je en npCHOlliCTheM HCKC ogpei)cuc cyrrcTaHI.J;C. TaKo,
na npUMCp, MonCK),JIH Bo,ue npH cymCH>y npeHoce ce Y BUAY nape y OKOJIHY CPC)l;Il-
Hy. TIpn paCTBapau>y oAPcbcHor raca H3 raCHe CMcme, rae Kojn ce paC'rBapn y
6yp;c npel-ItT):(O l-hCHC nOBpllIHHC, a O)l3TJIC Y TC'lIHy Macy. TIpn
TC'-IHOCTH Tpe6n )Ia
paCTBapaH'j'll CKCTpaKunjn MonCKYJIH M3Tcpnjan8 Kojn ce paCTBOpc Tpe6a ;o;a 6)rgy
rrpCBeTH ea rrOBpWlIUC TeJIa y pacnmp, K3KO 611 HX Oll f.\:aJbC o;qHCO. KO)J: KpHCTamy.
3dl~Hje MO)IC~yJ1l1 pacTBopa Tpe6n )l;3 6y.u:y npCHCTH 113 paCTBopa no nOBpnnme
KpnCTan3 KOJl1 KPHCT3JIHIIlY,
')/ eBITlvI ORUM onepaUHjalvta oTnan.ic I-IaTUUI lIpcnOllIen.a o~(pd)eHe cyIIcTallI~e.
3aTO .ie nOTpCOHO OApenHTB 11 npoylIHTH CHC lTHHHOll,C Kojn yTrFry nJ TO npCHO-
meH"C. TaKO CC MO)KC pC'rBapHTH )J(CJbCHH Ha'IHH npCHOC3 MaTeplfje, a T3K01)C 1:1
o,n:ronapajyfiC! onepaqHja 06aBTITH na 3ap.:oBo.1banajyhn HalflfH.
LIccTl1D;e M3TCpl:Ijana (MoncKynH, jmm) MOfY cc npcHocHTH na ,[Ina Ha'uma:
MOJleKYflcKoM )J;lH1JY3njoM H McmaJbCM (KoIIBeKD;ujoM).

Alw .,ilegujy.ld, y IW.MC ce Ha/lG3C 'fcci}l11qe r/.Cl{02 .Maii1cpuja.iI(l, .Mupyje 1/ (Jl{O Y

TbCZ06UA.f ge.iW6U.MO i1ocii"ioju pa3JJUKfl IWHl~eHl"I1paz11{ja iJ.Oc.MBiIipalioz .~1aiTicpuj{uw.
gohu he go H)C'i0602 cilOHfiiaJ-lO? lipeHOllle1-ba 'wje (logu u3jcgHa'lcH>J' KOln~Cl1ITipn-
11uje. Q(W {]oja(w ce H(J3U(Hl .A1OJlCKY..-1C1W gup)'3uja.

A,W ce o1ICgU.iYM, Y KOMe.ie IlcpamwoHcjJHO pacriopctJcHa HPW cyilciTimlu,(l, f.CH-

illCH.3UBHO ,HCllW {jiago he oilei71 gohu u go I-bCIW2 cilOlnuaH02 fipCHowcH)a Twie iTic-
:IICU u3fegHal./.el-bY KmUWflLUPaL~uja, OAa/(RO trpClI()UICH)C cc Ha311fU/ lWH6cKiJlufmG
gucjJyauja IL:W .MCIlUlH)C.

AKO ce yrropcnH npcHolUcfbC MaTcpnjc ca npCHOnfeH,Cl\f TonnOTe, BH,n:che ce

i~a 113MCljy lhl1X I1ocToje 3HaTHe OIwmOCTH. Mon('.KYJ1Clwj )lHqJY3nju l\.raTcpnja!I3 on
O)lfOBapa.;To i\lOncKyncKo npoBot)erhc TOlUTOTC. a KOHUCKTHBHOl\1 npeHornclhY cyn-
CTaHl.(C KOHBCKTIIBHO npeHomclbc TonnOTe.
IIpcnOllIClbe Mace KOlmeKIJ;njoM OgUfpaB3 ce npno 6p30, AKO ce RO;W. KOjOj
HelliTO 60.1e. y neJH1KOM c:vny HlITeH3HBHO Mema Bpno 6p30 he cc paB-
jc )J,O)l,aTO
HOMCPHO 060jllTI1. DpeMa TOMe, aKO ce HCKH qJJIYUA Kpehe UJ1l1 aKO cc Ha 6Il.no Kojn
HalIHH Merna, J~ona3Hhc AO 6p30r npCHOllleH::.a MaTepnja.TJa.
HacynpoT rrpelJOmClbY cyrrCTanu;c KOHBCKl'I1BHOM ,UUq,Y3HjOlvl, npenomcfuC
MaTepnjana MonCKYJICKOM p,lIqJY3HjOM je Bpno CIlOPO, DpeMa TOMe, YTwlyhn H3
6p3HUY MoneKyncKe ilncpy3Hje, lloneK .ie y CTaIbY Aa YTlPIe H Ha OP3lIHY npcRoca
MaTcpnjana, Tj. Aa ra JIO )KCJbH y6p33 lIJlH ycnopu.
206
CYUJeI-hC, BJJa)KCFbC, anCOpIIIl,11ja, a)J,copm~I1ja, paCTBapaI-hC, eKCTpaKIJ,Hja IT
KprrCTaJIH3<U.lJ1ja crraAajy Y ,UHcpY3110He oncpalJ,ujc, jep ce KOp, IhHX MaTCpI1ja npe-
HOCK MOJICKYJICKOM HIm KOHBCKTHBHOM J~H(IJy3HjOM.
,II,u(l>y:mja jc lIojan3 KOj3 flOBOAU /.1,0 CII0I1T3nOr IBjcAllaqaBaJ[~a KOIILl,eUTpa-
lJ,uja. ~ PCll,l1MO ,Ua je Y CYAY HeKa TC'lHOCT, II;} rrpHMCp Bo).,a, II ,Ua cc y I-hOj Hana3II
BCKH paC'fBOp HcjcW'IaKe KOHu,eHTPat~llje. HCKa Y JICBOM AeJ1Y cy.na KOHu,e}lTp3I~Hja
paCTBopa 6:y)J,c neha Hero y ,UeCHOM. 360r xaOTWlHor KpCTaIba MoneKYJla, MOJICKY-
jIll paC'fBopa he cc KpCT<1Tli Y CBUM CMepOB!1Ma IIo.ajcAHaKo lliTO 3Ha'll1 Aa HKjc,L(aH
CMCP KpcTalba MOJlcKYJla HIIjC IlOB.TlaUlilcH. TaKo he, H3Mcl)y MHorux cMcpoBa
KperaFba, nOC'fojanI H oHaj 113 JiCBOr ,Ucmt cYAa Y lJ,CCHH 11 H3 AecHor y :lCl3J1. TIOlJ.ITO
je KOHll,CIITpalJ,Hja Y JICBOM f~CJly cYAa Bcha, jcp cc Y lbCMY Hana'3H l3.:.h1l 6poj MO-
JH~Ky_rfa pacruopa Y je[iHHHIJ,n '3allpCJl.HlHC, Mopanc rrpOml3HTl1 BHlllC MOJICKY.'l<1 CJIC
Ba YJXeCHo, Hero 3!'\cCIIi.l YJlCBO. Ha Taj he Ha~U1H KOHu;el-I'rp,ll~Hja y JICBOM MeJIY C)'lVl
I1oC'rYflIlo Olla;l,<:lTH, a y ,u,eCIIOM noeryrmo paeTH, lllTO nClI-HlHOBIIO nOAH IGt IBjC,U-
IW~lelb~y KOHll,Clrrpal!,llja.
GHor TPCUYTlG\ Kalla ce [(OIW;eH'rpaL(Hjc lBje)~I-raqe, KpO:3 3<1MlHIlJhCUY paBan.
IlpomBHhc H Y jCHHO)\,j 11 Y Apyrm.-1 cMepy HCTH 6poj MO!lcKyml. 3aTO ce KOHJ~CH
TpaI~nje Hehe BHme MelbaT!:!. To 31Ia'Ul ;~;J. jc gwjJy:mia HefioGIHllli{fH L!JU:3W{/(II, {lpO~
L~CC. GHa npccTajc Ka;(a ce Kom~clrrpau..Hjc 113jcAH<Fle.
I)p:mua )~lHl)y3I1je. - AKO ce ca !Jl 03H(tlHl Maca CY!1Cralll.l,C llPCHCTC .Il.i1CPY3H-
jOM, ca A nonpulHua 1:p03 KOjy ce l(H(i)y:mja oAHrpaBa, ca "( npcMc Tpajalba ,llHcpY-
3HjC, ca (' j Bcba KOH1~cIlTpau,llja, ca C:,; MaH.. <1 KOllu,elrrpaUl1ja H ca (; J~C6JbHHa cJioja
KpOJ KOjl1 ce !J.Hcpy3Hja oHHrpana, Ta)J;8. ce MOl'S' CBe BcmpUIue Koje yTWIY Ha AHC}Jy-
3Hjy 1l0BC:3aTH y jC,L(HatUmy nm:py:mje:
m:::: D
(Ci -c2)A"
~~--~---
8 '
Koja rrpC,LICTaBJh<1 (J){1KOB 3aKOI1. QBuj 3aKoiI KU)Kr: na Jc KOJnl"lIHHt Jl.taTepl1j~ Koja cc
npcnecc P,H(j)Y3HjOM ynpaBHo nponopu.rWH::1JlHa 1I0roHcKoj C.I-10111, Tj. pa3JIHI(H KOH-
UCI1TpalJ,uja c: - c? ::;. ~c, BeJlHlIlUlH fI()BpWHIIe A Kp03 KOjy MaTepHja nlIcpyuAyjc H
Bpel\-1CIlY TpajalL<1 ,UuqJY3uje t, a )1a je o6paTBo np0110pll,HOHa]lHCl lJ,c6JhHUH cJJ.oja
KP()3 Koj[1 Tpcua ~l.a uyf.J:C W1cjJY3Hjm.-1 UPCIICT<l. KoecpnlJ,lljcHT rrpOnOpll,HOHamlOcTll
D na:uma ce Koc(l)lu~HjeliT JII-Hil'y'3Hje.
KoeqmJJ;lljCllT !J.uclJ)-'3Hjc (D) H:>.t<l jC:~HmHW Koja cc A06nja H3 (1)1IKoBor 3aKOHa:
D ~ _. jcnmnu(u f:.~~jclJ,HHHU,U 0 __ ~_~.
jewmHlJ,a L'l.c jenHIUu~a A . je,Ul1lmil,a t
kgm 1112
jeAHHHLI,a D ~ ~---.~ ~ ---.
2
(kg/m ' ).m .s s Type;
no BpejJ,IlOCTH Koeq:mu.IJjcn:1T<l J'lHl)Y3Hjc MO)l{C ce BIIJ1.CTH KOJH1K<l hc theHa 6p:m-
Ba 6HTII. KoecpHI~HjeHTH JJ:ncpY3n:jc raCOBa cy 3HaTHO nenn 0)1. Kocq:nIII,HjcnaTa JJ,UCPY3H-
jc TeLIHOCTll. 360r Tora he n 6p3lma .am:i)Y3I1je y raCOm:IMa 6l1TH Bcha. TaRO, lIa rrpH-
MCP, ,o;OK cc Y HCKOM CYAY KOHu,eHTpau,uje raCOBa 113jeJl"Ha~IC 3a nCKonHKO ceKYH,u:11,
113jC)lHa L IaniUhC KOHll,CrlTpalJ,ujc TC1..1HOCTH Y HCTOM CYAY 611 TpajaJ10 3HaTHO JJ.Y}KC.
y ropIhllM je.rrHa'-lHHa~m KOHI~eHTpaIJ,IIja .ie Inpa)KCHa y kg/m\ liTO 3Ha'-lll ,Ua
ce pap;IUIO 0 3aIlpCMl1HCKHM KOHu.eHTpal~njaMa. Ka,Ua ce pa,n;ll ea l'aCOBHM;L KOH-
lJ,CHTp,aIJ.rrje je rrOrOAHl1je 113pa)K3naTH rroMohy napurrjaJIHHX npHTIIcaKa. ')1 TOM
CJIY'-IaJY HaBcp;CHC AHCPY3110HC jCAHa'-IlUIC llMajy p;pyrl1 06mlK, 0 lJCMY ce Mopa ROJJ,ll"
Til pat.lyHa KaA3 cc ea fbHMa pa.rrn.
J~"<py3."ja J' rpalllflfllOM CJlOjy. ~ C npaBOM ce MO)J(C mrraTli,Ua JIll.ie MOJICKYJI-
CKa AH<:pY311Ja TaKO '-JeeT 11 YTI1lJ;ajaH npou;ec Y XCMIIjCKO-TCXHOJIOIlIKI1M 36llBaJbl1M[l,
KaAa ce 3Ha I~a ce AU<py:mOHO npCHomClhC, J-Ia fIpml Horne)]" MO)KC 3ilMCHlITH HI-UCH-
3l1BHl1M MellI~l-beM. Ha oCHony OHora nITO je pet.teHO, npOH3JIa31I ga ce 1\!aca rrpe-
HOCll JJ..HqJY3lfJOM caMo, Y Mcn;njYMY KOjU MHpyje. ilOUlTO ce Y TCXHlflW Bpno peTKO
paJ~H ca T[lKBHM MeJ];I1JY~lUMil, M(K.C ce :{aKJhy~IHTI1 ,Tl,tl je npC1l0Wefbe Mace Mone
KYJICKOM ,[UHPY311jOM Bp.rW peTKO. O~\ ()Bora ce 33KJbY'-IKa Mapa o;o;ycTaTl1, aKO ce
llMajy na yMY OCHOBHC KapaKTepnCTHKC crpyjalLa Jl CTPj!KTypa rpaHIl'IUOr CJIoja.
l1pn JlaMHHapHO~l cTpyjaH,Y CJlOjCBl1 qJ]IYUAtl ce Kpchy jel~aH HOpen Apynw
pa3!1!1,{I1THM up3HHaMa, HC !vlcwajyhn ce. ITpC:'l<l TOMe, CBH MOJleKy~l11 KOjl1 ce y T3KBOj
CTPYJll HaJl(nC 6uhc HOlllCUH y o1epy CTpyja!ha. DO!IlTO Y J[a~llIHapHOM TOKY HC rroc
Toja KpeTaILC nOnpC\lHO llU npanau.. crpyjaH.. a, MQ}lcKyml MaTcpnjc ce Helie lIn KP(>
TaTH y TO~l npanl1.Y. ,TIp lTOlIpeLlHor KpCTalba pacrnopKa ~ohH hc TeK aKO y npaBI..(Y
Bop:-'laJtBoM Ha CMCP JtaMHHapHor CTpyjiUha nocrojH pa:nl1Ka KOHu,clrrpau,nja. OHa he
o~lOrytHTll p;a ce pacTBop 3601' lluQJ}'3uje. Kpche Ka rpaIlH'lHoj nonpnHuIH, rum 0;1
rpaIlH'-mc IlOBPillHHC lGll>laCH {pJlYlqa, y 3aBHCBOCTli Oil OfctJa y KO.Me ona;:ta KOHUeH-
Tpau,uja paCTBopa, To 3Ha~m J~a cc A{QUI Y ,1(UfUHapHU}A iUOKY i7perwcu i./o{[peLlHo Y
vgrwcy NO iipa6(lq ciTtpyjal-vG, C(lAW (JHga {/f{O {{ociIloju paa,,7uKu J{ol1l.wmTi.paL{uje y
fioupe'll-lO.M LlpCCO:y. To [lpelwLUcH:JC cc (ljJLULI ..\Hh1t'KY.:7CJ{O.H gwj)yauju/"L
Y TypGYJICHTHOM TOK)" KaQ 111'1'0 .Ie no:maTO, nocrojn JIaMHHapal! nop:CJlOj, )--'
KOMC ce tleCTlIqe CPJlyH)1,a Kpclty :UtMI1HapIIo. JIal>umapall nOJlc!loj cc CM<lIbyjc ca no
nchalhcM Gp3lHIC cTpyjaH>a, '-lHMC ce c~IalLyje H nyT KoiH~-1 MaTcpHja 'fpcGa Ila GYXl,e, Y
OBaKBIIM crrY1..1ajcBHM<l, npcHcTa A11CPY3Hjm.L Op,anAc TpeGa OtICKun<lTll ,u:a hc
npenOllleJLC MaTcpl1jc 6HTH 6p)KC np11 6P)l{CM, Hero npn cnopujc1IJ KpcTalbY CP;IYHlJ;a.
,I:],a jc TO TaKO rrOTBpt>yje J.1 Harne HCKYCTBO. Co ce 6p)KC pacrBapa Kap:a cc pacrBop
l1HTCH3UBHUjc, 6p)l{C Merna. Ha BeTpy ce npc;v..tCTH 6p)KC cyme, Hero Ka;~ Ba3In-'X
MHpyje, HTn. TIpe:-.w TOMe, CMucao nonCfialh<1 6p3HHC CTpyjalh<l q)J1YUJW pal~H y!6p3JlbJ
llPCHOllICIL<l M,lTCPUjc, Tpc6a HHr~ci'H y CMalbClbY gC6:bl1lle mlMBHapnor 1I0;J;cnoja
Kp03 Kojn MaTcpHja MQ)KC GUTH npl'UeTa jer~HHo ~1O.'leKy"1cKOM ~11Y3HjOll-L
AKO CC )KCJIH n013cliaTlJ KOJIWHlHa ~WTCpHjC Koja CC upn HCKOj )J,I1CPY3HOj
oncpall,ujll npCHOClf, HMajyhH y BHAY jC)J,HULllmy .anciJY3Ujc, IIOTpc6HO .ic rrollcfiaTH
eBC lH11uroIJ,e KOjll ce II<l.rra3C y 6POjHTC.lbY, a ClI--tabHTH oue KOju ce HaJ1<:l3e Y HMeHlt-
TCJby. Aa 6u ec, pCU,lU'\-lO, y6p3~UlO paCrnapaIbC HCKC eyneTaHu,c, BCJUiLlHne Koje
Tpc6a rroBchaTI1 (Bl1J~H CDUKOB 3aIWB) ey:
- lwec/JLlL?ujernTt gutjJyauje (D) KOjn. ce MO)KC rroBehaTll IIoBchmbe!l-t TeMnepa~
- pa3Jlwca KOHlWl1.iilpm(u;a (,6,c) M())Ke ce nOBcfiuTIl aKO CC pa,Uu ca QI1CTHM
pacTBapa'IeM (C2 ~ 0);
- U06PUllUW gwjJy3uje (A) Koja cc MO)Ke rroBehaTH aKO ce co !UTO GOJbC YCHT-
lUi (TO ce nOCTIJ)Ke CIlTJhClbeM 'lBPCTC MaTcpnjc, pa36njalbcM Te'lHOCTH Y
Kanl1, IlpeJ1llnalbeM npeKO p<13yt;eHllX nOBpuuma HnH rrponotjCI-hCM raca
Kp03 TetII-IOCT Y UlTO CHTHI:IjHM McxyprrhHMa);
 KPMCTAJIM3AIJ,MJA
Bpe.w: iIipajaf-t,il gUcjJy3uje ('C): Ot-IHfJIC,n:HO je.n:a YKOJIHKO HeKO 36HBaThC AY-
)KC Tpaje, YTOJUIKO he Bcha KOJlII~mHa M3TepnjaJIa npopearoBaTVI, uno ce
M P ACTBAP AILE
O/1HOCI1 11 na I1mpY3Hjy.
BeJI~'PUlHaKOjy Tpe6a CMaJ-bHTH 360r y6p3aIf,a tlHcpy3llje .ie ,ne6JbMHa rpaHH~
'-IRor CJIOF (8) Kp03 KOjy MaTcpnja Ancpyn;a:yje. To ce nOCTll)l(C uOBchalbcM 6P3HHC
KpcTafua JIYllAa.
Bp3lIHa Alf<PY3IiOHC onepaqrrje ce MQ)KC ;tl,cqmHHcaTll KaQ GAlIOe nOrOI-lCKe
CllJIe H oTIIopa:

6p311Ha AHCPY3HOI-Ie onepm~Hje:;::: IIorOHCKa cnna. 2.1. PABHOTE)KA PACTBOPA 11 COJII1

OT110P

TIPl1MCHOtvf <PuKoBor <33KOlIa l'vlo)KC ce nUC::1TU: KpnCTaJIH3ao;nja.ie onepa:u;nja KOjOM ce 113 paCTBopa H3.ll.najajy '-IHeTC KpnCTa-
mte cyrrcT3HUC. UnJh KpHCTaJ1}nm~JJjc.ie H3,n:najarhc lIBJ)cTor paCTBopK3 H3 paCTBO~
m (Cl - C2) pa liJlIf rrpc'u11IIh3BaJ-hC cyncT3TI1~e lLCHHM paCTBap,1H~eM, a 33THM HCKPHCT3JTHCaBa-
ojDA' theM. Kal(a ce y paCTBOpy H(ln3311 mIllIe C)rnCTaIn~H, 'tfrJjc cy P(l3JIHKC y paCTBOpJhH-
BOCTH BCJTl{KC, MOf'yliHO .ie KpHC'raJUf'3at~HjOJ''''1 H3BPlJIHTH I-J pa3J\Bajau,c KOMIIOI-IClIa-
1!0UlTO jc 6p3HHa Jl:HY3HOHC onep<H~Hjc, y cTBapn, npoToR cyncnnru.e (,l'I/'r:) Ta, rrpn 'IeMY YBeK npBo KpHCTaJIUnre TClI{C pacTBopna KOMfIOl-leI-ITa. OBO jc rrapI~H
OHJxa Je: jam-r3 KpHcTamnaI~nj(l.

norOHCKa CH.na;:::: (cJ C2), JaCHO jc p,a onepmnrjH KPl-lCT3JIH33IJ,njc yneK npcTXO;rrn orrepal~n.'ia pacn~apC\~
gUCPY3HOHH OTIIOP ;:::: 'O/D . A. f-ha. PacTB3palhe II KpnCramualJ;I1ja cy, UZlIIl\-le, nBC CJHf'lHC a. llCTOBpo.lCHO. H cy-
npOTHe OIIcp'H~Hje. Upyr3 1 mjc pelleno. ga 6u ce HCf(a cyikrLUlI-lLW l,:punTirl.-?,U3111~I.I
I1l'>-tajyl1l-f OBO CfaJII-TO lILl yM}. }'IOf'yhIfO je JlaKO npUTIT'rH 35Huau,a y,rHrq))'3HO-
JOM u3gaojU:1G fA3 paci"ii6opa, Dpcillxogno .<t1Opa 6ufTiu pacili60pCH,a. OnIL,H CC )ICC.;1tf
HHM onepal~H.iaMa It pa'3)'MCTlI KOHCTpYKqnjy anapaTJ Y KOjH:l'\-'ta ce OHC o)],urpanajy.
]Jehu ga 3aKoHuc11ociTiu KpllcfTia.i1U3au;lljc If aaKOHHilioClltU pad{1(-;apa1!~a UJlUljy jcgu)"
aajegwl'1KY OCHOOY - pamwiiieJfcy padTi(wpa U KpuciTw.lJa. AKO ce, H3J-1l"!C, y jellHOM
cyny Hana3C 'tIBpCTH KPHCT,UTl1 HCKe cynCTaIInC a il3I-WTl IhHX paCTI~0p TC lfCTC CYlT-
CTaHI.~C, Mory cc 3ana:nrrn Tpn: c..'1y'tIaja:

DOrOHCIGI CIVIa 3a )]'Hcl)Y3I-:Ijy jc pa3Jll1K3 KOHqeIlTPaJ~Hja. DOCTOjC .nBa HatJHJ-Ia
,LiHcpy3uje MOJTeKyncKa (CHopa) n KOHBeKTIIBH<:l (3HaTHO 6p)J{a). gHCpy:mja je He-
flOBpaTan rrpou;ec. Maca npoToK3 ;:rrrcpY3HjoM je ~lCcl)HHHcaHa q)HKOBHM 3aKOHOM.
JC.I-\:l-IHHIV-I KoectnrI(Hje1-IT3 )U-ICp:'v'3nje.ie m2ls. Ep3HHa KOHBCKTHBJIe ,Ilucpy31Ije .Ie oApe-
i)eHa ne6JLHHOM .lIa1Hmapnor rpamf'-IHOr c.rIoja. Ha 6p3HHY JUIqJY3HoHe orrepannje
}'W)Ke ce yTHfJ;JTH np0Jl,-Ie1l0M norOHCKe CHne (e l - ('2)' ILlH oTllOpa ('olD A).
1. Koje !~H(I)y1Honc onepaqnje :JH<lTe? HanC;'l)ITC KOjC M(lTCpnje ~. "filM onc
pal~HjilJl,-Ia !lIH]})'HJl.yjy. a
Koje cy y J1I-Hi)y3njn HcaKTHBHC.
2. 3m.llTo cc TOKOM B!KMCIW 6p3fUHl ;:\IHi}Y3Hje 3aTBopcnor CHCTCMa CBC BU-
rne OlaIbyjC?
3. 3mIlTO cc II TlpH npCHOlllCl-bY MaTcpnje KOHBCKlJ}ljm.f nojaBJbYic ;UlCh'3nja?
4. KaKo herc CM,lIhHTIl KOJnftlHH)' MaTcpnjc Koja cc npcJ-JocH
'mpCTor TCJIa IH! rac (aKo )!(C.:IlITC, peUHMo, cnpctlHTH 6p:30 cymelbc). Hauc;vnc
CBC MoryhHocTH KOjc BaM CTOjc Ha paCnOJ1aran,y.
5. 3allITO je 3a TexHHKY Ba)KHa 6p3llHa ):nl~Y3l-lje? 3alllTo cc ca rronefiaJ-hcM 6p3HI-lC D;HCPY-
3Hje y jeiWOM HCTOM anapaT), nonchanCl IherOBa npOJWKTllBl-IOCT'?
- He 3arra)Ka ce lin paCTBap<y;I~e lIB Kpncra:nf3alwja (pac'fEOp jc 3acnhcn):
- 3arra)Ka CC KpnCraJll13aJ.rHja, Tj. cmapaJ-hc I-WBIIX n paCT ITocTojchnx KpnCTa-
Jla (paCTHOp jc npccrrhCH);
- 3ana)Ka ce paCTBapaH~e. Tj. Ch--faI-helhe neJTIPII1He rroCTojeftnX KpHCTaJT3 (pa-
CTROP.iC lIe3aCnfteH).
To 3uw-m:: aKO ce 3Ha KOJiTIIGl je KOHII.Clrrpaqnja 3acnhenor pacTHopa, 3Eane ce
n JJ:a.rrH neKH pacTBop MQ)Ke fJ,a rrpnr--uI jom KpncTana (;W HX pacTEapa) HJIH he cc H3
Ihera, yeneA npeeahc!l0cTH, ~B;rrnajaTn KpneT<lJlH, KonqeHTpal~Hjc- 3acHhcHor pa-
cTBopa COJUI npHl(a3YJY cc JJ:H,JarpaMoM paCTBOpJhHBOCTH.
,llnjarpaM paCTBOpJLUllOCTIJ. 3acnheHII paC1'Bop HCKe cyncranIJ,C He paCTBa-
pa Ty nCTY cyncTaHII,Y, UJTO 3H(l'tIH il.a je y 3acuhCJ-IO.M pac{[i60p), ilIC'll-fD- rj;aaa y
pa6HOluCJffll ca '-tGPCiTiO~H cjJG30.M. 3acHhcn paC'rBop ce HajnaKIlle MO)J{C Jl06UTH aKo
ce paCTBapaqy .I-l:OA(\ TOJIHKO pacTBopKa Aa je;u;aH l-berOB ;neo, II nOCHe il)-Tor BpC-MC-
Jl:uqry3HjmJ Cil Ha (TeopnjcKH 6ecKpajno Ayro BpeMe). oCTane HcpaCTBopCH. M(1)YTHM, aKO ce 33-
cuheH paCTBOp 3arpeje, KOA BchtHIe COJIft ce oMoryhyje HOBO paCTBapaI-he. To ce IIO-
CTIDKe nOIUTO paCTBOpJbI:lBOCT Benl-IHC COJIH paCTe ca nopaCTOM TCMnepaType paCT-
napa'tIa. n pH OBOMe ce paCTBOpJbl-IBOCT .n;ccpmHIIIIC Kao Maca paCTBopeHe comi (y
rpaMUMa) l-Ia 100 rpa1\-fa 'tIHCTor paCTBapa'tIa, Ka;Qa je pacTBop 3aclinen. OTY)1..3 .ic
jC;Qlnrrrua paCTBOpJhIlBOCTI1 06WlI-IO g/lOO g. ilpl1 TOMC, OCliM aKO CC HapO'-UlTO He u,Hja 0)1 20 g/lOO g. Pa3JUlKa IBMCi)y. rrpB0611.THe 11 OBe KOHl.l,CHTPaJ.l,Iljc (28 ~ 20 ::::
HarmlCl1, /I.'laca COllH npC,!J.CTaBJba Maey ~IHeTe COJII:l, 6e:1 Kpl1CTaJIHC BO,!J.C. :::: 8 g/.lOO g) nOKa3yjc p,a.ie 113 paCTRopa H3)]:BojeHo, Tj. HCKpliCTaJIHCaHO no 8 r conn
I1ocTojn 3H,-lTall 6poj COJI11 Koje ce H3 paCJ'Bopa H3J\Bajajy 3ajeww ca MOJICKY- Ha CBaKHX 100 rpaMa paCfBapaLIa. To 3Ha Llli )l,a ce npM KpuC'ranllcaI-bY XJ1ai)clbcM
jIHMa paCrBapa"-w, yrpal)eHHM Y fbflxony KpIlCTam-ry pCIIICTKy. TaKO yrpaJ)cnvr MO- 113)J,Baja OHOJlHKO KOJIWlliHa pacTBopKCl KOJlHKa jc pa3JlIlKa nOl..ICTHC KOIIqCH'rpa-
.'1CKY:t11 pacTHapa'-fa IIpCl-~CTaBJhajy KpnCraJIllY BO)]:Y, lIm-I, aKO je
Y llUTafbY HeKH UMje (28 g/lOO g)" KOHuelrrpau"je 3aculieH,a ua Kpajlboj TeMllcpaTypn (20 g/JOO g),
ApYl'a paCrBap(PI, CO.1BaTHY TC1IHOCT. rIonlTO XlfJJ:paTI1CaH (I1JIli COJIlWTHcaH) Kpn- Ha CJII1I~!:1 112 ,UaT je )J:l1jal'paM paCTBOpJbHBOCTlI HCKHX HeopraHcKlIx COJlI'!.
eraJl KpaCnLYllIlllC YBCK ca OHpet)CIHil\l, ilo:.maTlUvl ca.LW)KajeM BO;J;C HJIH HCKOl' Jl..PY- ')/KOJIHKO HCKa co KpIICTaJIHIlIe ca pae.TBapa'-lCM, KpHBa paCTBOpJbliBOCTH. BeMa oBaj
ror COJIBJT(l, MoryhHo jc Jl<1KO, na OCllon), npOCl'HX CTCXl10MCTpnjcKHx paY:YHa, 0;:(- lwcrvnaH 06mIK Hero e.c na O)l,pei)em1M TCMIIcpaTypaMa narJlO JlOI>.111. To 3HJ'Hl ~a
pei1:11T11 Macy llHCTor KPHCT<tJIa 11 06paTI-lO. e.c 360r TeMIIcpaType CKOKOBI1TO Melha KOJU1'liUla pacrBapa"-w ea KOjUM M~lTCpnja
AKO co KpHcramUIlC OC3 pacrBapa- KpUCTaJIHlllC, UlTO cc MO)Ke BH,ll,eTH 113 npHJIO)KCHOr )]:njarpaMa.
Lfa, T,-u.\a rqJHJ3a Koja npHK,13yjc npOMCIIY Y13 AHjarpal\.ta CC, TaKoi)e, BH~H l~a 6poj MOJICKYJIa Kp1:lCTaJIHe BOAC paC'rBapa-
paCfBOpJhHDOCTIl Y J(lBHCHOCTH op: TCM- qa llarJIO OI1J)J,<l ca nopaCTOM TCMucpaType. Ha ;~lijarpaMY (el. 112) BC!IWUlHC Ha
nepaTypc m.w KOflTmryamur OOJlHK, GC3 JICROj op.um-taTJ.1 O,IlHoce CC Hi] nyHc H3BY\lCUC mUlI1jc, aHa ,IlCCHOj fJ<l Tal..fKacTO HJ-
npCJ1Ol\1<J HJlH flar:mx CKOK013a, O!\HOCHO BY'[CllC J[H.HI1je. PaCTBOp.TLl1BOCT HCKHX eQJll1 OWl)J,a ca nOl)aCTCHvl TCMIlcp<.rrypc.
npCKH,L1.a (elL 111). Ha LtllCIWCHY ocy Il(1- Haj'leudu! pauuuopJb[wuCLTi pacific w iiopacillo,At t"(olllcpalllype.
[{C're cy TCl\HIClxnypc, a ua opwmaTl1Y KpllCTamUaI.l,Hja ce BpllHl H3 upecl1hcHor pacl'Hopa. JIn 6n ce MOl'.~Ia rnBccru
oey pnCTBOp!LllBOCT, Tj. KOllu,cllTpau,ujc w)Tpe6uo jt: HCI CC Jtl}{OBOJ!,1.:' TjJli yc;rona:
JLtCUi1<:HUX pacl'nopa.
qlL\\ cc ]acllhclIl! pJCTBOp tvl(UIO ox-
:W)W Ilpe.;ra:m y OOJlaCr IrpecHhcll,a. Taj./,a
pacTBap3't llHje Y CTiUb)' )~a ca.LIP)!(H TOJIH-
KO paC'I"B0pcI.!oJ' paCl'BOpIGl, fla ce oBaj
I:lHllHlK H.3llBa]<.l Kao w:paCl'BOpeH<1 KP11-
Cmu;/ 1 j j
CTami(] ~1aTepl:Jja. U,UbHM x.'!aljcfhCl'...t OBO W

H311Baj,-Ubt e.e HaC'raBJ1~a. To 31Ell.m (la ce

I
W
o.
KOIllJ;cHTpau,HjJ. pacTBopK,i crannu Me!b'\. jc Ilpl1K<J:1anO KPHBOI,l pacTl:lop~
uno "ro
.'hH130CTH. TIpH XJla!jclbY, !lOLl.lTU KOIll.l,ellTpaqvrja OHa.ua, npOML:HJ.. Cral-b<l :Wc.nhcHor
paC'I'Bopa o:'~pCl)CH(j .ie upoMelloM Koja ce no6uja KaJ..l,a CG n,ue no f.::PliBOj 3ACCHa
~
~

H'UleBO. flOIlJTO e.e. npn JarpcBJ.u... y paC'I'BOpJbHBOCT IloBcl'iaBu, npolvicHa CTaIba

pac-mopa 03HLt'JCHCl JC npoJ\.fCHOlvl Kptme paCTBOpJbI1BOCTH CJleBa Ha AecHo.
15
"
:;:;:
~
~

Elmo Koja LTiacll{{1 )' i/U/b)' uciiug /(j.)l/oe ogzOl3ajJa IIC3llcuiIeHuM paCl1lUOpy. I

'"
TU'IKC U3fWg }{jmu(' Dugal)' .r
apccuhef/)' oG.zaull', ({ C(Uta KjJlwa ogzur;apa KOliLjel1-
~
'
o
(i{jJ({l~lIjll 3aclI!iC!iOZ jJacilwujw ria P(f3NU.:\I [Tio,rticpaLUypa.Mo. TiU<.O, Ha rrpHMep, ~

Ta'[Ka;1 ollr(mapa HC3(lCHllClJOM pacl'Bopy M<lTCpnjc Ha TomepaTYp.u up: 40"C, jep

canp)!{U ca/>.10 28 g GC:WO;J,Ht' CO,~Hl !Ia 100 g pacrn<1pa'ta, ilOK 6u 3aCHfteH paC'mop H<l
40"C ca,u,pxcao 35 g 6c::mO;J.,llC CO~lII HLt 100 g pacTBapa'w. Ta'lKa R cna,u,a y npccH-
heHY OU"'laCT pacmopa. jcp OIl Gl!J,p)l":ll RUtUe pacl'Bopcm; l\JaTCpHj:.: (34 g) IB 15"C
11cro WTO 1'a Ill\W 3acHhcIl paCt'l30p (22 g).
:VIcI-Lajyhll TCMnepaTYPY paC't'Bopu, Tj. CIvlaJLyjyhu je KOg HC3acHhcfIor 11 no-
Behana.iyhH .Ie 1(0)]: npeeuhcuor, OlIn ce l\.[()ry HU\lHHJJTH 3al.:::HhclUiM. TaKo, Ha 11pH-
Mep, aKo ce paC'l'lJOp, IIpHKU:3<.1H CTaH~eM A, XJ1aWl, KOHL\ClrrpaqHja pacTBopcnc co-

15~~~1mffil
"'IH tIche e.c MCl-baTH, 3601' <'1l'1'a he OHa npOMCHa 6wrn npllK(nana XOp1l30HTaJUIHM
mnOM u,pTHu,a JIeRO OiU A. KaiU<1 ce p;oi)e )~O Kp.l1Be KpI1C'raJll13aIJ;ujc paC'rBOpJbllBOCT
.ic 03IIa\reUa CTalbe!vl AI, K01!I~eIITpal.u[ja paC'fBopKa.ie OCTana H Hal1;:ube HcnpolvIc- IO~
IN.:ma (2t; g/lOO g), amI je TCMnepaTypa !laJla na 28C. .....~.t.~~~,~"-j--'--'-_..1
o lIOIIW2 aW.WHwHron
AKO 611 ce pacrBop 11 naJhe XJU1J..l,HO, nopciU TomcpaType MCf.hana Oll cc H KOH- HMnEPATYPA "C
QCtlTpaD;l1ja 3<lcnhelb<l, OWIKO IG1KO ce MelLa KpHBa, Kao IllTO jc CTpCmtI.l,OM Ha:ma-
l.lCHO. TCMllepaTypH OH lO'-'C ogrOB<lpaJlO 011 CTaILC A2 KOMe o,arOlmpa KOHl.l,CHTpa- C11IKa Jl2
 212
213
- g3 je paCTEOp npeCnTIeH,
H3}J;B3jaTIT. KprrcTam:JC31-he YKynaBaH)cM IImpoKo cc rrpHMen.yjc TaMO fll:e ce CRa
- .a;a 110CToje KPHCTaJIHC KJIllIl;e, paCTBopeHa cyncTauu;a )J(eJJH .n:0611Tll 113 paCTBopa, fAe je TOfIJIOTHa eHeprn,ia jecp-
- ;a;a ce oMoryhH OABot)eH~e JUTH Jl,OBO~el-be TorrnOTe. TRHa (peqHMo, cYWICBa TOTIJIOTa), UJm: rne ce pa,QM ca BlIllleCTcneHnM YKYBa'nIM3.

AKO je~aH ~~ OBa TpM yCJlo~a Hl1je HenYI-beR, KPHCTaJUI3aI~H:ja ce Hehe npuurrn:.
nOlliTO gpYZll U I-upehu yCJ106 yUlU~{JJ rta OCJlU'1U1-t}' Kpudiia.rw, rrpCKO lhHX ce MQ)l(C
2.2. KPI1CT AJII13ATOPI1
yTHIJ;3TH H Ba nCnW-IIIHY 3pJI3 KPIiCTaJ1HOr npOlBno,qa.
KplfCTaJlIIa Kmma. - HacTaje lfCTOBPCJo..'ICHH:rvf cnn~aH~eM Beher 6poia MOJ.ICKV. AnapaTII 3a KpnCTaJIIBaqujy Tpe6a na oMoryhe .n:06H.iaH~e KpMcTana )KeJheHC
oilpei)cuor pacnopega y rrp~cropy ca OTlpcryCHI1M caAP)KajeM eHcpnIje. YKOJJH~O
]1(1 neJIH'-InHC, IlorOi~HO xJTai)eJ--bc II STaKO Bat;clhe H3.n:BOjCHl1X KpHCT3JIa. OCHM Tora. rro-
KpHCTa.JIHC KJIHIl,C TC)KC mICTaJY, YTOJIITKO he KpIICTaJTI13an;nja 6UTH CITOpHja. Ko}:\ )KCJbH0 je.n:a KpHcTaJU13aTopn. anapanr Y Kojl:fMa cc KpHCTamnaIJ;nja o)JI1rpaIw, pa-
rrpeCnftCUHX pacTBopa (cn. 111 T3'TK3 Bo) Kpl1CTanHe KJIHIJ;C nney onaroBpet.lcHo n3- gc HcnpeKM1~Ho. KOHTunyanHo. UITO je 3Wl'Iajno aKO cy Y ITHTalbY BC.nUKC KOJII1'-IHHC
y
CT3Jre, ':l60T lIefa onn HilCY GlUTH Y eTalhY )J,3 H3JTY"fC BHIIJaK paCrBOpCHC MaTepnjc KpnCTana.
SUAY K}?HCT3.11'L AKO CC Y onaKCln pacrBop y(iar~H BenH 6poj CHTHHX KpHcTana lICTe Ka,a:1U-1 KpnCTam13:nopn. - OUB KpnCraJlH3aTOpn cy BC:IHKe \IC-TBOpOVraOI-lC
l\laTCPHJC. ):(O}1a'3H 6p30 1\0 KpnCTaJHJ3aqnje, uno ce Ha3lIBa (iC.'7,l{Oaafl)c J(pudl/a/tU~ Kage (CJJ. 113), H<FIHfheHe OM iJ.pBcTa 11 00J10:IKCHe nocTojaHHM MCTaJIOM lL~B npc-
,Ma, DCJlTJ,OBaIhC ce '-TeCTO rrpnlvIClhyje y xnmjnwj HI-mYCTpnjn (mchcp). ByqeUC neKHM gpyrl1M MCTilnOM (onOROM, a.l1YMHIIJ1jYMOJ'''r. 'leJmKOM Kojn HC P1)ZL
npClKG1.ie HOK83~ura iFl KpnCT(l."'lH3aIJ,njy M(KC IW y6p3a 11 rTpHCYCTBO CTpaHH); TJle'9Y. Kcpat>fITKOM IITJ(.) , IL'lH carpai)ene on OBHX Mwrcpnja.113. OmT KpHcTa.rnn(!-
l\1,nepH.JCl c.rnFmnx IqmCT<lnHHX MOJIHq:llHCaImja, D3 '-!aI( n npalIIHHil. Bp30 XJl(1)CH,c, Topn cc x:ranc cnOIITano, CT])yjaIhCl\f OKOJIHor i3a3HYX(l. J1,a (in ce o.TlaJonaj10 Bal;CfhC
)'1\apH, 11 mrr:CH3HBHO l'vfCIlIalhC, TilK(1)C. yup:-laBajy 06pa30IWfhC KpHCraJIHHX K:rHl~a. KPHCT<lJfll. y pacTrwp CC cT3nn~aj:y MCTanHC lllHITKC T1.1111 TCKCTHJlHH KOHom~n no 1W-
O-':IBTJle)lJIO JC pa H3 paCTBopa y lWl\1C HC1CTilHC BLTfHKH opoj KpHCTaJTlIHX K.TJuu:a l\-'jO- jHMa cc xB~rrajy KpHcTa.mr, rpanchn KpnCraJJHC CBeHKe, KaJl:3 cc KpHCTClnH3<rl\Hja
paJ1,3 ce J!o6uj.e l\'rHoro CUTnHX KpnCTa.l1a. Cnopo XJTai)clbe, MIT}) n 'IHCTH paCTBopn 3anpllllI KpnCraJfH!l CRCHK(l ce ca lUHITKOM JlJKO H3BJ1a l rH H3 KaAC. Maca KPHCT~L'l;l
J{aJY M<1JIH OPO) KpHcramurx K11HIJ,a. 360r 'rera CC If3 IhHX J~o6t1ia MaJID 6P01 BCJIIiKHX Koja cc H3fJ,Bojn,;ra ITO '3H,QoBHMa Ii I1OI\ORHlv18 Kane .'bymTH CC H JTOnaTaM8 H36m(vje
KpnCTaml. D01G133:'10 ce ga l\f3TepHje M(l}hBX MO:IeKv.nCKHX TC)KHH(1' D:~1.iv 1...laH~e ff3 Ibe. HpeOCTa.TIH .TTyr CC HCT8'Ie c}J(lCTJ-ftIHHM l~eBHMa l-Ia npHH1~nITy HaTere. Ka)lHH
KpHCT<lne. BepO~aTIIO 360r HOBHIIIC-I-IC nOKpCTJhlmOCTH Koja onaKUIaRil' ;)Opa'10- KpHCTalfH3<-lTOpn, 360r cnopar XJTaryclbil H !'.mpOBal-bJ Tc-.:mOCTH. najy BeJ1HKC, nene
naH,e BetiCI' 6p0.1Ll KpnCTammx KmH~a. KpHcTarrc. Bcm1KH Kpl1CTaml, cpaCJUT jenmr Ynpyre. l\1Ory YurymMII-l8Ma caJ.l:p)KaTH
.TpehH yelOs, Kojn Tpcoa )l,3 6y;o:c HcnYJ-bCH na 6H cc Ol\WryhIIJIc, KpnCTJ.T1H- 3HaTue KOJ1WlHUC nyra. 1j. uelmCTOlle Koja CC HcnapanaH,CM TCUlKO YKJIilIh<l .
KpnCT3JIlI33TOpn ca npnuyIl,IHIM XJIaf)CJhCM. - AKO CC KPl1CT<lJIH33TOp mlTeH~
3alWJ~, 3<lXTCna n3 CC TOI1JIOTa Koja ce 11pl1 KpHCramn<1uuju oC}Jo6aj)a (y peTl(HM
3JiBHO XJlanH, M(KC ce O)J;J,}CCTH 3HaTJIa KO~lIf'TI-nJa TonnOTe y .iciunnn~H npeMCHa.
c,ly'ra.lcBH~la BC3yje) Mopa O;O:BCCTH, Op:IIOClJO nOBecTH, nOK CC HaJIa3e y pacTBopy,
Monc,KY,1tI pacTBopK3 CCl!_IP)I(C :maTlIY KHllCTJT'TKY cncprnjy. nponopnnonam-IY l-bH-
tm~e ce 3a Kpane npCMC 3acnli.en paCTBOI': )J,OBO;n:II no KpajlLc TCMnepclType. BYIwhH
XOB0.1 1\-BCH n TCP\UF-IKOJ 6p3HlTH KPCT'll-bCl. YrpaijIfBalhCjYJ: OBJ1.X lvlOncKyml y KpH" p,a.1e KOJU1l..IHHa UCKpncranncaHe MflTeym.le npOITOpnnOnilmra OfJ,Bc,o.:cnOJ KO.:IW1HHH

CT,;lJTTlY PCIllC'l.'KY,.BCm-TK.U nCO.H~Hxonc KHHCTH'fKC cHcprnje ce ocn06ai)::-L ORa cncp- TOITnOTe, TaKBH KpnCT(lJlIJ3flTOPH hc H1vlaTlr 3HaTHO BchH KanannTCT on OIlnx Kojn
nIJa ce, Y Kpa.11'bO.1 JIHHH.JH. nO.l(lBJhy1c Rao TOITJTOTil KpnCT<1JIH3aImjC. OHa JVimKe 611- ce XJWnC rrpHpO)1.HOM KOI-IBeKll,HjoM Ba3J\yxa. ORO UHTCH3HEHO X}Jai)CH~e nOCTlDKC ce
BOnOM lInn: HCrrapanalhCM paCTHapa'-Ia. JJ:a 6n ce TOnJIOTa }JaK1lJC OPBO,TlHJTfl. pa-
TH THZ!T!-Ia, 360r 'ICr(l c(' pac-mop Kojn KpHCTaJI11IllC TClllKO xJIaJJ:u'. jep, rrope,u OCCT
He TOl1JlOTe KOjy CaHp)1{lI, nOTpe6110 je O;\BO)J,HTH IT JlaTCHTHV TOrIJIOTy. TOmJOTY
CTEOP ce 06WlHO nOKpciic MeIIIa,TIHIlOM, lLTJH ce caM CYl!; IToKpefie. npn OBOMe cc
~~~=~~ . . l-IHTCH3HBl-IHje npCHOCH HC calvlO T011JfOT<-l Hero II I\--raca 3<lcuheHOr paC'rBopa 110 XJI8n.~
BIIX nOBpunma no KOJH\-m ce Bpmn KpVlCTaJ1H3(jI~Hja.
TOl1nOTcl KpHCTa}1H3<n~l1je jc,IJ:lI<:1Ra jc TOfLTTOTJI
paCTBap31-ba. Cal\-fO jc cynpoTlior
:~HaKa, TIOlllTO CC; I1plI KPHCT;L'1H3aI~HjH CTnapa npccnhcn paCTEOp, 360r ~fer(J ce BH-
ma.K paCTBopcnc cyncTaHl{C H3J~Baja y BllilY KpHCTCl.11a oCTajyhu 3acuhcH, nOTpe61W
~a .lE-' cra}Jl[O n: nocTyrlHo X.TJaJ1HTll. Y/{O/IWW cc pacill(lop HC 61( XAa,quo! 01-1 ()U ouTia-
ryfiu 3acui1cll, ilpcciTlao go uagaaja /';;j7udiw_1C UrTO JInjc ll)IJI, KpHCTa:llI3aI~HjC.
Y 3aBHcnOCTH o;a: Tora KilKBlI ce KpncTa.11n )KCJfe HOOWfH, CHTJIH H.'1It Kpym-m,
3aBHCl-I l~_KaKHo he XJlaiJelf-,C 61ITH. C.11300 lInH HHTeH3UBHO. Tpc6a HanoMcHYTJf !W
CC. KjJUCU{((,'lUcaHJc AW.1ICC uociuuitu YK}'(-UWal-bc.M K01-ll-{odllpucauux paci71(JOpa. Ha
Ta) ce H3'llI:lH YJla~~aBa pacTBapa'-I, 360r 'llera paC'rBop nocTaje npecHneH H nOJH1311
no Kpl1CTaJTH3aIUfjC,
0Baj ml'lI1n KpHcTamICaI-L3 je cKyn, 360r nCJUIKC miTeHTHC Torr.TIOTe llcrrapa-
Hafba; lICKpHC'HlJInCane com:! cy I-lC'llJ.JCTC, jep ce n Hencnap..'bHnC He'-rHCTo'hc, KaJJ;a
nOCTHtHY npOH3BOI{ paCTBOpJbHBOCTH 360r KOHqeHTpl1c<:uha, rrO"lIHbY HC'ronpeMeno
 215

McrmlJU1ll,e JbYlilTe 113)l.BOjCHC Kpl1CraJlC ca xJ[a~UH:lX rrosplIlffHa, no Kojl1Ma ce nAPA BAKYM

HajmHlIc H3ABajajy, B noje'~l1He KpnCTaJ1C OAP:>Kanajy y cycncH3HjII, lliTO oMoryhyje
IhllXOll npaBllmm pacT 11 J,aje,KpRCTaJIC jC,D,HaKC BC.nWIHHC.
Kai~lIn KpucTaJIU:JaTolllf XJIaI)CHli nO~()M ..- Gnu KPHCT<:lJU:l3aTOpn cy 06JI'IHO
l.\lLTIHHnplrmor OOJfHKa. Y I-bliMCt ce nOCraBJbajy KOHU,CI-lTPWIHO Ii Y Blime peAOBa
3Ml1jacTc CmrpaJIC 3a XJlai)clLu, .uOK ce 'I CpC,!J;InfH u,l1J1HHApa Hana3H rrpOnCJICpCKC1
McmamllJ,a. UUJIlUllWH C'roje ycnpaBHo. Y notICTKY paAa XJIal)clhc je BPJIO Ao6po,
~Be ,I\OK ce uo Cl1npaJlaMa H~ HaxBa<rajy UaCJlare KpH~TaJI<l Koje CBC Bl1fc OTC)KaBU-
.!y XJI<l:9CI-hC. Bai)CI-Le H3l-\BOJCHHX KPHCT<UI<l ca U,CBH .Ie TClllKO, lllTO 3IiaTI-lO Ct"'li1H,Y-
je KOPHlUhC[-bC 11 KamuurrCT onaKBHX KpllCTaJIH3aTopa. 2
Cl3cllcon-Bo;IKCP KpliCTamnaTOpI:L ~ To cy (cn. 114)._ y C'fEapn, ~yra XOPI1- 4' ... ~
30HTamm Kopwra (\), co. cTpanc x.nai)eHct BO~OM (2). HY)K OBl'[X KpnCraJlH3aTOpa
upomnH BpaT1!.Jlu (3) no. KOjC jc upu({BpmlicHa CTIlipaJIa (4). aua jc UOCTaBJJ.,CHa
Gmny )'llyrpaUJJ-ht: nOllplllHHC Kopwra, ,Ll,a un llpa OOpTal-hY JbyWTllJta H3]wojeuG
KPH,CTD.JIC no YUYTP,-UlllhI1M nOBpllflH-Jal\ia, npH o6pTalbY, oHa: HCTOBPCMCHO, 110'1'11-
CKyy~ KpUCraJIHY Mac)' CU HO'H:TKa KpaCraJIH3<1TOpa lla Kpa,!)" o;a,aKJ1C 11X, npCKO
IlpC.'I.HHlIt' L~L'Bl-! '3<1
npa)l(!-LClbLC (5), I1'3Ciau,yjc. CaM KPHCT<lJIll:JaTOp ce cacroju H3 Be~
her 6poja 'JJl<lH3Ka MelyycooilO cIlojCHHX, )J,OK ce OMOT<t'Hl 3(1 XJla~eJ:be cnajaj)
flPCKO U,CI:lH.
C-1Li/{L/ j]6
BYJHIJ-fi.OK KIHlcnl.:m:.m1'Opu. Guu KpHcra.:I\'UaTOpH cy (ell. 115) CJ1ITl.IHil CWt.:t1 115
llpCTX{)l~I-lJ1jl,W B HMo.jy uGJll1K .1-\yrux IlJ!UTKIIX KopHTa. KopuTa (1) cy yt.mpruhcHa na
KP)'>KHc ll1l1lIe (2) Koje WL~IL')Ky 11a oC5pT1-re naJLKC (3). KopllcTeilu OBY OCOOIU(\i. nyr l~IlK-iJ,aK [lyr. Y CIC!\ 6J1<1ro1' ~LyJbatba It PCHJ.THBHO cnopor Kpennh<l, llMa !J.OBO-
KplIcra.:I1I3<1T01Hi l'>lOry AU ct: JbYJbajy, OCI~{1]lyjy OKO CBOjC lIOiJ,Y)f{_HC oct:, 3001' ~lera JbHO BpCMelIa ;~a KpltcTaml l-I<lpacry gO 31-1aTUHX BCJIWnma: PaC'rHOp c,e YBO,l\l1 C
ce UUI!t:lG:t)~ U l:!x.nmah' KpI1CTaJIIL;Jl(IlOna KOJICBIG:L OHH CC XJla,o,e OKOJll-lHM B;13~ jCJJ,Hor, a npeOCraJlH .:ryr 11 KPHCT<lJIH CC OgBO~'C C iwyror KPUJil KOpHTil. bp::mHOlv1 H
m'XOl\-1, liTO 3lIa'IlJ J~a je l-hllXOB Kanall,HTCT 31IaTHO },-taf:bH 0,0, KanalJ,l1TCTa rrpCTXOF(- HHTCH3HTCTOM Jb3iJLaILJ, Mo)KC CC YTHu,a-nl lla nopaCT KpHcTrUIU K:lO II nil I-bHXOBY
mE KpnCraJUnaTOp<:i. J~a Gu ee oMoryt-iHJlO rrpOJW>Kf-IO KPCTaIbC KpHCraJlHe Mace, yj C)1l-Ia"-.[CHOCT. .
OBn KpHCTaJfH3JTOpH cy He:maTl{() nan-IYTI1 npeMa XOpH30HTaJllL no ~y)lrnHH cy HaKYV M - K pnCTaJUi33TOpU. - Ko~~ OBUX KPHCTU!ltB<lTOpa KpHC1'<l:I113aI~HP CG
H~unM(:I-IWIUO llcnp'-TpahIlB~l.InL "_16or qera KpHCTa!w.a MaGl, KJIlnajyfil1 no JJ;HY, JIMa CTBapa 30~1 xnai)Cl-:LJ paCTBopa np11 l1CnapaBalhY paCfEopa, It 3601' HCTOBpCl\l~HOl
YKYBcWaI-ba, Ti. KOI-llJ,eHTpllcalba, IlOUlTO :joor CM<lH,CI-Ior npl1THCKa, pac"fBapi:l'l Op30
HerrapaBJ.. BaKYYM-KpI1Cra:IH3a'ropH OBorJ. Tlura (cn. 116) cy ycnpaB1l0 lloC'raBJh(:llH
y lJ}l:lHHAP)-' (1) KOlllF-H-lOl ;:IHil (2). Bpeo, CKOPO ::;,lCiincH pacT!~op, 3601' CMaIhCHor
il l1THCKa, YCHcaHa
p ce y KPI1CT<1JlH3aTOp, UpH ~rel\ly ce lLcrOB MJla] (3) pacnpruan<.l Y
KaIII1. '
6~no HCllap<1B<tl-LC Koje H3~1-
CrBapaj)-rhu TaKO BemlKY IIOBPUllfllY nOCT11)KC ec
pacrBopa y3 )lGlBO MClllal:be, pa}~H lfera nacraj'0
3Ima x.nai)elbc 11 KOHl(Cl-lTpHCatbC
BCJIHKH 6poj KpHC'rammx KJIUUo., llponcllcpln.ta (4 II 4') IqmCr<lJ]11 ce o,u,p)KaBaJY
cvcncuwmamr y pacwopy, <1 TO oMoryhyje I-bHXOB po.mI?MCp<1H II llr:Y31IJl<1U paCT.
rlape paCTBapat.ra Ce HCHGll:Wjy jaKJfM, 05H(lHO napmiM eJCKTOPHM3 ()), a KpnCTZtJl'
no. KaIlla ee, npCKO oapOMCTapCKe U,CBH (6) it IWH'rpHcpyraSlue ll,pnKe (7), YK.ll<lIG<l
113 C11C'1'C1-1<1. Pag oBor KpHCTamnaTopa jc, K(10 H pa~ I!pCTXO~~Ha gIla, KOHTlHlYiLIall.
On ,uajc CUTne KpliCTa:le. Kana1J,HTCT My jc Bp.:l0 BCJH1KH.

2.3. PACIBAPAlbE

PaC'rBapal-bC jc npcBot>efbe t.lHPCTC mIH Tet.IHC cpa3e xOMoreny Te~IHy cpc13y

.y
CflllIW JJ4 nOMohy pacTl~apay:a. Kao UITO ee 113 HaBe)J.eHe necpHIIHIJ,I1]C BI1,Il,l:!, nOMohy paC'l'Ba-
 p3l-Ja jc Moryhe paCTBoplITII IT 'mpC're H TCl-mc MaTcpnje. 0 paCTBOpJbITBOCTM jeAHc I13BO):(
TC'IHOCTH y gpyroj rOBopli CC 06WIHO Y OHUM CJly'lIajcBMMa Kaga cy ORC OrpaHHl-JCHO
paCTBOpJMiBC. Ka):(a cy TCl..IHOCTII lICOrpaHHl-ICHO paCTBOpJbHBC jc.n;n:a y ,n;pyroj, Kao,
ilpn KpHCTaJUI3al~J.:1jH ce 113 paCTBopa 113ABaja '-meTa cyncTaHI.l,a y 06JIHKY KpH-
Ha npUMep, BO;:P II aJIKOXOJI, rOBopn CC o6rr-IHo,n;a ce nOTIIYHO Mcmajy.
CTaJIa. BpJIO qeCTO ce l-IBpCTa CMClIIa cynCTaI-rqn paCTBapa, a 3aTMM rrOIIOBO KpnCTa-
C 063lipOM lIa paCTBOpJbI1BOCT, CJIWIHO jc H ca 'lIBpCTHM MaTepnjaMa. HeKC ce, JfHille pagH npe'IIfiIlhaBaI-ba.
Kao mehepH, BPJIO JIaKO pacTBapajy y BOAn y BCJUfKHM KOHIl,CHTpannjaMa, a ,n:pyrc, KpHCTaJUI3alU1ja je Moryha aKo.ie pacTBOp npc3acl1heH, aKO nOCToje KpnCTaJI-
Rao pa3UH MeTamI, Bpno cc cJIa60 pacfBapajy na CC Mory CMaTpaTII HcpaCTBOpJbH- He KJ[HIl,C H aKO ce OABOAn HlIH p;OBo,n;n TOITJIOT3 0)]: paCTBopa. Y TOXY KpHCnlJlH33-
BliM.
Ul1jc 06M~IHO ):I,OJI33M):I,O CHH)KClha Te~mepaType. TIpoqec KpHCTaJII-I3aJ~Hje ce MO)Ke
I1peMa TOMe, npmI3JIa3J1 ,n;a cy CBe cyncTauu;e Mal-be-RInne paCTBOpJbHBe y rrpaT11TIi npOMeH3MJ Ha ):I,njarpmvry paCTBopJhlIBOCTl1.
BO,n;H lIJTH Y 6HJIO KOjOj APyroj Te'lHOCTH. YKOJUIKO jc paCTBopJbHBOCT TOJII1KO MaJIa AnapaTlJ 33 KpIiCTam13au;njy CC .ueJIC Ha anapaTC ea TIpUpO)J;IHIM H anapaTC ea
Aa ce, npu nOCTHfHYToj paBHOTOKH, KOHu,eHTpaU;I:Jja paCTBopeHC '-lBPCTC fiJTH '{'ClIHC rrp:~IHYAHUM XJIageIheM.
MaTcprr.!c He MO)Ke ,n:OKa3aTn 06_WIHITM mla.!JI1TIT'IKHM nYTeM, CMaTpa ce JJ;a.ie TaKB3 Oe06lIHC KprrCTaJI<:l 3aBHce OA 6p31mc XnabCI-h<1 paCTBopa.
MaTepH]a HcpaCTBOpJbIlB<1.
HCK3 '-lBpCTa lIJU-:I Te'-IHa M<"lTcpnja MO>KC ce paCTBopUT11 HD lwa JIal..IUlIa: y
rrpBOM ce IV!OneK),JlH IIJII1 aTOMli npn paCTBap,UhY Hche MeH~aTH, (l v ApyroM he }Wfm
AO xeMHjcKc nporvrcHc..
1. Kana cc BpmH (ppaKUHOHi1 KpHCTaJlH33lUlja H KOjH cy YClOBII 3D TO. no-
Y npHoM CJly'Llajy, 0 ~IC1\fy hc ce y OBOlvr 110fJIJBJbY rOBopWrIl, palJ:lI cc 0 qm:-Hr- TpeOHll?
'-IKOt-'i pacfBapaH,Y. a ~wyrH npCJl.CTaBJh(l xeMHjcKo paCTl~apaIhc. Kao Ol~CHa pa- 2. 3anITG KpHC'ra,lIl 1I<l l~eBHMa X!1a;~ILaKa GTe>K[lBajy XJJa-r:,eH,c"
CTBOpJhHBOCTl1 HeRe cyncTaHI~e CJJY)KH IheII3 KOHI~CHTp(Ul,Hja J-Ja O,n:pei)CIWj TeM .. 3. KOjIl KpnCT3:IH3flTGpU J{njy KpnCTaJIC HajnpaBlUIHHjcr 06:JHK<l"
ncpaTypn KaJ{a je paCrBOp 3acnheI-l, Tj. Ka)J;3 ce na.rI(13lI y paBHOTC)J(U ca l-mpCTOM 4. Koje cy cpa3c raA;) y D:HCKOl-fTIlHyaJIHOlll KpnCTtl.'l1l3<lTOpy?
q;a30M. 5. lilTa CRe Y'lTP[e n;) 6P.3HJry H KB<1}1I1TCT KPUCT(J,T[1l33L(Hje?
TIPH CJ:nI3WIKOM paCTBapmhy paCTBapal.I pyum KpIIC'ramfY pcmCTKY MaTcpH-
jana Koja cc paCTBapa. TIOlTJTO je rroTpc6na rr.meCI-Ia eneprnja lXU 6n ce KprrCTaJIHa
pCmCTK<1 p;:upYllnma, Tj. p;a on ce H3Bpnfno o,[(roBapajyhn paJJ rrpoTJm CYIJ1a Roje
,n;p)KC MOJrcKy.rrc. OIV-IOCHO (lTOMC Y KPlICTaJIHOj pewcTKH, pacTBaparbe je npahCHO
0AY::H1MaH-,eM TOJmOTC H3 u;enoKynl-Wr CliCTeMa, Ta TOITJIOTa, TOTIJIOTa paCTBap3J-ba KPHCTAJIH3AIUI.lA
jCl-l:HaKa je pam' Kojn je nOTpe6clH ,n;a fin ce KpnCTaJIH3 pernCTKa pa30pH.na, OTy.n;a
3aJl,aTaK 1. flociu(lGw7111 U C/{ClICpu.Me1-uIia.ilfW i1poG(~puiTiu
je OBS TOfIJIOT<l jegHClIGl TOnJIOTn KpHCTaJlH3aU;l1je, caMO jc cynpoTHor 3HaKa.
AWI71epuja/lllU U IT{(}(Lwfilf.flI 611.'WHC li'puclilaJlUaaiTiopa ea
DOTIITG ce rrpn KpHCTaJII13a~HjH OCJIo6aba TOITJIOTe, rrpu paCTBapaJ-bY OBa CC UC3y-
je, 360r ~rera CC CHCTCM TOK01.1 paCTBapaH~a xJIaJ~n. OBO ce He ,n:emana YBCK. ffoHe- X/taVel-bCA-I.

Ka;a je pacTBapaB,e npailcHo 3l-la'nmM oCJI06a-ryaJ-hCM TOIIJIOTHC eHcprnje, Tj. 3aTpe-
naH,eM onaKHor CHCTC1\fa. Ona HCllOCJTClJ:lIOCT ce MO)KC 06jacHIITH Ha npBH nOL'TC1J;,
'ml-heI-JIn~OJ'\'l iVI CC npl1JIIIKOM paCTBapal-ha MOJICKFU:J cyncTam~e Roja ce paCTBapa
je,lJ,HHe C8 MO.TTeKYJIHJ\f:1 paCTIWpa>:Ia, gajyhu O)lTOBapajyfie KOMnnCKCC xHJ{p,-lTa 11n11
COJmaTa. AKO ce gecIT n;a je TOTI:rrOTa CTBapaT-ha OBHX HOBHX xeMHjcK1IX KOMTIJIeK-
CHIIX jegluhel-h<1 Bcha oJ~ TOTIJIOTe paC'rBapaH-.a, (,eo he ccpeKaT paCTB3paI-ba 6111'11
npahen oc.TTo6at;,aIhCM TOrr.TTOTe, Tj, 3arpCn3l-heM ClICTeMa.
AHa/lU3G ..w()aiUKa. TIpu KpnCTamnau;njH ce OJ{ pacmopa HCKe
ITO'-IeTHe KOHu;eIITpar~Hje (Xl) 1~o6Hja 'llBPCT3 (pa3a II 3acnilenn paC'I'BOp, 'mja je .KOB
I~CHTpauHja (Xl) MaH,a OA n01:.JCTne, TIpcMa TOMe. Maca pacnwpcnc MaTepTf.l~' lIt!
nO'ICTKY (m) je;o:naKa.ie. MaCH Koja rrpeocTaje y paCfEOPY (1112) H MaClY H3J~BOJCHC
tmpeTC rpa3e, Tj. KpnCTcUla (m,)
fill ::::: m2 + nIl,'

Ko,o; IVIJTCpnjaJI3 Ko.iH cc npn paCTBap3I-hY HOPj\faJIHO nOHamajy, Tj. Be3y'jy TO- 11CTO CC MO>Ke HarrnCanJ H Y lJ;p)-rra'-mjeM 06JUIKY, 3KO ce 3F-:f3 p;a je Maca
nJIOTY, paeTBOpJhHBOCT ce IToBchaBa ea TCMnepclTypoM H3 KOjOj ce pacTBapajy, paCTBopa (m):
DpCMa TOMe, KonqCJl'rpau;nja 3acnl'icHor pacTBop3 he ce IIOBChaTI1 KO):l, COnY! 111 :;::;:nt o 'x,
KOjc Be3yjy TOUJIOTy, aKO cc paCTBOp 3arpcna; KOP; COHH Koje npH paCTBapaT-bY
oCJlo6ai)ajy TOITJlOTY. HCTO he ce nocTHlm XJIaI)CID-CM paC'rBopa. rAe je rno Maca paCTBapa>:Ta, a X KOJ-IUcnTpaunja pacrBopa. To 3Ha'IH ga je:

AKO cc >I<eJIlI rroBeilaTH 6p3HHa pacTBapalba, OnHOCHO Maca MaTepnjc Koja y n1 0 . Xl :::; mo . X 2 + 111k'
jCJ(lnmqn BpCMcna npci)e y paCTBOp, naj60JbC je }J,3 ce MaTcpHja nCllTHI1 H HHTCn.
OBa je;aHal-Hma npe;aCTaBn,a MaTcpnjaJIIfH 6UJIaHC .
3UBHO Mema.
.uo TOITnOTHOr 6l:TJIanct CC ;U0J1a3H CJre;o,:chliM pa3MtTpaJ-beM. ;aa fill nOUlJIO ,[(0
KpUCram13ar\IIje, nOTpc6HO jc ga:
 -----------------~~----

218 LI_~_
,
2 Aa OIl IIO"-ICJI3 KpHcTa,mnau,uja, TJ. npcJIaCl Kpl1CraJIa II3 Te'tLHe cpa3c rrpecu-
" heHor pacTlwpa y Kpl1CTaJIHY ~IBpc-ry q)a3Y, Tpeoa Ao;a:aTl1 KpHCTaJIHC KJUlqe. 3aTl1M
1-- 2 3ACW!EHA
he nOl.[enr KpHCTaJlH3aIJ,llja Ii oCJlo6al)aJbc TOIUlOTC KpllCTaJUI3aI1,l1je (Qkr), Kojy
3ACMhEH
n04ETHM VlCTQBPEMEHO xnA"5ElbE 11 KPMCTAIIMCAtbE flY>KJ1HA Tpe6a O,D;BO.r:J;lfTll iJ:a ce paC'fBOp He on 3arpejao II rrpecrao Aa 0Yil.C 3acnhcI-l. Y TOKY
PACTBOP PEAflAH npOL/EC OABobefha OBe TOIIJIOTC (QkJ AOJta3I1 AO nOCTcneHC Kpl1CTam13aIJ,Rje npn '"ICMY ce
mo+m2 nocTerreHo, 6C3 npoMcHc TCMuepaTYpc, Oil. 3acllhcHor pacTBopa (cTalbe B) AooHja-
mO+m1 Q1-2 QIl+Qkr
jy JIY>KIlHa 11 Kpl1CTaJlH (cTiube 2).
JJ:o CTalha 2 cc 3Ha'-ll1l~OJla3H npcKo cTBapaJ-b3 rrpeCl1hCHOr pacmopa crau,a B,
m, TCMITCpaTYpc '2, Tj. npeKO 3{UWUUbCIWZ- DipOly:ca 1 - E. a 3ilTlfM "B3ljCI-LCl'vl KpnCT!:l-
mt" npecuheHor pacrBopa II O;I,Bol)eH,eM TOnJIOTe KpnCTaJlH3au,l1je (npm~cc A ~ 2).
113
To 3H,llIH Aa je TOWlOT(.l KOjy 'fpeoa O,[lBCCTH pa).U1 XJl.abelba AO TeMnep~lType
tf} ;;;:; f2 y rrpou,ecy J _. Ii:

a nOlllTo.ie H:::;:o m . c . t 11 m ;;;:; l"!1() + Inl' OHJV.l je:

mo +ml Qf;::::; (m o """ Inl)' c" (rl - f]).

Ton.!l(J'ra Kob TpeOa O).\BCCTl1 ':IGor OC'IOC)a9<:lJ-La TonnOTt;; KpHcTa:HBaJJ,H]C

(llP01\CC B 2) lC:

pacrnop 6YJ1,C npecuhcn (xlwb C I-hCl\.l),

~ Hocroje KpltCTamH: Klll1U,~,
cc paC'rBopy O,u,)30p.:1I TOJlJI0Tkl KPHC1,(I..'UUklUH,IC.
I"IoKVllJahcl\w .aa one QJU3C oCTBapHMo llocTcneHo, 3UMH.lll':bCHHlvl npOlJ,CCOM f!W jc PI( JlaTCHTUi.I TOI1JlOTa KpHcT(unnaJ~H.ie, y BC3H ca npeJta30M MaTcplljaJla H3
(1-B-20 eJI. li6a)_ Te~lHC y '-lBpCTy Q)U3y. flpeM<l TOMe, )'KyrulO Tpc6a OABCCTI1:
J.la 611 pacrBop nOCl'au npecnhell nOTpc6HO .Ie CHH3I1Tll TClv1I1epaTYPY 3acnbe-
Hor pac-mopa OB .ie lIOCTao IIpecuhcll, UlTO 3W.PHi J~a TpeGa
C:flBOP;I1TH TomIO~y H3
QI-2 = Q!J + Q/..!":::::: (mo -+ !Ill)' c Ct, t2 ) + tni;,' ri;,.

KpncramnaTupa. Tpe6a npBo o,UueCl"H TOflJlOTC (Q/i) KOJIHKO JC nOTpe6Ho lW OIl cc Y npaKCl1 cc op, r!O~lenror (1) flO Kpaj~her CTaH.,a (2) CTlDKe Jl.HPCKTHO, a He
CUT<.ulUuja nOllCTHC Mace (HI) CMaH~HJla U<l cl-ITuJJImjy tvtaCC pacTBopa II KpnCTaJla npCKO npCTtlOCTaB.JhCmiX CTalb<l (A). OgcwbeJbOI iiioil:UHue, ;u/(;llhefloAI paCLll(:w[JY
(Hz). Ta KO:llPUHlil TOI1JIOT(: cc M())KC op,pe;UHTll tB TOfUlOTllor- 6IL'I<:1nCa (C1, 11(6). cc [lCLltOGpe.MCHO CAtaF-byjC elliila"7illlja (cIUDKana Tcr..-mcpaTypa 11 og(wgu uw(LwiTia
KpUClli(l.'lU3(ll~uie). To 3HU'IH ,an ce npH onepau,l:Ijn Kpl:ICT<.UHna.L~Hjc ncb. y Cral-bY 1
H 1 --Qj,=H2 o

numl::lC KJUIU,C H )J,a, '{WI i{()'lHe og6ofjL'fbe {[{ol7..,wiue, paci11f30p i1WfUI'bC i1odi1ei1eJ.w
KOjUM ce TBprJ,H rJ,J ell.T;:ulllBjy nO~lCTllOf pacTBopa Tpe6a y!\-1aIbllTH A()Bol)Cl-LCM TO, LI ciZi({.HIO ga ce XJwgu 11 Kpl.IUThuU/,l/c, CBe :~o Kpaja KpnCT<lmBau,ujc (craILe 2). a
nJIOTC (QIi), [[PH tICM), he ,'l.Ohll AO CIHDI(CH,a TC!v1lICpaTYpc: 11 upecuIleuocrH paCTJ30pa. CTaILa ce nOCTcneHO Mel-hajy no Kplmoj 3acl1he}ba.

x ,....--------- 3af~aTaK 2. 1hpo'Ij'I-wifiu fipo ..I1CHY iZic.Hfiepaw.ype U IWJIU'lllHY {[{ort,unTi.e !{oj}'

I fupc6a ogGeaTtu JLlU.i!lCHrU-t K 2Cr?O, gaiTle iucJ-tfiepllITtypc go 6u UCI{pl.u;L{ia ..'I/..{(,{L-W
1/3 paciDuopl..:a,
J]otllpeoJw .Meperba u apopa<lYH. 3a wny TCMllcpaTYPY (cratbe 1, eJr. 1.16a H
1.166) IvlO)KC cc CJLll1nlTI1 KOHI.'CHTp<u~l1ja 3acHheHor paC'fBopa XI' DOllJTO Tpc6a Jli1
l1CKp!lfCra.nHlllc 1/3 paCrBOpKa, "3Ha'-lH l~a 11a CBaKllX 100 r HO)1,e Tpe6a iW OCTanc y

J!
x =35g/100g B \ pacTBopy 2/3 0)1, nor-ICTHe ",-race paCTBopKa, Tj. x2 = Xl' 2/3, 113 ,lJ;I1jarpat.-1Cl pa-
CTBOpJbl1BOCTU ce ca~a MO>KC O(LHTaTH TCMuepaTypa 3tlculicHOr paC"rBopa '-Iuja je
x =x 213 2 KOHlJ,eHTpaljJl.1a X2'
J13paga aagafuKa u peaY.!liIlaitlu. )la 6u 3aganlK GilO onpebeH, TIOTpc6HO je
L_--:-:~---;;;;n,c--- 3HaTM Macy pacTBopa (mu), IlolleTHY TCMnepaTYPY (Tt). 3agaUi{//( je pa'-tYHCI(c upu-
360C 50C
page II npopa-':'lyH ce MO)l(e ypagIITH Q)OpMl1pafbCM cJIcp:ehe TaGCJIC, If YCBajalbcM
CWKa lJ66 IIOlleTHe TCMTIepaType (lJ ::::; 50C) 11 Macc paCTBapaqa (1110;;;:; 10 kg). Dpota nOnaU:II~
Ma 113 IJ:MjarpaMa paCTBOpJhHBOCTH p;o6Hja ce cJlc,n:cha Ta6cJla rrO,rJ.aTaKa 3a KpnCTa-
JUI3aD;njy KaJIl1jYM 6nXpOMaTa.

t,

C.flWW I J66
J13paga 3agawKa. KOPliUlficlbCM npCTXOil11C Ta6cJIe Mory ce H3pa"l.Jynanl Tpa-
)KCHC BemPIHHC.
TIpoMcna TCMnepaTypa H3Hocn: QI' ;;::: (mIT.) . c . (ti - til) " 1:,

il 12 ;;::: 50C 36C;;::: 14 K. rJiC je T npC.Me Tpa.iaH~a KpHCTa}H13aqnjc.

DOIHTO paCTBOp O)1aje TOITJTOTY H pacxnaAnoj BOnH H OKOJUIHll, TOTIJIOTa Koja
KOJTWIIIHa TOfIJIOTC lWjy Tpc6a OJl.BCCTIi jc;
ce O;UBOJUI OJ!: pacrBopa (QJ-2) .ieJI)raKa je 36npy TOIL10Te ROjy npnMH BO,[W (QI) II
QJ_2::::::(nJ O+n7j)c(tj (2)+ nJ k rk, TOnJJOTC Koja 0AC y OKO.rrmryy BHAY ry6HT3ICl Qg. To 3Hal.IlI WI je:
rum QI-2::: Qj. + Qg,
TO jCCT:
Ql"".2 ;;::: QIJ + Qkr'
QI-.2;;::: (mIT) . (" . (t, tiJ' 1" + Qfi'
Y OBOj jcnml'IHHII cy jOlll HCII03HaTC nOl.lCTHa KO.rTH'IHHa (m l ) H H3J(BojcHa
KOmr'-IlHIa KpnCT3Jla (m,J nOlICTna Maca KpHCTaJTJ H paCTBopa jc (m(l ;;::: 10 kg): fhpaga 3ag(liIl1w. Tpe6a CKUD;1111ITH 3napaTypy. flplmpCM1111-I 3anaTH 3acHhc-
lIH paCTBOp Y KpHCTa.HJnaTOpy H HCTonpCMcno nYCTHTH Bony Aa rrpOTWIC. 3a6cJ1c-
m, ~ mo' x, = 10 kg 0.35 kglkg H 0 = 3.5 kg 2 :>Kl1Tl1 npOTOK BOAC, pcnICTposaH n3 pcrr3MCTpy.

HCKpnCT3J1HCaH3 Maca KpnCTaJ1<l jc:

Peay.rJil1ai1.1u. McpelhCM cy )lo6njene cnCllehe npe,UHOC'I'H:
. yna3H3 TClvmepaTypa paCX.TIa;r:me 15C,BOJ~e tli :0::

- n3na3Ha TeMucpaTypa paCXJlaJlHC BO,Il,e 25C, f; ::;::.'

- BPCMC TpajaJh3 KpHCT3JIH33I..:(Hje T ::::. 32 min,
- 3311PCMl1HCKH npoToK paCXJ13gHc Boge (l'/T) ;;::: 0,6 dm"/min.
mk = 10 kg . 0,35 kgikg H 20 - 10 kg . 0,234 kglkg H 2 0 = J ,17 kg. (MacnrH rrpoToK je (miT) ~ P . (VIT). ITa je:
YKymta KO.TIH'nma O.n:BOi)CHC TOnJ1()Te je: (m/t),,! ;;::: 1 000 kg/m J . 6 . 10.4 m 1/min ::::. 0,6 kg/min.
Q, ..: (i0 kg + 3,5 kg) 3,2 kJ/kg K (50 - 36) + 1.17 kg 244 kJ/kg, Caila cc 1\W:>Ke H3pa~IyHaT(l KO.1]lFmna TOITJIOTC ROjy je npHMH':Ia Bopa:

TO JCCT: Qj. ~~ 0,6 kg/min 4,18 kJ/kg . K . (25 - 15)OC . 32 min

QI--2::;: 604,R kJ + 285,4 kl:o:: W)O,3 kJ,
Q" ~ 802,5 kJ.
OJIJIOCHO 321 XJlal)Clbe CC yTpOlITH
fIOIIlTO.iC Y IIpeTXOnHOr-.r 3a,n:aTKY onpet)eHa KOJIWUma (Qj ::), TO je:
Q/i : : . 604,S kJ,
a ua o,n:Bcybelbe 'I'OTIJlOTe Kpncra.rm3aJ~l1je
890,3 = 802,5 + Q,.
Qk, = 285,5 k.l.
3afl,aTaK 3. EI(Ci7.CpU.AtCHiIi.O.llHO ogpegufIiu IW.,W'fUH}' iliOn.HOtTie uapa'1y"aiilY Y
ilpemxogHO"~t aagawKy. X.flatJobe ce 6jJUlU (WgrHf.
AHaJtuaa 3agaiulw. AKO ce x.TIageH~C 33cnhcnor pacTBopa npnm BOf(OM (efl.
116n) t.nrjn jc MaceHH npoToK rn/I, YJla3Ha TeMnepaTypa til' a fi3J1a3Ha fl , Ta:n;a je KO-
JIlFlHlIa TOlIJlOTe KOjy rrpllMH BO)1a (Q,.):
 _____ L .

223
BJIA)KElhE H CymElhE BA3)1,YXA
Dpct.m TOMC, na3AYX BJIa>KHOCTH HI II TCMncpaType (j ,n,:a Gn IIOCTao 3acI1heH, MO>l<):
Aa npilMu jou.! Hz - III kg BOJl,eHc nape Ha 1 kg cYBor Ba3.n;yxa. 360r TOfa ce OBaKaB
B(3).Wx If HU3HBa HC3<lCnhcHI1M. OAaBAc cc H3BO;QH rrojaM pcnan1Bnc Bna)KHOCTJI:
pe,.iWilllWHa 6fWJlCl-lOCLTi (HN) IIpegcfuCl(UbCl OgfiOC (UWJIf}-lOciTiu 6aagyxa Ha ogpeoeHoj
iIieA-iiiepaiuypu (H) U Of/{/)lCfWciTlt.l aacuheHoz' a{/agyxa (Hz) Ha uciiloj lTle.M.ilepauiypu.
npCMa TOMe:

IbU.lKllOCT Ba3.o;~'xa. ~ BJIa)KHOCT B<l3Ayxa 3aBliCH op; KOJIH'-IHHe BO):{eHC nape

KOjy calW)KH jeJ-J,aH KHJIOrpaM cyuor B<l1Ayxa. lJajGcha f{.OJ1UClwta nape }{()jy JHOJK~ go. ITOllITO je y HOpMaJlJ:U1t.-r CJIy'-rajcBHMa H < He;' Mopa 6II'fll HR < 1. AKO je Bpe,n:-
cagpJI(U ogpcbaw .Maco 6{UgYX{I l-U/. ogpcbeHoj Ciie;,tiiepa{tiypu Galic OWl !wja ]e }' Ron OBora O)~HOCa 1, B,BLiYX je 1aClli1cH, a aKO je Beha OA jCAHHHIJ,e Ba3AYx je npeeH-
pa6!wtTi.e.Hcu C{I 'Wi]OI-W.H t7.ape ({OfF!. )l KOJlI-JKO je canp>Kaj BO;-leHC nape y fH\3JWxy lien. PcsJaTluma B."1a;'KHOCT um-fIlO)KeUJ ea 100 Aajc upo:u,cinya;my BJIa>KlIOCT (H%):
M;:U:bH, BHWC he BOJW HcrrapaBant y B<t"3)J,YX. To 3H(l'-lH )W .ic B;.u~yX 6HO HC3acnileH
fI
BO,uCH01'.j UapO!\L Ba3H)"x KOjU Cai~p:tl(u BHUle BOiJ,CHC napc Hero HlTO O)~rOBapa 1-1% ~ fill 100 "c - 100%.
fI,
I-ranOH)' llape BO,ll.t: Ha fJ,<rroj TCMIlcp~rrypfI jc npe3<10lhcIL l:hlwaK BOP;CHC flape CC, y
T01'.l CJly'rajy, 3'131(0 H3JJ,Baja Y Bl!,LiY qnlHux KanIbHu,J, Koje (l1~He MaO!y. . npOJ.~eH'lya_:lHa H.fla;.KHOCT OJ-~ 10%, 03IW.~laBa Aa g,13HYX OJWC_l)CHC TeMnepa-
Tpe6a IlO)J,Byhu 1\<1 ce 1HUi-I.YX :-'l(J(C :'HU...1C1H!TH OtL'IO KOJIlM raeOM na p,a :y H~TOJ Type 1'.W)Ke ;rw upm\flj jom ~\CBCT 11)"1'<1 Beily K()jll1'lrIHY Bnare, HerO ULTO .ie caL~p;'KIL
3anpCl\tl1HH 6y)J,c Hera KOJUI'HUla nape. C!IWlHO TOlvIC, BO,UCHa napa MQ}K(: nOCl'OpTH ,UC1 GIl nOCTao '3t1CHficll. nOK Ba3~yx Cil lW~';, B!l(l)KllOCTH MO)Kc,ua (YUill Tj.;W O~rJ;y:~H
y Ilcroj 3aIlpel\H1IU1 11 nOTllYUO CaMOCTamlO. )./ Llci(ioj .Jail[J',,HW/.ll, l-tlHlAfC, 6uflc ucfila Ma B]Ia)KlloC"r TCSlY C Kojm"l nOI)C y ,uOi_(HP, B<l3.u,yX ca lOO%-HoM BJIa)KlIOlUhy He MO-
KO.1U"IWW (wgcllc 1ape 61L-W ga ZU OWl C{LlW l{ciiYIb{/()(/ (nourro JC HcnapH.'la y HaKyy- )Ke. 360r Tora je ':Ii! TCXHHKY BCOM<1 :marrajHo KOJll1Ka je pemlTHBH<1 BJIa)l(HOCr BJ3-
MY), 6uJl() ga u.c{i.apua(l y uelm zac lULl cAlewy ZUCO(W. H~jB~ha KonWlHHa nape. KO- nyxa, Kojn C3'1),)I(11 3a CYlllCI-bC, rIa ce y ,unjarpaMY yu;pTaBajy 11 KpliBC ca peJWTHBl-IHM
,iy Mo)KC Ha C<:IJJ..P)KH jeiJ,IUH1u,a 3anpCt-.-'lHHC, oHPct)eWl .Je ,le!J,HHO HanOHOM nape. BJIa)KHOCTI-LM_(t Ba3p,vxa (Cl. 11 8).
OHHOCIIO TCMIlepaTypOM. . . TIocraBJhH CC'IlHTC11-bC KOjcM ClJH3WIKOM 30UB(tlhY onroBapa npoMcHa CTalba
JlnjarpUl\1 BJIU)lOIOCT!1 JJa3~~yxu. -- Ha CJIHI.~H 1.17 nynoM ,'1IHHlJOM JC npmW3:1IIa B~nl-~yxa no BCPTI-1K<lJIH H I1l11Y Aj-A-rA3' rIollrfo jc Y cua Tpl1 CJIY'-Iaja TCMIlCfxlTypa
npoMeua BJIa)KHOCT!1 uzuf-lyxa, ::lacHhclIOr BO,uCIIOM napoM, Y 3UBl1CHOCTH on TCM-
nep~rrype. Ha ancIJ;nclIY oq" I-HtHCTC cy TCMIIcp,-rrype Ba3!J,yxa, a H OPAH!-JaTY tbero-
0.15
n<1 BJla)l(1l0CT. O'[HrJlt,lJ,1I0 jc ga 3<-lcnhcll Ba3AYX liMa YTOJIHKO BHIJle BOnCHC nape,
, 0_11.
)-,'Komu::o jc BlIUJ[i TCMucp;xrypa O,lclllC Ba3,uyxa H BOJJ,eHe napc.
i QI3
CBaKoj Ta~ll(H .
y OBOi\-l AllprpaMy O!J,fonapa HCKO e']")11
. ( -3 (; Ba3Ilyxa,
, " O"IJChCllO
M 1)

TCMTll:P<lTY!10M 11 BJl(1)Kllowliy. Tc{t(I{C J{ujc CC NlL'W.3C 1131Wg f{J)U(je og'?:r}(WPO]Y

is
CiTialb)' iJpecuhcllo'X (j(13gyxa; iTw'o{c Ita {M)j of]?(I(!II/){{jv Ga3q\'.\'\ .]{{CUhCIWJI (JOqcl/l),li 0.11 S2
ffi
[{({PO.H, II uctioq H'(' f[C'JacrdiolOAI Gaagyx)'. I 0.10 I_
I g
TaKo cy Y }'IHj::.n-paMY O:3HCl'ICUC. TpIi Ta~lI(e I o_os G
(A I, 1'1 2 11 A,) KOjC cc lI~lJW.3e jC)J,Ha IUIIan ,..
r--I-+ 1- " ; (l,IlS >L-
Jwyrc. One 0311(1<lcwajy Tp1-l CTal-ha B(:U!_~y , : i ; .! ... __ a
~-' - 0.07 r:;:
xa !-leTt: Tt'-i'.-UlepaType (II), CI11\1.0 pa3!lII'-H!-
1'1:1X BJ1,l)KI-IOCTH (I-/ j , H?, H fl.;,). !-: ~'"
. c~
I w
Cralbe npc,CI-lhcf-lor B<13Ayxa.ic Herro- . -I 0.0'5 ,:::;
c

~i=ft~
crojaHo 11, npeM<l TOMe, npJIO peTKO. Il.!}.!. &l
b
MHoro '-lcUlha cy CTalha He3<:lCuhcuor Bi.l- DOl ;::,

~
3AVX;] Koja oAroBapajy, I-Ia npHMcp, Ta~lKH ~

0.02 ~
Ai: BH,L\I1 ce, Mei)yTHM, p,a IIa HCr-Oj TeM- .
I, 0_01 ~
ncpaTypl1 (lj) 1 kg na3,l],YX<I, Kanaje 3aCH-
. 0
hell, Cap,p)KH H2 KHJlOrpaMa nOJlCHe nape.
70 80 90 100 110 120
TEM0EPATYPA
130
C
CJ1u/-,;a ] 10
 IIOTpe6no je Kp03 Ihy nonyhlI rrp3ny, rra-
paJTeJIuy ca npSOM CyCCJI,HOM anI1ja6aT- o
CKOM rrpanOM. .
AKO je IIO'lIeTlIa TClvfIlepaTypa n33-
}wxa fl a BJta)IG-IOCT HI, Kpajlba TCMIlC-
5 paT~pa OBaKO oXJIal)enor Ba3,lJ,yxa je (1/ a
KpaJH.a BJIa)KHOCT Hy. Y TCXHnu;n je H
OB3KBO Xni19CI-he HCKopumheHO 3a O)1.pe- ~--
9liBallie BJIa)IG-rocTll Ba3.llyxa, AKO ce 3H3-
AR .lY TeMrrep3Type t] H t l , hW)KC ce O)l,pcgUTH
KOJIHK3 je BJIa)KHOCT (HI)' TIpn TOMe ce
'fpe6a CJIY)KffTH AujarpaMoM B.ffa)TG-JOCTH o

!, \,
Ba3,L\yxa. A,w cc y gujazpa.MY 1-l3 ilpccet-....a
BepiIiww.t1c f 1, n Kprrne 100%-TlJC BJUl.)f(-
f-lOci71u, i70(lY'lC agujafi(ftTiuw iip(f(3({ go
BA.3flYX =
Ci/UfW i]l) Cil/iI{(1 f2u I.fpecega co t 1"qofiuja cr lTia'll{a A: lwjrr og-
pefjyfc ilPR06wT{l-IO ntlmhl? GilarIyxa fl iim-
j"f-C U l1A:;/"OCY (l//aJI{J/oclTi H!. Ono ce eKe-

HCTa, a B11a)KHOCT paCTC, O(la (fpO.A-IeHa 6u og'io(wpaJw u3nz"41ep"l1cKoJH BoW.YCah)' nepHMcHTJ.:rTHO H3B01(H nm.wh)' nCHXOMe-

8aag,\'Xtl. Tpa ca TepMoMeTpHMa. Ihera tnmc (c:-t.

Oil.pC~l'maH.e mmmOCTII m13.ll:YX3. ~. 3arpcB31hC B(3)lyxa. aKO My CC. TOM HpH 121) f\B(\ jcnmn;:a TCPMOMCTp3. HOIhH CWIW 121
KjJaJ je;O;Hor TCPMO!\lCTP3, Kynw C3 )KH-
nHKOM, He Melba BJ1<Dl{HOCT, MO:>KC ce npegcT3BHTH mCMOM (cn. 119). HeK8 .ie no-
'-lCTHO CTaI-bC Ba3)WXa onpc1jcno Ta-':IKOl\{ A).1j, Tcr..mcpaTypoM t1 H BJ1a)10-JOillhy H 1
nOM, npe13)"IeH.ie r330M Koja je OR. Ia)I(CH3
t

BOIl,OM. AKO ce U33J{VX 6p30 Kpehc npeKo TCPt"fQh-JcTpa, I1JIH aKO ce OHH 360T
AKO ce Ba3;QYx 3arpena HJIH x.n3AH, rrpOMCI-Ia CTaH:.a ogllrpahe ce no XOpH30HT~UIH
Koja npo.lla3H Kp03 Tat[Ky A 1 , jep ce rrpn TOMe BJIa)l{HOCT H1 He Melba. AKO ce Ba3-
06pT3J-ba Kp03 R33l-~YX Cip30 oKpehy: 13JI3/KH3 KyfJIa TepMoMeTpa hc, 360r Hcnap-
AYX jom BIllne xna,n;n xopn30HTa.na he rrpecetm KpI-my 1OO%-He BJIa)l{HOCTH y Ta'lIKI-I
3B3I-h3 Bo~e, nocT3J3TH cue Xn3)l,IITIJ<1 nOK ne nOC'fnnre Kpajl-hY TelvmepaTYpv 1\,,
0iJ;HOCHOUlCA1iiepaur.vpy (UU/.)Kf-{C KyZJ1C. TCMTtCp<lTypa tj ce o6wuJO na3HBa TeM~ep~
A R . To 3Ha'-lM Aa he upn XJI3'bCH:>Y I-Ia TCMnepaTypn tR Ba3)J:Yx BJ1(DKHOCTH H\ rrOCT(\-
3TypOM c)'nc K):1JTC. 0Ha ce MepH npyn1l\f TcplvrOMCTp0l\.L Kana cc one lJ;BC TeMI1Cp,
Til 3acnhcH. AKO 611 ce ,n;aJ1:>e XJIagno, SlimaK BJra1'C 6n ce H3gBajao no OKOJ1HHM
wrype npo'-IUT3JY, 11aKO ce MQ)KC on:peJ{HTH Bn3)KHOCT na31-xyxa.
rrpC]J;:tvlcTHMa Y Bl1ny poce, 3601' ~JCra ce OBa TCMnepaTypa T-W lWjO} 6a.Jgyx iJ,ociIlajc
aGCui1cN NG:Juoa iIicMilepaiIiypo.M pocc. I1ol\why H,e ce MO)Ke o;rr,pe~HBaTH BJIa/KHOCT KOH)l,m~liOHlfcau,.e na3,ll,Jxa. KOllillHUIOlIHcaTH B33;O:VX :m3'-Ul. )laTH My )KCJbC-
B(3)lyxa. Y IlIHpy IT Kpally (1) (cmIKa 120) HcL'1Hje ce eT(lp H Y
cpe6pHY errpYBeTY ny TeMnepaTYPY H nmDIm{)CT, Ouo jc npno ~IeCTO nOTpc61io y mfIl:ycrpnjn, HapO'llH-
I-hera YpOl-IH TcpMoMeTap (5). Kp03 IWE (3) yn:yn3n<l ce na3)Wx. ET3P nc 6p30 Hcnapa TO npH 'lIynalliy HJiH npcpa~H mIMHpHJH~a, JIYB3Ha HTll. AllapaT Y KO)l.lC ce Ei13n:yX
BaTH, xna)J.ehH cpe6puy errpyneTy a TUMe I1 n33,nyx KOjI1 he ce OKO thC nam13HTll. KOl-U~J.m,HOHHllJC y HI-1JWCTj1H,lH rrpITK3'~all jc Hi] CJ1Hl~H 122.
ORor TpeH)'TK<l IU)~a TCMneprlTypa enpyncTc ITOCTane HeillTO nH)1{a on TClvUlcpa- Bi13.n:.yx Kojn ce )KeJ1II KOI-r~1.I1l1,nOIIHCi1Tn YCHCan<l ce Y KOTI):!J-mnoHcp Kp03 OTUOP
Type poce OKOJmOr na3Ayxa, crrpYBeTa he ce OpOCHTTL lliTO ce JIaKO n03Haje no 3a- (1). TIpcJIa3ehH rrpcKo Kanopmi)cpa (2). 3arpcBa ce B, npcKo CnpOBOJl,IIHX .HHMona
MyhcH~Y cjajHe cpe6pHe fIoBpnn-n-le. TC},ITICpwfypa ce 'nITa Ha TepMoMCTF'r HaI-IO- (3), npOBOnU Kp03 TymcBe (4), rile ce Dela/tOI. Ha CHOl\! nyT)' Kp03 O,L(Baja'I Ka!1H (5).
meH,CM OBC TeMDepaType y )~Hjarp3M BJIa)!<ROCTH fp" ;O;Tr~aI-heM BepTHKanc on lhe ;0:0 MCXaI-[WrKll ce oG:lOoa9a ITOlrCTa BOT))l. a y K<J.nopnrpepy (6) nOHOBO ce 3arpcna no
rrpeccKa CLl KPHBOM 100{}o-THe BJIa)KHOCTH II nORJIa'leI-hCM XOpU30HTaJIe 113 aBe
T3'-TKe AO npcceK3 ca OpJl.1-UIaTOM ua KOjOj cy lIaHCTe BJICDKHOCTU, on;pdJyje ce KOJIH-
Ka je mra)IGIQCT Ba3,u;yx3,
BJW),KHOCT na3)WXa ce MO)KC MepH'fn 11 Ha Apyrl1 Ha'lIllH, 3 lI3 oCRony cJIe.n:eher
pa3M8Tpal-ba. AKO ce Tonao Ba31~YX ;QOBC;o,C y Ho.n:np ca M3J10M KOJLWIllHOM noge, je-
gan ,neo }berOBe TOIIJIOTe he ce TpOIIlHTH H3 !-heRO HCnapaB31-hC. Upn TOMe he cc,
IIOlUTO Y lbera Hcrr3pan3 nOAa, Ba3AYx XJIa)J,HTH U HCToBpcMeHo BJIa)KUTl1, OB3KBO
XJIal)cI-bc U BJIa)l{eILC B<:13Ayxa je a;n:uja6aTcKo, .iep ee He ;n:OBOJI;Ii TOITnOT3 ea cTpaHe
,aa 61I ce aBO nOCTHrno. OEa npOMena ce MO)Ke rrpe,n:CTaBHTH Y AHjarpaMY BJIa),KHOC-
1'11, llPOMCHOM C'l'al-ba Ba3Ayxa no npaBoj A I-AI" Koca npana A 1--A v ce Ha3HB3 aguja-
6aiZicKoM flpa60.kL AKO Kp03 rrocM3TpaHY Ta'-IKy HC npOJla3H aJ:\Hja6aTcKa npaB3.
CI/U{W 122
 227

)l(e.'heHC TeMnepaType. Cna)l(aii nelI'HL1<tTOP (7) y6au,yje onaKO KOHJI,I1IJ,HOHHCaH Ba3- H

iWX y I1nAY~Tp}~jcKe o,uaje. I1cno;J: Ka;IOpH~epa (6) ce HaJIa3I1 KaHaJI Kp03 Kojn Ba3ilYx kg H 20
Mo)Ke CTPYJllTH. IIpoToK Ba3Ayxa Kp03 oBaJ Kanall MQ)Ke ce perynHcaTH 06PTHliM neII- kgs.v,
T[lPOM (9), t.IJ1MC ce O:IaKUIaua rrpcTepaHo 3arpcBalbe Ba3)I,yxa OA KanopHcpepa (6).
Ba:~AYx ce MO)KC CYlUHTli Ha BHWC H(1'-llma. AKo cy y IUfTalbY MalLe KOJIHt.Il1He,
/ Hz=O.02

/'
/
.ll.OBOJl,H CC Y J.\OAUP C<l xrrrpocKoIIHHM M~lTepHjaMa, Kao lIno cy KaJIIl,HjYMXJ10PU,Ii, /
/ 55%
q)ocqJOpnCHToKcH,n:, cyr-HJOpH<l KHccnHHa, Tj. MaTepujc Koje ,Ilo6po ynHjajy BJIary H3 /
/
Ba3~yxa II TaKa ra cvme. / ------ H j = 0.011
Be-he KUJlI1t.UlH~ Ba3Hyxa cyme ce XJIalJeI-helvL Tj. lWBol)elbeM Y J.\O.QHP ca xn<lJl- AR /
/
A,
/
HHlv! nOBplllHI-JaM<1 pa3J"'[ClhJ'Ia TOIlJlOTC, HJlH, t.IaK 11 3Han-to XJlarVU:ljc BOJ~e. I1011ITO
.ic HarrOH nape BO}\C Y OBOM CJ!Y~l<1jy 31JaTHO M,HLI1 OJ], napu,HjaJIHOr npHTHcKa BO,n:CHC
nape y Ba3HS'xy. napa he cc KOH,T.\~H30BaTH 11 TaKO 1131J,BOjIlTH H3 Ba3,Iiyxa. TIapa cc
~H?)Ke YKJJ(:!U1TH In nt3rwxa 3,t1.COpnLl,HjuM, OJ\llOCHO nor-why.' l\I<lTCpHja Koje Ha CBO-
C11l1(1 122a.
JO.! BC.'ll1KOJ llOBPllll11lH C1H[3W1KH BG:-lyh' BOAY

no.ie O,lWe,UHTH Tt:MnepaTypy poce (tIJ, a 113 P;l1jarpaMa 3<1 BJla)I..:an n<13LiS'X (FHlT<:1TH
anCOJrYTIlY Ima)KIlOCT (I-I i)' 3a OHpel)HBalI~e pemtTHBlIe BmDI.<HOCTH Tpe68 OIUlT:1Tr1
TChmepa:rypy rW3,l\yxa '--IUja ce BJI,l)KHOCT O)WCl)yjc (t.), a in nujarpulV1<l O~UlTaTl1
M(lKCHMa.rIHO Moryhy BJl<:DIZHOCT B~\3):ryxa na -roj TCMUepaT)'pn (H:) (C!1. 122a). ripc-
B,,13;Wx jc 3:J.CHhcli aKU jc ,1Wpu.Hja:WIl npHTHcaK BO,L1.CHC uape jC.ll.HaK narrony
BO.D,CllC nape H<l \leTUj '1'CMIlcparypH. Ba:myx 3acn:hel'1 BOIl,eJ-JOM napoM je y paBl-IO- Ma TOMe, pcnLlTllBH<l IUla)KHOCT ,ic:
TC)KI1 ca BOiWM. 1:13 npccHticnor Ha:qyxa cc 113)lBajajy KarrH MarJIC. BO)J,<t l"rmKC H3
HClIapaBa cal;lO y llC3dcnli.eH ni:l3JJ.YX,
Pc-.lJanIBu<l BJILDKHUCT je 0!~I-10C cTBapHc BmDKHOCTH 11 BJla)1(HOCTH 3acul'iCl-L-a
ua HCTOj TCMlIcpaTypH. B}I:::DKHOCT B;13:~yxa cc o.Qpebyjc MCpC.ibeM TCMuepaTYpc po-
ce l1JIH TeMIlcp,rrypc BJILDKI-lC H cync KYCIC. KOH~IlI.(llUHHpal-LeM ce I!OCTJl)KC :>KCJbC-
l--~-'-'--' . ----~t,-- .-- ., _ _ " " _ m " _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ " .... ----1------'-'~----------'-
TCMnep<.rrypu ,I-: __
Wi H BJUUKHOCT BU3!J,yxa.
~ ____,I____________
TelvmepaTypa Ba3Ayxa - I -TCl'villCpaTypa
_ _ _ _ poce _ ___ I
~

I MepeHO: I 'I ~ 25'C I 'R ~ 15'C

nIH'AlbA
I vb !111jarpaMa: Eli ~ 0,02 i El, ~ 0,011
I .
1. lli-ra.it: anCO:IYTIW, a LUTa pCJIaTHBHtl lWa:tKHoC'r?
2. KaMa je BU:1/tyx JacHhcH'!
3. Do KOjOj Ce KpUllOj MC1-hU lJ:W)KHOCT JaCl1ilCHoJ' sU:.l!Wxa, aKO ce xmlJ!:lI OJ!:
1 Pa'-lyu3TO:
fL
HR "" HI = 0,55;::: 55% l'
-romep;:rrype {I ).1,0 TC!vuJ(:p,rrype {2? c___________ J,___._____
.
- -, ______ ' _ _ _ ,..- - - - - ' - - ------~-,,---
,1. 3awT0 jc enpYllCT<l 'JU o;~pct)HnaJLe Ta~H.;:a poce lJUY.!l!-LCHU Oil cpeGpa KOjG
;~o6po III lOBOp:li TO!lJ10TY? 3a~,a'nlK 2. MCpC/--VC,H LTicoHL1epwuypc cyGC U G.:UlJICI-iC KYZ/1C, uypcgwTlu m/co"'I)'-
5. 3al.UTO jc TCMllcpaTypa lJ)!a)KW:' KyrJlC BlI(J.la aKO je g,l:qyX Y KOMe ce OHa {UflY U pCJWLliwHlY 6.:WJIOWcili (:W3gyX({ y }"utOHW(U u xugwu..:y.
HaJla::m ::saClli1cuujl1 BO;J;e!lO~! napoM?
AfUwu3a 3agaLll!({I. rIpcTllocTamiMo Jla .ie y npcTxoAHOM 3JJ.\aTKY, IvlepcH~cM
6. K::1.KO cc o;wet5yje JHa)J~l-j()CT lJa3ny'XCl?
TCMl1CpaType poce OApet)CIW_ BJIa>KHOCT Ba3)'!'yxa ':/ y~1HOHHLl,ll. roerono CT,l!t,e oP/o-
Bapa TaqKI1 Ai'
AKa cc calla Taj B<l3AYx npe130iJ,H npeKo 13;1a)1(H(:' llonpuHiHc (BJl,DKHC mrre Ha
llJIAlKHOCT IIA3)lYXA nCHxpOlvtCTpy) aAnja6a-rcKH he cc BJW)KllTlI If XJ1<1,!l,UTH, UITO he 6l1TH perHcrpoBaHo
I-Ia TCPMOtv[CTpy. Ba3AYx he ce B.11'DKHTll csc r.!,OK ce He 3aCl1Tll BJlarOM (Ta1lKa A.,),
onE Ii:A 3aJ_aTaK 1. iVfcpcn,e.M iIie"Hilepaiitype pocc, ogpeguwu ([Llc()~ KaAa. hc Ii TepMoMcTap nOK:naTH KOHn'aHTHY TCMuepaTYPY (tv~.o: 18)<
b
Ogp e U6 (lf-bC 6JIaJK'uud71u GUJgyxa ucuxopOMeiIipo),{ 3aCHUBll cc Ha jJClWI-I-
"1yCflflY U PC/WiTtUBl-lY BJlWICHOCUl aa3gY:::ll y fipociIlopuju.
cfilpYKU;Uju uy(U{{ KOjuM UpC.rUI3C uTiwba fJ(/Jg.vxa KOjU ce XjUlgU u 6.iUl)/cU HU fJRll-
AlUlJ1U:Jll 3agaiIlKa. Y IlpeTXOp,HoM nOrJIaBJbY je peqeHO )J;a TC-
JICHOM iIiepMoMcillpy. I1PBO Tpe6a OAPcAHTH TeMuepaType BJla)KHOr (tv;::: 18) II cy-
MnepaTypa pace rrpC,!l,CTaBJha TeMnepaTYPY ua KOjOj Ba3AYx, Imja CC Bna)KHOCT MC-
PH, nocrajc 3acnneH. IIpeMa TOMe, IBpaJ.\a 3a,o.aTKa je Bpno jeJ1,HOCraBHa - IIOTpe6-
 H
CYlliEILE
kg H 20
kgs.v.
/
, H2 =: D.02

I
AR
Z ,,
,
/

A,
55% ,,"
,,
/

H f = 0.011

I Ep3Hua cylliell~a. ~ CYIIIcn,cM ce H3 ~IBpcTor MaTcpnjaJJa YKJJaI-ba BJlara. AKO

jc MaTcpHjaJI EPJIO Ba)J(aJ-I, TC'LIHOCT ce MQ)I<C YK.7IOHI1TI1 npeCOBaJbCM lIJII!, jom 'IC-
IIIhc, U;CHTplfcpyrnpaU,CJ\L Ha oBaj ce H(ltIHH YKJIan,a BJlara Roja.ie caMO MCX,lHWIKII
CrJU/W 7226 BC3aua 3a Tena. MaJbc KOJIIFIHHc Bnare nC3aHC cy najllcmhe nOBplIIHHCKlIl\{ CIIJIaf,.Ia
33 TeJIa, na .ie, y OBaKBHM CJIytIajcBHlvta, JI(JTpe6aH BeKn Apyrn JJOcTynaK i-1a 611 ce
OHe YKJlOHHJ1C. nocTyrraK .ie, naj'-Icrnhc y BC3H ea HcnapaBaJ-bclvl TClIl-IOCTH 0/-1, KOjC
nor TepMOMCTpa (! I :;;;; 2:'1), a 3<-1TIIM, npel\Ia UJeMH na CJUfI\H 1226 ancmT)-''TIl)' H pc- nOTIP{C BJl<J;>RHQCT. Aa 6B CC ncnapaB3I-hC OJIaKrnaJIQ 11 y6p3<UIQ, 06W1:HO CC H3RO)l)f
JlaTHBHV BJla)J(uOCT. r-ra IIOBlUUCUOj TCMnepaTypn.
I1,;pnga aagaiill(({ U pC3y./ll~uaWu. MepelLeM Tcr-HlcpaTypa Ha rrcHxpoMCTPY Y Dpu cymCI-f>), Ten a YKJJaJ-baI-hCJVf B.'1arc OHa npOJI33C Kp03 nCKO.'THKO q){l3rL Y
o6c npocTopnjc Jl.o6njajy cc nO.IFl1~H Kojn cy ynCTlf Y cJlcnefiy TafieJIY. npBoj q)a3H ilfC'l!{()ciTi ucflapacw, en l~eJlOg.vil}{c U06pUlllfle ilie/la. f)p3Tm3 cyweILCl
(HcrrapaBaI-ba) je y OBOj cpa3H Hajneha. Y npyroj cp33H CYWCI-ba flo ii/ell}' ce iloj{1(u)y-
jy CBe BefIe Cy6C ilofJpuau-/, 360r 'lera cc 6p31IHi1 CYilief-L3 3HaTI-J0 CM3lhyje. Y Tpchoj
cpa3H cymefu3 HeMa Te"lfHOCTI1 Ha rronpnIlmlI Tena na 6Il ca l-bera )1;HPCKTHO Hcnapn-
JIa, Hero RJlaI'a gUrjJY3IljO.-H iipo/l_aau gp03 17op03HY .Mac,v AO IIonpIIlHFle. Ta;:(a jc 6p3I1-
ua cyrneI-ha HajM3fba.
Y TORY cymeI-h3 pa:mn ;o;eJIOBn TCJJ[l HMajy pa3J1W-IHTY Bn3)J{HOCT, a nOll1TO ce
CyBJhH ;o;CJIOBIl 360r ry6uTKa Bnare CKYTIJhajy. y OB3KBlI!\{ CJ1Y'IajeUHr--Ja ,r:(omuJI JIO
lKq)OpMan;l1jc, 3 aKO cy cymene nonpIllHHe BC.lIUKe, H ,n:o npCKaJ-ha TC:W. 360r Tora
je orraCHO OEaIma Tena HHTeU3I-1BIIO CyllIHTH, ITa je npCnOp}nIJbI1BO Heft Oil Ca!\Wr
nO'JCTKa pa.n;riTn ca CyBIIIIIC :::larpejaHHM na3JWXOM, Tj. BJ3.uYXOM 'IHja
BJJa)l{HHM. He
pCJIannma RTTa)](J-IOCT nnjc CYBJ-illlC Hl{CKa n YKOj11 he BJIara cnopo I1Crrapan3TH. Ba
oBaj ce Hwmn KO)J, opraHcKHx MaTcpuja IB6erclB<l cfnapalhe TlOKO)KITI~e Koja 3n3T-
HO OTe)Kana f\UCPy3Ujy Te-.:mOCTH II nape U3 TeJIa Y OK()}lHH Ba3).1:yx. noaaGPuu::ITiK)'
cywCH>a U3.AleI)y fllCJW l-I (VWJ/C!/_02 !]{13g}'X{{, :v KO"~(' C(, OHO H{{jW3U, .},crtociJiat3.'1:>t1 C('
pa(moz71c.lIw. YKOJIHKO je n33J1YX BJIa)J(J-IHjH, YTmlHKO he 11 Teno Canp)f(3naTH BJTlTIe
BJIare. OBa BJIa)lGroCT ce 30De paBlIOTC)KHa HmDi(HOCT. I1pcMa TOMe, MO)KC ce c:y-
IHHTH je,rnnro OIfI-B--! Ba:::l)WXOM Kojn HMa l\HllhY B.lla)KHOCT OJ!. BJIa)KHOCTH Ba3;r:\~'xa c
KOjJ.Il\1 je Te;ro y paBtlOTC>KH.

4.1. CYlllEIbE l.IBPCTI1X MATEPI1JAJ1A

gaHac jc y ynoTpe6u Bpno neJIIIKI1 6poj pa3JmllHTI1X THTIOBa arrapaTa y KOjl1~

Ma ce cyme MaTepnjc. Ha 11360p THn8 arrapaTa yTwle, npe CBera, OOJlUK .Maiiiepujc
Roja ce CyWH, O,IJ;HOCHO TO .u:a JIIT je OHa Cl1TH03pUa, BJI3KHaCTa, KOMa}laCra, y BIIl~y
Kame, TeCTa I1JTH je Y TC'-IHOM CTaJ-bY. 3aTI1M, npn u360py anapaTa Mopa ce 3HaTfl
oUii1opl-wciii MafiiepujaJW Ha IIOBIUliene TCMnepaType. gOK ce HeopraHCKe M<1TepH-
je, nocrojaHc Ha rrOBHlllCI-lOj TCMnCpaTypH, Mory CylliHTl1 n HCnOcpCp;HO BpeJIHM
TIJIaMCHHM raCOBllMa, )J;OTJIC CC KO;U OCCTJbHBHX opraHCKMX MaTcpuja BPCMC 113JJa-
raILa BpCJlOM racy l1JlI1 BpCJIIlM 110BpmUHaMa Mopa 3HaTI-IO CMaI-bHTlL KOA HCKI1X
MaTcpaja ce Mopa 1136cranaTlt, TaKO pchu, cnaKO 3arpeBafLe, TaKO p;a ce Mopajy
CYUII1TH n3 Bpno Manoj nOBHlIICl-IOj TeMucpaTypH y uaKyyMy. KOJlWtWUl MaiIlepu-
/aJla KOjl1 ce CYUIll 3HaTUO YTWIC na 11360p Ii pag cylUH1n~a. BeJUIKC KO.TIH'-Il1HC MCt-
Tepl1jc CyllIC CC Y cymmUl,alv1a KOjC HCnpCKl1ll.lW paJ.{c, lUTO 3HaTHO uojcBTnH~yje
npm-13no,n.l-hY! H JLYACKH pa,Il.. CKync M~rrcpM.ie, 3601' OrpaI-Il1:'1:eHllX KOnlP-IHHa, cyme
ce 06lP-lHO Y cywlHIu;aMa ca )J,HCKOl-ITlIHya.rlHHM pa,uoM. 0130 CyruCFbC jc cKynJbC, anH
je 3aTO paCliI1albC 3HaTHO MaILC.
KOl\lOpIlC CylllHIIlJ,C. "Y KOMOpmn.l cywHl1u;aMa CyWH ee Mal-LIt, KOMaA3CT
~'faTCpHjaJl: 11,1(.lCTlll1He M_'-lTepl1.jc, TCCTa, 3puaCTe KpHCra.TIHC McrrcpHjc, rrpci)a, TCK-
CTl1Jl l1'l'H. ali ee Cra!3.Tba ua JJce\.': (ell. 123), t.u:-T13lyracr-e nmlTKO ypaMJhCIIC TIrrO"'Ie
(l). Oue cc 3,-ITH1\-'1 pel)ajy jC,ll;l-Ia I13U<1J( !~PJTe y paMoBc KO.HHl~3 (2), IIa cc 3ajcJ~Ho C(l
l-hHMa rypu)' y KOMOpy (3) Kpen KOjy, 3axmuhyjyhu .jaKo/\-'l BellTHJI;:nopy (4). CTpyjH
Ba3AYx OW.nfO i-i(HHDKC, naI13J'vlemi'-lHO CHeBa YLlCCl-IO II 3/lCCna YJICBO. flOlllTO CC ua;;-
gyx :3a BpeMC- cyrnelba 360[' HCllapaBalLCl TC'lllOCTll xJla;--\l:1, a ll(Yrpcoao ra jc fIpe YJ1a-
cKa ll.J Jrece JarpcjaTu, ;;(lrpC13t:1 ce IWPH!:ll>j lJ,eBllJ\-ta ca pe6pul>ta (5 H 5'). Pacnope,Q
npcl'pa)--\J, OKO napHHx U,ClllII1 !Ieee, npI1MOpaB1.1 na3AYX Wi CC Kpchc npaBI--\Cl\'l o:ma~
tIcHUM crpC!ml\~tMa ua CllIlJ,H 123. BeDJXYx 3aC!1itcH napaMa, o,unO,ll;H ce)lo HO}be )Jece
y OAB01~HH K(lH;'Ul (6), 0W1KJle cc lL'lH HcnYUlTa ':/ aTMoccpCpy (7) tum ce, nOMoi1y
06PTIlO[, JICl1THpa (8) jCHHlIM ,ll;CJlOt-.L npu)J,o)laje C'rpyjH CBC)KCra B;13p;yxa KOjU Beu-
'nulaTop ycncaua H3 aTMOccpCpc, Ha Taj Hat.n1H ce cyulImIJ.I1 spalla jCJJ,<:lH geo TO-
IlJIOTC, y:.1 J--\CJllll\Ul'lIlO B.rra)KC[-bC Ba:{,ll;YX<"l, urro jc HCOIIXOp;HO r..:ap;a ce cyme Ma'TepM-
je Koje 611. 300r Har.!10r cymel-h3 GlIJlC nOHJlO)KHC fIIKKaThY.
3aXBi1J1,-,yjyh_11 TOI\1.C mTO ce eTaJIlIO npcno;~n npcKo npCJIHX IJ,eBYI, n(3)J,yx011 ce
lIOlIOBO M())Ke Cf1poBOi~wnj eyweH,c, jep HOCJle op,nan:a ea Jrccc IIocraje 3acnheH H
XJla~~ai-L
3
, 6
~\
5'
12 !2
CfllllW 1.23
Kalla ce eyrucI-be 3a~pllln, BarOHeTIl ca lIecaMa cc 113BYKY 113 KOMOPC, lIece
rrpa3HC a BJJ3)KaH MaTcpIiJ,UI nOHORO CTaRJba H3 fLHX. KOMopa je v TOKV cv~eII>a
xepMcTWIKll 3aTBopcHa ,u;a CC Tonao sa3AYX He Gil ry6uo II3 !-be. ~~a ~Gu ce- CMaIM-UIH
ry6nlJ,H TOn1l0Te JI3 KOMope, one cy ,n,06po TepMH'IKll JI30JIOBaHe, a pa,n.H CMaI-bC~a
ry611TaKa 3paQelLeM, npeMa3aHe cy CBeTJIOM alIYMHHrr.iYMcKoM 6POI-I30M.
,Ua Gil cyrucfbe Gl1JIO IilTO 6~)Ke, nOTpe6HO je lJ:a MaTepIIjalI, Kojn ce CTaBJba na
JI~CC, 6y~e pacrropebcH TaKO JW .Ie npucryrr Ba3Ayxa oMoryhel-1 ca CBUX cTpaHa H Aa
HcrrYfbaBa caB npOC'fOp J13MCi)y rOpI-hC 11 A0l-be )Iece. YKOJUfKO oBaj YClIon He 6H 6IiO
IfcrrYl-beH, TOTIaO Ba3AYx 6u ce KpeTao 113Hail MaTepI'~jaJla nYTeM HajMa1-ber OTIlopa
na 611 Ii O,u;HOlllefue BJIare ca nOBplllrn-le MJl'epl1jaJla GI'IJTO 3HaTHO yerropelIO. '
l'YHeJicKe cymlUn~e, - O~e cyurrHl-IC cy H8MeI-hCHC cyrnclLY l'vIaTepujaJIa v
BCJIHKI-fM Ko.:wumaMa. MaTepI1pJI ce llopci)a I-Ja JIece 1<:oje ce HaJIa3C na B{jTOHCTH~"
Ma Kao uno Je flpIfKa3~Ulo Ha CJUU1.H 124. BarOHeTI1 ce Kpehy Kp03 ,!Wr Jll13aK T\,HeJl,
H~lCY~POT llJIH napaJ1CJIHO ca CTpyjOM TO!L'lOr na31wx<:L Bpoj BarOIleTil y cyumI{xJ.H jt
BeJ1HKH H OJ[U ce. Hiln<l3C HClIocpe,T~no JC/-J:au H3<l ,!\pyror. Kal~a jOJ~aI-I BarOHeT Cd
BJI(DKHHM I\taTcpHPJlOM y1)c Y CYI.IIIIHll;)' C jeAHc crpaHC, C lW)-Te CTpaHC ce H3 cynr-
HI1I\C nOTI1CIH~ BarOlieT ea ocymenol\l M3.TCPl1jOM. OBO KpCTaILC BarOHera h1(})Ke .lia
Gy,u;e 3HaTIW omlKlllano IBBeCIUIM Haru60M UlIma, 3601' 'lcro. ce OUll cmUf Kpehv
Kp03 CYIITHHll,y. Torr<-to Ba3JJ..Yx wma311 C je;~Hor Kpaja T),HCJ!CKC Cj-'llllIliU;C 11 KaG
!faKLUH nea.e ce Kp03 BaroHcTc, OAHOCHO mlIH1mc Kp03 pacTpeccH MUTCpI1jaTl KoiH
JC l-Ia IbJ:fMa. Ox.l'a~CH I~ OBJIa)Keu m13,n,yx HCHcaBa ce Kp03 110J~ Ha ilpyroM Kpajy, nl'~o
['a npHMopaB<J. na Jom JCW-lOjl.f .npol';c BcpTHKa.1Ho Kp03 MaTcpHjan 11a narorwTV. Y
:3amlcHocTU.oAYCJIOBa pa;a,a, 'I]. oJ--\ OCeTJI~IfB()CTH I\wTepnje Koja ce CYlUIL IIoTpc'6no
.Ie ~oHcKaA Je,u;aH "CO Torvror H BJ1a:>!G-lOr Ba3,D,Y'X(I rrOMelll.:lTH en CBC)KHM Ba3J~vxoM
KOJl1 ce YCllCan<l y TYUC]l. Ha Taj lla'-llHl ce H'36eraBa Harno CYl11CI-hC KOjc t....lO->K(;," Ko.o.
na llpl1MCp. KOn ,IJ,PBCT3, W)BCCTH;W HC)KeJheuor npcK3lba. .
Ba3)J)'x 3a C)'U.I.clhe oowmo rroKpefie BeJIHKH nCHTI1.!IJTOp. On cc H<L'I(l3H nDcJ];
nHMl-b~Ko:/'-f Kp03 KOJI1 cc na3n,yx 1-13 CyuUUIll;c IIOTHCKyjc y <1T1\lOccpepy. X.'Ta)l<lH l~a3-
pyx KOJ11 ce YCIIc;:ma y cyWHlHl,y llPCTXOP;flO ce 3arpcBa Ha KaJIOpncpepliMa. na 6u cc
:MaI-bnJn~ TOIVIOTHH ry6UI--\H, TYHCJlCKC cymI-IHu;e ce ,ll;o6po H30Jlyjy i'lBOCTPYKHl\--1
JIl,QOBHMd Ii nOnCCHIHvl H30naTop01I o;a, CnOJLl-Ie aTMoccpepe.
. Pan TYHCJICKUX cyulHuu;a je KOHTHHyaJlaH, 3601' Tora UlTO cc HcrOBpCMcno Ii
IlOJC,ll;HHHM l-LI1XOnrIM ~iCJIOBnMa o,u;ltrpaBajy pa3He cpone CYJ.uelha. CYUlHHliC Mor~
6HTH r~yra'-IKe Bnrue AeCeTl1H(l MCTapa. I1r.wjy '-ICTB}JTaCT npeceK, on je,TJ;uor rIa l~~
BHllie KBa,u;paTfIHX MeTapa. CymcIL(; Tpaje UCKOJlIIKO 'laCOB<l, a, '-ICClO, H ueKOJlHKO
p;aHa.
('mllw 124
 232
06pTHe cyIlIHII~e. - Y OBRM cymHI1ll,3M3 cyum: ce ellTaH H paCTpeCIiT MaTcpH-
jan KOTa UMa y BchuM KOJIH'lllHaMa: rnehep-
uccaK, )J{lITapH:O;C, KpIICTaJIH, PC3aJUW
He pene, Cl:ITH03pHa "<lBpCTa [OprIBa IIT,ll." 06pnw cyunUIIJ,e 'HIRe AyrH, KOCO IIocra-
BJbCHII ll,llJIHU,n;PH KOju IIOJIaKO pOTHpajy. MaTeplljaJI Kojn Ce CYUIll HaCHna ce y rop-
l-bH Kpaj CyIlIHllll,C. 360r Harn6a n pOTaIl,uje OH ce Kpehe H3Hll)KC, a HacynpoT lbCMY
cTpyjn 3arpejarr eyB rae. Hajl.Jcmhe Ba3AYx Kojn oARDen mrary. Y 3aBllCHOCTH O,U
H3"LlHHa 3arpeBaiba II cYIIIcfba, 06pTHC cyIllHln~e ce MOry nO,IlCJUITH Ha:
- cYUlHl1ll,e ca Hcnocpe;n,HHM 3arpCBalbcM Ii
- CyIIIHHI(C ea IIOCpC)lHI1M 3arpCrmI-f,CM.
Ko)), TIpBOr HUla 06pTHUX cyUJInn~a npCTXO)JJ-IO 3arpejm-I Ba3AYX ).lon33H y
gOAHp ea M3TcplljaJlOM KOjU ceo CYUUi H npe;najyhu My cRajy TOl1nOTY Hcrrapa,na
TC"'-IHOCT qnjc napc IIOca ca C0601v1. Ko;U 06PTIUlX cyununp ca nerrocpC)J,HHM rpCF1-
{beM, M,YrCpnjaJI Kojn: ce CYUIH, KilO H calvl na3p:yx, 3arpCB3 ce (m npeJInx nOBpIlllma
UHJIHlIp:pa, O)J)-IOCHO on: TWBn Raja Kp03 l~HnHH)lap rrpOJUl3H KoaKcnjaJIHO.
Bi:13HYX KOjl1 ce, IloMohy jmwr nCHTTulaTopa (1), YCHcan3 113 aTlvfoeq)Cpe y
06pTlIY eyrnTTmy ca Hcrrocpe,n;nHJvr 3arpCn3H-,el\f (en. 125) npoBoHn cc npeKo Ka.-:lO-
pHcpepa (2) KOjH ce 3arpeBa napm,L TaKO 3arpejmI rrpona3H Kp03 KOCc) nOCT:lI3JhenH
l~l1muI.n:ap (3), a oX,Tla'ben Ii 3aCHTIen rrilpoM IB6aI~yje cc ECHTI1.:JaTOpOl\1 (1) y aTMOC-
q)Cpy. Kp03 rICBaK (4) na ropH,oj crpaHH, ua '-le.TTY qn:IHHMpa Kojn CC He o6phc,
y6auyje cc BJJa)KaH Mwrcpnja.Tl. fToMorHYT o6pnU-hC!v{ n 3eJ\DhHHOl\f TC)KClJ\l KJIH311
mUUl)Ke II CyE H3Jra3H Kp03 ony-.:mcTH Kpaj I\TmHHJwa (5).
Y u,cnOl\--J OBOM clIeTcMY. 3aXBaJhyjyhn norOHCKlIM 3ywlalll1UHM<l (fl H 7). caMO
UIiJIHH,f\ap pcnnpa. I1pn 06pTalbY, npeKO UJHHe KOjOlvi je OKOn<lH (8), llJl.l1Ul;Irt]' CBOjoM
MaCOM Ha.~!c)Ke na napone Ua]b<lK(l (9) KOjl1 ra. y cfnapn. Hoce. D,a He 6u aKclI.1aJIHO
KJH13ao BarUORC, I-Ia IIUlBY UUJIHHJ.\pa ca CTpaI-lt npWrI-lCKyjy Ba;'1~lJJ'I (JO) Kojn OBO
KpeTal-he CnpCtI<lnajy. KaKO HC 6n n<13JJ:YX PIa3HO ca CTpanc. na tleOHl-lM C'rpaHl1Iplvta
ll,ImrIlIJJ:pa cc npeU;113HOM 06paAOM 06e36cl)yje ;l06po 3al1Tl1BafbC. rrOllITO ce na THM
;vleCTI1lvW J~OjU1pyjy 06PTUlT ;J,eJfOBH QI1J1I1H;J,pa ca HCnOKpeTl-IHM ;J,CJJOBIIMa
Kanopwpepa, OgHOCHO JICEK<lcror ypel)aja 3a ynornelhC MaTepHja.1a. npeceK lVi.JIilI,I-
upa npHK<l3aH je. TaIwl)e. H<l C.TlHl~H 125, fixe ce EH;VI Jta yHyTaplha rronpnnma HHJe
r:Jan::a, nero je Cn<l6nCBCHa JlOIIaTHuaM<l (11) KOjc MClTcpnjaJr r{IlIl<Y HaBlHIIC n npont"
:8 6 9
3 ./"
C.r1-lI-1((J 125"
- ~--.--~-.
------- - -
najy Ha3a[~ y CTpyjy Ba3JJ,yxa. Ha Taj HalIHH CKOPO n;co cn06oa<ln rrpeccK ll,I1nHH;o;pa
aKTHBHO Yl:JeCTByje y cyrueIbY, IIlTO 3naTHO nOBehaBa KanaUl1TeT OBaKBe cYIIlJHlll.e.
Hajrrpoc-fujn TUII 06pTf-IYIX cyllimIl~a je ~Haj r.Qe ce ITJIaMCHlI r3COEll HenOCpC,iJ;-
HO YBone y lhHX. Ua 611 ce )106Ima lIJTO l.JllCTM)3 aTMoccpep3, aKO je IIoTpe6Ho, JTO)KC
ce KOKCOM Kojn rrpH caropeB3l-hY He n:aje HH KaTpaH HB BO;Uy. Ha Taj Ha-':UIH je, Ha
npnMCp, Moryhe CylIlHTH lIaK H co 3a jeno.
06pTHe cylllHHu;e ca nocpC!l;IIUM 3arpenaJbeM. ~ Ko,u: OBnx CYUl1um;a 6V6a:f-b CC
o6phc 06H"'-IHO y I1JI<lMeHllM raCOBllMa KOjlI )J;OJIa3e ll3 neon 3a caropCBalhC. Kp03
ocy U,.I1JIl:uIApa rrpOJIa3ll AOBOJbnO IIIHpOKa u;eE y Kojy, Kp03 cnojne ll,cmr, YJla3e ITJI3-
MCl-HI raCOBI-I. Ha Kpajy u;eHTpanHc 3arpeBI-Ie ll,eBll n3na3H ce BeHTHJTaTOp Kojn H3-
6mw.i~ ,D,lIMHe raCOBt. KpC)3 XPaJ-IUJUIIW ce y6alJ,yje cnpOB, Bn3)KaH M3Tepnjarl Kojn,
KJIH33Jyhu n3HIDKC, 6UBa 3arpeBaIL KaKO 0)1; CrrOJbHlIX 311)lOBa o6pTI-IOr I~HJTIIH.n:pa
T3KO H O)J, yHyrpannbe 3arpcBHe u;eBI-l. eYB MaTepnjaJT Hcnan:a Kp03 OTEOP Ha Kpajy.
Kp03 HCTH OTROP, crrel~HjamnIM nCHTfl.rraTopoM 3a Ba3JJ:Yx KojH ce IIaJla3H II31-Ia,Il
caMe XpamIJlIn~c. ynJlLPlH ce H Ba:myX. O"'-lHrJIC,o:IIO.ic I~a npCJlH r3COfnI KojllMa ce 3a-
rpena oBaj THD cynnnn~e He ,n:ona3e yonurrc Y;o;0HUP ca /vtaTCpujaJlO!\! Kojn ce CylIlH,
360r Tora je onaj Tim cyIIIHHI~e no,n:ecaH 3a pap H C<l ropHBHMa Koja najy npon::VKTe
carOpeBafb<l, ncnpnjaTI-IOf MHpHca. Ba3nyx Kojn ce YClfCan<l y cynulHn,y C Kpaja <l
HCHcan3 If3 The c ropu"cr Jierra, Ha nO"'-Wl'Ky O,UHOCH nape TC'IJIOCTU. npe csera BO,rry
Koja ce npHnHKOll-'l cymclha oCJIo6af)a, npeM3 TOMC, na3AYX KOjH CC 3a ORO ylloTpe-
6.-'-bana Mopa 6lfTH tTHCT H 6C3 npanume.
4.2. CYIIlElbE TECTACTJ1X J1 TPIHJ1X MATEPl1JATIA
CYllIeu~c 113 BaJl,U;HM2. ~ KOJJ: OBHX CylllI-IlH~,l MaTcpnjaJl ce cyum 3arpcBajyhn
ce o;n: npCJlHX nOnpUII1Ha BaJI)3Ka. OHC CC YI10Tpc6~baBajy 3a cymcH,e M<lTepnjani.'l
Kojn MMajy 05.rII1K ll:yrHx TpaKa, lInH 3a cymclhe )J,OJwn~no BHCK03HllX pacTBopa. Y
rrpnOM CJIY'Tajy MaTcpujan CC nponYUIT3 n3Me'by BJ-UlJC na.TbaKa Kojn cy rrope'b<lUU
TaRO na CC TpmGl Koja CC cyUTH UITO nehOM nosplIIIiHOM 110.l1Hpyje ca BpC.110M 110-
BPIIIHHOM BaJb3Ka. Y 3lBnCHOCTIf o,n 6P3HHC 06pT(lH~a, 3arpejaHocTH BaJb<lKa H AC-
6.T[--,UUC TpaK<lCTOr MaTepn.ia.11a, nOCTJDKC CC )KeJhCHa KpajI-ha EJ]f.l)KJIOCT.
JCJJ:HO o)J; R,:l)KHI1X TCXHll'-TKHX nHTaH~a Koje Tpe6a PCllIHTU jecTc !1HTaJhe :-wrpc-
B;Hb3 naJhaK3. OHl! ce I-wjllellihe 3arpeBajy RO.rrCHOM napOM. Ha CJ!In~n 126
npuK.?t3aHa jc mel\.fa OB<lKBOr rpcjaJha. myna.;"I, B<lJbaK O)J, mmCHor rBo)J(!)a (1) o6phc_
ce OKO cEoje OCOBHHC (2) Koja .ie, T<:tKorye, myllJba. aHa .ic rrpH'lBpmhcn<1 3(1 3ywla-
]fBI< (3) Kojn nm::pche nalhaK. Ocomma (2). Tj, npaTHJ!O, lIMa cEoje JIc)KIIIlITC- (4).
2
~
9
5
CUIfW 126
 KpO:1 BpaTI1JIO, OAHOCHO Kp03 ,n:OBOAHY l~eB (5), YBOAR ce CBC)Ka napa 3a rpcjal-he.
ll,HJUmnap (1) ASOCTPYKMX 3l1Aosa. YHYTpalllfba IIoBpllIHHa ll,IUlHH,!J,pa (2) jc TaJl(l-
KOlJ,n:cH3aT KOju ce c3Kyruba Ha JJ.uy BaJbKa (6) Y130)1.11 ce Kp03 KPHBY lI,CB (7). aHa
caCTa. I13Met>y ,IJ,Ba 3H,IJ,a YUOAn cc napa 3a rpejal-hc, Kao llITO je CTpem;IJJ,OM '03Ha'--IC-
,n:ormpe )1,0 KOH,T],CI-I3aTa Ii 0IlBOAli fa ;aaJhC Y U:CBHH CHCTCM 3a Ca6l1palbC. DOIllTO
HO (3), a KOlmCH3aT o,n:BOIlI1 KP03 I~CB (4).
BpaTHJIO Mopa AD. ce o6pfic H, HcnmpcMcHo, na 6Yi],e lW6pO 3anTHHcHo, 3anTHBHO
KoaKcnjaJIHO Kp03 ll,JLlIHH,n:ap npOJla3H BpaTHJIO (5) Ha Koje jc nplf'-IBpmfteU
cnojHo MCCTO (9) Tpe6a ~Ia je uapo'-IHTO ,n:06po o6pat)cuo.
Befin 6poj JIOnaTHIVt (6). Ouc cy TaKO H3ABojeHc ,!Xa, Ilpn o6pTalbY BpaTHJIa, nOTI-f-
fYCTC cycrreH3Rje H BHCK03HH paCTBOpI1 cyme ce, TaKo1)e, JIaKO Ha BaJbI~IIMa.
CKyjy 11aTCpUjUJI CJICna Y,!XCCI-IO, BJIa:>KaH MaTepl-fjan cc y6al\yje Kp03 JIem;:aCTII 0'1'-
Y OEOM cJIyrzajy pa,UlI cc 06WlHO ca Ana napa SaJbaKa (cn. 127). BaJbI~H (1 n 2) ce
BOp C nCBC erpaHc (7), a H36aqyjc OCYWCH, Ka)J,a cc HaKynH YP:OBOJbl-IOj KOJIl:PUIHlL
06phy y cynpoTHHM CMcposIlMa, IGlO liTO .Ie C'rpemn..I,aMa 03Ha l ieHO. PacTojaI-hC
Kp03 OTBOP (8) C AOl-be cTpaIlc. MellIaJml~e, 06phyhn ec, npllTl-fCKyjy Mcl'rcpr-rjaJI 0
H3McliY I-bHX MO)Ke CC, Y :HlBl1CHoeTl1 0;1 yeJIORa pa,u,a, MCl-haTl:1. YKOJmKO jc paCTBOp
BpCfly TaJIaCacry nonplimry MccehH ra HCToBpeMcHo. Hape,rV-Ia MCWaJUIlla JbymTI1
TC'-IJ-mjH YTOJUlKO ce BaJL.u;lI BHllIe npn6mDKasajy, KaKO 6u Kp03 HaCTamI 3a30p npo-
11 rH~eLIl1 npl1JIelUbcuy Macy, liTO, y KpajI-Loj JIIIHHjH BOAH Ka 6P30M CylllClhy.
TI1l1,amt YBeK >'Ke.rbCHa, O,IJ,pCi)CfW KOJTWIHI-Ia Te'-lI-IOCTlI. PaCTSOp cc Hafla311 Y nCB-
Kao nITo CC Ha OIlll~ll 128 BH,!J.II, Y OBOj cyllH-lIlll,H ce o)J,Baja, Y CTJ3apl1, rrpoll,cc
KaCTOM gCJly (3) H3Hal'!' B<Uh<lXa. 360r XHnpOCraTH'-IKOI' npuTHcIW, Kao H 3001'
ucnapanaIl~a a He cymCH)a Y Y)KClvt Cl\UICJIY. To jc 360r Tora lllTO Kp03 CylUI-UIlJ;y HC
oapTalLa BaJbaKa, '{'C'-lUOCT ht.' CC )'ClC,u, Clllxc3Hjc .TICUl1TH 3a rLI1XOBY nOl3puumy. Yc-
npon33H B<13,u;yx llllH HeKB gpyrl:l rae KOjI1 611 IB,UBojeHc nape nOCHO. napa I13JIa3H
Jle.L-\ rrpHcHor il,0iHlpa ca nperroM flOUPlllHJlOM l\OhH he no HUTeH3HBHor Henapa,Ba}bCl
H1 eYUIltHlJ,C, Y OBOM_ CJl)!Lrajy, 3601' nOBllllJCHOr npHTHcKa, I13a3Bal-lQr 3arpeBaI-bCM.
paCrnapiJlta, Ila he y 1I00IeTKY BHCK031ta, K<lCIUlje nJlaCTWm3 H flaj3<l,u, cyea M<lTCPH-
ja oOpa30B<lTli npCBJlm:y I-Ia nOBp1.UI1IIli n3.ihClKa KOjU cc rrOJIaKO o6phy.
J aCIlO .Ie lJ,a CC KPC)3 cywmnw MO)KC npoBoJJ;I1Tl:l Ba3,!!,yx 11 TaAU 611 cymcl-Lc 0l1J1O
OP)KC. Met)yrHi\l, aKO ce palJ:n ca cKymlM oprunCKITM paCTBapa'-IHMa, na3AYx ce H3-
CacymCH<l Kopa CKUrVt ce HO>KCBf1M<l (4) H caK)'llJba y IlO.uCCUC JleBKaCre caoH-
Gcranu, nOlUTO 6I1 H3,!l,BajaH,e napa H3 lLcra 6HJlO 3HaTHO TC)l(C a ry6ul1,u 011 0l1JH1
pa~{c (5), KojU cy 1I0CTaBJheHH ca crpalw Bil!baK::t. ,il,a cc paCfnop He OU paCHnao ca
~{COHHX crpaBa mUbJK(l, OHl1 cy Y)K.'lCO!bCI-1H (6). Y )KJICOOBC y.rIa3e lleOHe. 110.uCCHU
nchn, I1ope,u. Tora, na3;rryx Gn (rCCTO Mcmajyhu ce ca napaMa paCTBapa\Ia rpa,u,no
onaCHC eKCIL'lO'3HBHC CMClllC lUTO CC, pa3Y!lHLliBO, 1136eraua. OBaj TIm cyrrnmu,a
f1.3pC3aHt.: ffJlO'-IC, KOjC, YcrnapH, ol\'toryhyjy HCTlUlalbC paeTBopa. ').-rMecTo na ce TC>'I-
HOCT UClJla311 H3Hap: naJLaKa, lWl-rac je MOi'yhHO cymclLc n uOTanarhct..1 naJhUKa rrpn
llPI1MClby'je ce HajmllUe y lliiAycTpujn l1JtaCTll'-lHHX Maca.
06pTillhY y paCTBOp. O,IJ,HOCHO npCKLtILetvl paCfBopa Ha BaJbKe. Y OHOI\'1 CJlY"'lajy 300r
BCJIHKC nOBpllHil-le IIojC}U-lHHX KafIH, 6p3Hf-lil CYWClha je 1\1l-l0ro Bt'lia, na jc cKpai'icHo
BpeMC Ll.O)lI1pa l\laTcpujc Roja cc CylIIH ea npCJlOM IlOBpimmOM BaJb<lK(\. O'-IHnlc~lHO 4.3. CYlllEIbE Y BAKYYMY
je .aJ he ce oBaj Ilocryn<lK npH!vlCHl1TH llpH CYIUClbY }'laTCpl1jaJIJ IWjH cy I-IcnoC'l'O-
jam! Ha nOnH11lCHlli\,1 TCMIlcpaTypal\ta. Y n<JKYYM-cYllilHH\aMa cc cymc M<:lTepl1jami KOjH CC He eMCJY 3arpC-Bani flU
,il,anJc ce Ha BaJhl~Hl\ta cymc MtlOrC hIaTCpnje - eMOJIe, JICnKOBH, JIaKOBl1 1(ao 11 Ul1COKHM TCMI1Cp;:lTypaM,:t. AKO ey TO paCTBopn, OUU hc y naKyyMy na IlH)KOj TeM-
HaMHpmlll,e. BchI11l<1 TaHKOJlHCUaTHX cymcmIx npogYKaTa ;w6lljcHa je cymcIheM Ha nepaTypll IIpOKJhy~IaTH lllTO he olvlOryhHTH 6PlKC CylIIClbC H Oi~na3aK TC'-IHOCTH, a
BaJblXHMJ. TaK0l)c, pa,una TCMnepaTypa he 6unt 3uaTHO HI-1)I({l Hero nOA aTMocepCKHM rrpn-
Cymelhe MCJIlaJbCM. _. CYlllCU,C MC11lalbeM rrpHMCI-byje cc aKO jc Maea Koja ce THCKOM. TC"'IUOCT 113 OBmDI(CHC Mace y BUKYYMY HcnapaBa 3HaTI-lO 6p)KC, 300r Tora
cymH TcC'r<1Cra. Y TOM ely"rajy, 1l0mTO ce Joor cBoje ITJ!<:lCTll'-ll-lOCTl1 MJTCpl1jaJJ nJ uno je pa:wlfK<I npHTHcaKa OBJlU)I(CI-lC Mace H p,13pcl)eHc aTl\wccjJepc Bella, ITa jc IT
JI2i'311 y nc.rrHIG-1M KOM<l,aHMH, 3arpCllJI-LC Ii HCnapaBaIhC paCrBJp;FW OHJIO 6u BPJlO HCnapaB<1U,e 3lHITHO 6p)KC. AKO ce TOMe ,aop:a .lorn H HaBe,!Xcna OKOflHOCT Y J>C3H ea
CflOpO. 3Gor Tora jc IlOTpeouo y TOKY C<il\10ra 3arpCBaJ-hJ, O:~HOCHO cYWCr-La, OBaKUY Hl1IJlO!'.I TeMnepaTypoM, jaCl-Ie cy npc)1HoCTH cymcl-ha y uaKyyMy. HcocnopHo je .aa
Macy MecHTH, 1-\3 011 cc CTalmo MellIaJIC :nrpcjauc 11 oeY11lCHC lloBpuHIHe ca OHlH. . ! je cymcILe y B<lKyyMy CKYllJhC 'Joor Tora l.IlTO je anapaTypa cKywba 11 lUTO jc
XJI3,U,I!l1M 11 lL'l~l)KIlI1M H3 YHYTpaum:,OCTH Mace. OBO CYWCI-LC CC uajOOJbC nOCTl1)KC y JlOTpe6Ho ymlraTit cra.rIaH pan 3<1 IhtTOBO O)W)KaBatbC. Y cyllIHl-fl1,aMa Koje pa*~ HOp:
cyfllmmI1, npl1Kct'3Clnoj Ira ClJflUt '12S, KOjy 'lHlIH XOPH30IlT,UIltO nOCTaUJben L~yA(j1 BClKYy/l.lOM Bpno je TClllKO llOcTlIl'in KOHTHIlyaJIHOCT, O,ultoCHO ncnpeKHp:HoCT patW,
3001" HCMoryliuocrH xcpMeTlI'IH01" I-IcnpCKH'[lJIOr H3HOmel-ha ~Illpcrc M<:lTCpUjc H'3
p,upei)cnc aTl\iOCCpcpC y aTMocq)Cpy Koja jc TIO,IJ, HOpMaJIlIHM nplITHCKOM.
4 3 !7 16 ," nOpCH n0311TlfBHHX CrpaH<1 HlICKor 'JarpCEaIha, uaKYyM-cyunmqe ,o,ajy eyE M<l-
i
1

I 1
Tcpnjan Y KOjU B(13)J,)-"X, 1(,10 KOA nOpMamlI1X CYlllJ-IIIll,a, He YI-IOCI1 ea COOOM npaWHHY,
a 360r O;u,CYCTBa Ba3,IJ,yxa He ,uOJTa3H JIll lW oKcHAau,Hje Y Q}wj MCpU Kao nOA I-IOpMaJI-
.!
IUIM npl-fTHCKOM.
f
:i
BaKYyMCYllillUn:C ell npeKUjJ;IlIlM paJ~OM. ~ Onc cyumIlll,C HMajy 06miK MaI:bHX
HJUI Behux eaHnYKa Hfllf ll,HJlJ1Hgapa, a lIaLIHI-bCHC cy 0;0, '-lBpCTor 'leJIH'-lHOr nHMa KITH
mma. Y J:hliMa ee Hana3H sefill 6poj C1'eJIa)Ka Koje ce Mory, nOiliTO ey u3HyTpa
ilIynJbC, 3arpCSJTII BQp;eHOM napoM HJIH eJICK'rpHqHOM CTpyjOM. nOnITO ce Ma'repII-
jan Kojrr ce )I(CJIIl eYIlHuH nopc~a no CTCJIa)KaMa, OTBOP 3a rrYILclbe ce XCPMCTI1.'t.!KII
C.,111/W 127 C.ilu/W 128
3aTRopii. 3aTlIM ce nycTII y pap, BaKYYM-l1,prrKa. OHa, Kp03 )J,OBOJhHO lllllpOKy Op,-
 237

HOAHY U;eB, YKJIalba oCJI06obeHe nape, a, eneIITyaJIHO, U Jlep~aHeHTHe raC?Be KO.i~,

360r pbanor 3arrTHBaIha, rrpoAPY Y CylllHIill,y HJIH ce ocno6ai)a.lY 113 MaTepH}ana KOJU
ce CYUIH. na)KJbHBHM 3arpeBalheM, KOITrpOJnIlllyhIi HenpeKH,IJ;HO TeMTIepaTYPY, cy-
llIelbe ce 3aBpmaBa y peJIaTHBHO KpaTKOM BpeMeRy. YKOJIUKO 3H,IJ;OBll cyIllHllue,
360r BemIKe pa3JUiKe rrpHTHcaKa, He 6H 6HJIH OTnOpHI1, CllOJbHH, aTMoct:jJepCKll npn-
TucaK 6u je p.:e<iJopMucao llJIU 3p;p06HO. Y OBaKBI1M CYlliHl:lIJ.a!\1a CYille ce KOMaAaCTH
MaTeprrjaJIll, pa3He cpHHe nJIaCTlFme Mace, q)apMau;eYTCKll rrpenapaTM, ,IJ;pore UTA
BaKyyM~cyllllnnl,e ea llenpeKIlil:III1M pa,IJ:OM. - Ma):~a je ~ OBaKBI1M CYillHHu;aMa
TeIIIKO OCTBapliTH HenpeKH,IJ;an paA, nTIaK, Y HeRHM cJJYLJaJeBI1Ma. TexI-IIfl-lKa pe-
me}ba ,IJ;OBO)W AOTJIe WI je paA TaKBllX cymRHI~a npHBHnHO HcnpeKH;rWH (CJT. 129).
3arpejaH BaJbaK (1) ce o6pfie. 3apoIUlBlIHr jen;lIHM
AeJIOM y pacTBop (2), Kojn ce, Aa 6n ce CnpC'-TVf.'lO Ta- ,C:rtlI1W 130
nQ)KCI-be, not-why I~upKyJIaqHoHe lWTIKC (3), HaJTa3H [1 5 ~ .. ... )'

a.~.~;
CTaJIUO y rroKpcTy. CBC)K pacTBop ce YBOrrrr Kp03 l(CB
B.a CJIHlJ,H 130 npHKa3mm.ie cyufHH1(a Koja pap:n Ha OROM npHHfumy_ PacTBop
(4). Kp03 l~eB (5), Koja jc. BC3C1Ha 3a ni1KYYM-l.l,pnKY Kojrr he cc cYIIJlnH, na.TIa3H ce y pe3cpBoapy Cl) o.n:aKJIC, npoTwIyMn Kp03 I~eB (2),
qpne ce raCOBlITa MaTcpH.Ja Ii] OKJTOlla (6) )-' KOMe Je
t YJIa3H y pacnpU1HRa'-T (3). Y 'TH.iCM ec JWlheJ\-f nCJfY (4) pacnpmyje H y BUllY KaITn,
XCPMCTWIKH 3f1TBOpCn BaJbal( (1). OcymeH t-.faTCPH- ,12, _. \ OApetJeHc nCJTJPIHI-Ie, naga HaHI-DKe. Ba3iWX, rrpeTXOJ];no 3arpcjaI-I y 3arpeja'lTY (S). y
jan, Kojn ce y BHA)' cKpaMc XBaTi1 no rronpumnn B3- ! \ .. \
3aBI-ICHOCTH OJ]; yeJIona pa;a:a YBCmlJ ee nJIH ea npX3 lvrn ca rUIlI cYI1JHlme. nOll!TO ee
JJ~aKa, Ho)KeM (7) ce JbylllTH 11, rrpoJI<:13cfiu Kp03 u:cn
, " pa.un ca C.yBl1M II TOJVUlM B<l.3,llYXOlVL )W.;J(l3H ,llO annja6aTcKe pa31\-feHe Iberone- TO-
L_,-W8~h
(8), l1a!1,a y nOKpcTny Kopny (9), TaKoryc, XepMCTI1- ' nJlOTe ca K3mIl\.fa, 360r Tora Ba3;n:yx rrpHMa o.uronapajyhy KOJIWHIH}' BJIare I1, rrpo-
"'-TKH 3aTBopcny OKJTonOM (10). Kana cc Koplla narry-
Jl:a3CftH Kp03 OTBOPC (6), II3 npC'rcHacTc ea6npHe UCBH (7) 6HBa npoBol)cH Kp03 Il,n-
HJi, Be33 ca BaKYYII-1oM cc llpcKH)J;a, )J,Olhl1 OIelOn ce
KJIOH (8) On;aJel1e ra BCHTHJJaTOp (9) H30mwje y 3TMoccpepy. Ba3JJ:Yx jc nOTpe6no
oTl~apa u eyB MaTepnjaJl I13BaAH, a npa3H3 Koprra ec Cllt/({/
npOneeTll Kp03 Il,HK.'lOH 3JTO Aa 6H e.e oeJl06oJJ:HO qmHHx ~TCCTH:u;a cacymcHe M3Te-
cramI1m MCCTO 113l:'>abcHC. ,Ua 6n cc cnpc'lUIo npeKI-I,ll,
pnjc KOjy je TIOnYKao ea conoM H3 l.l,H.ITHHJJ:pIFIHe eynumuc (10). CYBC llCCTI-III:C KOjc
nOA oBaKBY BaKYYM-cYUIHHIJ;Y CTaBJhajy ce )lBe KOp- .
TIa1~HY ua KOHa"'-lHll nog OBC eyunnnW, nOTHeKyjy ce JWrraTHlI,aMa (12). Koeo nOeTJ-
TIC, CBaRa Y CHOM OIolOny. TTOlVlOhy norO~~He cJIaUI-me, MaTepHpn ee naH3MCI-lWIB.O
BJbCHHM )./ O,Ll;HOCY n3 e]'lfcp o6pTaJ-ha, Ka cpe.u:nuITy nOAa. Kp03 CpeAHUITe npOJIa3I1
ynybyje jCJ.:{aHITYT y jeAHY Kopny. a 3aTllM, nOUITO CC OHa HallYHI:L y ,IJ;pyry, TaKO)1,a
BpaTImO (13) 33 Koje cy npIFIBpmhcna TI;Ba noealia JIOIIaTJH~a (14). Y epegIHIITy KO-
ce MO)J(e CMaTpanI J];a je paA OBaKBe cyllnun~c KOl-rnmya.TI3n. nOK CC .le)JfI3 Kopna
Hyca HaJIa3ll ce IT npollIHpeHa l~eB (15) Kp03 KOjy ce, y BaroilcTe (16) HenOJJ: IbeHHX
npa3HH, ~~pyra cc nyHH HT;J;. .
oTBopa. HcnYUITa Caey'IlICU- rrpaIIlK<lCr MaTepujaJI. BepTHKaJIHO BpaTIIJIO MCllla.TIH-
TIOl\why BaKYyM-eynnml.l,C ca naJ"bKOM cymc ee opraHCKe t.-raTepHJC, o~c:rJbJ1Be
11,C (17) nOKpchc ce rrpcKo KaIlIlJIIHKa H onronapajyhnx 3ywraHlIK3_ Ha Taj Ha~Il1H
H<:l TCMncpaTYPY, Rao, ua rrpllMep, MJIe'lIHH npOJ13Bo;a:U, cymeHlI aJI6yMHH, .la.1a: )KC-
.JTanm: H APyre cymclIc )KHBOTHC HaMHpH1Il~C 11 cp3pMm~eYTCKI1 npenapaTU K0.111 cy
ce, MeTonpeMeHo, cMaH)yjc H 6poj o6pTaja JTOnaTH1J,8 Kojn ITe npCJI33H BlIlne on
HCKOJTHKO o6pTaja Y MHH}TH. Henon l~lIJTHITApa cc H(lJT33I1 narOHCT (16) n1c cc ca
cc npc eYWCI-b3 nana3HJIH y TC"'lHOl...f l1JTH no.TIpKHTKOt.f CTau.>y.
Kyullia qJHHH npax Koju.ie Ba:myx ea C060M nOT-reo.
Kana Koje cc cyme H Ba3J~YX KOjl1 CyillH cTpyje napaHeJIHo. Ba3;a:yx ca;op>KII
3HaTHe KOJlWlHne B.TIare, 360r 'lIera IIH BJIa)KlIOCT eynor MaTepnja.1Ia He MO>KC 6J1TH
4.4. CTIEl\HJ AJlHE CYlllHI1l\E Mi:1Jfa. AKO ce >KCJIH A06HTH CyBJbH I\taTepnja;r. pa)~n ce y npcnMBcrpyjHoM TOKY, 'lj.
eyn na3}J:yx ec .n;ono;a:n y cyunU:l~y OI~03nO. Ha Taj HatU:JII cyrnenlI M3TeplljaJl p;OJI33II
CVIHCU.C pacnpmanau.cM. ~ AKO je TICnpe6Ho CYUUITH, T<Fllmjc, YK.;10HHTH nc- y 1-~OAHP ca HajcYB.1MfM sa3}XYXOM, 300r ~rcra he l-LerOna paBHOTC)KHa BJTa:lIO-]QCT
he Koni-I'llllUe pacfBapa"'-Ia TaKO Jla ce .u:06uje npaIIJK<leTa. cyBa MaTepH]a, npI16era~a 6nTH HajHlT>Ka.
cc cymcH,y pacnpIllanalbcM. f1puHI~Hn OBaI(Uor cymcIMi, O).~HOCHO ~eIT~paB.al-ba, Je
Y OBaKBMM cYIlJlU:JqaMa cymc ce eMYJl3Hje TIJIaeTIFIHHX Maca II oprmICKe Ma-
CJ"ICACilrr: pacTBop cc y Hapo'lIHTITM unapaTHMa - pacnplllIma(IHMa. T!. a10i\m3epll"/l.~a
Tepnje 6UJbHOJ' 11 IImBOTUlbCKor IIOpeKJW: Meeo, aJI6YMHH, KpB, p33HH JIaKOBIl I1TLI.
pacnpmana y KaITH KOjC, na;a:ajyhu Kp03 Tonao I:l CYB l'.acoBl!T ~Ie;a:rI.lYM. HCIlapaBa]y
TaKO JJ.:j' Ha nOg cyuumu,e nanajy eYBa 3puu;a MaTCpl1Je KOF1 Je 6UJI3 pacT~opeHa. KopnCTehH OKOJIHOCTH Koje yUf'lry ,IJ;3 ce MaTcpnjaJJ 6p30 OCYUlll, Y OBHM
TIorn:lo cc Maca TC~IHOCTH pa3611ja Y cHTHrrjc KaIUl, npH cYWCl-hY ce 06pa3YJC BpJTO CYIUHI1u;aMa ec l\lOry, Kao mTO CMO BCr. BU,u;CJIll, cymHTH H MaTcpuje OCCTJhHBe ua
semIKa nOBpIllI1Ha paCTBopa, 360r ""'-Iera je HcrrapaBalbC BpJIO SeJIHK<?, Kao H nomnlleHoj TCMrrepaTYpu. Ba3AYX Kojn ce y6al.l,yje y rpcja'-l, na, TIpCMa TOMe, H y
KanaU;l1TeT onaKBHX cyIllHHIJ.a. CyIlIHHU;y, Mopa 6HTH OHOJTI1KO T.IHeT KOJIIiKO TO 3aXTCBa ocymen MaTcplIjaJI. AKO ee
 I 239
cyum xpaHa, Ba3AYX Mopa 6UTl1 Ao6po npoc}:nUlTpHpaU, 6C3 C'rpaHl1X MaTCpl1ja 11 TeCTaCTH If Te\IHU MaTepujanH CC cyme lIa Ba)hI~llMa, y BaKYYMY I1JIH y3 Mem<lIhC.
l\-1Upl1Ca. Taga ce Ba3AYX 3arpcna npCKO K<Uiop:rrcpepa. CylUeH~e pacrrpnIlmalheM ce npIfMelby.ie rrpIf rrpOrHBO,l.l,fbH npalIIKaCTHX MaTe-
Ba)KHO je HanOMCHYTH Aa cc paCrrpJliI1Ba~m no Ha'-Hrny paga Mory pa3BpCTaTl1 pujana.
y Tpn rpylIc. Kay], jCAHI1X ce Te'lHOCT, YBOf)CI-bCM IIOA npllTl1CKOM, pacnpmyje Kp03 lacoBH ce cyllie XJlaryelhcM I1JIH XI1,1J;POCKOITHHM cyncnUII.I,aM<l.
CITnpaJIHC oTBope Y CYUII-IIUW, KO,o; ,a;pyrrrx raCQ[mMa nOA npIITHcKOM, a KOp, Tpehux
TC'IHOC'l' ITaJJ;a 1M oKpyrJIC IIJlOl.re Koje cc 6p30 oophy_ KOil: OBHX Tpehnx KaIni TCq-
HOCTH ce oTKHAajy ea lfEuu,e TIJIO'-IC H pa36aqyjy OKO fhe no KPY)f(HOj Kot>..mpH Y KOjOj UIITAlbA
ce HaJJa3C.
L OGjacHl1Tc 3alllTO JJ:O_'1a3H J~O npoMeHe 6p3lufe cYllle.H::.a.
CYllIen.e XJIaI}ClbCM. - XJlaljeIhcM ce Haj'llcmfie CYlliC racoBH, Aa 6rr ce OCJIo6?-
2. KaKo ce Mo)Ke y6p3aTll cymclhc y TYHCJICKHM cYlllHHlJaMa?
!lHJUl nape Kojy y ceon Hoec. fae ce nponyUJTil Kp03 llIynaJb, t~HJIHH)J;pwraH cy,n, KO.1I1
3. )la Jut ce MI:lTepnjaJ! y cYU1Hm..l}{ ca MelllUH,CM Mo%e C)'IlHlTH aKO ce y my He
.ie IIOTOrIJbCH Y CMCIllY 33 XJIai)CI-bC BPJlO HllCKC TCMUep,:lType (na nput>tcp cym! JIeil )'ilOfJ;Jf na:qyx?
HJIH TC'-lan 1J<.t3nyX). OBaKO HHCKUM XJlaI)ClbCM CBa napa ce rrpCTBapa lIJIII y Kpn- 4. 3aulTo je HCMoryftHO nocTHhn KOHTlmya;mo cYllJe!{,c cmpC'fc !>1UTCPllJC y
cranny MO)J,HqH1Kal~Hjy TeJl(l aCTor cacraBa, na uprn,tcp fleA, HJlH, 3601 HBCKC TC}..-f- cYlllHHua!>ta Koje pa;lc nO;J: BI:lK),Y1>-101vl?
ncpaTypc CpCJ~I1HC Y KOjOj CC HaJla:Hl, Y TClUlOCT BPJlU HUCKor HafIOH8 napc. LI)IJIHH- 5. Y KOjHM cc cYtllHI1l(aMa cyme tlBpem M:JTcpnja;w?
lWlFIHII C}-';~ HMa OTBOP Kp03 Kojn ce mtAl1 'fBpcra M3Tepnja, O)lHOCHO ()Ta~le Te(m~L 6. KaKo ce cyme racoRn?
Cyrncn.c xnrpOCKOlIIlllM MaTcpnjaMa. CBOjCTBO xnrpOCKOllHC MaTcpHjc .1C
):l,a BC3yje 3HaTI!C KO]lH'lHlIC BJrare 113 Ba3J~yxa, a TO 3Ira'II1 na lIM ce TOM npHJIHKOM
HaIJOH 3HaTIIO He MelLa. Of.( xnrpOCKOIlHHX MTrepl1ja Y TCXmH\H ce lIaj'lcmi1c Kopn
cre: CIL'lllKarC.'1 (Sin!. ... /I 1I20) Ka.:Il~HjYhl-XjlOPH,u;H,
K<.tJIlljYM H H~rl'pHjyM-XJlOpXH CYIIIE/hE '1III'CTOr MATEI'HJAJIA
HPOKCH)l, cyMnopHil
KHccm-IHa, C!)(lCCPOPO-IICllTOKCH,U HT!l. ,Ua on ce HCKa M3Tcpnja
oCyIlUV!<1 OBHM llocTynKoM, IlOTpc6no jc ;~a CC CTaBU Y 3aTBopCH npOCTOp Y KOMe liA 3a;I,U"l'UK. EKn7.epLLHcHfTla.rlNO ogpegwuu:
ce, HCTOBDCMCHO, HaJILl311 llOBOJLlIL! KO.'lH'IHHa Xl1rpOCIWllnc MLlTcpnje. nOlllTO jG a) KPU()' CYWel-IAl lWPClU()Z .Hmuepuj(IJ1({,
rI3HaJ~ OB;KUC M<lTCpHje HanOH BO.:.\ClIC uape BPJJO MLlHH, olla he nC3HBLlTl1 BO,TJ,eHY 6) 3(1(lLlCIWClU citG{upu'me {Vu/J/CI-tOUUU ."Iwfiicpuja.,w ug 6pe-
napy ll3 OKOJIlIOr l:W3,o:yxa. l\.1e"tJYTU:-.t, HO!l!TO je WUIOH BO,u;CHC liapc U3Ha,TJ. TCJIa Koje .MCfW CYWOb(J.
ce ua oBaj lIa'IHH cyUIlJ BCJIHKH, ca I:hCra he HC[JLlpl.lBaTH CTl.lJ!HO HOBe KOJIlFIMHC ANlUluao 3agaiilKCl. Ka;l<l ce BHiDKaB ~laTepHjaJI 11 ne3aCl1ftea BC.t3f.iYX O)We-
BO,D,e. n Pl;O HcrrapaualLcM, a ,u;pyro BC3HUaILClvt he ce O,D,Y'JHMaTll Boga TeJIY Koje ce !;JeHe TeMncpwrype H BJIa)KHOCTI1 rWBCMY y KOHTaKT, TCMnep<rrypa 11 BJl;DKHOCT
CVIUll. M~lTCpIi.ia;ra nO~HHhY WI ce Melhajy npn6.'IlDKaBajyhll ce cTal~l1oHapHoM CTiltby. Y
~ O'IHrJIC)lllO .ie J(a OrpatIWICU<I KOJIWlHHa xnrpocKonnor TeJIa, npHM<llheM CBe cTaquOlrapHoM CTal-LY 6p311lla cYllltl-ba.ie KOHcrallTHU. IlC.PllOfl KOHCTaHTHC 6p3l1He
Behux KOJUJl..lHHa EJlare, nocTaje 11 ((lMa nOCJIC ;W.>KC ynoTpe6e TOJIHKO BJUDKIW lW CYillClt.a 3aBpmaBa CC Kana .l\1aTepl1j(l.~I ,u,OCTHIT!C KPI1Tll'lHy BJl~l)KHO~T. OJ.l, OROI' l'v1(!-
BHlIle He cywu. j/ TOM CJly'mjy aCKa OJJ Om-IX TCJIa ee, nOHOBHHM 3arpCBaJ-LeM, MeHTa Ha nOBpUJlmy ,D,ocncr:la MaH,a KOJIH'Uma BJlare on OIIC K0.1Y raCl-Ia CTPY.F1
percnepmuy (Cllmu;:arCJl, Ha npUMep) 11 ocnOC06Jb(lnajy 3a TIOHOBHO cymclbc, J10K MQ)Ke ,lla rrpHMH, a 0P3HW.\ CYl.l1CIf,Z\ Ii WlJbe Harno ona,D,!.! - TO .Ie ncpnOiJ, CM,UbCIha
jc KO,u ,u;pynfx Taj IIocryll<l.K It cymllue cKyn, CKylVLB OJ~ HOllUX C)'BHX TCJta. OlW co op3HHe CYlllClb3. OIlHcaHO nonalllmLC H.1YCTpyjy "KpHBa cymclba 11 KpHBa 6p3HHC
Tena OJ~oalJ,yjy rUIll KOpl1CTe 3il lwyre CBpxe. cymcfba. KpI1Ba CYilICH.,<1 npCf.(Cl'JBJha rpacj:mK KOjl1M CC IJPHKa3yje itPOJI1CIUI (LW2C
co npl! cymelLY HanCJ(CHUM nOCT)'I!JWM TCMnepaTypa Tc.na YOIIIlIW' Be
110LUTO (m 1.) h1aTCpujaJta, y 3LtBUCIlOCTI-I O;~ BPCMCIW cyrnclha Ct) (CJL 130a).
nOBchana, nil oHaj lIa'lHU CC cyme 11 r\p)'lT BPJIO OCCT.!bHBC HeoprancKc H opraHcKc Bp3HHa CYll.H-::lba (lll) npenCT<.lBJh<t IIpOMeu)' Mace (6111) cyrneHor M<lTepujaJJ<:l
CHO)KeHC M<lTCPl1jC. OBaj JlOCTYULlK cywelba cnpoBoAH ce H Y JW60paTOpl1jaM<l apE YCJle,I\ HC[lapaB~U!,a lmare y jcgmuu~Jl npchlcHa (T) ca jC,flHHHIJ,c. nOBplliHHC (A):
Kn<:lUTIIT<lTHBHJ\M r-.-WPCILlUvla, rrOWTO ce llJ. Taj 1l:J~IH:II Onp.>Kuna KOHCT~UlTH(l B.!l"l)K-
nOCl" <1TMOCCpepe y CYiWBHlvra 3(1 CYWClbC (CKCHKaTopUMa). Hpeh1a TOl\lC, nocy,u;ml,e N = J~.!!2...
Y KojllMLt ce h-ICpH car.!,J))l<:C YBCK BCT), KOJllil..lHHY BJIarC, Tj. BCTY Macy, lIlTO je 33 TC- A T
I.JHOCT KojOl\t ce paW1 lIaj3Ha~IajllH.ie.
Ipaq:mK 6P3HHC cYlllclt.a (cn. 1306) [1per~GraBJba 3aBHCHOCT 6p3HHC cymclba
(N) 0)], cnel~HctlIttme BJ1J.)KllOCTH MaTcpnjana (W). BmDKHocT MaTcpnjaJIa ce M())Ke
113BOD MelbaTH O),~ nO~leTHC cnel.l,ucj:uT"IHe BJla.>KllOCTH (H/p) go paBHoTc:>J(uC cnClI,wtnfYJIC
n.'Hl)KHOCTI1 (W!.).
LJBpCTa Terra ce OOWl1:lO cyme Ba3mlXOM. I1300POM pemlTHBUc. BJIa.)KHOCTI1 sa Cncl.I,l1cpwIHa B.Ha:tKHOCT (W) jc OJ~HOC \f(lce BJlare (m l ,) H cYBor MaTcpnjaJIa (m.,):
3Ayxa MQ)KC ce ynIl..I,aTH Ha 6p3HllY cYlIlclba. DocToje TpM 6P31IHC cymefua - HajBe-
ha je Ha 1l0~leTKy a najMalha ua Kpajy. v/ = .J?I-l' .
LIBpC'r MaTepHjarr ce CYillM. y KOMOPHI1M, TYHe!ICKHM I1JII1 06PTHUM CYIllHl:U.l,aMa. Ins
 AeJIY KpI1Be (A-B) ogfoBapa nepno)); KOHCTaHTHe 6p3HHe cyrneH~a, Kap;a ce no
I~enoj I10BpUnnm BJIa)KHOr MaTepHjaJIa na.lJa:m Te'lIHOCT Koja HcnapaBa.
EKCIIepM~CHT Tpaje CBC IiOTJlC .Li0K BPCMC YAaJhaBalba 1 BJIar
' .
IlITO JI:a JC nocTHnIYTa paBHoTc)J{Ha BJIa)l{HOCT IT g
3Hal:m e He 6yn.e 5-] 0 mm
Bna)KHocT MaTepMj3n3 Y T3t.IKH B je KpHTIFlHa EJIa)KHOCT (Wk)' Ta'1Ke ua paK M3Tepnjana CC cyIIIII y cyI.lIHMI(H Ha l050C.n;o 0 3aBprneTKY orne.n:a, y30~
KpUBOj Koje Jle)f(e H33 Ta~IKe B ogfoBapajy nepHo,:o:y ona;:tajyhe 6P3HHC cymelha. yKynHa Maca eYBor MaTcpMjaJIa. KOHCTaHTHC Mace II oApetJyjc
Ueo B-C op;foBapa nept10HY cymefba Y KOMe ua nOBpIIIHIIH MaTeplijana jom YEeK
nocToje "Erra)J{Ha oCTpEa". OA MOMeHTa nOCnnaIha KpUTHqHe EJW)f(HOCTH, 6p3HHa Pe3ymuawu. - ,lJ;o6HjeHl'I H3MepeHH If IBpa-qYHaTH e3" . " ,
cJlcgefioM T36eJIOM 11 rpacpwIKU, r.ue ,I(lIjarpaMM npe n P .YJIraTH rrpJ-fRa_{Y]J ce
cymeH~a .Ie eEe EMIlie AHKTUpaH<l 6P3HHOM ,lJ,mjJY3I1je Enare Kp03 MaTepnj'aJl. Y
r

3a,I(aTKa. ,,",cTaEJbI::lJY perncn,e Tpa>KeHOr

nepHOAY Koja (mrOBapa Kpajy cymeff,a CEa BJIara Koja ca nOBpnlHue M3Tepnjan3
O;:Vla3H, IIpenocn ce 113 l+..eroEe YHYTpamlbOCTH JlHY3UjOl>rL Kap;a ce AOCTllrHe paB-
HOTe>}ma En3)J(HOCT, cYIIIeI-be rrpecTaje na je 11 6p3I:III3 cYlllcIha jcgHaKa HymL
(TaCIKa C).
flOlUpc6J.w "HcpeH~a u i7popa
L
/.yJ/. - Ua 6n ce 0J.I,,pewma KpHB3 cymen,a, no-
Tpe6Ho je IvlepnTH Macy cymeHOT' MaTepnj3n3, y 3aBHCI-IOCTH 0;0: BpeMeI-IU, CEe nOK cc
ne AOCTHTHC Maca Mincpujan<1 (111,-) paBI-IOTe)KHC BJI3)l(J-IOCTH. Orm: rrop.:al..(I1 ce 0enc-
)KC y Ta6cJIY rile ce Yl-IOCe napoBH )\"\{:pcll)a (m - t) TIo 3aEpmeTl(Y cymcl-ba ncn<1p<1~
BaIbel\-r pamloToJ(He BJ"I8rc y cyIImH1~Jl llCl 1O::;"C, o~wc1)yje ce Maca CYRoI' lVIaTCpu-
.lana (ms) If Q10pl\lHpa c1c):l;elia T{JOe}Ia.

I BpeNH' Maca M <lea ?-1<lT. C.r!060f\Hi1 YKynH<l CnClUlftm'ma

B.1fDKHOr CYBOf B."1aT'21 l'1:1<If8 B.r13)KlIOCT

Cl~ l\taTcpuja::Jl1 B:'l,DKHoeTll

W:;:;::m-~
m In, JJl, m-m! m,_:::Oln-lJ1.,
rn. l
MepeHo pa'1ymlTo
"7Hn OCHOBV
. -- OBJ1X no;n:ar3Ka ;n:06HjCHH
. CV Hnjarp'U\"lTI 11
., " " 1
pll"Ka3aHH Ha C}TIIKaMa 16
11 1~") rAe JC naTa rrpOMcna yKynHe BJlaTe 131l<DKHor M3Tcpnja.THl H CnCl~J-l(J1T,pr;K
Jii3 Ta6cJlC cc MO)l(C 3aKJbYTHT11 ira.ic CJIooo,!wa BJIara OHa Bnara Roja ce MO)J(C
E.Jl3)lGIOCTB, Y 3<lBJ-ICHOCTH 0;0: gre}"leHa cymelhC:L
O)lBeCTII cyrneH)CM. aHa rrpeACTanJb3 pa3_'lHK)' H3t.'fet;y yKynHe Mace BJI3)KHOr MaTe-
pHja..TIa (m) 11 paBIWTC)l{I-IC t.lace Koja ce Ba3~\yxOl\f InlTUC HC MO)l(C CYUIHnI (mJ YKy-
rrna BJIara rrpC)1CTaBJhJ pa3JIHK)' H3}\-lC9Y Macc R,Ia)KHOr !vHUepnjana H CYBe M(I-
Tepuje (mJ. Crrcqm)1TFlHa RJIa)KHOCT CC ~le(tmHIn.ue Kao 0AUOC Maca nocTojchc
snarc H qrnc MJTCpnje. liJ3 ropH,e TaOeJIe cc MO)KC KOHcTpyncaTIl Jl:Hjarpal"f 3i1nHC
HOCTH W 0;0: f.

Jhpaga aagai7Jlw. TIpBO Tpc6a CKHl~HP;'\TH anapaTypy. CyrmlHI\fl ce nyulTa y

paJ{ YKJI,)"InuafhcM BeUTIL-;JaTopa H rpcja\Ia. EKcrrepHMCI-IT 3anO'IH1-bC no nocnna-
I-bY KOHCTaHTHe TeMIIepaType 13<t3,!tyxa.
PaM ca 06jCKTOM CC CTanJI-,a l-Ia Bary Koja ce ypasHOTc)KfL 3aTHM ce CKH;rJa Tel'
0).1; 3 kg, lInH Man~JL 3aBHCHO o;n BCJIWIHHC o6jcKTa 11 H,crone B:ra)lmOCfH. PcrHcTpy-
je ce BpeMe 3a Koje he Ka3aJbKl:l !P Ilpot;e Kp03 paBHoTc)J{HH rrOJTO)l{aj, Y TOM Tpe
UyTKy jc YKJIOl-beHO 3 g B~Tare. 3aTJ-:'IM ce HCKOJIHKO nyTa OJI:Y311Majy TerOEM o,u no
2 g, IV1H Miube, H perrrcTpyjy BpeMcHa npOn3)KeIha Ka3aJhKC Kp03 paBHoTc)KHH no-
nO>Kaj. Me-peI-he ce M(Ke BpUll1TH 11 TaKO lIITO ce Ha narn ot.IJ-ITanajy Mace Y HCTJ-IM
BpCMeHCKHM pa3Mall,IIM~L 50 60
"f (min)

CJI.UKtI !30a Clfww]306

 @

33A3T3K. Ogpeguiilu 3Cl6UCI-lOCfil 0p3UHe cyutefbCl '16pCiIlol MafUepujwta og

H:>e'io6c cileu,U<jJU'1He 6!WJlCHOCUlU.
w=.!!.'!L=m-
n1 s n1s
AHll.flU3a aagm71l<a. - 13p311H3 cymcfb3 je KOJIWIIUm HCnapCHC BJIare y je;ruiHH-
W1 BpCMcn3 ca jeAIfI-mI~e nOBpmUHC, OAIIOCHO npOMeHa B313)KHOCTH y jeAIIHlU.lJf Bpe~ O)J;3KJIC je:
MeH3 (CJl. 130B). Kpuaa 6p.3UHe cyweluf fpacj:nt'DW UPW'W3yje 3ClaUCI-lOciV 6p3UNe m = m.l _ (1 + VV),
cYUleIVa og 6!laJKHOCLUU .AwUiepuja~1a, a /(oI-tCL71pyuwe ce lwpuwfielVe,,u pe3)'/uuafua
UJTO 3I1a'--l11 Aa je:
U3 ilpelTtxog"102 3agatUKa.
flo(ilpe6,.w MepCf-ba U i1popa~tyl-l. - eBa nOTpe6na McpCfba 33 I13pagy OBora ml - ln2 = ftls (tV] - W 2 ).
3iJ)1.aTKa 06aBJben<:l ey y npCTXOliHOM 33J.l,aTKY, InY3cn rroBpnnme (A) ea Koje ee
AKO cc ca nI] _. In] II3 OBC jeW-IallylHe, 3aMCI-HI)-' 6p3UHy CyllJelL<l Ao6uja ce:
OgBO,(IU 1331ara, OLl,ROCHO nOnpIIU1J:-IC npeKo Koje crpyjI1 Ba3iWx. AKO ce ca (N) 03Ha'-lIl
6p3HIB cymCI-ha, OHJ(a je: N _ = ,m,l ,~L=._!Y:1_.
I 2
(nil -In2) A ""[2 --t l
A(", -1,)' J13 OBe jC;'l:Ha'IHHc ce Bl1i1;H I~a je 6p:H1U3 cymcfba OJWCi)CIW mrrCpBaJIot-I BpC-
rAe je: j\ICll!l, OJiHOCHO Aa npcl,CTaB!b3 cpCJ_U'by BpC).\HOCT H3MCi)y BJIa)KHOCTH WI 11 W? Tl.
(m] -- !TIl) - npOl\-lcrw Mace cyurcuOr,l\WTcpuja.:13 (ncrrapcua BJ1ara) Bpcr~HOCTll cy npHKt3311e m')J(HM<l lla CJHll(l~ 130B~
llpcMcHa "{ i - 1:;',. OBe CpCiJ,IbC To
(1:2 - 1) _. BPCl\leIlCKlf ncpWJ):( 'Jt\ KO.\11 Ilcnapn 11/1 ..~ In} BJJare 3IliFlH).(a Tpe6a C<FllUHlTl1 gnjarpal\[ na nClloBY CJIe,Ll,elie Ta6cJle.
A -- IloBplmw3 cYlllCI-La.
Cucqw:}JwUla BJl~l)KlIocT.ie ,o;cqnII-lltcana jc,aH<1 t n1HOlVC ----;

I
T'' ' ""'
3,0 B

I
I
I
I
A

1, w,
i
I
I
= ~l. + vVl.
2 Ii.
I

~~ .~~~. 1.1=~1~. W2; ~1._J~2_-_'_=_?_'_~_!~~~::~_'_,

I I
I
I __ _ _ 11 __

2,0 I
I
I
I
I
I Ivfaca cYBe l\taTepujc je fBMCPCUil pamrje, a IlOlJPWHHY cymclhi.l TpeGa H3l\1l>
I punI ]JaKHa~IHO.
!
I JJ,njarpmf ce MO)J(C KOHCTPYHGtTH 11 TaKO IUTO cc CpCW-h<l Gp:3Hlla 1\"1-2 YHOCH Y
I 'JaBI-lCI-lOCTH 0,0; CPCf-U-bC cneu,H(fJWIHC BJ1a)KHOCTll H/ I __ 2 ('nttIKC o:ma~feHe KPY)KH-
1.0 I
I ilHMa). CpCr~tb:l BJIa.iKHOCT je:
I
I
I
I
I
PC3),Jliilailiu. - Ha Oel-IOBY .n,aTI1X o6ja1l11bel-ba H PC3YJITaT3 113 npCTXO,D;HOr
I
c I 3a,n):lTKa,rnpcFrYHaBajy CC II01J.ar~l:1 ,u,aTH y Ta6cJlII Ha CJleAehoj Crpal-IH.
I
0 0.02 0.04 0.06 000 0.10 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18 0.20
Ha oeHOB), rrpeTXOAI-le Ta6JlI-1IJ.c KOHcTpyucaH je ,D;ujarpaM npUK33<1H Ha CJlHll,H
W IkgH,O/kg S.M) 130B.

CiWKa 1306
 (A,IIlW 730::;

,_ Q/t
,\----;;:;:
,t
3aJ\UT3K. OgpeguiTiu:
b.m / '"C 11m
a) G.aaJIOlOCL7J Cllj)()6W-lC U i1P()U;:I(~oga itpll CYWCf-bY Y pOiIl(ll~UOll()i CYUlI-IUI.(U,
rAe je:
6) ci1er~U4n(llH.Y flozTipoztUb)' ClICKlTiPI.ll{/-{C cuep?_-ujc. q npOTOI< TOITJIOTe Koja AOBOAn,qo rpejaJ-ha B(3)lyxa KOjHM ce CYUIII MUTCPU-
AH{ULU3a aagalTi'Ka. 3) DWICTHa (vV u) II KpajI-ha (VIIi) mIa)KHOCT, Tj. nna)KHOCT
Cnp0BI-iHe 11 rrpmT3BO)J,a, Mepe ce TaKO lIITO ee y3MY Y30pqH (l\fJJla KOJIH'tIHI-W) yna~ fun - Maca HcnapeHC RJIafe y cymHln:~n 3a Bpel\-fC TpajaHo.a cymclba ('r).
3Hor (m'n) IT H3Jra3I-IOI' (ocymeHor) l'"raTcpnjan3 Mace m/ H H3MepH CC. 3aTHM I-Ia
TCMncpaTypH 0)], 105"C Hcnapn CBa BJIara H3 I-bHX, H H3Mcpe ce I\mee CYBor MaTcpn-
. nOil!p:~H-a .Mep~Jba Ii iipopa'ryH. ~ AKO ceo Ba3JlYX rpcje eJICKTpH'(IHHl\f rpe-
p"IrrM.a, Ta)J,a JC pa3BHJcua CJICKTpJIl-lHa CHara rpe]a'(Ia (N c ) jCT(HaK3 npOTOKY Tonno-
jaJIa Koje nOTlPIY O,D; yna3Hor (m',\'J II H3JI331-wr (m'-\'i) Y30PK3, Rn3>KHOCTH cy caJ],a:
Te KO.1), ITpHMa B33p:yX:

q=N('=lVl,
. Ol-:TJ;arce ~lO)KC MCpHTH O'lHTa~mbeM YTpomcne eneprHje ua eneKTpU'lHOM
6pOJHJI) (Ai" t) Ji BpeMcH3 pa;ua rpeJwIa, OJ]J-IOCHO cYll1cl-ba ('"C):

-N e~--'
q- _Nc''"C
6) CI1Cl~m-pI1'nIa nOTpoIIIlh3 cneprnje rrrn eYIl1Cl-hY rrpC)1CTaBJhCl O,lJ,lIOC YTPO- T
lUCHe TOITJIOTHC eHcprHjc (Q) H KOJIH'tIHHC HcrrapcHc BJlare (L'1/11) H3 M3TcpHjaJI8 KO'
flPOTOK Hcrrapcne Bnarc cc op;peljvjc II! OCI-IOBY McpcH~a YJI33HC (WJ H
JI1 ce cyum: H3na::H-Ie (lV;) Bn3)KHOCTH: _.

s ~ -(1-,
flm
JC;UHHIu~a ORe BCJIH'IID-re je Jjkg, rra ce Crrell}Iq-H-I'-IHa 110TpOIllI-ba eneprnje MO)KC
cue je:
~ rvlaca eYRor MaJ'cpnjaJIa KOjl1 rrpobe Rp03 CVIlIHUIJ.V 3a BpeMe Tlwj3J-ba
cxnaTHTH Kao ccj:nlKaCHOCT cylllHI11~e, jcp Ha nocpcgan na'tll1H YKa3yjc Ha I~cny cyme-
m,I'
cymelba (t), - -
Iba, OHa, I-lal1Me, l1pln<a3yjc BPCp,HOCT YTpomCHe eHeprHje, rroTpe6He 33 HcnapaBa-
Wu H Wi - YJI33Ha H H3J1a3Ha crrcu;ucpWIHa BJIa)IOlOCT,
l-be jc,n;Hor KHJIOrpaM3 Bnare,
. Y CYlliHHIJ;lI Koja pa;urr KOHTl1I-JyaJIlIO, Kao, Ha rrpUMCp, pOTall,IlOna CYIIIHllll,3 OcyrneHl-I MaTepI1jaJI (rrpOH3BOA) Mace (mi) Hnje IIOTUYHO CyB TaKo,n:a ce KOJIH-
(CJI, 130r) cnell,l1qJJ-I'-IHa nOTpOIIII-ha cHeprnjc ce MO)l(C 113pa'tlynaTl1 HOMOhy CJIC)lC- 'lllIHa arrCOJJ)'THO CYBor MaTeprrjaJIa (mJ Mopa o,n:pegHTI1 Ha ocnOBY MepeTh3 VKVT1He
her o6pacI\a, Mace IIpOI13BOna (mi) II lbefORe BJIa)KHOCTll: ~ ~
 246 c:=
l~ "" n1i - n-!.. -"~- I

m.1' YrpollJel!<l I Cncl\U(tlHCIJ'la !

ellCprtlja ' n01,!)OW!-ha I
HOUITO jc BJia)KHOCT u,eJIOf npOIi3BO)J/1 Je~(HaKa BJIa)KHOCTH Y30pKa Tor IICTor CH~'p!'11je i
npOH3BO)la, Ul1'O jc paHllje JJ,CHlfHC<lHO Y GBOM 3aiJ"aTKy, OHlla je:

m,::;::~L .
.1 1 + Wi

Pe3YJITaTH ee, 3Ha"-lH, Mory )106HTH KopnlllfierbCM CJlc):(che Ta6mru;e Koja ,n;aje
MCPCHC BJ13)J(HOCTlL

113 OBc Ta6eJle ce HJP<FI)'lli:lnajy IIO,;~a1J,11 3<1 oBaj 3anaTUK, u noD, a) IT ITOp; 6).
M:~pa'-IYl-w.Tl1 nO!1.au,u cy ,QJTH
y c!le~\choj Ta6emL
i~~"I'--~~~l~---'~'----'-~'-'-~-'~-~~- --r=~-'-'~"----~~!

Blltl)KIlOCT ' 13mDKHoCT I Maca I

I
l'vlaca I YTpOUlCH:J
"
I CW':I(H(!}WtllU i

"
'I CHPUUylll:: [
npOl!:llJO;('-l!
I
cyHe _ ! HClwpeHe I ew:pnlJil i! llOTpoU1~I,a
I
I
i i i ~l(lTcpll.\e i llJ!arc i I CHC]J!'HjC i

1-------+---'--:-~ I '----I~-----I
Ill" ,-
\V"::::--,-'--l
iii,,, I
W:
- m' I
: III
Ill,
~-----~
[
I'lm=J' . (ft' ~h'- =1
i
' " 'J
l
' AI
1VI'1: s=~'-
N,-1:,
rI1\jf i : .1 1+\.1/;! '" , ll.m

L ,. ___' _~____ i !"._~__,,~ In" - m i_ _ -1 ____ ~____ I

yhpagll Jagawli:a. - CKHU,l'!paTH anapaTYpy, a 3aTl--iM je nycTHTH y norOH. Kaj,:\J

Cc PC.iKHM cYUJcu)a ycraJlII (H3JI<DUa TClvlw.:cpaTypa Ba~~J~yxa cc He J\lcH~a IIO~IeTli ca
McpClheM rope lIaBCACHHX 13e;lH L ll1lIa.
[\:JY"-1iIiaiTiu. - Y TOKY CYlllClhi1, KujC je TpajaJlO 0,5 '-laCOBa, AOOHjCf-lH cy

1-13 OBllX lTogaTaKa ce 113pal.fYHaBa:

 )l.ECTIIJIAllJUA
p

mm~O~l---
700 I
I
600 ~
I
5.1. PABHOTE)KA TPIHOCTM 11 flAPE .,o~

ABe HlTH munc TC"'-IHOCTII Kn~ylra 11 I1Cl1apaB3 y napn H3Hap; IbC HahH

::r j
AKO CMcwa ,oo
he ce orreT HeTe KOMI10HCHTC, ann he caCTan (KOHu:eI-ITpar~llja) nape 6UTU pa3JUP-[HT
0)1; cuC'raB3 TC'-II-IC CMellie. Bam Ta pa3mnGl caCTalla Tc"'-mOCTH H napa H3H3n !:-be HC-
Kopl1mhcu<1 je 1(ao H3'IHH 3a pa3JJ;Bajalbc nojc;O:lum:x KOMTIOHCH3Ta. Pa31lBajmhc MO-
x::c ~a 6y;u,c )~e.TIHMJ1'-IHO HJUI nOTnYHo, y 3aBHCHOCTH OA HCnapJhHBOCTH KOMllOHcna-
C
Ta. ;aeCTHJIaTI;nja je, 3I-Ja"lH, oncpan,nja pa3Jl:Uajalha TCqHlIX cMellIn, Na OCl-WGY pa3- J 200

JlUKe lu:ilapJ7JLWOCllhl rbUXO(]UX l{O.AitiOl-lCl1mIia. no 33npmcTKy ;xccnmaUHje 1106nja mo

--j 100
ce geciTiluunTi co l106efimwA1 lww~eHI7ipmiujo_H J1QIW1C I1ciiap.lhU(}C J((HJilOl-lClliYie u
ociUaiIia!c Y ociilaiIixy je Km-lljel-lillPaL~uja JIaKUlC Hcfiap . 11I1GC /{o.Hilmwltiik. CJHGfb('- ""<f''''I:::.I;'=-C~-"I~._L..---L..-1~. __L_~L.,.~J
'l{) 80\lO Ill) 110 110 DO l~O 150 HiO 170 1110 190 200
lW, Tj. MaH~a Hero y rrO'-JCTHoj ClvIeam:. TEMnEPATYPA c
np0113BO~~ ;rl;eCTHJTaIJ;uje, nOIlITO 3aBHCI1 OJ\ HCnapJhHBOCTH KOlvrITOI-femlTa, OA-
pebeIf je, npc CBera, nplip0Jl,m.'f KOMIIOHenaTa TcrII'Ie CMCIIIC H3 Koje .ie D<.1TpeOHO
Jl:OOHTlI )1{CJheHY "IUCTY KOMnOlJelITY.
HocMaTpajMo, na npHMCp. 6eH30JT II Bogy. ECH30JI no)]. l-lOpMa:1HHM rrprr-
TnTIOBH TC'-lHHX CMCUIa 6n CC MQI"JUJ nOp;eJlHTH ua TpH I"JlaBHC rpync:
THCKOM KJby'-JaH3 ROoe OBC nnc KOMIIOHCHTC IIm.-1CmaI-Ie oe3 o63Hpa y ROM 0):1)-10-
- CMeme Te('fHOCTl1 KOjc CC He Memajy; cy, K.lbY'Jajy lIa 69,2C. Y onOMC CJI)''-Jajy, cnaKa KOMrrOI-ICHTa nojcmn-wt.IHO lIlvH\ ua
._. CMCJIle Te'-IHOCTlT KOjc CC )1CJIHlvfH'-UIO l'.ICIIIajy; TCMuepaTypn 69,2(' cBOj rrapl~HjaJ1JIH npuTnc3K, jC,n;H3K Harrouy nape, KOjU ca~
6paHI1, nOCTH)J(Y aTMocCpCPCKJ1 TIPMTHC3K. UITO je ynpaBo ITOTpc6HO J1.a CMcma npo-
- ClvielllC TC'-II-IOCTH Koje ce MeIIl3.ly y CERM 0JIHOCHl\-Ia.
KJbyqa. Do Aa.f1TOHOBOl'vf 3aKOHY, I-JaHMC, TC'-IHOCT Kn:>Y'-Ia KR;rl;a je YKyrraH npHTHcaK
Y 3aBMCHOCTH O;rl; Tl1TIa CMeme, Ba)Ke pa3JUPIHTl1 (jm3J{tIKO-xeMujcKlI 3aKOHH 33
M3H3):, TC'-IHOCTH jC)~H3K 36MPY rrapI~MjaJIHHX rrpHTHcaKa:
paBHOTC)J(Y nape 11 TC'-THOCTH, Tj. HCnapJhHBOCTH KOl\HTonenaT3 CMellIe.

TCllllOCTH Koje CC lie Mcmajy. ~. )Jne TC'-HiOCTH Koje ce He Mcmajy )vrct;y co6m.f P::::PA+Pll.
o6p<nyjy rpaHm~y qX13a - I10npmHny ,n;c06e. T3IW, Ha npHMep, yJI~C IT nOMa ce He Me-
r,n;c je:
lllajy H o6pa3yjy ABa CJloja, rAe ce YJbC, fIOUITO lIMa Mal-hY rYCTJUIY, HaJla3H IBnaJJ,
BO;rl;e. AKO cc OBaKBa CMelUa npoMyhK3, cTHapa cc CMY]I3Hja. Koja je jOUl YBeK IWO" p ~. yKynHH TIpnTHC3K,

cpa3IHL lIaKO ce HaOKO He rrpHMchyjc.

TO fJA - l1apl~Hjamm npnTucaK KOMDoneHTe A.
Onnrra KapaKTcpnCTHKa CMemc, '-mjc ce KOMnOHCHTe He Memajy,.ie)P ce cna- FB - napu.lljamm rrpllTlfCaK KOl\-1ITOI-fCUTC B Y TIapn H3Ha)]. pacTBopa.
Ka KOMrrOHCHTa IIOHama Kao p;a je cal\.1a npHCYTHa, 6C3 o63Hpa Ha KOJHFIHHCKH OM-
HOC npeMJ D;pyroj KOMfIOHCHTH, Tj. il{/pl~ujafIHI,l Clpuiiiucf11.: je jep;naK HaTIOny nape. TelJnOCTU KOjC cc l~CJlIIMlp:mo Mcmajy. - TIpnnIf'-lHO '-TCCTO ce jaBJbajy CJIy'-Ia-
3aBHCHOCT Banana napc HCKHX Te'-lHOCTH o,n: TCMnep;nype npnxa3ana .ie na cmnlJl jeBI1 Ka,n;a ce ABC KOlv1TIOncHTe Meuwjy Y H3BeCHMl\1 rpaHHuaMa KOln~CJ-ITpal~Hje. a y
131. YKOJIHKO ce noje,n;llHa~lIm uanOllH napa KOMnonCHTII Y CMemll uonYHc,n:o npH~ HCKOM ApyroM 0AIWCY KOHl~cHTpau.njc ce ue pacTRapajy. Pa3MBajaI-bC OBaKBHx TJf-
THCKa KOjH BIlana 113ua.n, CMeme, HC}Jla3H AO KJh)"-1311,a. To 3H3'-U:f ]la he ce CnOJhHH nona CMellia 3axTeBa nojc;uIIH3'THO P33lvtaTpm-be, na ce HeKa OIlllIT3 npamma He JvlO~
npIT'TIICaK nocTIIhn 6p)l{c nero Kan je npucYTHa ca}'10 .ie)].Ha KOMIlOHenTa. nOCJIe,IVI- ry 3a CBC l-bIIX oupClJ,wrn.
l~a OBara je H/.l..JfW Wa~{Ka f(J1:.)y~taf-ha cfrtCWe og hla~(/{e IUb)H-laf6a 6ruLO Koje I1pucyiilJ-le
TC.IHOCTH KOjC ce mnUYHO Mcmajy. -- CMerne KOP; Kojnx ce ABe KOMIIOHCHTC
'lucille lW.MUOHeflwe.
MCIIIajy y CBUM O)l,HOCHMa (Ha npHMep, aJIKOXOJI-no,n;a I1JIH 6eH30JI~TonyOJI) npen;-
CTaBJbajy TaK03BaHe npaBC paC'l'BOpc. EUTRe KapaKTepnCTHKC OBHX paCTBopa
npe)J,CTaBJbajy ce a3IUIM HJIn paBHOTe)KHHM ,n:njarpaMHMa.

--~r--------~--- .. ~~-""~"~--
 d)~nIlH ,tllfjllrpllM, ~ npHKa3JH je )lIIjarpaM rJlc cy l-Ia anCI~liCJ:I
Ha CJll1IJ;H 132
)J;aTC KOH~cJ-I'rpanHjc KOMIIOHCHaTa A H B, a Ha oPllHHaTff TCMIIcpaType KJhyqaIba.
Al1jarpaM.ie npellCTallJbCH }'l;HcMa Kpl1BHM Koje cc cnajajy Y KpajI-bHM Tat.IKaMa tA Ii
IlJ' nOI-ba KprlBa l-Ja3HBa ce gpUGOM ilieLflU' cjla3e. a roprba KPU(J(f je KpUGa tiapHe
q}{lJe, )J;l1jarpaM npHKil'3yje caC'faRe 6UI-lapHC CMCllie A li By Te t IHOCTllll napl1 npn
KJLytralbY, OapHH l-111jarpaM n<DKl1 3J o!~pegeHH npHTHcaK: '111M ce npUTHcaK npo-
MeHU, npOMCHHhe ce H TeMrrepaTypa KJLytlaffi<:L I1A
xA ;:;;;-~---
<:JncTa KOMnOI-IClITa A KJhYlla Uil Tel\mepaTypn tA , a tmeTa KOMIIOHcHT3 B ml
J'l/i + 1If]
TCMnepaTYpu fLJ. T;]\IK<1 RJLyqmbJ KOMI10UCIlTe B jc OlInrncw-ro BTHUil OlJ: Til''lKC
KJbyll<lI-L<:! KOlv[JIOueHTC A, II3 '!.fera npOlI3Jla'3H )la je KOMIIOUCHT<l A JlaKIIlC Hcnap-
}bMB(l.
ARO cc TC'lllOCT Cacr<lB(J XI nOCTCllCHO 'JarpeBa, Ha TCMnep;1Typn tj ,UOhH he po
Kn)y~lalha. 000 CT;tJLe o/1J;rooapa Uil /llijarpal\1)' TalIKH 1(. napa u:mag Te'iHocTH 611he
CaC-raBJ YI Koja, aKO ce KOH,ll,CH3yjc, ,uaje Tc;cIHOCT caC'r:::lB<l -'=2;:;;; ).(. Ooaj cHenlE ce AO'
ol:lja IGl,U CC nonY'IC npaBa rrap . Ulcmra cUlcQ!1CHOj OC11 Koja npomnH KP()3 fJ If upe-
ceu,a Kplmy napllc cl),ne y T(l~lKJ1 P. Ta'lKH !~ TJ:iMC OOCJIC)K(!n<i Cf(HLt: napa, 'mjH ce
cae-fan tmTa OKOr-.Jl1TO HaHH>KC li(j (lIJCl~l!CHOI (JCJ:i.
vb OBor !lujarpaM<'L I<OjU jt: THIlll'l<.U! cl)"(l'3lIlI .D:HjarpaM:JZi CMcu.re KO.1e cc nOT-
rryllo l'Il<:r.uajy, BH!U1 ce /1:1 h,-~ {il/.W !':O;lI caC/~{{/U iTic'lflOClliu iipu KfbY'U/fuY gall{U
ilflPY <{ujll jt CaCLU(l(1 y(w/>,; 601aii"illjll ,W/;WC /{ci7.apJbU(iO.V iite<llwl.ufiy (YI > Xl)
qJ;nllHlvi ;~HjarpaMuM cy .Q'-!Te Tel\UH.:pa'rypc KJLY'J(.Ub<l paCTBopa, y 3J.BHCHOCTI1 f)J,C JC:
H ~ 61)0) MonOBa KOMnoHcIrrc A,
o,u; KOHU,CIITP;:UUI.lC. A .
JJ1 -~ Maca KOtvlIlOlICI1TC A,
PmHlOTC)fmU j~nj<lrpaM. I-ia aCl!on), ct);:UlIor M())Ke ce '1':113. paB~
IHrre;,KHll l.Hfjarpal\l. nOl.1 P<lBI!OTC)Km!l'It iwjarpaMoM
KOHcrpYllC3Tll
ce nO,lrpa:J)lMCBa KpHBa KOjOM
lvi: ~ MOJI.CKYJICKCl Maca KOMllonCIITC k . ' ".
, r ,. '1'11 0)1, I-.-1aCC paCfBopCHUX KO!l.tIlOI-IeHd1Cl.
'c,
ce npHK~nyje paBIIOTC:"KHJ KOJl!(eHTpal~J!j(l naplIc Q)1:UC (:y), y 3<:lBHCHOCTH o;~ KOH- MOJICKli y)leo CC MQ)KC ;n;OOl1 I II )' 3dBl1cHOC .
l~elrrpa.ll,Hjc y TC'lI-lOj (j)([311 (x).
11 je,IJ,IW H ).~pyTa KOllUeIJTpal~llja .Y P;:lllIIOTC)IGJOM J-IujarpaMY O)lHOCe ce Hi.!
!!!L
.TJ<JKUIC HCIlapJLHBY Ko.rvmOIlCHTY. X ,1 ::::::: ~JYf A_ _ .
l~ra cUfCI(nCHY ocy IWHOl'11 ce KO!lUtUTpal.J;Hj<l Y TC{IHOj qH1311 (x), a Ha OPHIIHaT- rnA , TntJ

By KOm~eJITpau.lfja Y Ilaplloj cpa:m (y). -M/\ 'M;

Ha CJIH1.1,H 133 npHK<l'JJIl .Ie paBHoTC>KHII JHIjarpa)o,l, Kojn je ,u:06ajcH H3 cpa3Hor 3H'l)'y M'\CCHH IlP01\CHTH KOMUOHCHaTa (/rlm!\,
Jwjarpal\ta ca C!lHKC 132. KOI!L(ClrrpaL(ltjH Xl Y TC'-!llOCTH O)lfOBapa KOHUClrrpaU;!:Ija AKO ce YJl,ICCTO nl:1 . 0W10CilO I!lf:j, (,~.,'

%111/J) oGp,13all, nwCH:

9L/l~,L
Mel
xA = ~--.;~7!o n~!L .
Mil M/I
p

K
PaYJIOB 1I XenplljeB 3aKon
i I , p" 3aKOH Kojn fJJ.aCIl'. rrapl1.uja:ul.l1 npl1'fl:1CaK
I I I 3a H]leaJlHC raC?~~a::)l}.~H}. C)1.~~~O~powmOAY HarrouU nape H MOJlCKOr YlleJla Te
~I-
A x!
0'/.
_~Lc-------'
>'t A -Xl 100'/.
KOMnoHcHTC Y rrapnoJ 'J'
KOMnOHeHTC Y TCTHoj cp<l3H.
100'/. B CACTA8 0'/. B

C1/{/({/ J32 CAW(t1 133

 CMemc, KO,Q Kojrrx 3a jC)l,aH op:pebeH npHTHcaK II TeMIIepaTYPY, KOMTIOHCHTC
r,u;e je: IfMajy IICTII caCTas y rrapn U Te"IHocTH, Ha3HBajy ce a3eoTponcKe CMellie.
PA ~ rrapD;Hja.'1Hll IIplfTHCaK KOMrrOHeHTe A y napHoj cpa3H H3Hap; TeqHe CMellIe, A3eoTponcKe CMeme. - OBaj 'fHII CMellIa 06WUiO ce Ha3HBa H CMellJaMa ca
p A ~ paBHOTe%HH HallOH nape KOMrrOHeHTe A, KOHCTaHTHOM TRLIKOM K..'by"Y:aJ-ba YCJIen Tora IlITO je KO;n, a3eowpoilc/{ux C.Mct.ua lWfl-
xA - MonCKM yneo KOMnOHeJ-ITe A y Te"t.IHoj cpa3I1. 4eHillpaL~uja LUe'-tHOCmu u fiape uciUa, lll'fO 3Ha 'IH na ce )J;eCTlVIaIJ;HjoM He Mory pa-
3H3"t.HI, PaYJIOB 3aKOH ce MO%e npHMeHItTH y cnyqajy H]J;eaJIHor Memalb3 gne 3)J;BOjl1TM KOMITOHeHTe. Ba)J(Ho je HMaTIl Y Bll)];y )J,a cy a3eoiIipoitcKe c.M-ewc Be3aHC
KOMIIOHeHTe. 3a caMo jegHy, ogpebeHY '(QHl(eHilipat~ujy KOMU(JH.eftaiIia.
PaYJIOB 3aKOH ce npHMeJ-byje Ha pacTBapa"Y.
XeHpMjeB 3aKOB ce npHMel-hyje y o6nacTH Ma}lllX KOH~eHTpaI.V1ja, JIa ce rrpCMa
TOMe oMocn Ha pacTBopeHY MaTepnjy, a Kao KOJ-lCTaHT(l rrpOnOplJ;HOHaJII-JoCTll ce 5.2 . .QECTI1JIAl.(110HI1 YPET>AJI1
jaBJba KOHCTaJ-ITa H:
UeCTHJTaunja uelmr npaBor pacTBopa H3Bo;n,n ce rro;:~. aTMoccpepcKH~1 npl1-
TUCKOM unn no)]; BaKYYi\Wlvl. BaKYYM-ypeI)ajrr rrprr )J;CCTJ1J1.aU;Il.1H ce npHMcH~y.JY Ka;.\<Cl
rAe je: IIOCTOjH orJaCHOCT .ITa ce HeKa KO~HIOHeHTa na BUlliOj Te!vmepaTypH pa3rpagrr. CNU-.
H- KOHCT3UTa Xenpnjenor 33KOlla. Jf(efbeM f1pw7hlOW y aiIi.Mocrpepu UJl-wg paciiifwpa nochlwKc. ce J(./bY'{(ll'/>(' Nil HU.1{(0j
BCJIIFIHHa II je KOHCTar-fTa C<lMO nOll onpeJYHHM ycnoBlI}'W. il1cMi"iepaiiiypu, tJI1Me ce cnpe'lana MoryhHocT pa3apan.,a nO.1ei':UlI~nX KOMnOHeHaTa.
I1prr6.11IDKHO MepU.1IO HCIlapJbfIRotTH noje,o;mmx KOIl-"mOHeHaTa je TWIKa KJ1,Y- 06WIHO oprancKor ITOPCKJJa. CHlDI(eH~e Tc}.mepaType ll.CCTHlIal~HJc MO)J(C CC IlOCTB-
l:.I,lIha. Y ).1eCTHJTa~njn ce '(TeC""TO ynoTpefiJ1~aBa nojaM peJlaTHBHc HCrrapJbHBOCTH jep:- TIn H ,n:eCTHJTau.IIjoM ca BOIl,enOM napoM.
He KOMITOHelITe npeMa p;pyroj. )1;ecTHJiUUIfOlUf ypc~aj 3a pa)lIlO)l. aTMoc4)CpCKIf~ npu:rHCKOM. ~ Hu C.'IHIJ,n 134
TIo):, paBHOTC)J(HHl\r YUfOBHlvta nape II TC"urOCTl:L 3(1 6UHapH)' cMewy, OHa rJIa~ npHKa3an je CT<lH,Qap;n,uH THrr JleCTlfJWWlOHOr ypcl)a]a KOJH paD,n ITOn a;~'MOC(Vep
elI: CKliM rrpHTHcKOM. Ono je naj'Icmhc yrroTpe6.1hClHaJIH Tun Kal~a Rao rOpl1l30 CJIY)J(e
ImaMemi raCOBli. Ka3aH (1) .Ie yrpabeJ-I y JTC)KHurrC (2), TaKO lW n.tnlMCHH raco~H
rrpe,n;ajy TOITJIOTY npoJIa3ehu Kp03 KaHiLle OKO Ka33Ha (3). npOJU:KT ;lecTmJaI~HJe
ce, Kp03 o,n;Bogny u,eB (4). rrpOBogn Y XJTaJUhaK (5) r;K ce KOH,l]eH3Y.lc. Kp03 .oTBope
(6 Ii 7) YBO.rUI ce II I13BOJJ;H Boga 3a XJIabeH,e. Y osaKBHM II C}UPIHI1M IToCrpo.lelMfMa
. r,Qe je: ,n:06nja ce 06U\IHO IlI~eCTIIJInCaHa BOfl a . .
CiAB -, pemrnnm:a IICrrapJhIlHOCT KOMJIOHeHTC A y O)l;Hocy H(l lWMITOHCHTY B, j];ecTII.1lal~HOHJI ypei)aj 'J3 pa,r~ IIOA C)JI:DKCIJJlM npuTucKOM. -- Kao lllTO .Ie Be~
x, y ~ MO)JCKH y.n,eJIH. paHlfje pCl:.leHo, OBaKBH ype,ryajH cc rrpI1MClh yjy Kana CC )J(.CJIH .n:eCTH~HcaTIf Ha HIDKO]
DOrIno je 33 6I1H3pan CHCTC}'C TeMnepaTypH. Om1 ce \{CCTO KOPHCTC Y cpapMau,~YTcKOJ HUllYCTpll.JH II npH npOH3-
BOgI-blf 6nononIIOIX MaTcpnja.'l3 Rojn cy nenOCTOjaHI1 Ha BHUJliM TCMneptrrypalvW.
1 ... xli:::: 1 xA , 33MenOM II II30CTaBJbaJbeM HH}l;CKCa, Ao6Hja~1O:
YB:::: YA' a
~,3.

a/I.Ei::::
y-
( --
\l-y
)(l-XI
---I
x,
7
Y c.l1)'"Y:ajy JJI,Qea.:rrHHX pacTBopa. KaJ\a cc TC'lIf(1 g)a3a nOKopaHa PaY}TOBOM
3aKony, a rrapH3 (ra3a JJ:aJITOHOBOM, OIfAa jc:
5
a
6

YKOJIIIRO je Beha BpemWCT OBor KOmJlUmKa, )'TonUKO ce paBHOTe)}{Ha KpHBa

yp:aJbyje o,u: )J,njaroHane, caCTaBH nape H Te'9]-JOCTH ce BIllilc pa3JIHKyjy MC9Y C060M,
na jc It o)J;sajalhe CMCllie Ha noje.n;HHc KOMIlOHCHTe 6oJbe.
 255

}1;cCTlf.113uuja BOAClfOM napOM. - OBaj nocTynaK ce npHMel-byje Ka,lJ,a ce )KeJW

4 Is
flpegccfuUf{ucafUu HCK({ fUettH({ cyL7.cfUmll{a fla ificMtiepafUypu HWICOj og fUeAtCicpa-
,I C({ype !UbyLUUhC/ ilog a{U,MOupepCKu.kt ilpufi1uCKO,M, [JpegYCJWB aa oeaKUY gec[uu,.iW-
L~lt}~V.le ga CC i10cMatTipaHa i71E'1H({ f(()A-itloHcHiTta HC Meuw ea (30g0A-f.

2
Ha OCHOBY O1-lOra WTO je PC'tICHO 0 TC'tlHOCTI1Ma KOjc CC He Melllajy, n03ItaTO je
,Ua ce KJbYLIalhC TaKBl1X CMellla rrOCTlDKe H3 TeMnep<lTypn HIDKOj Hero illTO cy T<'PIKe
KJhY'lcUha rrojeHHHI-rx IUIXOlH1X KOMIIOHcHaTa, OHO CC o6jamfbaBa Ha oeHOEY gaJr-
TOHOBor 3i1KOHa. TIaplJ.ujaJlHH npHTHCll,H KOMllOHefIaTa ce ca611pajy, AajyilI1 TOTaJl-
HH npWrnC<lK KO.1H je npo KJhY'-laH:.Y paB<l1l IlpHTHCKY KOjH H.lUl~a y UPOCTOPY H3Hag
...7 paC-fEopa.
BeIi .ic PCLICHO Aa CMCllI3 6ClrJOJI-Bo):.\a ICbY1la Hil 69,2"C. Ha ,urrjarpaMY na
CJIHll,H131 BIIp-It cc J\a H<:1 TOj TCMnepaTYpu HanOll napc 6cH30na 113I10CH 705 miliha-
ra. BanoH nape BOne Ha HC'roj TC1\HlepaTypH H3110cu172 milibanL
Kopncrci'iu npaK't'lttIHO [lO!vtcHynl AHjaqJ<lM, MQ)KC ce JI<1KO o,u;pCr~H'rH T(j''lKa
KJLy"laJba CMCWC BOlJ,t; Ii llpI-lCYTl-Ie KOlvmor-{(~HTC, Kao 11 lbHXOBH nap!J,ujaJ!HH npn
I THCUH .
...bl,c:~_ _ _ .+.",.b_.cS+---...',~
, [1o:maUatLe nap1wjamurx rrpUTllC<lK3 BO,IJ,C 11 KOMI10HCI-lTC KOjy Tpe6a npe;,\cc-
111 110 19 THJlHeaTH m,mryhyjc H3paTYHuuaU--,e lLHXOBor Oi-l!lOCa y ~eCTl-fJlaTy, IT TO Ha CJleJ~ehH
~CWI~iI J35 ga'--l11H:
IT03HaTo je n<l je:
Ha CJIHIJ,H 135 upllKa3aH jc ypc~aj 3a BaKYY~l-l::(eCTliJIar~Hjy. Kci3aH y Kojrr ce
CTaBn,a CMerna 33 AeCT1UIaI~Hjy (1) rpejc cc llapO!V( J,.;oja CG YBOAH Y rpejr-lll OMOTa(1 PA ;=
OKO K<l3<lHJ Hd oJJ..pcl)cnQt.,{ !>rIceT), (2). KOllJ~eI-I30BaHa Bo,o;a OBe napc H3BO,lHl ce Ha Pil 118

H3JIa3Y KOnAeU3<lTa (12). Tc},mep:nypa nape Koja gCCTHJH1ll1C Mepu cc TepMo-

UITO :matlH na .Ie OAHoe llapqnjaJIIIHX npHTI1C<:lKa KOlvU10Hell<lT(l A II H (y OBOM CJ1y~
/l.tcTPOM (4), a rrpI1Tl1CaK ManoMcTpoM (3). IIPC,IJ..cCTlIJHlCaHCl napa ce KOIIl-'ClI3yjc y
Konl~cH3aTopy (5). OH Cl" XJlJJHl BOi~OM Koja cc ynolJ;l1lIa lta3Ha"ICHOM MCC1'Y (14), a
'-rajy BOAC U KO!\1Il0HCHTC Koja ce lWCTI-I.aHillC) jCAHaK O.u;HOCy J-bIlXOBHX MO.10Ba y
HCT.WIC H<1 roplhclvf i_'C.;1)' KOH,!l.CH:.ElTOpa n3 ApyroM MeeTY(6), KOHp;Cl-l30naUl1 gCC- napH paCTBopa.
3atvlclbyjYflH AcclmHHl~l1jy '.m itA It llil iw6l1Ja ce:
TlIJHtT e.e caKyn~La
y caonpHHKY KOH!l:CIC:laTa (10). B;:\)KHHjII J-iCllOBH caoHpmu;:a cy:
BCHTItJI 3a H3pambClBaILc rrpHTHCK3 ca aTMoccj)(:POM (7), Kojn je BaiKaH lID 3aBp-
nreTKY ;~CCTHJlaHltjc. 3aTHM CTaKJlO 3a OCM<-lTIJ<tlha (B) f1 BCHTlL'l 3a HCUYIllTalbC rrpo- ~
~yKTa fJ.CCrJl:WIJ;UjC (9). Ca611pHlIK J-~cCTUJIaTa je nOBC3aH ca n<lKyyM-nyMIloM (11), f i = .'23_ M:1
Koja cmapa CHlDhCHH llpHTHGlK Y '-lHTaBOlvl ypei)ajy 3a naKYYM-.L\CCTHJIalI,lljy. He- Pn
npclJ.ecTIL'I11CiUlll OCTdTaK If] fG13<lflU llcllyurra cc HiI BCHTHJl (13),
OnC1Klw nocrpojclh<1 ce 113pai):yjy OJ[lvJaTcpnja.rra KOjll He KOpOiJ,l1pa, a xeMl~ic
KH jc IICaKTIIBaH npet-.Ia npOl\ccy KOjH CC oCi<ln"1>a. XCMl1jcIGll-leaKTliHHOCT Ma'I'Cpl1- TIo3J1aBajyhu napO;l1jaJItIC npUTIICKe 11 MOJlCKYJJCKC l\taCC BO;L\C 11 KOMl10HCHTY
jaJla, Oil jt llocrpojethC JL:lpat)cHo, Oil noccollor je 31-l(lLta,ja y cl)apl'Itau,cYTCKoj Ii
K01'a Koja cc r~CCTlvnlulc, f13paQYllaBa cc KO!lIIKO hc ec Kl-UlOrpaMa BOAe (mA) l1pe.u;ecTI-l-
npexpaMoelloj H!l~ycrplljH. HeKa:J. ce 0BH ypci)aju H3pai)yrjy H ou fBQ)Ki)a KOjC cc JUIGlTH no jCJ~HHHlI,11 Mace (mB) Y3CTC KOMf10He1:-ITe:
OOJl<l;'Ke fJlei)), 11 110pi~y"'lal-IOM, a y cny'Iajy IHDKHX TeMnep,nypa, 11 TBP!~Ot-,l rYMoM
11m] lUIaCTll'-IHI1M M<1Carv1a. mil PkM A
BaKYYM CC Y 3<lB11CIlOCTH OH )Ke.iLel-le TeMIlepaType K.ihY'-IaI-ba. Do-
YCIlOCT<:lBJha ;)~~; 0::: Pn' M;'
3HaBajyhl1 KpHBC HClIIOH<l napa KOMnOHCl-IaT,-l Y CMClllll, Koje ce geCTI1Jlall,HjoM pa:1)],-
najajy, a na OCHOBY AaJITOHOBor 3aKOJ-Ja, MO>KC ce muco ).\oflH gO Ta1..JKC l(jby~raI-ha AeCTI1JJaI~Hja BOAeHOM napm.,,1 ce SCOMa tlCCTO l1PHMClb)-,'je Y JIa60paTopnjaMa
cMeme, rro,IJ. IICKliM oApebeHl1M rrpIITI1CKOI>L Katw CC HeKa CMema 3arpeje TO.fIHKO n8 II ml,u;YCTpnjI1. 110CTI13aJ-he HIDKe TeMnepaType KJby'-laJ'ba oCTBapyje ce, IG10 !lITO je
cYMa napu,l-ljaJIHI1X rrpI1THCaKa IToC'r(lnc paBHa npHTHcKY KOjH BJlaJl,a ~i aTMoccpepH n03H<lTO, l:1 1I0MOhy naKyyM<l. Kal~a he ce rrpHMeHl1Tu je,n,aH, a KaAa APyrH Ha<-IllH
H3Hag pacTBopa, H<lCTajc KJbY'-IaI-hC. Ka~a KOMIlOHCHTe Y CMeUtH IlUCY !WBOJbHO ):(e- 3aBHCll o,u; nojer~HHa-'u!Or cJIy'-laja. fIoHeKan; ce ynoTpe6.rbaBa H KOM6IfHaU;lija: ,[\ec-
q)llHRCaHe, O)J,HOCHO Rag liM KpUBe lIaITOHa nape HUCY n03uaTC, nvrpc6aH BaKYYl\-l ce TIiJIau;nja BOACHOM rrapoM Y BaKyyr-.ry, '-IHMC ce HOCTI1)1{Y 3H<lTHO HI1)Ke Ta'tIKe KJhy-
Mopa npeTX01J,HO eKCrrepl1MeI-lTamW o):(pe~n1'rH. IlaIba. ,UeCTI1JIaIJ;Hja 6eH30na BO;L\enOM rrapoM npl:1 npHTHcKy Oil 400 milibara BpllIH
 11 oj e)J;HHaQ1-IO. AKO ce Te'-IHOCTH He.OrpaHWleHO MellIajy, TeMnepaType KJl,YLaI-ba
3aBl'ICuhc 0,1l. KOHl\CJrrpaI.J.l1je KOMnonCHaTa.
(Pa3HH paBHOTe)KHR )l:ujarpaM Ba)KH caMO 3a o)J;pebeHH npHTucaK. Cmf)l(3BaIbe
S" npI1THcKa CHH)1(aB3 TeMrrcpaTYPY KJbYl;Ialba.
,il,cCTHnaI.J.Hja Y naKyYMY ce npHMelbyje Kan.a Tpe6a p:eCnInHCaTH Te"t-IHOCnr KO-
.ie cY HCCTa6IfJIHe Ha BHcOKOj TeMrrepaTypl:l.

1IlfI'A1bA
1. KaKo ce JJ;ene Te~IHC cMcmc?
2. I11Ta ie gecTIlJIall)lja?
I 3. KaRlia je Be3a "I13M"Cryy MaceHHX H MOJ1CRHX npon:cnaTa?
4. illT3 cy a3coTponcKc cMcmc?
"I 5. KaAil ce npnMclI,yje AecTH.!Ial~H.ia RO;J;cnOl\I napm.l?
6, 06jacHJ-lTc paHHOTC>KHH If (1)311lH J\Hj<lrpal\L
60
<f (min I

C1-U!W 136

ce na TWIKI1 KJ'nV\faJba Oil: OKO 46C Hanml nape 6CH30JIa, nOll: OBI-1M YCJIORHMa, Kao TlECnmAUIUA
uno ce BHAH H3 AHjarpal\Ja, J13HOCH 306 milibara a. Ha.nOH BOJ.'~eHe n~pe 93 milibara.
BE 3a,'l,~lTal{ J. HailUca(iill U o:cilepu. . . tCHiJia.llf-w llP06CPU[.{.W. JW-
Ype~aj 33 AeCTlfJIaI~lfjy BO;l.CnOM napOM. - Y Hl-Ig)'crpnjn ce TleCTO yncnpe-
iIiepujaJIHU fiu,'u7J[c aa iJo"lCiilor: U Kpaj gco7huJ{fl(UiC gtlOl{()'/yf~
6Jbanajv anapanr 33 ;O;CCTn.::raqnjy Bo;:rcnOM rrapOM. HajlIC-lilhe ce KOPHCTC rrpn r7.0l-I.cHi7il-Inl pacu((wpa.
npOn3~OllJbH pa3H11X YJha, Kana CC BpmH I-bHXOBa P;CCTl1JIaJ~J1ja 113 6UJbHl1X cnpOBYm(l
AHa_'11-13a paciTiwpa. TTocMinpajMo qJa3Hl1 11l1jarpaM paCTBopa ABC KOMITO-
(eil. 136).
HCRTe (cn. 136a) If nOKymajMo na npLlTHMO KaKBC cc npOMeHe ilemanajy npn 3m'pe-
Y JJ,OlbeM iWJIY arrap,lTa, npuKa3aHor Ha cmmu, uana3ll ce lI30ymcHa clm:paJT- BaH,y II KJby~Ialhy Tora paCTBopa. flPCTHOCTaBHMO .n:a .ie IT(FICTHa KOln~eHTpaU:H.i3
na I\CB Kp03 KOjy ce napa YAYBana y cMcmy. ,Ua ce, ITpn TOMe, BeJIMKa KOJIWIHn3 KOlvlT10neHTC ca HJDKOM Ta~IKOJ\'l KJhY,\Ialha, Tj. JIClKlUC l1Cn3pn~HBe KOMITOHeHTC A. xi
nape He 611 KOH,1l.CH30Bana Y CMCIllH, Te THMe CTaJIHO l1oBehana..rra 3arrpCl\.lHuy. CMC-
I:I il3 e.c HCl.JJa3H Ha TCMrrepaTypn OKOJIHHC (to} Crm'bc TC CMcmc .ic OJlPCl)CHO
ma cc HonYHCKH 3arpena crrOJba. 3arpeBLl ce napOM Koja cc YHO;UI1 y 1'3B. AymUlK3-
T(tl;IKOM P. 3arpCBaJht'J\-1 pacTBopa CTalf,e ClI.'feme ce MClh3 na npanoj P-K, .n:OK He
TOp, npoc~op KOjI1 ce HaJIa311 OKO )J,Olber AeJ13 Ka3aHa. ,UeCTI1JIaU,Hja BOACHOM na- CTBTHe JlO TJl;IlCC K Kaf~J rrO"tIHlbC Kn~)nlaI-hC Ha TeJ\mepuTypn 'I' Taga ce I:I3Ua).l; TC~
POM ce BpJIO '-TeCTO BpUUI AOBol)C1heM napc Y HenocpelWH Jl:On:HP ca 6HJMIHM CHpO-
l;IHOCTlI Ham1311 napHJ (1)a3a Koja.ie y panHOTe)KI-I ca Te"tIHomhy 11 ~mja.ie KOHI~eHTpa
B11Halvta. Y OBOM UIYCIajy CnpOEHlIa ce, Kp03 OTBOP (1), Ha6iH~yjc I-1Cl H36ymcr'1 no)), (3).
ll,Hja YI (Clf. 1366). nOHrro hc cc napHa
a 3aTHM cc rryuJTa napa ii, rrcToEpcMCIIO, 3arpena cnOJLa. npel~CCTIVTHcaHa napa,
(1)('13(1 KonACH30BLlTH y JWHJleH3inop~'. lJ
Koja CaIl,p)J(H nape pha B Boncny nap)" O;r:J;BO)IH cc C;:l fa pI her l\CJHl ypd)aja H ynoAH ,L~eCTHJnT hc, IG1JW HCTWIC In Thcra, Hl\.-Ja-
y KOIlACH3a.TOP rp;c ce o6pa3yje HBoq1a3ua T('"tIHOCT. vb OBaKRC TC'-JHOCTH 11<1 npuH- TH HCTY KOHU;CI-lTpJll,Hjy ('Y(jJ Kao H rralXl
u,nny nCBI(a 33 p(3)),Bajalhe. 113)J,Baja ce nop;a on )Ke.TbCHC KOlvUJOHCHTC. ITPCKO OTBO-
In Koje je HaCTao (X(/I "" ."1)" .
pa P npeJIa3H "tmpcTH OCTaTaK, a npcKo cnanHHC, HLl f~()}beM .n:eJI)'. HCTa~Ie ce 3aOCT<l- Y ,n:an~eJ\-I TOKY JlCCnr;lal~H.lC lWJI<l.3H
na Tc':uroc1'.
)),0 3HJ T rajHHx npoMcua KmmCT-lTpannja.
il3 1'C"'-IHOCTH Koja ,ce .u:cCTlWHme 6p)J(C
o)),JJa:m KOMflOHCHTa ca mDKOM TCMncpa-
113BO/.\ TypOM KJI~y"'-raH~a(A), na CG nO"tICTH<l KOH-
u:eJrrpaIJ,uja pacTBopa nocrerreno ~MaIhy ,
AeCTIIJ1al~I1joM ce MOry pa3ll,nojHTl1 TC"tIHC CMCIIIC Kaga IlOcTOjH 3HaTlIa pa3JIH- je Oil nOl..JeTHe Xl ;no HCKe Kpa.1lbe X2' --~-- p
Ka Y HCnapJhllBOCTll lbHXOBl1X KOMllOHCHaTa. HcronpCMCHO, OA tl n:o fl' nOBenaBa ce ,
TeMlwpaTypa KJhYLalba CMeIIIe 3aBHCH OA fbCHHX CPH3WIKO-XCMHjCKHX KapaK- TeMrrcpaTypa KJhy'{afba paCTBopa, jep y
IbeMY paCTe KOHll,eHTp3~Hja KOMTIOHeHTe
B Y, A
TepHcTHKa. AKO cc Te~IHOCTH HC Memajy, KOMnOHeHTe ce nOHamajy Kao ;ua cy caMe,
a TeMrrepaTypa KJby'-Ialba lblIXOBe CMeme je HII)J(a 0]], TeMIIepaType KJhY1.Jalha CBaKe B. KOH:n;eHTpaI.J;uja nape H3Ha,n Te\fHOCTH Cit/Hal 13na
 Pa3JIHKa IIpntlX ,lJ;Bejy Maca npe,n:CTanJba Macy KOMIIOHeltTe A Y Jl.CCTHnaTY mAi

liJUi
mrl . Xd :;;: fl1p . xp ~ fl1k . Xk'

3a,n:Ina je,n:Ha'llHHa npCp;CTaBJha, 3ap;aTKOM Tpa)KeHH, MaceHM 6HJIaHc.

3aMeHoM je,n:Ha'llHHc!I1d:;;: nip ~!I1k Y 3a.UTboj jCI~HaqHHH II pemaRaI-heM no Xd ,u,o-
6Hja ce Tpa)l(eHa cpc,lJ;lba KOHIWHTpmUlja ,n:eCTllJIaTa:

Onaj MaCCHI1 611Jlanc CC l...fO.lKe cKcneplIMCllTaJlHO npOBepl1TH MepeI-M~M Maca 11

KOHlJ;Cl-:I'rpaqaja paCTBopa KOjC y H~CMy qJHrypHlIIY H lIopel)ClbCM JJ,ooHjeHor PC3YJj-
TaTa ca AupeKTHO H3MepcnOM KOHIJ.eHTpal~HjoM AeCTl1JlaT;1.
CUI/at J366
D(}Tpe6l-I<t l\tepCtbi1 H llpOp~Plyli. - HpCM<1 3aAI-hoj jCHUaYJ1HH, llOTIX:UHO je H3-
!\tepaI'll IIO~ICTlr:y Mac).' paCrBopa (III,J Ii l\lacy HeCTll.rlaTa Ha Kpajy (rnd)' KOULI,Cll-
cr.::. TaKot)e. nOCTCIICHO Melba 01'\)'1 nO)"2> UlTO :Hl<ttlH ,ua ce Ii KOlll\CHTpaqHja ,ueCTlI-
TPat~Ilje Koje ce lli1JIa3C y jejJ.Ha~H1fllll\iaTCpHjaJiHOr OIlJWllca, onpe:byjy ce HJUi l\lCTO-
flaTU Kojn HCTWIC H3 XJlagrbaKa nOCTeneno Melha 011, )'1 .uo )'2' BeoMa je B;JJKHO
,ll,aMa ilHaJIHTWIKC xeMHjc, Hmi !>.IepeI-beM rYCTlllle paCTBopa (apCOMC'rpOM, UHK-
yOlIllTH Aa ce KOHL~CI-ITpaU;lija )l,CCTlEraTa Koja llCTWIC Tn XJIaJ.(l-halGl11CFba OJ~ ''(Jl:;;: Yl HOMCTPO!\l), <1 JaTHM I(QpHilIheH~Cl\I TaOC.'1U lwjc nplIKu3yjy BC3Y ryC'nmc paCl'BOpa
;r.(o Xd2 :;;: Y2 1I na KOl-lUClrrpalJ,Hja ,QeCTHJIaTa KOjIl ce caKYIUl Y TOKY JlCCTlular~Hjc (Xr/) H I-he-rOBe KOIllJ,CIITPaI~l-lje. AKO ce KOlllJ,Cl-lTpalJ,Hja Oi-wcbyjc MCPCl-hCM rYCI'lIHC,
npCr1.CntBJb'-l HCKY cpep)-hy npqll-lOCT H3MCi)y IlOLIe-THe 11 Kpajlhc KOHl\CHTpau,Hje nCC-
Tl1JtaTa KOjl1 HCTWIC 113 XJlar~I-haKa.
Maca ce MO)KC jCJ-\HOCTaBHO O~WCW-1TH MepeI-heM 3<lllPClvLHllC (MCH3YPOl\I) jcp .ic
m:;;:p \--.
Cpc.u:H>a BpeAHOCT ce MO)Ke 0ApCHI1TU JB MaTcpnjammr 6HJIaHCa, TIOCTaBJhC- To 3Hi:llIll iJa TpcGa Me-PUTH, OHHOC1l0 pallylIaTII, BC]lH'lIl1J-W AaTt; CJICl-\enOM '1'0."
HOr::la nOl.leTaK II Kpaj p:cCTHJlau,I1jc, a Ita OCHOBY CJrcncner pa3/1.-iaTp,H-ha: HeKa je n?- 6cJlo!>.l:
lJeTlIa Maca paCTBopa KOMIIOHCI-lTC A 11 B m!]1 a OCTaTKa DO 33Bpmen::y ACCTl-UIaIJ;HJC
mil' OUiW jc yK)'IlHa Maca fJ;CCTI1Jl,-lTa lTli
I OWICTIUl 1-.3anpeMIlHa
r ._. .
I I

Ha CJlWli;lJ-l Ha ~lHii ce Mo)Ke narmCaTll ,n:a jc

jeW-iaKCl p'-U.:lUU,ll Mace KOMIlOHCHTC (A.)
Maca KOMIlOHcHTe 11 y .ueCTHJlaTY
Il<.! lIO~ICTKy H I-Ia Kpajy f-(CCTHJtaLl,I1jC. OBO
~~Z~:'~~~ 1- iV, ~ J;-~V~) . ~~-- ::
~".,,-,,~- ....... ---""--,--j.~-- -----"~--.--. "-"T-"-"-~'---
cc n:mOnH nil CJICAefil1 ml1Hm: jc MaccnIl Y1J;eo
L.~~~~~_J~aT "I"
aKO JIaKlllC l1CnapJbHBe KOMIlonCHTC
Vd "__ J_"",, Pd
A Y pacTBopy je x:
l~~~~. -".~.L_"" ._~.~~~~_:_I~~
Maca A 111,1
x=
Maca /1. + Maca B mB +m;l m /1apaga 3agaiIilW. TpcGa CKHIJ,HpaTl-1 anapaTypy. ')l3CTM OAPCi)CllY KOJlwnu-ry
pacT[mpa ,L1KOXOJla H B()I~(' H 0lWelWTI-l flWreTl-lY 3anpeMilHy H KOHu,cI:lTpaIJ,ujy. 110
3aBpmcTKY !J;CCTl-LTHlIWjc, 113MCPHTH Janpcl\-1Iwy II rycnmy rJ;CCTlL'H1To. Ii OCTa'fIG1.
BO,ll,I1TH pa\!yH<1 0 TCMncpaTypH ao. KOjOj cc on,pettyje rycrmia (06WIHO 20"C).
To 3na'llH JJ.<1 je l\laCa KOMIIOHCHTe A: PC3y.;uuaiuu. - PC3YJ1TaTI1 cc O)J;HOCC na npe)J;HocTl1 )J,06J.1jCHC n,eCTtWau,lljoM
Bon,ellor pacnmpa CTIUI-('!J1KOXOJla.
3
3a ,n:CCTI1J1<1lJ,Ujy je Y3CTO 20.S dm 3 CMelllC BOAC H aJlKOXOJIa, Tj. VI' =: 20,) dm :;;:
-- )' pac-fnopy nll ITO'lICTKY :;;: 3
0,0205 rn . I-13Mcpel-Ia .ie rycTlw<1 OBC CMcmc Ha 200C H nai)eHo je p,a je P,) ::::
~ 836,0 kg/m'.
- y pacTBopy na Kpajy (oc'f(tTaK) ITo 3anpmcTKy )leCTI1JraI.~lije, H3McpcHa je 3anpCMI-fH<l (Vd :;;: 14,35 dmJ) 11 rycTI1-
Ha (pp :;;: 828,4 kg/m~ .u:ecntmrra). fycTl1Ha OCTaTKa 1-Ia Kpajy ,u,ecn,utall,uje je
-- Y ,u:eCTl'IJIaTY Ha Kpajy Pk -;;;: gS4,l kg/m1. rIa Kpajy ce MO>KC OpMI1paTH Tpa)KCHa Ta6ena.
 1 261

.
D
i
3<:~~~'- I rYCTHlla3
(dm 3) I (kg/dm )
Maca
(kg)
J(Ofllwmpal\Hja
(kg/kg)
---'

I nO'lCTIHi I
i paCTBOp Vp '" 20,5 dm.1 PI' ;;:;: 0.836 kgfdm 3 In" '" II,, PI' '" 17,14 kg za PI' "" 836 kg/m'
,,
I xp'" 0,83
'", 78.3
I

OCnmtK Pk;:;: O,RR41 kgJdm 3 Ill.::: m" m,l;;:;: 3,04 kg II za p,;;;; 884,1 kg/dm'
xk '" 0,69

60

40
KOPHWhCi-bCM OBe Ta6cJ1C Mory ce OnpCJIHTH CBe BPCJIHOCTIl 33 cpenH,y
KOI-TU;CJrrpall,Hjy nCCTH.fI<lT3. )lnpcKTHHl\1 MCPClbCM rycnme H3 Ta6crrc CC 33 p" =
20
.:;: 827 A kg/Jw) Ql.UlTana:

Pa'-JYHCKHM nyTCl\l, Hl-U1JlpCKTHO H3 j\..IaTCpnjaJIHOr 6n.'1anca: o L.--c:':c:----c~--c;';:;:---;;_';;;;_- .~

0.20 040 060 0,80 10 x
17, 14kg 0,83 -:3, 04i<LY,.i59 C2Hs-OH
14,lkg
em 1m J36n

Xd ~ 0,860. Oua jegHCPIHI-Ia nOKa3yje Wl CC McpClbeM nO"(IeTHe Mace (mp) 11 KmU~eH'rpall,nje

Rao 11 npOMCHJMIBC Mace neCJ'I1JraT3 (md) n I:berOBe KOIU~elITpanHj~. MO>KC
(X p ) ,
3a)l3TaK 2. 113pa {}'lwiIiu U cKcllCjJU..kfCllfiia./I}-(O ogpegllil1u aaaucl-wciZi iilc.Ali1('-
L

O,n:PCHHTJ.j KOHT.~eHTr)(lIwja OCT3TKa. 3 Tl1J1,fe, KOP:HIUhCJhCM q)a3HOr )J,lljarpa)l.m IT

jJaiTiypc KJhY'IW1JG (lOgCl-L02 pacr71aopa eiIiIUI-QJlfWXOfW og .Mar:c gCClTirlJlaiiia.
TeMncpaTypa KJl~yJalba (CJJ. B6n).
Af-W.;7U3(1 3agazTifw. Qnaj 33.n.3T3K cc MO)J{e ypaJJ,HTl1 aKO ce je,I1;lW"(UlHa MaTern lloiTipe61l11 A-fCpOW 11 ilpOpll'lyH. -, MepClbC II rrpopa"llyn ce BpUIe y CK.;J<-1;O:Y ca
janHor 6UJlaHCa HCTonpeMCHO KopncTH C3 cj)33HIIM JJ:ujarpaMOJl,-{ If np3Tc rmCTcneHe rrpeTXO)J,HOM Q)OPlvfyJIOl\I H npeTXO)UmM 3aLiClTKOM, aMory ce CHCTelVtaTH30B31'H
npOMeTIC Mace ,n:eCTllJIaTa H TelVmepaTYpc KJbY"(Iafb3. . cJIenehOM 1'36e..10)l.1.
AKO ce je)J,HatIUH<t Maccnor 6nJraHCa O,IlHOCH 11<-1 nO"(IC1'aK P;CCTH.JTflIl,H.lC H neKH,
6H.no KOj11. MOMeHT KOjII OiJ.rOBapa HeKoj np0Jl,1eHll:.UBoj. no Tor MOMCHT3
caKYTIJheHoj MaCH (mil) "eCTl-maT3, 1'a,1\3 .ie:
md:::: In p '- In,

riJ.e je T3Ko'tJe, npOMcmhHB3 KOJIIF1HH3 OC1'31'K3 Kojn ce cMaH~y.ie.

In,
TpeHy"rHa~ npOl\'1elm~Hn3
KOJIWIIIHa JIilKlIIe HCnapJbHBe KOMITOnCHTC Y lWCTH-
miTy (EllAn npeTxo~~Hn 3aJ\3TaK) je:
Inri . xd := mil' xp _. m . x.

Tpe6a 3ana3H1'H n:a OEJ~C x npeJ~cTaB]ha npOMenJblmy KOI-lll;eWrpaIJ,ll.1Y OCT<-lTKa. Peay.uumuu. 33 neCTHJ1<lll,Hjy .ie Y3eTa CMcrna l.Jl1ja .ie IIOl.ICTHa Maca 6Hml
AKO ce o6paTH na)Kl-ha Ha qJa3HH iJ.njarpaM, MO)KC ce yO"-UlTH ,Ila cEaKoj npe)lJ!OCTH !1p:= 17,0 kg, a KOJIll,CJITpall,uja x,,:;;; 0.83. OHa Kn'y"t13 Ha 79,1C. flo 3anpUJomj l\ec-
(x) 0iJ.fOBapa OApet>ena Ta~JKa KJl,Y"lIafba. To 3Hal.IH: aRO ce 3}Ja KOHQcHTpmUlp oc- Tn.l1al~HjH. q)OpMHpana jc cJIe)lci1a Ta6eJIa MCpCHHX, pa-.:.rynaTfIX II ..1HTCpaTypHHx
TaTKa, 3Ha ce Iii 1'a"(IKa KJbY-':'Jafba. AKO ce caAa, paJlH O~lPet)}IBa}ba 1'eMnepaType no;n:aT3Ka.
KJbY'1alba, roplbe ABC jel~Hal.I11HC pemc no x OlIga je: KOHI.1.eHTpal~Hje OCTaTK(I cy pa"(lynaTc npeJ\,Ia:

- md' Xd
 ------,-_."

iU
Ta6cJI3 8. - fYCTHHC If KOIlu.eHTpau.lfje CMcmc BOAa - e'l'HJ1-3JIKOXOJI 3a APyro MepeH~e, Ha rrpHMep, )J.o6nja ce:
~~~ -~, ------'-'---~-----------------,

~% aJIK. \ fycnula, ~g/dmJ, 1 Mace~H (Yo anK. I Tycnum, kg~dm} ~ x

17,Dkg O,~_::,<i,37kg. 0,88 ~ 0 80
I 0 0,':1'1))2:1 I 70,5 i 0,86647
17, Okg - 6,37kg , ,
'0,5 0,9':1729 - 71 I O,l:i6527
Ha oBaj Hal.JJ1H ce I-Bpal.IyuaBajy H OCTaJIe KOHIJ,eI-ITpau,l1je OCTaTKa, a ll3 AHja-
0,9':1636 71,5 O,I:>64U7
rpaMa (136B) Ta6ene 9 (HaJIa3H ce y XX Be)K6u) ce ol.IllTaBajy TeMIIepaType KJby-
1,5 0,99544 71 0,862117
qaIba (r') II nopeAe ca H3MepeHHM TeMrrepaTypat..fa KJbYl.ralha (t).
2 (I,9()452 72.~ 0.86167
2,5 O.')9D6 73 0,86047 I
O,Y':l17.'1 73,:-i O,86'!26 !Epoj 3an]x> Mepcl-Ja I {"yen-lUll lvlaca v13pa'lY KOllU,t:l! TCl>HlCpa- i

:u U.':J9188 74 0,i:>5~W{)
f MCPClbU Ml1!!a TCMllcpa- I HeCT!I;I<lT<i ,ueC'n1J!(lTa lHl'J'a 1vaUl-ija Typa I
!-\CCfl1 Typa KJbY (kg!lhn') (kg) KO!lL\Cl!- ACCTli- K,ib)ltlaJ-ba i
4 0,9910} 74,5 0,tl56HS -rp,u(uja JI<:l.Ta ,ocTaTKCl!
JHlTa '-lUI-ha oc-ra
4j -/5 tl,SSS('4 LiLL_, ___~
~-----I ~9:~L -I-~:: (t)--I~g2'~
O.9()O20 I oC'r<lTKCl
(J,XS4n
O.8~O 7~.4
O.')tl'J:iti 75,5

i
5,5 0,98859 76 0.S5322
6.37 I x.,.-; tum i
~
!

U,'JH7bu 76,5 U,XS2UU

I I 12,:'i() I 7') ') I () 024-") HUO I x Il 76 I O,W/5 I BO,n I
6,'1 O,,)S7U,i 77 U.O)(rJ'J
14
i
'14,1)(} I 80,0 I 0,8260 i2JO ! x O~ (J,n') 0370 I 80.2 I
~_IJ_,g_6~ - -~)-,g- ...,-~1
O,9X627 77,5 U.SS':J5ii
7.'1 0,985.'13 7b U_b4::i"j
!5 16.0 ~(),9
,~, ,,_,
I (1,1'270
_-l._~.~ __ ,~,
L'"0-'-,,2:,0_ _---'-1_,_,=_11,_71 _
1J,':IX478 7lU l\.,~-ni3 l--UpaclYllaTo Wl ldUC!c S 11 'i

,~.5 1).%40-'i 79 O,X4590 (jlWIlIOI' iU1jaITiJ:-'1,-; ,J

O.983:i I n.5 0,M467
10 O,9S I S7 go O,li4344
15 O.'J7S 1--1. 80,5 U,ll422U
20 0,96::;64 KI (J);409(,
:,\(j U,'J53S2 8i,5 0)14')72

4U O,'JYi IX ~2 O,~_,g--1.li

50 O,'JL\li4 W2,S 0,83723

52 u,'-J(f:):'\G 8) 0,lI3S<)')
54 0.'JO ..Hi5 83,5 O.li347_'
0.<J()(nl O,S334S
.'lll
58 O,S'1.~74-
'"
1Q,5 (J,in22''::
GO (W:l!13 85 O,Wl{J')j

61 0.:):)1;02 8),5 lU\3<;l6~

G2 1J,8({()50 86 U/,2H4()
6'1 O,N8417 86.5 0)>2712
64 O,Bf\!ll:\ ~7 O,ll2SrU
65 O,S7'J4t; 87.5 O,t\2453
66 (j,8Tl) J Ht; U,H2323
67 (J,H7477 XX':; (J,X1!':)"
68 ().:n:Z41 X0 {)_H2062
69 I),H7004 8'15 (J_H2':J30
20 O,X676(j 90 (J,Bl797
100 0.78934
 PEKTH()MKAll,MJA
t I
IB ""-__
I, c-~~~--~~_

JiIcnapJhHBOCT. - KanJI Anc TC'-H-IC KOMITmIeI-ITC, pacTBopcHC jC}lH<1 Y IlPyroj,

rH\itajy npn6JIH)KHC TJ'-IKC KJhy~Ialha, 0I-lJl:3 cy Ii CnIT9HC llCnapJbHBOcTH. To 3H3'(lH,n:a
cy HM, ua HeTo.f TClvrnepaTypn, H HanOHH nape R]1JlO CJTIFlHl1.
'ticera cc y BC3H C3 JleCTHJI(H~njoM WIn PCKTHcJmKaIJ;njoll-J yn0)111 TIojaM pcm'l-
THBHC l1Cnap.TbHBOCTH, KOjI1, y lInea.flHO]\{ C.11)"TCljy. lIpC fWTaUJh;J O,[\IfOC rrapqHjaJ1HOr
nplnTICK~l jCWfC (1'/1) npCl'If3 lIapqHjaJTIIOM npUTHCKY J-~pyrc (PF/) KOl\mOHClITC HC1 HC-
'roj TClvmep;nypH. PC.'TaTHBIW HCrrap.TI,HBOCT cc nOC]TC-:)IGlB<:l ea (j ITa je:
('1=&.
PH
Yo61FJajcHo je na ce BpeNIOcT Bcher mJHOlIa nape CT<lBH y 6POjHTCJb, TaKO rFl
.ic ex > L AKO jc ex ;-:: 1, otlur.TIeDJIO je J-\3 je pwqnajaJhe HCrrapanaIbCM HCMoryhc.
CmflIH<l HCnap.TbHBOCT KOMnOl-ICW1Ta jc HCITOBO.'hlIa 3(1 paJIlBajafbc Te~JJ-mx
CMerna. Y napH H3UJp: Tmme CMeme H<1.:I(13C CC 06e KOMIIOHCHTt y CKOPO Hcrrpo-
MCI-beUHM KOJrU'IHI-JaJvia, UITO rOBopH ;'];<l he KQHll:CH3aT OHaKEC nape 6nTH EPflO CfllI ..
qaH nO"ICTHOM paCTBOp:,>!. 113 'fora CC M(KC "3aKJby~lHTII ;0;<1 onlPlua gcci71LlJwquja
l-wje ajJ1fK{!ClW npll pa3.qr-wjafl.>y fW.Mi70Jlcl-laiTia CJW'IHUX UCilapJbll(WClTill.
Tpa)l(eI-IC cy HOBe MeTO)J,C- 3a ycncnIHn.ic pa31~Ba.iaI-I~e OlWKBHX CMemaII HatJCIJO
.ic )1;a Je jC):U-1<i OJ!: Haj60JhHX BHIIIecTynHR ((l)paKI.~HOTla) lJ,Ccnmau,uja n peKTHcjm-
Kanuja.
B x,
nOTUUbc,n:a KJhY'Ia I-Ja TCMl1cpaTypn f~ Koja je nI'DKa 0;0: TCMnepaTYpc npcTXOiUIC !lC-C-
THJIar(Bjc. Fla Taj HWIHH no6nja ce napa 06CJIC)KCna ca y~ Koja je KOHnCH3aJ~njm,f )la-
lla 'fe'mOCT caCTaRa XJ:::: }'2' I-IJ L(Hjarpa:'vI<l CC BJ.11UI :_la 6n I-lORa, Tpcha TIO Pc;;y, n:CCTH-
nall,Hja, Koja 6rr TIot.JC.1a C<l pacnmpOM X::, nam) nary, OgHOCHO ]leCTTVI3T (XD ;:;;
Kojn je ITO cacTany CROPO 'CIHCTO JIaRlIIC HCnapJbHBa KOl\-HWHCIITa A .
rIPOMCHC npnKa3aHe OBl1M AujarpaMoM Mory ce OCTBapHTH Raga ce, TIpn
cnaKoj JJ;cCnmall,HjH og ilWlCiilHO'2 paciTl-rwjJa [1..-~g6aja ca.MO 6j)./1O Ata.,1/.( g('o geciuu-
./wiTia. CBaKa Beha KO.llIP-IImJ )~CCTHJIaTa MClha KOl-n~eI-I'rpaI~Hjy nO'IeTI-IOr pac-mopa,
jcp ra 'CIHJIll 6oraTnjoM, TC)!(C HCrrapJbI:fBOM KOMIIOl:IeUTOM.
ArrapaTypa 3a mHuecTymty geCfl1.TIal~l1jy y KOjOj 611 ce Jl,wr.ne:: OCTBapUTH aBe
npOMCUC H f}l;C ce rrpou,ec H3BO,LiI1 KOHTHHyaJ1HO, npHKa3an<l je H<l CJIm~H 138.
Y ,LiCCTHJJ3U;IWHOM Ka3,Uty (I) H3JI3311 cc CMeura KOHueffTpaunje Xl- OHa nac-
Taje MClllaIhet--i nO"'-ICTJ-IOr paCTlwpa KOHIl.eHTpaIJ,Hja Xo H paCTBopa H3 Ka3ana II X;;.
Ha Ta.i lIa'IHH je .Yo < xl < Xl- Ka3aH ce crron~a 3arpcna J3o)J:eHOM napo1\-{. napa,
o6orahcna JraKIIIe nCnapJbHBOM KOMTIOnCHTOM )'1' H3 K,13aHa I YBO;JH ce YK,LHHI II,

6.L BI111IECfYDHA I1JU1 (PPAKL(l10HA I\ECTHJlAumA

To je Y cTBapH mn J~CCTHJIaI~Hj3 nrn KOjHM3 ce Y3acronno Dpum ,n:CCTH:IHC<'UhC

KOH)J,CH30B3He nape npeTXO)~He )WCTHJ1aqnjc. Kal~a cc H3npnlU o6wm<l iXeCTl!JJat~H
ja HeKe 6l1l--Iapnc CMcrne, )106Hja cc KOII;O:CHJaT Kojn jc no CaCT,jBY l-ICIII'fO 6of<:lTujn
.nmzmc HCrrap]hHBOM KOlv[ITOI-lCl-rrO)vL l131J,CCTH.lmC;:\l-JH fICO cyncTaHll,e nOJl:BpraBa ce
rrOHOBI-IOj gcCnmaHHjH, a )w6HjeHa, HORC! IJapa cc nonOHO Kon,n:eIByje ;o:ajYfm )\CC-
THJH1T JOUT 60ranrjn .1TaKUJC HCnapJhHBOM KOMI10HCHTOT\! Hero UITO je npOJIYKaT nO'--lETHH
PACT80P
npeTxogne, npBC, necTumllwje, O)1HOCHO rrO'ICTHH paCrHOp llpyre ).~CCTIVJmw[.ie.
D,aJ"hOM ;o:eCTn)1al~njoM I-:l KOHnCH3aI~J-1jOM IJaKUIC HCIIap.lbHRa KOMnOHenTa nocTaje
Xo
CKOPO nOTHyno "'-THCTa. TOI( onaKBe 13HUJCCfYI1nC- J~eCrHJ1aJ~Hje MQ)Ke ce CXBaTHTI1 In
.L\HjarpaMa ca cmIKe 137.
fJPBOM nCCTlmalv-rjoM pacTBop cacnm(l Xl. Ha TeMnepaTypH fl Aao je napy 'JUju
je caCTaB Yl- I1cKOHf~cH30BaHa napa caCTaBa Xl ;:;; )'1' IIpl1 nOHOBHOM 3arpeBaJ-hY,
 ..............-.-. __ .. - - ................. -.---,-.-.... ~.

266 IL---~_

r,ae he TCMllcp;nypa geCTI1JIall,Hje 6H'fl1 HH)Ka (eJJ. 137). 3a I1CnapaBaJ-hC p;CCTlma-

IJ,110l-lOr rrpo,n,yKTa II3 OBor K~naHa, KOPliCTI1 cc TOIIJlOTa KOjy HOCll napa 113 TIpEOr
KU3UHa. HaHMe, napa Koja, Y 06mIKY I\Icxypa (6ap6oTl1pa), rrpona311 Kp03 pacTBop
IW3ar-Ia II KOHucl13yje ce Ii op,aje TOnJIOTY cBojnx TC)l(e HCnapJbHBHX MOJlCKYJIa
JlaKlllC MOJlCKYJH1MU pac'J'Bopa, nprr qCMY ce cTBapa napa caCTaBa Y2'
~ICnapJJ.,liBHM

OBaKo o6pa30BaHa napa, H3 Ka3aHa II, YBOJl.H ce Ha g3JbY allaJIOn-IY rrpepap;y y

Ka3aH IlL 3aOCT<:tJIH paCl'BOp 113 Ka3UH<.I II Bpaha ce Ha3aA y K,13aH 1. Ha }IeI'll Ha"unI
ce paC'rBop H3 K<l3aHa III Bruha Y Ka:mu II. BpahulbcM paCrBopa If3 Ka3aHa II y
Ka3<lH L o6orahyje cc paCTBOp Y Ka33HY I TaKO na He ,lJ;OJI33J1 go npOMCHC KOHl~eH
Tpau,Hje Y I-heMY, Ha I1CTll HatmH je n Y2 "" const, Kao H y:;.
na.ie YI ::;; const.
napa KOHlJ,el-ITPaI~Hjc Y:\ ce Y X.'1t1)IfbaKy KOH.QeI-I3yjC H )ICJI01J OnBO,n.li Kao f~CC
TUJIaT C(lCT<lHa XlJ :;;;: Yi. npCOCT;UIH .aCO KOH)1,CIl3(ln\ ce spalla y lW3aH III.
TpeGa ltMaTlI Y Hlil~Y ;w cc oBaj npou;cc KOHTHllya:IHO OJJ.P)JGIB<1 11 .n:a cc Mopa
lx:rYJUIcaTH U;-iHOC nape KO.la llPOS1,-CH Kp03 L\eCTl1JII1CaHlI CHCTCt-.l II pacTBopa KOjH
cc Bpaha lla'.:WiJ.
14
CJIIt!W 139

6.2. PEKTI1(vI1KAUl1JA KOJlOHa l\mpyjc H He paJ(l1, lH1BO Te~lHocrll HcnOJ~ I1113BaH 3BOnJ je Ha HC'l'Oj BW":Hl-lH.
l\-1cl)YTlIM, Ka!~a jc KOJ10a<l y normIY, napa ca lUl)Ker llo.ua, Koja je p,OCllCJJa HcrrOn
3BOHJ, Bplim rrpHTHcaK all Tetll-IOCT TaKO ,n;a je nOTI1CKyje Bal! 3I30nJ. CaM a napa
Ha anapaTypu :1l:l Bl-fWCCTtmcny KOHTHHyaJIHY i_~eer:H:iatiHjy BHJ-\ll ce na napa,
6apGOTllpa Kp03 H,13y6JbCne OTBope, nplllcfU-I TOM npHJIHKOM TOflJIOTHY, a THMC 11
npcw3elu'J in Ka3aJ-Ht y Ka3all, IlOCTcl1CHO t-.lelha KOlll-iCtrrpalJ,Hjy, oGorahyjyhlI ce
MaTepHjaJIIIY pa3Meuy ca TetmoIIIny CBaKor nOAa.
CT~U[HO Jl<:!KWC HCnapJhHBOM KOtltIIOHeHTOM. Ol-Ia cc ua Kpajy mna ,l\CCTliJIal1,HOHUX
KU3an!l ynO,l\ll Y XJtaHI-LaK, r)w cc KOH,l\CI-i3yje, na ce ;WHHMH'-lHO 113,J:Baja Kao ~~eCTI1- Te'IHocT ca RHIner nona, Kl)()3 IJ,CB (4) ;qocncna l-la lHDKH rroi~, Y'lCCTByjyhu TOM
JIilT, a p;em1MwIHo Kao paCT130p Bpaha Ha3a;~. PaCTBOp, TUKOl)C, CTpyjH Kp03 K33aHc, npHJIHKOM y, paunjc nOMCHYToj, p;nMCHI1 ca napOM. Kao UiTO jc n03HClTO, pa3Mcna
H TO Y cynpoTlloM cMepy O,I-\ KpeTal-bCl napc. cc cacl'oju y TOMe I.llTO T0l1JlOT3 n::mecIIe KOJIH'-U1He TC)KC HCnapJbHBHX l...lOJIeKYJla
npeJla3li ua ogroBapajyhy KOJIWnmy JIaKWC HCnapJ1~lfBnX MOJ1CKYJTa, rrpCBO,uenu l-IX
AKO ce Kil3aI-IH, YMCCTO n<:l ce K(lCKaAlIO nopcl)ajy, K<10 UlTO je npHKa3aHo na
y llapHO cnU-bc. HOBOnaCTUJIa napa, 60raTHja naKIlIC HCnapJbHBOM KOMIlOHCHTOtl-1
13o, Cl1ojc, HcnocpcwlO jcrJ;i111 Il3Ha.rJ; Apyror. :y jel~aII cTy6
CJIHLI.H KpY:>h1:-IOr npcceKa,
Hero IHTo.ie 6uJ1a HcnolJ; nocMaTpaHor no~~a, IIpOA!1pe HC110J( 3Bonfl Ha BHUICM no;o;y.
,Uo6uja ce PCKTHCPHKilu,lloHa KOJIOH_a.
BlnIIaK Te~lHOCTI1 cc npcJI!1Ba 11 O,!~BOAHOM IJ,CHl:l OTWIC Ha HIDKl1 no)],. Oj~BO!~Ha D;CB
(4) je y'-lBpmhcna TaKO Aa ce CBOjUM fOPI-bEM Kpajcl\"l Ham13H HOBOJbHO H3Ha)J, .aHa
nOAa, l;H1MC YC'10BJbaHa cnurarr IIHBO TC~lIlOCTH ua nOJ(Y U 06C36ctyjc 6ap6oTl1paJhC
nape Kp03 HCT), TC'-.li-]OCT. J~OlLH Kpaj OJl,BO!l,lIC !~eBHje 3apOl-bcH YTctlHOCT Ha J~OlheM
no)];)" ~H11\"IC je oHcMoryhcn npo.na3 nape aaropc, KP()3 O)];BO,L(Ily U;CB.
Y peKTHq)HKi:tlI,HOHoj KO:lOlHl llOi~01311 ce ["paw: lla Bl1l11C lIaLLHHa. IVfe.ijYTHlvl,
ORe KOJlOUe CC, naj(lCmhe HC 113P,lbyj)' CatllO ca jCI-lIfllM 3BOHOl\-t na nOH)'. HaM-
MC, M(Ke ,ua 6y)];c if no lICKOJIHKO J~CCCTl!Ha 3HOlra Ha jeHHoM IlOM)'. ITpeQIlHK onaK-
rJElBHH KOItCrpYKTHBHB 06JIl:lL~1l no/rona, orUWCIlO KOJIOlla, cy C}IC~v:~hH:
BHX KOJlOI-W je 2-3, na II SUllie MCTapa.
KO)lOlJC ca 3BOlI<1CTIlM IlO;10BHM<l,
KOJl()IIC ca CUT3CTl:lM nO}JOHItMll. .. ~ D031taTO ic ,n;a cc Ha CiiTHMa ca Ma.:IHM OT
- K0JlO1[C ca CUTa.CTlil\-l IlOHOBH~ta,
nopm.ta, JaXBaJLyjyhH IIOBPlliHI-lCKOtl-I 1li1I10H)', MO~C :1anp)lG1TI1 TaHaK CJlOj Te'-lHO-
_.- KOJIOlIC ea nYI-bCH,eM.
CTl!. Dapa, Me~YTHM, 6C3 TcwKoha npOJIiBU Kp03 ClITO.
JIaKo cc MOA<.e 3aKJbY~I11TH)13 cc H KOJ10HC l\lOry ,uCJIHTH npel\-ta 06,'lHKY no]}.o-
QBa IlojaBa je HCKopHIIIi1eHa KO)), KOJlOHa ca C11T3CTI1M nOAOBHMa (en. 140).
Ba, OP:HOCHO ~L'IaHaKa, O,Il. KOjHX cy CaCraBJbCI-IC.
ITapa cc KO,lJ. OBaKBHX no,n;OBa paBHoMcpllO npo6Hja Kp03 CI1TaCTlI nOM H CJwj TC'-:I
KOJlOue ca 3BouaCTliM 1I0AOlHiMa. - OBaj Tun nop:OBa, nOqeB o]}. MaJlliX ]1a60- nOCTH, Bprnchl1 pa3l\--fCHY n<lKllie 11 TC):I(C HCnapJbHBC KOMllOI-lCHTC. BlUllaK TCqHOCTli
paTOpI-IjcKHx nJ AO BCJIHKHX I1HiWCTPJ1jCKI1X KOJlOI-Ia, yrroTpc6JbaB3 ce Y HajUll1pl1M ce OABO,lJ;UO!'.-l ll,CBH emma naHfDKC.
pa3McpaMa. Ha CJlm~n 139 npHKa3aI-l jc OBaKaB TIIll no,uOB3. Kp03 OTBOP (1) ea KO.J10HC ca lIyn.clbCM. - Ko]}. CBUX pCKTHq)lIKalI,110HI1X KOJIOHa cc )J(em-l nOCTM~
HH)K(T no,ua wma:m napa UO)1 3BOI-lO (2). 3BOHO je no )10I-boj l1BI1D;I1 3yrr~racTo
h_B: mTO npucHIljn )l.OAnp I-I3MC~y napc 11 Te'-:IHOCTli. Ko)), paHI1ja ABa Tllna nOl~OBa,
Hapc3aHo (3), TaKO p;a .ie oMoryheu rrpona3 TCl:IHOCTH uerro,lJ; 11 H3BaH fbcra. Kap;a .uo'~I1P napc H TC~IHOCTl1 cc nOC1'lDKC 6ap60Tl1pafbCM nape Kp03 TC'tffiOCT 11a nogoBH~
 HaHlDKC, Ii napy caCTaBa )'11 Raja ce neH,e Ramune. KOHl1eHl7i.pm~uje 06UX ogJW.3NUX
Ma{UepujaJIHUX {UOKOaG CaMO {UeopujcKU MOZY 6uiilu y pam-w{Ue.wu, na ce H TaKaB
D~[L_L_I __I__I__I__'_..,j' .'J.r
nag Ha3MBa TCOPHjCKH.
Tcopn,icKH I10.r~-oBli Y peKTHq)HKaIJ,HOI-IOj KOJIOHll cy, 3naQll, OHU Na KOjUJrf(.( ce

- I---
Ho.rW3e y pa(-HioilieJKU iUe'-tff.ociii Koja og.na3U HaHWKe u (lapa Koja ce ca lUola Mecilla

MI'
I
- I--I....
I I
,r-
ileIVe Haauwe. Ha peaJIHOM rr0ll:Y OBaKBa pamIOTe)Ka He MO)Ke Aa cc oCTBapn, na je
Ha fhCMY H npoMeHa KOHIxeHTpaIJ,rrje Mau,a nero HJ 3aMIUllJbeHOM (Hp;CaJIHoM) Teo-
, I
-- I I I
--~-~I'
prrjcKoM no,!],)'.
In 1,-
~ PeqmYKCHl1 O)l;IIoc. - AKO 6n: ce CBa napa, Koja je npHCneJla Y XJlap;U,aK Ha npx
KOJIOHe, nycTHJIa ,IW H3al)e y 06JlHKY )J,eCTl1JTJTa TO 6M, npaKTJP'lHO, oHeMor.yhrmo
-." ~.L peKTuq:mKaIJ,Hjy, ilowtTio 6u HCClIia.rw aO(-)jwiItHa iJle~(Ha .MaiJ1epujaJ11W cillpyja.
CJ1lUW 14() Ciliola ce c(((aJIHO jegaH geo We'-//10ciTiu 113 XJwgIVClKa apaha y lWJIOH}' HaJag, a )J,PY-
[IT, pen;OBJ-IO I\faIHL HcnYUITa 113 XJHI;CVhaKa TWO npO)J,yKT I-IaIlOJbC. OWLOC 6poja .1W-
Ma. KO)l Olwr Tl-ma KWlOHa. HellHKC ncmpnHmc n0i-wpa H3Me~y TC'-IHOCTH IJ nape ce //060 KOjU cc apanajy )' 1{()~10H}' IWO peqJJ1}'}{C!W filC'-IHocfil, i7pow 6pojy .MO.,W(-J{J
cTBapajy TaKO liTO ce YIIYTpalIII-hOCT ~IHT,me KO.TIOH~ HcnyHH 3pnaCTHM M,ncpn- !(ojl! Y UcrliO.M iJepuogy [(;Jaby K{/O gcclTil-lJwtil, HaaurJ{( ce pecjJJlYKUlU Ogl-lOC
jaJIOM (nYJ-belhCM). 06J1l1U,l1 nYlhelb<l cy, Y OBOM C:Ty'-Ja.JY, npJIO pa3JTI1'fHTH. ECIGlT je)lHC Kononc, ynpauo IheH ycnex pa3.fiBajaH>a, 3amTCH 0.[( 6po.1a Teo-
. PCKTHffH-1Kat\HOHllM KonOHaMa. \UIja je KOHCTpYKIJ,Hja onHC~Ha, OTK.nOI-h~HO .Ie
pnjcKHx nonona n peq)nYKCHor o;:J;I1oca. YKOJfIlKO cy OI-HI Bcfin, YTOJIIIKO je II e1Je-
mnlle Hcn1THBHHX OC06Hl-Ja ypcl)aja 3<1 BHlllccTym-ly l~eC'nIJTaIJ,I1JY. Pemeno .1('. l1H- KaT OOJbI1.
TaJbe 60Jher n:OHI1pa HTl\lCby nape H T('.tfJIOCTH, iUTO jc on: BC.'IHKOr 3l-I3'-Iaja 31 ;nofipy Epoj TCOPl1jCKHx rro)Jona n PCCPJIYKCHH OIIHOC ce Mel)yco6HO nonYlbanajy. ,icll;-
pa3MeHY TOTIJIOTe. a TlIMe n 33 cetn-maCHO p(3)wajaI-bC KOMITOHCHaTa .. Ha KonOHa Koja j-n.,,!a MaI-bll 6poj TeopnjcKl-lX nonona a.l1H panH npn neheM pc~<nYK
Ha OCHOBY TeopnjcKO[ HCnnTHBaIha, JXCIII.TIO CC )1;0 3aKJbY'-IKa ,n:a JC 33 cttmxac- CH01\1 OJJ:HOCY, nOCTHIKC HCTH eq)eKaT Kao 1-1 KOJIOna Roja pa;cm npn MalhCM pCcpJIYK-
Hy peKTJIlq1HK3unjy og noce6nor 3Ha~Jaja na rrpouec y KonOHH 6y.u:e UITO 11p1I6- CHOl\-l ormocy. a HMa nehn opoj TeopujCIofx no;o:oBa.
JUDKHHje a.lJ;I-Ija6aTcKH, Tj. 6e3 pa3MCHC TOTIJTOTe ca OKOJIHHOM. Cram-JO MellTalhe TIa-
pe H Te'-IHocTH .n.YIK KOJIOHC, llpH "lIeMY ce TOTIJTOTa KOjy napa HOCH He ry6n oRommy.
Jl:orrpm-IcJlo 611 .fia ce TOTIJIOT3 pa3MCJbyjc caMO JI3MC'!)y TOKC H JTaKmC I-lcnapJbI-me
PeKTl1ljHIKalllioHe KOJIOlie
KOMlTOHCHTC. TIOUlTO cy o6c KOMIIon:eHTC y CMecn Mal-be-BlUne cnwmc Ilcnap-
Jbl1BOCTH 11 CJUl"lIHHX CHTaJITInja, 3Ha'-IH Aa he OJlPcrycHa Maca TC>Ke HCDapJl~I1BC KOM-
Cue peKTw}mKaUIlOHC KOJiOHC, 6e3 ofi3upa Ha KOHCTpYKTnuue Dojc;o:mWCTH,
nOnelITe, Koja ce 113 nape HCKOJ-lilCI-I3yje, TIpeBeCTH y napy OTTIPHJlI1KC l-lCTY Mac),
DO H3'-fI1Hy pana lvlOry ce no;n:e.:mTYr Ha:
JILlKIIIC nCnapJ6HBe KOMTIOJIeHTC. AKO ce jeilan )J;co TOJUlOTe ry611 Kp03 3HJl,OUC KO-
- KO.;'10HC ca rrepHO)J;l1'lHHl\-I panOM M
nORe. Malb3 KOmftunm he OCTaTll 3a pa3Mcny Y KOJIOHH. - KOJfOHe ca KOHTI-IHyanllHM part01\1.
l;poj nOAona YKOJTOHH 3am-Icn OJ~ )Ke.f6eHe npoMcnc KOHU;CI-ITpaIJ,Hjc. M())K~ HX
PeKTHq:niKal~lfone KOJIOliC ea ncpnM
61TTH Ii no HeKOJIHRO !leCeHITTa, a o6eJIe)Kanajy ce O1X03ro na,n:OJle, OJUlOCHO HaJIUl-
O,El.If'mHMpa):lOM. _. ()Baj TIm KOJIOI-Ja
nIH I10):~ je npul1.
rrpHKJ3aH jC}fa CU-Il~11142. Y Ka3aH (1) ce
TcopnjcKIl "OJ],. - Pa3MeH3 TonnOTe YBOAH TIO"-TeTI-Ja CMCIlJa Koja cc 3arpcBa.
H3Me'by nape I1 TC'-IHOCTH, a TTl!\--1C 11 npo- HcnapaBa H O,IIJIa3H y JlOT-hIT ;o:eo KO]IOHC
l'vlCHa KOnl\CUTpa1~H.ie y peKTHClmKalWo" 0-1
(2). TIp06ujajyhH cc Kp03 pCcl)]JYKcny TC-
HO,1 KOJIOnll, Hajn<lKllle ce rrpoytIaBa 1W Xn-l "-IHOCT na no;qoBHMa KOJIOHe, rrapa ce
T3B. TeOpl-ljcKHM nOp,OBlJlvta.
060rahyje. BOfclTa naKIIJe Hcnap.~hHBOM 2
fia CBaKOM UOJlJ Mor), cc pa3J1nKO~ KOMTIOHeHTOM, napa ,lJ;OCTIen8 U3 npx
BaTH ~JeTJfP" MaTcpnjaJIUC CTpyjc (cn. KOJIone fp'e ce ynoi~11 y XJra,rUhaK (3). 113
141). - Ha HCKlf no)J, Jl,O.Tra3H TC'-IHOCT, 'Ul- n I-bera CC ;o:eo Te'IllOCTI1 Bpafia lIa HajBJ-HllI-l
ja ce KOHll,cJ-I'rpaU;I-lja XI! -1, cmma 0)J,03ro, 9 no.u, a !r:J;pynL M,lI-hl1 .u:CO, .ueCTI-:lJIaTa ynoHll
cn nOAa n - 1. napa, '-Iuja je KOHIJ,CI-ITpa- I ce y XJIa)J,J-baK (4), l')J:e cc OXJI3,n:H H3
IJ,llja Yn + 1, ,n;OJI33H fICH~yhH ce O,D,03AO, ca j )J(CJbeHY TeJ\.mepaTypy. OXJlat;eHl1 nCCTi-i-
nOAa (n + 1). One ABe MaTepMjaJTne CTPY- y 0+1 Xn. JIaT ce, npcKo KOI-l'rpOJIJm[ CTaKJIeHor OCTATAK
je CC Mernajy, cTnapajyhn;rIDe HOBe, 0lwa- 3Bon3 (5), YBOAH Y Ca6HpBI-lK )J,ecrUJl(l'ra
31fC, MaTepHjaJIHe cTpyje: Te"lIHOCT caCTa- I I (6). He)lOCTaTaK KOJIOHa ca TIepHoJ~II- CAU/W 142 >
Ea xi!' Koja ce ea TlOc!vfaTpaHOr nO)J,a emma C.f/WiJ/141
'-lHilM paJJ.oM je Y TOMe UITO KOHu;eHTpa~ a napa ce MHMOIIJIa3H Co. TC'HIOlIIhy' KO"
-. , . .lei ce eJIIma ea cJlcgcher nOAa. OBa CliTVaIJ,HJa
lI,l1ja ACCTHJli1Ta TOROM peKTl1q)lIKaI~l1je ce nOHaBJbd eBe ,0;0 upxa KOJIOI-Je. ITtpa KO <' :-'

ona.ua n liITO ce ry6n TOIWOTa KOjy caJJ.p~ IIO)1,a KOI-I~~eli3yje ce {IaKO je I)",h C', HIJ,eH~paJJJ1Je Yj, O)1,JJaTH ca HaJBHlllcr
'. .'_ .. e"vJIYKC TOTaJIaH. CaB KOH)J;eI-I3aT ce Bpalla Ha3ag v
%11 OCT3TaK y Ka3aHY, 60raT Te)Ke Hcrrap- KOJIOUY, rrpH.l.ICMY ;a:OJIa3H AO CJlHB<Uha TCliHOCTH ea nOAa nn non 11 ,_ ~
JbHBOM KO.l\.fIIOHeI-ITOM, TOllJIOTa ce ry611 ca napoM KOP rrpoTlP-Ic Hara e ( . 1" . 1-\ Ml1MOI1JIa)l(eH~a
pen, 4,). To 3HatIH Aa ]C, npl1 TOTaJHIOM peJlyK-
3601' Tora ll1TU CC Ka3aH Mopa IIcnpa3HH- cy, rrpoToK MonOEa nape Harape jeAHaK UPOTOKY MonORa TCl.rHQCTH Ha;n:OJle:
T11 3a HOBY, map)KY, DopeA Tora, rrcpuo- f1pn TQTaJIHOM perl)JIYKcV nocTO'" ..
AU'IaH paJ"!' JC HcnpaKTwraH H Y I1HAycrpl1- . ~ r" 'i _, ~'. JH ]OIIl JCAHa 3Hal..J.a]Ha Je)J;HaKocT, O,!.,nOCHO
]c,QHaKocT MO.fCKIiX KOHIJ,eHTI)aI~HJa a3a Koje ce !>.UJMOHJla3C. AKO ce HMa J BHn;v
jl1 RaAa CC pagu ca nCJIHKHht KOJIWIIlHaMa,
H3L{HH o6CJIC)KaBaI-b3 nogoBa (OA03fO HaAOJre), 3I-ra'-IH Aa je: :} ,. -
360r <Jcra ce rrpl1McH:,yje caMO 3a Mal-be
KanatJ,HTCTC.
PCKTU<pHKllU,UOIiC KOJIOHC ca KOU-
I1JlH, YOfInrre,
TlmyammM pa,lJ,Ol\l. ~ KOJIOIIC OBora THna
npHMclhyjy cc YBCK Kana ce )KCJlll )J,06wnr
nponyKT craJU-Ic KOll!wrt1vau,uje . .tIlcMu
OBaKBe KOJlOHC npuK83ana .ic H3 CHilJ,H
'j
143, KOI\ OBaKBC KOJIOOC, npcJ\la YCJlOHl1-
!\.1a KOjU cy YTBpbemr, c 003HPOM Ha )KCJhCHY KonqclrrparV1jJ-! (.j KOJ1Wnmy npo,tIYK-
J
Ta, npoToK yna3ue TC'lHOCTII, pe(I)JIYKcHH O;.'iWC, 11 HallUH rpcjmhJ Mopajy OI1TH
CraJIHO HCTll. 1
I1oCT113mbC KOHCTUHTHOI' npoT01w :yna3ne CI-.-!CUlC perYJIHUJc ce na Ta] fHFU:IH 1.~
lIlTO cc Cl1pOBllHa rrO~lCTHC CMCruC HcnYiUT3 U3 1I3iUlfnYTor pC3Cp130apa Y KOMC ce
OHa Hi.LlJa:m YUCK Ha 11C'1'O\j 1HlBOY. PcrYJH1CalbC CTaJlEOI' Hl1BOa Y pe3cpBoapy (8)
YCJlOUJbaJ3a CTamnt XI1ApOCTaTwIKH cry6, 1l.lTO oMoryhyje KOHCTaHTHH npOTOI(.
j
CHpoBa Te~lHOCT YJIa:m y pa3MClbHmt'1 TOIlJIOTC (7), rAc cc 3arpCBIJ no lIoTpe6He
TCMnepaTYpc, a 3aTHlvl yEDAll rrerAc OKO CpCjJ,IIUC KOJ[OH~. 3a p~UJJI1Ky Ol~ ~OJlOHa ca
W'::PHO;~HTIIlHM pa):~OM, rJ~e ~urraBa KOJlOlJa npefJ,CTJBJba JeAny
o6orahHBalbC JIUKlliC nCnarl)f~lIBe KDMnoHcHTc, KOn KOJIOHa ca KOIlTlUrya.'IInUv1
30HY Y KOJO.1 CC BplIlH
1
p<'.l,!J,m,t nocToj C ,Il,BC 30HC: 301m HenOA YJIa3a (1) rrO'"ICTfIC CjvlCmC, H 3011a HJHaA ynaJa
napHc CMellle (2). DpmnBoA, ooraT TC)KC l1CnapJbHBOM KOMllOHCHTO!.,{, YBOJ\I1 ce Y
y. I
pC'lcpBoap (6), 3Go1' ecpeKTa KOjll cc jaBJhtl y 30HI1 (1), OHa ce lIa3fiBa aOHa OCupo Vj
1.0
i
I
,.Hall/elba, nOI.UTO ce y H~Oj CMalhyje Kmlu,CIITPaI~Hja JIaKUlC HCrrapJhHBC KOMTlOneHTC.
napa In 1, nOMCU!(1H<t ca nCILe ce Earope Kp03 30HY
1t Xo I
JOHC YJIa3HOM CJ\leUlOlvl,
I 0,80
2, oGorahyjyhH ce nOCTcIlcno CBe l::IlllllC 1HlKlliC HCrrapJbHBOM KOMIlOlicHTOM. OBaj ! xo
,!1.CU KOJIOliC Ha:H1Ba cc :1011a oGorahI1B ..uh<.L "Ji TOKY paga, paI:HIOTC)l<.a ce ycnoCTanJb<l
jY'l IXo \_~!:O_~2~ _____________ 1
;W:'K lUfTaBC KOJlOllC, TaRO W.l ce ;~CCTl1JlaT, npCIW KOIIJJ,CH3aTopa npa KOHCTi.UITHOl\~ , y 2'0 63 2 ,

:~: IY!~-# 3~ ~ ~ ~: :":Pi"''''---o.r

pcclmYKcHoM O;:l.uocy, CTi.UIllO ILl)..lBaja (5). OBaKBHM nocTynKoM cc
y' pC3cpBoap
KOllTHuyaJlHO pa31J;Bajajy TC)KC H .TIaKl.UC KOJ\1ITOHCHTC Y Mal-be lIJUI BlUile (IHCrOM
CT~Uhy, HlTO :WBI1CH OH opoja IlO))OUa [l PCCIHIYKcHor oAHoca Y KOJtOHH.
jY'2 V' __

Eq1HKaCIIOCl' PCKTII.pIlKU1IJIOHC KOJIOJIC

fh 3 t X2

0,20

Eq:m:KaCUOCT KOJlOHC (l1).ie O,!1.HOC 6poja TcopnjcKllx (111) 11 CTBapllHx (11) no}W~ ~ ,,, , ,
Ea: 11 ;:::: 11/11. )';)(:::X3
xK=D., 10 X 2"'.14 : x1"'O.6Q: : Xd=p.72
npH PCKTI1Ci:nlKaQHj11 Tet.lHa cpa3a Iwja KJhy~ra y Ka3aHY l.IHjH jc Mo.nCKH YAcO 0.0 0,20 0,40 0,60 0,80 1,0 X
JIaKIUC HCrrapJbHBC KOMnOHeHTC xI:. 11crrapaBa 11 MlIMOHJla311 ce ca Te~IHOM cpa30M KO-
ja CC cmfBa ca nOAa II3HaA H.>era. Te~nlOcT Ha TOM nOAY, TaKo"e KJhy"lIa H HcrrapaBa, Cmow 144 C./lllKa 145
 273
IToTpe6no .ie g06HTH p;eCTlIJIaT KOHu;eHTpaU;Hje Xl), a OR nacTaje KOHgcH3au;:u-
PeqJJJYKCHl1M O,Il,HOCOM cc o;o;pe:l)yje nonpaTlta cTpyja Kp03 pCKTl1CjmKalJ:HoHY
JOM nape ea nOAa (1), KOHI.J;eI-lTpaIJ,Hje YJ. To 3H3'1ll Aa je: KOJIOHy .

XD;:;: YI' . EqmKacHoeT pa3,lJ;BajaJ-ba je YTOJIHKO Rcha, YKonHKo.ie BCl:lli 6poj nO)lOBa H Be-
TIn pCcp.lTYKCHH O):(fIOC.
Ca,Il.a ce nprrMClhyje P;CCPHHlIlJ;l1ja TcopnjcKor nOAa, npcMa KOjO.1 cy cpa3c Koje
Harryunajy nop; y paUHOTC>KH. To 3Ha"LIH ua .ie napa Roja HarrYUITa IlOA 1 (YI) Y
paBHOTC)KH ea TC"LlHOllIhy Roja HanYUITa Taj aCTJI nog, a lInja jc KOHueHTpm~Hja Xl' OliTAlhA
ORa ce KOHu;eHTpm~Hja MQ)KC Hahn y paBHOTC)l{HOM wrjarpaMY. Tpe6a 3arra311Tl1.n.a
CTCllCHHlJ;a IBBY"LICH8 nynoM JIIIJ-IHjOM ogHmapa jC)J;HOM (UpBOM) rro,I1:y. Pa3JIHKa 1. UITa .ie pe,JJaTUBfW HCrrapYhHIloCT?

KOI-iI~eJ-ITpaU;Hja xD - Yr 03Ha'-I<:lBa o6orahcl-bc TC1.lHOCTli Ha npBoM TcopnjcKoM nagy.

2. 3al1JTo co Te)KH a;:mja6aTCKHl>.f YC.nOBHMa palla KO~{ pCKTmi)]1Katwje?
3. y ~JeMy jc paJ.JJHKCI H3Mcty Tcoi1HjcKor n pCa!1I-IOr nOJ\a? .
06orahcI-Lc TClIHC cpa3C 0,0: O,I.l.J18CKa ca nOAa 1 AO Op;JIaCK8 ea no,u:a 2, 6nhe
4. Knjt' THTIOBe BOllona H03JlajCTc? OO_iilCllUTC l'bHxony CPYHKlWi\'?
X2 - Xl- 3na'-HI Aa Tpe6a OApe.n.llTH Konu;cHTpau,Mjy TC'HlOCTH Roja ce emma ea APY-
5. Y 'TC\ry jt'_ p:nJllIKil H3J\1cl)" pCKTH(t)fu.:al~HoHe KOJTOI-le ea ~(~PIlO;\lJ'IHlI\l
for nona. Ta KOI-ruel-l'rpalJ,uja ee ,ll06nja TaKO UlTO ce 3Ha .ua je: P;1;::(OM H pCKTmjmIGlIlJIOl!C KOJIOHC ca KOllTunya.TlUHM paJto,\jC)
Y2 "" XI,
6. IIlTn cy npoH3Bo;11l KOHTlI!ryaJ111C peKTlHlmKanujc?

na ce na )J;njarpaM)" KOHcTpYHcanoM y npCTXOJl,HOM 33)V1TKY (CJT. 145), nOBml"IH BCp-

THKBJTa II3 x no ,I])1jarOn3!1C l~njarpal\1a, r,n:e jc)' "" x, H O~II1Tana KOHl~eJITpall,Hja naplIc
cpa3e (Y2)' Koja ec lvIHMOHJIa3H ca TC~mOl'>I Q)330M K0111~Cl-l'rpaI~Hjc (x).
Cap a jc KOHl\CI-rrp(H~Hja Te~moeTH Koja ee CHIna ea nO,lla 2 (x2) y paBHOTC)KH Gl
IlapoM K01u~eHTpaU;Hjc),z, Koja ce ;~l-DKe e3 HC'J'or nO)Ia. To ce l\fQ:>Ke npo~JUTaTn 1I3
l'EKTU<l>HKA!UUA
paBl-IOTC:>KI-IOf HnjarpaMa. CreneHHua 2 03Ha~IaBa npoMeHc na ,lJ;pyrmi lIo):~y, a
npOMerIa KOI-ll~eHTpalJ,Hjc Te'lHOCTH 01( )Ipyror nO,IHl no npxa je:
3a i1anm J. Hr; OClW()Y ilo.flaiIiw:a lI'? tjJO.1IW'l gujuz{J(/)(f{I IWl-(P-
xD ~X2;::;:; (XD-XI) + (XI +x2)' iIiarTl/! PO(woiTtc.J/ow glljaipo.M aa (wgo-{u paclTt!wfJ eiIilLl'
BE EA {f.i1}{()XOJI{/. 7(oopgllHaiIic porll-{()(],'iCJIOlO;X 9ujfl?paJiHl ilij)(~6a .flO
Can,a Tpe6a 3HaTH KOJlI1KO he nOJJ;ona 6HTH IIO'I-pc6HO ,IUl 6n TClIllOCTH npoMe-
nygy /.1O.f7Cl{U ygCJ1/{ Y iTtc'lIwj (x) u ilapnoj (.j;a3ll (y).
HHJIe KOH:o;cIITpaU)1jy 0,1, Xi. 1(0 XD' 13poj rroTpe6HHx no;o;ona he 6UTH o,lJ;peben
~nn-beHl!lJ,Ol\f g3 )'KynHo o6oraheH~c Tpc611 )W 6Y1J:C jeW-IaKO 36upy nojc;v-mal.lHHX AHOml3tl U u3/hrga 3agaiilT{{L - PaBI-IOTOKIlH JlHjarpaJ\,L IGlO
o6orat-icI-ha I-Hl cn3KOM no;a:)" Tj.: UITO ,ie par-mjc pelfcno, npcllcraB.:h<l 3UBHCHOCT KOI-U~C-HTPaIl,Hjc 1Japm~ (l)(13C (y) 0;(
KOHIXC}lTpaI(Hje Te'IHC (l)~nc (x). Kalla c-y OBC y paSHOTClKH. On ce Bp.1l0 jCWTOCTalHIO
(xD'-Xk) "" (XJ)-XI) + (x) -Xl) + .. + (x11 +) -'Xk)'
KOHCTPYHurc, aKO ce '[(PIKe Koje oAronapajy napoBHMa .r If y 3a BeT), TeMnepzrryr:v
l-Ia CJllU~l1 145 6poj nOTpe6wrx TcopnjcKHx no;a:ona (17:) H3Hocn: KJh~"Iaf-ha YHoce jC,LII-l<.l no je,.rora y IlHjarpaM. Tpe6a 3arra3HTH p;a OBaKO ,U06njcHH
paHHOTe>KI-II1 l(l:ljarpmvl 06YXBclT3 KOIIIlCIlTPiUUljy f1pI1JG13aH)-! Kao l>laCeUH }/llC(; (kg
n,:::; 3.
A/kg A + kg B).
Tpeaa pChH )I8 H Ka3(jH npenCraBJb<l jcwUl nO)I (YJ xJ)' Ka,lJ;a cc J1Cl)J;C npopcI'TyHI-l. BC3<lHTl :~(j peKTJIrpHKaqnjy,. KOlH\CWrpalV,ljC. )WTC
Eclm1G:lcHocT Konoue (l1).ie 3I-I<:I'IH OJlI-lOC 6poja TcopnjcKHx (111) H cTuapmu (II) Rao j\'f(1CeHC Yf\eJfC, Tpcfla npcBccTH Y MO.'jCKc Y)lCJ1C (mol A/mol /\ + mol B)_ T<liIa ce
nO,lJ;OBa: 11 ;: ;:; 11/11. KOrmcTH jeiXII<PTHna Koja npHKaTyje B(3), \{(\eeHnX C~(J 11 hlO.'1CKH.'\ YiXC:I/1 )
TCl.H-IOj cprl3u:

xA - - '/.11"
;::;:; - - - - -X" ----- .
H3BO)J.
X,,/M.I +X/I/Mn
PCKTYHtmK3lJ,Hja cc npl11vtcJ-hyje 3a pa3unaj81-he Tel.1HnX CMCllIn ea KOMTIOHCHT3-
Ma ~IHja jc pCJIanmna ucnapJ"hl-iBOCT (a) 6nHcKa je;~lmlIn;cL
no KOHCTpYKqI1jn peKTH{jHIKaWlOHe KO.Done MOlY 6HTH ea 3BOHaCTHM HnH
)Iii =
Y,jl Mil
1 I '-.
lUTHT3CTHM rro;a:OBllM3 H ca nyH~CJbeM. YA IM,\ +llJl Mfj
ITo Ha'-lI1Hy pa)w KonOHe Mory 6nTlI ca nepnOp;WIHI1M 11 KOHTHl-IyaJIH11M pap;OM.
Ha TeopujcKoM nop;y ce ycnoCTaB.Jb3 paBHOTe)Ka Te'-IHOCTH 11 nape Koje O,lJ;na3C ['He cy Mil l-i iliff) MOJJCKC Mace KOMTIOHClJaTa A H B.
ea l-bera. Ha peaJIHOM no,Il,~ ee paSHOTe)l{(l He YClTOCTaBJba, ITa je H p(3)J;Baja1--be na
theMY Mal-be Hero Ha TeOpI1]CKOM.
274 C
TaocJIa 9. ~ PaBHoTeIK3 CMcme BO)~a-eTlIJl~aJlKOXOJI
x" = 0,10 mol A/mol CMeme,
"'~--x~~' '-~'",!'=~}o~'--~l~"~~---~~' - y p:eCTfmJTY:
~ ..------~
o 100 rYCTlIHa Pd = 0,863 kg/m\
1,90 I 17,0 I 95,5 KOHll,CI-rrpall,Hja Xo:::: 0,72 mol Almol C1\ferue.
7,21 '3E,91 89,0 Ha oeBony OEUX pC3YJlTaT3, Oripei)cH je 6poj n;J;eJJUHiX IlO,UOBa, Kao IIITO Ie
9,66 43,75' 86,1 nplm:a3aHo Ha CJU1U;r1 145 (CTp. 271) O)l,aKJIC .ie:
12,38 47,04 853
16,61 50,89 84,1 fl l :::: 3.
23,37 54.45 82,7 Hpe6pojaBaILeM cTBapHHx nOHOBJ KOJlOHC YTBpi)CUO je lW je:
26.08 55,80 82,3
fl :::: 6.
32,73 58,26 81,5
39,65 61,22 BO,! To 3Ha~Hl,o,a jc eq)lIK<1CHOCT KOJIOHe:
50,7LJ 65,6':,. 79,8
51,98 65,99 79,7
57,32 68.41 79,3
67,6] I 73,85 78,74
74,72 /8,15 78.41
~80,43 ,,~_,_L~ 89,43~ _ _ ~ _ _ _78,15

KopHcreilu OBe jC,'lfw'lHHC H llHj;ll'PilM, csr. 13(1) (erp. 2(1) l\lO:'KC ce KOllcrp'y-
HG1TH T}H)KCHU paBJl('nC)Kllll J--iHjaqnI\L OJ! Ce MO;,KC KOHcrpYHC<lTH H ,L(HPCKTHO
Ilpe/l.1a TaGC:lll 9 Koja OCiyxBc1'l'a TaGt\!lapm: nOnaTKC 3<l paIHlOT~)KHli Al1jarpaM, p,aTt
Y TP;DKCHHM MOJJCKUl>1 YJ-\C.llH1V!a. Y TOM C.;IY'Iaj}' KOPIICHO jc yllope!HI'l'll C'Ial"albe 2-,3
npopa'IyH<lTC BpefH-lOCTH ca nOrJ.:alJ.:1lJvta U] Ta0cJIC 9.
3a,],uTaK 2. OgpeguiTiu upuj iilC()puicJ;lCl (iogooa u ecjJlII{(lCfwdIi peKlTiwjJIllW
qtWIH' KU.'10HI..' {ipH fJu3g(jajau)y paC//i(wpa ()()ga-eful.l.-1-aJ1Kuxo"1, }'J Luo/ua//J-II{ pe-
cjHl}KC.
[1crrpeoua MCpCH)(J n npOpa[lyll. - OBaj 3<l,U,aT<1K 3aXTCB<l CBtTi.l flEa Mcpcn"a:
TpeGa OnpeW1TH KOHu,cwrpa!.VJjy TC'IIIOCTII Y K~naHy (XI;) II Y nOBpaTHO.td TOKY (Xo)
CaB OCTa;IH rrocrao ic paLl"VllCKO-rpaC!W!y.KC npHpO;.1e, II IlpiHz~naII je y 3Ham13H
3;V\iJTKa. He CMe CC ];:IGoinnirn! jta paB!lOTCiKHH ).UJjarpaM Tpc0a ;.~a C<:.tAlJ;Jl M0JlCKC
y,n,c:tc paBlloTciKllHX cj)(U(l, jcp ca.tlto Ji.l !.,.lOJICKC YHCJIC Ba:jKH f-l.<:l jc:

YIJ+l ::::XIi+i

HJ[Jaga 3agafi.i!((( . .~ KO:lOU)' T}x:Ga CKUl.l,Up,rru II n)'cTHTH y pag, TaRO l~a pC-
(}L!I)'KC Gy)\C TUT'-UJall. To 31W'1l1 J~,UIC TpeGa 1I3J3o,r~Hnl :J.:CCTl'I:laT U3 KOJlOl:le, Bcn caB
KOH)J.:CluaT BpahaTH H,rrpar y KO:lOJlY. Ka~\a cy nOCTJ1rllYTll CT<tlJ,J10HapHH YCJ1013H
(o6Ht.mo Ka;~a TCMnep,.tT),pa l'.JljY'l<.llh'.l npcc["LlHC )~a cc i\{CH::.<.t, TpeGa l13M,;Pl1T11 KOH-
i...!,CIlTpal.l,llje JElKWC llCnap,TblU3C KOMJlOHCf[TC y IW3aH)' (X k ) 11 Y KOH,Il.Cl-!:3;:rropy (Xf)).
KOHqcIITpat.l,lljy et...tcwC a!IKOXOJl:.l 11 BO;~C jc lIajjc;!ltoC'ral3IUljc on;pC;:UITH MCpCIbCl\r
rycTHHc o.-1ClllC H o~nlT'lBalbCl\l KOHl~cln'paJJ,lljc Koja u;~rcJl3apa llJMCILCHuj rycTHHH.
no nocTH3<tfhY' CralJ,HOnapHIIX YClOua n3McpCIlC cy CJIC!J.:cfic KOHlJ,ctrrpannje:
y IW3alfY
rycrmIa PI..:;;:: 0,982 kg/m:i.
115 Taoc:lc 9. O'll1Tilna ce Kouu,cwrpaqaja:
 AIICOPIIll,JAJA
HJIH 3a Tel.IlIOcr

3arra)Ka ce BeJIHKa Cm,p-lHOCT ca JCgH3 l IHHOM KOjOM ce ogpei)yjc npeJla3

TOnJIOTe:

2~,
,
aA f1! = ~
I .
7.1. EP3l1HA ArICOrnIUUE
(ClA)

(j)U3lPlK3 If XCl\mjcKa ancopm~nja. - ITo:maTo je na CYMITOpHa KHCCJTHlfa, K30 Aa ?H ce YKa3<:l.'lO Ha CJlH'IHOCT ca KOC(PHI~Hjclrro:rvf rrpCJIa3a TOTL'JOTC' (ex).
H l\H-fOre fl.pyre C.1H'IHC cyrrcTaHI~e, nacrajc pacTBapm-hc-M raca y nO,IllT. PacrnapaH,c :wcq:nnlJI.leHTH ITpOnOpl~HOHaJlHOCTJ1 y npBC ,aBC jC}lHa-':Il1IlC CC n<:l3HBajy Koc(imI~H"
raCOBi1 y BOAH, lV1U Y npyrHlvf TC'IHOCTHM8., lIa31I1W ce <:InCOpm.l,lJja. AiJcopih(uja .1(. jCHTIIMa rrpe.rra3a Mace y r.1cy Wi<) Il Te'IHOCTII (~I)'
fipl! l{Ojoi cc HC!W IW.-1t/"iOlI('J-li-ila ape/well U3 ZOCo y
31-1(f'1U. qlfcjJ)'3/W!W oflcpm(uja D;a 6H ce Oo.ThC pa3YMCJre OBe jC,IlHa'IHne, Tpc6a o6jaCIH1TH c.'lcnehu CJlY'wj.
iiic'lfWdU u paci1opcD}jc no rw,wj .MaCrI luc'u-wciTiu HCKa ce rac CaCraR.lheH 0;:.\ gEe KOMHonellTC (al"V1OHnjm:: H Ba3Jl:YX) HZL'l33JT wn:r Kpehc
Ancopm(uja ce jaRJha 06H'-IIIO If(l ;U;Ba Kl1paKTepnCTlPIl-W H(l'mHa. DPBH H(l'IHH H3fW,a TC(IHOCTH (no.n:a). Y KojOj.iC .ic,auc! on r3CHHX KOMnOHCHTH paCfBOp.ThIIRa (.11\10-
je HC'KJ['Y'I11RO qm3wIKa npo:\lCHa Ka.rp ce paCTHapalhc)'vr H3 CMeme raCOB3 H3):(Bnja HHjaK). Taga he nohn AO ancopm~Hje jCJ1.HC KOJl.IDOHeHTe Y Tc"mOCTH. Hpyra KOWIO-
rae Kojn ce JIaIW ancop6yje (paCTBapa) Y TCTIHOCTH H He Mel-La cnoj cacnIR. Onaj HCHT3 (Ba3gyx) Koja HHjC. llJUI.iC j\'1a]10 paCTBOpJblma, oCTajc CTaJIHO y racy. MO>KC
H31 Il1H CC I1PUJI,-IClhY.le Ka,ua ce )KemI H3 CMClIle racon<l ll.'TH napa H3ABOJHTH. BeRH eac~ ce 3aMHCJ1HTH)J<'l Ha rpamu~lJ H3MC~y raea H TC'IHOCTH IlocToje ABa rpan:wma CTOjo.,
To.1aK.. TaKO ec, Ha npHl\fCp, npn rrpmI3RoJJ..fhH a.TJ.KOXOJJa, fbHXOBC napc H3Hnajajy RO- 0):\ KOjHX .icAan npanaJ.Hl racy a Apyrn TC'-IHOCTH (CJI. 146). .
llOJl,f IT] CMellie ea APyrUl...i raCOBlIl\Hl. H3HBajmbc eyMDopnc KHccnaHc. TaIW'l)C npcA- ")l MaCH raca, MOJICKYJIH ee, npC1\1a Tcopnjn ;QHcpY3uje. Kpehy Y CBUM npaBl~H
cran.rha CPU3WIKY ancoprru.H.1Y M<1, yCJfe:~ "LIera lIMaj), no neJIoj MaCH npaKTIJlIHO nCTl1 npHTHeaK (p). KOJl.trrOHcHTa
MPyru HWIHH je ancopmJ,Bja TlpH KOjOj je Q)U311 (KO paciTilwpWhC ilpahcHO U
t Koja CC ancop6yje (ft) npOlH1pafic y Te'IHOCT, TC he.ie Y Hcnocpcnnoj 6mnr!1m Te
XCAllfjCl(lLH npO.MCH{UW. Y OB01\1 C.l1y'wjy, rae cc ancop6yjc, Kao 11 pauHjc. Y TC'I- "(IHOCTH, "I~j. HZI rpm-nIIJ;II 6HTH eBe Malbe If MaT-he (P.rJ TIoroHcK3 CIma he. 3H<l'Hl,
HOCTrl, Tj. Y ancop6CBCY, caMO IUTO ai1cop6cl1C ciTiyila y PC({"'l.~ujy ca (lIlcop6o(5(lHu.M
6UTJ-L
f1p = (p.~ p,).
zaCOAt, A<:ljyhu H3BCCHO xel\UrjcKo jc,aHIbelbe. To ce, H<l npHJvfCp, OfJTc,aa npn aneopn-
I~Hjll <lMOHHjaKa y cyl\wopnoj KHCCJIHHH. A1IoHHjaK cc OBlle ancop6yjc YCYMDOPflOj I1HepTlIa KOMnOnCHTtl ce He ancop6yje Y TC'Y.HOCTH, Bch ce 3aAp:iKana H"3Ha;u:
KHCCJITiHH. npn 'tfCMY llocraje <1MOHHjYMcymp,lT. nOBpllJI1HC. Ha Taj Hwnnr he Ha rpaHHI~H raca 6UTl1 BlillIe ImepTlle KOr-WOHCHTC
,Llml}),3nja II :lncopmvtja. - npn rrpoy'wmuhY (mcoprn~H.ie, Jl.:OllLTJO cc ,ao 3(\- IUTO hc nOCT<lTll CMCTlb<1 3<1 npO.'Ttl3aK aKTHBHC KO)l.fnOTrCl!Te JJO Tc"mOCTII.
KJbyrKii Jl,J lloeTojH CJ1WIJJOCT 113M(1)y 'IHH1Ll"au.a Kojr1 yTl1'TY lIa }bY 1((10 II n<1 ,apyre o o o o
)l)lcpY:JHonc onCp'l1.~Hje H 'HlHB.'Jar~a Kojn yc.llOl3.Thanajy npc""1(l] TOITnOTC 0)1 jC)J)lG o o o o
cpe)lTnJe K8 npyroj. Y 06a CJf)"wja KO.nwnnw Koja cc npCHece y jCJI,HHBlJ,I-l npe1\'leHD
rACHA
o o TOO t 0 o ~ 0
(pRHH:je cncprnja Q, cllp:a 1\f<\ea HCKC KO\mOHC1Tre A. IJ1 f l) 3ClnHCH on ne.'lHl.IHJ1C rpAH\-14HH
nonpmIHre c'n KPC)3 KOjy npona3H H op: Koeq)flll,HjeHTa W) Kojn :13BHCll H on: CnCl(H-
CMallA
o 0
OOOO~OOO
0 ! o 0 o .00
CJ10JfACA

q1wrHc llpHpo;~e M<rrcpnja,'T8, nJIIIIlUI npeHOC;:1 Jj norOHCKe cnne. TIofolIcKa CnJI<l

KO).\ npeJH133 TOTI:IOTe jc P<LUlHK8 TC)\,fIlCPZlTYpc, a KOP: ancopn:u;nje pa:mHKi.l napI~H -D-fO!~-f~-fD-f~-fD-1
jaJIHHX nprnHcaKa (t:,p), o;:UrOCHO pa3JTHKC KOHIl,eHTpaqHje (6..-\"). ORO CC MO>Ke OO!OO!OO!DO!001' rPNtH4HH
PACTBOP CJ10J PACTsOPA
HClGl3aTH C.'1cn,efiOM jc,aHa~nmOM: OOD!OOD!Ooa)

3a npCHOC y incy OOOO,ODOD!f0DDO

0000,0000,0000

o AKfI.oIBHA KOMIlOHEHTA. /
HEAIffioIBHAKOMIlOHEHTA yrACY
[J HEAKTl18HA KOMnOHEHTA Y TE4HOCTH

C.fllUW J46
 - - - - - - - -- - - --~ - --------------------------------

KaAa aKTl1BHa KOMIIOHCliTa npolje y rpanWIHI1 CJloj Te~lHOCTH, IbCHC ~IeCT1fi\e

Tojn }J,a nO.BpmUHa gonl1pa u3Meby ABe cpa3C (TCt.IHOCTli H raca) 6yp;c WTO Bcha.
He Mory 0AMax iW npOAPY Y Ay6JbC CJlOjcnc, OAI-lOCHO Y Macy TC'-IHOCHI (KBaApaTllhl1 lbY3CTaK JC, Mcl)ynIM, KaW1 CC ancoprrunja 6p::IO ,rI,CWaBa, liJIH KaJ~a cc ocn06ai)a
03HaQaBaj yr qecnu~e TCYJ-IOCTH). Ancop60BatH1 MOJICKYJIH KOMll0HCHTC, Koja ce
HCYBHlllC Bc-:rI1Ka TOIUTOTa Iwja 611 1l,CJIOBaJIa lllTeTHO H<l caM TOl{ ancoplU_VijC. Y nc-
rrpCHOCl1, aarOMHJlaBajy ce Y TCL1HOM rpaHHtUIOM CJlojy rAe I1Majy KOHlWllTpall,Hjy xI'" hI-U-IH cnY'-lUJeB<1, aKO ce oU106al)a TOIUlOTi1 npI-i ancopnll,uju, no-rpe6HO .ie nOCTC-
KOjOM he 6P311HOM MOJlCKYJIl1 ycncTH l1<1 rrpoAw:pYHAyjy 011 rpaHRYHC IIonpUlHl-lc J~o rreHO .XJIanl1T11 ,n:a CC HC 6.II CMa:EbHJla paeTBOpJbHHOCT. XJIal)Cfbc CC H3BO)J.H Ba3,lJ;y-
;a,OlLe rpaHIIu;e TermOr rpaHI-PIHor CJlOja, OJ1HOCHO ,ao p;y6JhHX CJlOjcna (Mace) TC" xm.-1,Jom GOJbC BO,lJ;OM KOJa CC KOHTlIHy~UIHO cmma npCKO 3H;11oBa anapaTa.
QflOCTH, 3aBHCI[ npe CHera, 0;:1, KOHllCIfTpaU)1jc y MaCH TC'-IHOCTI1 (x), Tj. O,n noroneKe
DpacaH p,op,np I13MClyy TC'lHOCTI1 II raca, Tj. nCJlUKa rrOBpUH-IHa 1l,01l,lipa,
crfJIe Lit == -- x). IlOCTl-DKC ce: pacnpmaBathc!>.t Te'lHocTH, C'IHBaILCM Te'tHOCTI1 Hll3 BCJII1Ke nOBp-
PaCTl30p2bUBOCT facona. - -Y' npeTXO,Il,HOM H3Jlaral-b)' pa3MaTpaI-Ia je 6P3HI-ta unmc 11 6ap6oTllpaI-bCM raea.
311COp6oB3H.>(! HeKoI' raea. ,IJ,OIlIflO ce,n:o 3aKJby~lKa AU he KOJUtLHma anCOp60BJHOr . npH pacnpWlfBi1I-bY Te'lH(;CrH y cjmHc KanH l101\fOhy pacnpl1HIBa t la, uacynpoT
raea Y jeJJ,HllHu,H npeMtH'd OUTH ynpaBHo nponOpUHOH<:UlHa p<umul,l1 KOHll,eHTp<'l!J,H- l-bO] Kana nap;a Kao nuna, CTPYJI1 rae H ancopoyjc ce Y KaIU1M(l TCllHOCTH.
ja [JOcMLtTpaaC Kor-.mOllCIITC y racy!! Ha rpaUHll,H Cd TC'-lHOlllhy. :~Vlcl)YTHl\'l, raCOBH CrtllSal-hC TClfJ-lOCTH mn HelmKe 110HpWHlle. KOjuj y CYCPCT CTPyj11 rae MO>KC
cy MC~)yCOO1l0 paJJI1PlHTO paCrBOp!LHBH, lJJTO 3dBI1Cl! o~~ npHpO~l,C raea [! IT'IllOCTIl. ,1a ce I13BOJ-(H KpOJ ,lJ;yr CHCTC!l-t l~eBH, KOjc MO[,Y }.(a 6YJW [lOCTaH}LCUC KaCKa;J.HO nJUI
TaKo, Ila apm.1Cp, dMoHHjaK ce Y DO;..!,}! pJC-TBapa BPJlO !J,OOpO, ,L\OK c): KI1CCOIIUK H BujyraDo jc;u!a HCnOn ;\pyre. TC'lHOCT _MO>!-:c ,'VI CC CJlJlLla 11 npCKO nylLtt-h<1 MalLUX
;BOT TCWKO paCTBOpJI,i1DI1. I1pcr-ta TOMe:, Ja Ll.tvlOHHjaK he 6Wt'H l1(rrpCOaH HeKH TCn<l pa3JIU'HITOr 06nIIl":'{l, 0 llL:M)' he KacIlHje 6HTH pe~UL
CaCDlitvt l\WJIH lIapu,Hjamll1 llpHTHcaK i13!ta~( TCllHUCTH, nLt _lin ra 6y,L\c CaCBl'llvl l~OBO fTPI1 6apooTupalbY fac ce i--\OIlO!\!-1 t~C[;HMa Ila AHO CY1(<l Y KOMe cc HaJld3H TC-
JLllO pacmopcllor y BOl-~IL 3;;1 KIICCOllllK he, Mcl):n,'HI\L 3(1 11('1'0 TOllHKY pacrBopcuy qHOCT II rryuna I~a y l\lCXypIBl<l npoJw:3ll 1,P03 l\ILlCy TC'lllOCTH (GapooTupa).
1(OJl11'l1111), OUTH rrOTpCOall gCOM<1 BllCOK napLl,Hjamm npIITIlcaK. OIla TjJll WFTlJlia ancop6oB;UL<t p~rJ.'lWll1TO cy KOHCTPYKTlIBlIO pernella. TpeGa
)J,pynl'mjc PClICIlO. nOCTaB:ba ce lUlTalbt KO}JHKO ce raca MO>Ke anCOp60Dt1TH llPOY'lHTIl caMO TpH OCl!OBlta THIla:
Y Te'lilOCTH KaJ.-\a ancopHlJ,nja npecrajc U YClloCraBJb:J ce paB1l0TDKJ. KOMOPC ca paCllplllHUcUbtlvL
AKO cy ): lIcro,i TCllHOCTll pacTBop~l-U1 pa:3Hl1 racOBlI, y <IT!\lOCCpepH H3Han llie -- KOHOHC ca n),l'hCf--helvl H
liaJli13l1hc ce T11 HCTH raCOBI1. H.>HXOB jJaMwiileJ/CHu JJapl{ujaJIIILl Lipuiuucwc uuhr: T)'PWIC.
OUplly[jjO {ijJ(}fioPI~U()I{(,IJW!l pacilI-GUp"bUJWCLUU. Ha oeHosy ORO I'" pa3Mi:iTp,,ULil, KOlHope ca pacnpllllIBathCM. To ey UjJOCTOpUjC KOjC Mory 6nTH pa3JII1'-HlTOr
J.lO,aa311 Cl'- ;~o \WplL1a Ja paCTf30pJbIUlOCT l'(JC()Ba: Y!{()J1Uf':O je flap[~lljUlf-lLl tlpUiTiU~aJ,: 0001.11K'1. Haj~IcllIhe cy
y l3lI~y RHCOKI1X W)'Il.'LlIX qILrll!!lil;ljl" Y KOjHMH ce pacllPwyjC.
1I0{()2 2({C(I u:mag lTie</f-IOCLlill y l':OjUj je paciIiuopCfl ca llCllIO.H /{OlllWHfi'ipaLWfO.M Tc~mOCT, l(OK rae c:rpyju 0il,03fJ,O. OJ~
(jehu, ylZi(ulll{o je f-/.)C'/O()({ jJlIClU()(Jp ..NWOClTi .HtlIbtl. GDO jc y ear}l_aCHOCTl1 Cet X~H' MaTcpHja Koje ),'--ICCTByjy y ClncopfIu,l1jH,
PHjcBlItVl J<1KOHOM (p ::::: f-{ . x) KOjl1 YTBpl)yjc Aa he ce paCrBOpllTI1, lIt:! npl1~lep, gBet 'Jam-rcn KOjUM he M<lTCpl1j;:UlOM KOMopa
nVT<l Deha KOJU1'lHiia neKor raca aKO cc YADOCTpytrH ~berOHa KOHll,CH"rpall,HJa y rae H3HyTpa 6HTl1 OOJlo)KCWI.
lI~j cl)('13u. KO,lI[K<I he 1'<1 KOJIWUIHa crnapllO 6UT}!, 3aBucn 0)1 BCJIWHlIIC- XeHpHjeBc KOJlOHC ca rrYlbcJ-heM. OBe KOJlOHt
rAe
KOlieTaIITC. 3a CB<lKH rac OWl UMa iJ,py'l")" Bpe)~l-IOCT. YKO.cnIKO je OlIa Belia, YTOJHIKO Haj~leLUhe ce npHMCI-byjy. To cy BCPTH-
he fi Taj rac Gl1Tl1 Malhe paCTBOp!bHB. Ki1 ..'lHH W1JI1-lHn;pH, pa3;1~1'-lHTHX ,lJ;HMCH:m-
Te~lJJ('paTYI)(l, TaKo!)c, HMa yTm~Jja ll<l pacrBapal-be. MO>KC cc pelin, lI1TO Je ja. OAIIOC IhHxoue BllCliHC H npe'II-IHIG:1 .ie
ilpaB11JIO, JJ,Cl .Ie pocllwopJbuGocili oupll)'lTio ilPOtlOP[(Ll(jlltlJIIW IUCAHlepaiTiypu -- UUH'IJ-IO OKO 3 : L OBC KOY!OUC- :-...wry 0Wl'11
wiIiu je rnC.-H1ACpatTiY[Ja GUlIW, paciii(}opJbU(-JOcat jc jo,UlH'{I. BHCOKC [-I lJ.O 25 ID. Bmrrc cc IlajtICrnilc H
Be.:un.:.a lL'lH paCl"BOpJhHBocT.ie. ::IlIaLIajna 3a npH~1eHy jC,1,lIa'IHIle 3a 6p::lI-wy
l\laJI<l rpa;J.e, aJIII, i1KO 3aTpc6a, DC3yjC cc HCKO-
ancupnlJ,llje. AKO je pacTBop:hllBOCT BCmHG1. r~HCI)y3u.ia raea Kp03 TC'-lHOCT .ie BP:1O JIHKO Ko.rIOIIJ Ila pCA. Y IlOrJlC;~y CCIJHK~I
Gp"Ht. aIm H'-lCrajc YClC)t Tora illT(l rpaHWlHll ClUj TC'IHOCTH naKO Ilpltll-1<1 \W;leKYl!C (,HOCTH, HCICYCTBO lIoKa3yjc I,:\a nOBei1.albe
In rpaHWllwr CJloja raea . .leg/ifill ()LTiIlO[J, y mo.,11 C.'ly"/Ojy, jc y 2j){lH[/~Il-{(}.,H C-1Ojy Zclca. npe<IHHKa KOJlOI-lC TCJlJKO M())KC Ai) 1IJ/10-
y i-l.pyrm.-l CJlY'lajy, gaga jc jJ(fC{jj(WjJ.'Nwocfl'i AW.-'l(f, OCflO(Jfi), iipUljJO:y [lpeHu KUil)J;Jl BHCHHy. DOILe cy BlUnc KO}IOHC Ma-
cy LljJCgciTioo.tlAI [pm-tWlllU c-wi y iiieClIlOCUiu. 3602 lTioza 'iac . .((OW g()~1(/3U uuto go Iher npC'UII1Kil, Hero lUDKC a ne.'1liKOr
I70GjJWUllC {tlc'll-IocLTiu. npC~U1HKa.

KOJlOHC ce lICCTO upaRe CTaBJhJI-hCM

KpahHX I~HJIIfH}J;PHl:lJ.lHX tl}IaHilKa jennor
7.2_ AITCOPEEPl1 npCKO APyror (c;1. 147). Y 3aBHCHOCTl1 OJl,
xCMrrjcKc npapop,e raca (ancOpnTllBa) H
I1PHJIHKOM pa:-H.-I:1'rpaI-ba 6p3HI-IC ancopm~H.ic BI-I1\H cc .lla OI-Ia 3aBHCIl, H3Meby TC~lHOCTH (ancop6eHca), KY.nC 3a arrcoprr-
OCTa.1l0r, H 0,lJ; DCJlWH1HC [lOBpIlHuIe. 3aTo ce KO.u CBl1X anapaTa 3a ancopmWljy Hac- IJ,Hjy Mory ga 6Y1\)' OA pa3HoBpcHor MaTe- CJHJ,KO 147
 281

pHjarra. TIpaBe ce Haj~leUIhe 0)]. KepaMHKe. HJTH CC H3HyTpa o6JIu)J{Y KcpaMHKOM,

OJIOBOM., MCTaJIHMa KOjH HC KopO)lHpajy, 3 HeKa)], lIaK If )]'pBeTOM. KyJIe cy ncnYlbcHe
MaTepH]anOM pa3HHx BCJIw,nma 11 o6mIKa, Tj. rrYIheIheM.
"YII.ClhC KOJIOU3: - Ua 6u ce Ky.rW UITO MaIbe OTlTepCnma, nyH>elbe Tpe6a J~a
6YAe UITO JIaKIllC n? ,lCAUHl:IUI1 3anpc!'.H-me. Tpe6a Aa I1Ma IUTO Belt} il06PUiUHY
TaKa Aa TClIHoeT KOJa ce CJlHBJ npeKO Ibcra HMa mTO nchy MoryhHocT )1;a J~ol)e v )lO-
)],Hp ca raCOM Kojn cc Kpehe nJmlIlle. 0/1 nYT-hClh3 ce 3aXTcna Aa OCTaBJLJ wiIlo ~(-)ef'iU
cJ1060gaH apeaK, rrornTO CC Ha Taj n3(lHH CJ'vrclH~yje OTnop npOTliJJ)UhJ raca 11 Te'-IH()~
CTH. nopcp: Tora. OHO Tpe6a ,lJ;3 6YflC jecjnYiuf{o, "HCXOUU'i_KU gO(WJbHO. 'U3jJcifio U xc-
.r.-rU/CKU oiTin0PHO.
Kao nYl-bCfhC anCOpm~11(HlI1X Konona, MaT-hl-IX II je;XHocTaBHujnx npOl~cea_
npHMeH>yjc ce KOKC. BCOMa je jccpnm H no 3anpeJ-m:HCKoj MaCH naK. KOKC l\'Ie"~y
TrIM. lIMa H )10CT<1 HC)10CT;)TaJ";:cL eTB;]pa Mc\J1H C]lOOOJJ;an npCCCK <!- OC]1M Tora. 110C~
TOjII MoryliHocr ;xa HCKH TherOBH HITa're c.rraoo pacrnopOlH cacTojl~H 11lIaK Tlpe1jy IT
!' paCTBapa'-I. TaKO Ha npBlf nOrJICn T13L'le;\3 !\(l KOKC IH"r8 nemnzy nonpll1l-my. a aHa
JE- KOJI Ihenl, npaKTJI'IHO, ,n:OCT8 McUIa.
llmreK(l)1 ce 3(1 nyT-hE-IhC yno1p::6."'T,<1U'1 Hro6,"'T~CfIn KaMCH 11 TO, npe CRcf(J npCKO T)/InL'lll npc.lHma. Haj'-Icmhc ce },'n(JTpe6Jbanajy HBC npcrc: ByJlCpOBC (C:1.
KI33pI\. On jc HOnCCall 181'0 lIlTO je XCl\mjcKH HeaRT_BBan. l-{cJl.ocTaTaK My jc l1lTO 150) 11 qe.napn.lycOHG TypH.nc. 1-1 KO)1 ,ieJI)IHX 11 ROn npynIX 6an:pnje (c.'1. 1.')1) ce
neJIHKY 3aIlpCl\1HHCKY Macy.
HlvfCl nOCTaK'l-,njy TaKO n3 TC.tlHOCT npCJIa3H I11,iC!J.UC Typmlc Y Jlpyry, ;J;OK l-Jacynj)c)T l-hoi
Cnel~HjaJIl-rH MaTcpnjaJIH :~a nYlhCthe 0):\ Iwjnx cc np_we pa3I-fH oo.:nnUl (CJH1Ka crpyjn rae Kojn npeJIZl311 In jer\.lIC T3 TKC 'y' i1.pyry ;,OK nacynpoT IhOj CTpyjI1 rae KOjIJ
1

148) cy: Kepal\HIKa, nopu;ynaH H KaMCHHl-la. (J(W nY'bCfNJ ce f(opuclTte u Y KO.aOT-taJUf npc.rra3H caMO H'3llal~ nOBpllIHHe TClIHOCTH y cBaKoj TYPI1}]H.
an pC1,Jiiuqnllml~l//y. I1pcna3chl1 H3 jCJJ:He TYPH:1C y !~pyry, pacfBop ce nOCTcnCHO 3acuhyje raCOM.
. Jen(IJj on naj'IcIlIhc- ynoTpCOJi,anaHHx 06mn..;:a nYfbcFha jc PanmroB npcTcH. To Ta1(Q Aa n~J1a3ehH 1[3 rrOCTIC)J,1bC nocTaje l\-taKCHMaJIUO 3acnhcH .. TIOC]TCIUh<l TypHJl3
JC mymhH U,fUlJ1HJ\ap (cn. 149) KO)} Kojcr .ic OHHOC npc~mHKa npcMfl BHcnHn 1:1- paCTBopa JC HCTonpelvrcno npna TypU}]a raca, TaKO ;ua ee Y J-bOJ CHItty HajK01-ll~CH
llieroB npelIHHK je O,!l_ 20 )~() 60 111m.
Tpacm-mjn paCTBopH Brae Haj60ranrjn KOl\-fTIOHeHTOM Koja ec aucop6yjc. Kaga nu
TYP"~lC. - OBaj Tun ancopm~VfOHHX ypci)aja YlfOTpcO.rb3Ba CC K3JJ)1 CC rac Bp.;l0
ce a{]copi71~ujo GjJllflUIO illQlw go cc i1apcuc,,1fW ('171'o(-)Ogr lTtcLtNOClTj u zac, Ccj)C1WlTt
.naKO 11 6p30 ancop6yjc. Y TelmOCTH, a TIOrOTOBY OHJP Kana CC npn arrcopm~niH pa-
au(Opi1-1~lfje 6[( 6u{) .1l-fm:t"IHo ).tCl/-bU.
3BRj3 TOTI.l10Ta Y Behoj Mcpn. Ko,u TypHJla ce, uHcynpoT paI-mjl1M anCOpm~liOI-nIM
ypc'bajHMa, Te)KH CMai-bHBaI-hY )10)lJlpnC nOBpnmHC H3MCpy raca n TC~IHOCTH. l1C'ro~
HE:AnCOP50BAHH rAC
nreMeno, Typn.l1e cy KOHCTpYHcanc TaKO H3 nocTojn npnnwmo BCJTHKa nonpnnma
3H!J.oBa npCMa OKOJIHOj CPC):J)HIH, lIHMe CC 06C36c1)yje X.1a'beu,c OKo:nmM Bl:i 3ilY XOM .
AKO je x.l1abClbC BCl3,ilyXOl\I l-IC)lOnO!hHO, nOHeKaA ce XJtaJJ:C VI BOHOM TaKO uno ce OHa

~II r AC 3A
~ncopnul1.JY

m
CJ1lff{C/ ] 48 CI/UIW 15]
PACTBOP
"-.....

.
 _____ ,_1 ___ _

282 L~~_. 283

113BOU

I1PH 3nCOprn..l,lljH gOJI<t311 gO pacrnapal-ba raea no ~eJIoj MaCH TC'-llIOCTH.

Allcoplll~Hja MO>Ke 6I1'fn cplf3WIKa, oe3 rrpOMene C<ICTaIHl KOMIIOHCHTe Koja ce 3n-
cop6yje, If xeMnjcKa, npn KOjOj J~OJl(13H AO xeMHjcKIiX npOMCHa. Maca YfJbCH-AI10KCHAa Koja yiJe y KOJIOUY (m u ') je oApei)eHa je,u,H3L II1HOM

DOrOIICIGl CHna 3a ancopm~Hjy jecTc pa3JIUKU npHTl1CaK3 y racy H pa3]111Ka

C'raI-La, npHMelbeHoM ua CO 2 Y CMellm:
KOHI\eHTpal.l,Hja Y TCLIHOCTH.
Dp3HHa allcopnu.ujc je IIpOnopll,HOHaJIHa mmpU.lHHH KOUTaKTa raea H TeLlHO-
CHr.
Ypebaja :.m anCOpm(Hjy Acne ce Ha K0}10He ca paCnplllHBaIbC!l.t, KOJIOHe ca rry-
I-berheM 11 Typlillc ca 6apOOTllpaH,cM.
OnaKJIeje

nHTAlhA

1. ;:(1 :Ill ce upu xeMlljCl.;oj. jall."b<l 11 q)Wm'IK<l ancopm.J)rja?

HIT:,] .it: l-:oe("iJll~Jl.ieuT rrpcJ!~ua ~!acc:
",:T 0130j jei'.1.H<PIHHH Pu' npC)lCfaB}L<l napll,JljaJIHH IIpHTllGlK CO 2 Y CMeWH II 0;.1.-

3. lUTiljC HOl"OllCKa ClUil JCl Cl[[CUpn~Hjy? pd')l:H jc TepMOJ(mraMH'IKHM 0AHOCOM:

if. Kal";:U CC oCTBapyjc JlOTpeGIlJ !Ioupmuua KOflTaKi.l."l'a !'aca H TC'lHOCTn?
::; KaKO Tl'Mllepwrypa y'Tll'le Ira ancopmmjy? P;,-
6, lIlra.k KapaKTCpllCTl1K<:t PUCrB0P:LIIBUX [';lCona? Pi!

rIOUlTO onile PI! npc,U,craHJL3 yKyllllH rrprlTHC3K CMellie raca n:1 yna3Y, TO ce
AIl CO PHIU1J A 3aMCHOM y ropI'hY je,rW(l"-lfll-lY ,I~()611ja:

'1l",aTaK 1. Y "O.Wllll ClI iipbefbeAl ua CMCllle uaagyxa If

BE EA yZJ1JCHgum.:cuga aiicopri}'je cc j'z,'beHguo/{cug y (wgu. EKcuep-

lI.tll'/la/(/JIIiO ogpeglliiill aiicopu()(1(Ul}' A(acy y'fJbcHgllOJ.:cuga.
Ha rrOTnYHO :1H<lflOraH Ha"-ntH CC JlOoHja Aa .ie H::lJla3Ha fl..1aca yrJheH-AHOKCHJ~a
ANLI.,'lIf.Ul 3ugcnU!UJ. - Tpe6a W:l!,..ICPUTH yJIa3Uy 11lT3JIa3HY Macy
(m,'):
yL~heII-J.vIOKCl1i\a YCMCWH C,] nLl3,U,yxoM (cll. ISla). Pa3J1HKa II3MCl)y Y.lJa3HC H H3JJa-
:mc Mace yL'bCH"'J-iHOKcH:~a llpC;lC'l'aSJL<1 v 2 P\l-M'
al1CopGoBJ.IIY Mac)" Oi~HOC!lO Mac), Koja.ic m'.::: -~-' '--'--.
i R .1;
npCI1UlIJ y BO~\y. McpelL<::t y raclioj q),Hn
cy jCI~IIocTaBHlija aKO CC o;.q)l.:~l)yje 3anpe-
WlIIa (-J(lIlPC1VtHHCKH npOTOK, 3alJpeMHIlC- Cag<1 je <lllcop6onaH<J Maca (m') jC,'J.U3KCl P;:l3.TlHI.l,H YJi33HC U H3JW3HC Mace:
Ka KOlUV.'llTp'H~!lja) 1:\o.ja ce KOPlllllhclbel\.'j
jeNlaL!lfHC cralha VJV ::: nRTj, Ha Kpajy, 171' ;::::; In ll ' - !n/.

npopa'JyU<l y Mac)'. 3aTO ~C It OBiJ,C 6UTll

Tpe6a 3HaTH.L\a CC H3JIa31la 3<'lllpCl>Hma He r-wpa MepHTli, jep C(~. M())KC OnpCITI1-
rrpUKJ.3<l1l npopallyH I1a TOJ ()CHOBH.
TH na QCHOflY ~IHl-bCUHl.l,c,u.a jl: Y:1<l:mil 3anpCMuua B33Ayxa H<l YJIa3Y ,]eD:HaIGl pa3JlH-
McpCH,e!'>1 )'.:j;CnHt' 'JanpCl\HlllC Clvl.C-
1l,11 )'KyITUe 3anpcr-..Hn-IC n 3anpCMHHC CO 2 Ha yJIa3y
we Ba:~!lyxa H )-T.'L.Clf-iHlOKCHg<.l (~.'J H
YJla:.:iHC 3anpCMHIICKC KOHl.l,eHTpaUHJC yr- VII - Vii . Yu':::; VII (1 .- )'u')
fheH-J~HOKCHJ.1.a Y TOj 01eum (.1'11') l\1(})KC ce
3anpCMHW.l Ba3;.~)'xa KOjH 113al)e HJ KOJIOHe jc:
OAPCfJ.l1TH 3<111PCl\HW<I CO 2 Koja yi)c y
KOJJOHY (V/I'): Vi (l ~. Yi)

V"i::: V/< Y,/. I10IIITO ce na3AYx He ancop6yje y B01,n, OBe ABe 3anpeMHHC cy jeAuaKc (aKO ce
3aHeMapl1 npOMelIa npfITHCKa H TeMITepaType):
JC.LIJIlIHlJ,e one jCL\J:Ia"-UIHC cy:
CJtlIKQ 751 a FII(l-.Vu')::: Vi(l-y/),
UITO 3HR'-m: ;o.:a je
Maca yrn.,eH-p:noKcHga Koja yY:;e YKonoRY je:

0,15 2 . I, 01 . 10' N/m2 0, 540m' . 44 kg/kmol = 0,15 kg

83ISJ/kmol K 301 K
IIoiItpe6Ha AtepOba u upopaLlyH., ~ Ha OCHOBY m-ramnc 3a.rraTKa, MO)Ke cc
3aKJhY'TffTII;o.:a je nurpe6no MCPUTU yKyIIHY YJIa3HY 3anpcrvUIHY 11 3anpcMHHcKC KOH- 113 K0110HC U3JIa31I Maca:
l\CIITpar~Hjc yrJbCII-)UIOKCli~(a Ha yJI33y 11 I:I3JW3Y. 3anpeMHHa raca cc MO)KC MepuTH
;r:J;upeKTJ-IO (racHHM
caToM), I1JIH HHJ]JlPCKTHO MCPCIbCM 3anpCMJUICKOr npoToK3
(poTaMcTpoM) H HPCMCH<l Tpa.ia1b<l ancopnD;ujc. To 3H<l"m .n,a ce MCPCIhC II npopa m: = y:2 P; F, M'
R .~
2 2
.0,05 ),OI)O'N/m :,(),483m-'. = OISh
83ISJ/krno) j(. 301 K "

'LfyH Mory Cl{CTCM<lTH30BiHn CJlcnchoM Ta6cJIOM.

TIpeMa TOMe, ancop60Bana tvraca CO:; .ic:

KOHl~eH-1 np~:;;;~11"e\mep3- IMaca'
Tpar~H)a caK I Typa I CO 2 1111/ -- 111/ "'" 0,135 kg.
I
I

I Y.1l33 _.
--I 3ar~aTal{ L HaiJ1Icainu U Cl{ciJcPIl.MCI-d17a.1Ho flPOflCPWTiU .aiTicpuja.'7l-1U 6H.!J(fH(
! 113J133 I YZJ'oeH.-guoKcuga iJpu al1copfu{lIju (3Og0.'\/ )' l{O ...WHU ca i7Yl-bObCA-i.

Mepeno AHoJ1u3a 3agatilKa. -- Ancop6oBaH(I Maca YrJbCH-J1)lOKCn;aa ~13 raCHe D.-feme (~)1~
BOi_lIl CC BOfloM. 1\1a-repnjaJUlH 6n.nanc CO). MQ)KC ce npHKa3aTH ,lcrur,l'IHIIOl\\ y 1<OJoJ
CC J13je;O;H3'-ryje CMal-bCl-bC Mace CO 2 y racy (mil' ~ m,') 11 npnp'UIIT<l.l Muce CO 2 y nO;J;n
H3paga 3agaiJiKO. Tpe6a CKIlll,IIp3TH arrap;:rrypy. TIpUTIpe1'vfliTH HnCTpYMCUTC 33 nero BpeMe:
npOTOKa raca It KOHI.~eHTpm~nje CO 2 (raCHll cal', O,I\HOCHO pOTaMeT3p_ II
3(1 Mepefhe
OpcaTOB anapaT). DYCTHTH K0]10J-lY Y pan 11 H::mpnUITH MCpCI-be TTpH l-beHOM yc-
MaC(I CO 2 Y HOlm"" mil' ~ m/.
T3JheI-JOM pany. Maca yrJbeH-J1)lOKCHI~a anCOp60B<1110r Y BOrn!, Jl.W>KC ce Onpe)1JITU MepCl-bCM
PC3y.;llTlanlll. ~ Ha oeHony npCTXO)lllHX yrrYTcTana (l06ujcn<l.ie c.llenefia Ta6e.1TJ 3anpeMVlHe BOnC KOj3 npOTeKHe 3a VlCTO npCl\-le Kao H 3arrpClvHnra raCHe CMemc y
McpeHHx PC3YJ!TaTa. TOKY anCOprn(Hje If KOH1\eUTpaUHje yrsbeu-ifHOKClma Y BOrn-l.
Maca CO 2 Roja 11311a3H ca BOgOM je:
V Cj,

rAe je Cj M311a3Ha KOHuellTpal\Hj3 CO 2 y nOJIH noore ancopnunje, M"lTa y jeJ-lInIH W1l\W

(kg CO,/m' H20) (Cil. 162).
AKO, cBcwfya:n-IO, BO.D.a Koja ;aona3H 33 cHlcopnunjy I1M<1 BC1-l paCTBopeHor CO:,.
OHna je Maca CO 2 Koja y1)c Y KOTIony C,l ROilC}]',,!:
PC3YJTTaTH 3a npopwryI-J CC KopHCTe 113 npcTxogne Ta6efle. 3anpeMl1Ha npo
TCKJHl Ha ).':1<1'.:\)' y [(on on)' 3<1 30 min .ie: V Cu ,
3
VII"'" VI/s' '[:;;:: 0,3 dm)/s . 30 min 60 s/rnin = 540 dm . nxe.iC ("II ym13H3 KOHl~ellTp,u~Hj3 COl'
Ca;aa ce MO)1(C penH ,n:a je:
3arrper.1HHa Koja npoTcKHC Kp03 H3J1ZU lf3 KOJIOne (npH'rnCaK II TeMncpaTypa
REi y113'3y 11 wma3Y cy nplI6JUDKHO BCTH, UlJ;,U ropn>y Ta6e.1JY) je: V (C r ~ CIJ "" mu' -- m/.
OBa jCp,-I'Ia'LUma npCp,-CT31:L1ha Tpa)KCflH M3Tcpnja:nm 6Jwanc. 011 ce CKCnCpn-
540dmJ. ,L.=- 0,15 = 483dm3. MCHT3JIHO 1\W>KC npOBCpUTII MCpeH>CM 3,mpeMHHC (npOTOKa) Bone H npOM(:,:He KOH-
1- 0, OS
UCHTpaqHje YfJbCH-,UHOKCHJ.\a y BO)]}!.
3anpCl\IHHC yrJbeH~,Ll,nOKCHAa H3 yn33y n H311a3Y U3 KOJIOHC cy: If3paga 3agaiZiKa. ~ ,TI,eo OBOra 33,I1,3TK3 je Bcn ypai)eH 3ap;aTKOM 1, TaKO )~a ea-
Vu' "" VI!' Yu';;;:; 540 dm 3 . 3
0,15;;;:; 8i,0 dm = 0,081 m 3
,
n3 Tpe6a caMO nposepliTH na JIVi jc eBa Maca yrTbeH-nI10KCl1n3 113 raca npcUW3 y Te-
l.IHOCT. To 3Ha'-IH;o:a llcTonpcMeHo (y TOKY npcTxonHor 3an3TKa) Tpe6a MepHTlI rrpo-
Vi;;;:; Vi . Y/ = 483 dm 3 . 0,05;;;:; 24,0 dm 3 :;;;; 0,024 1113. TOK BOnC n KOilll,eHTpau;njy ynheH~glloKCH)J,3. KOHucHTpa:U;H~a YfJheH-]UlOKCI1):J;a cc
Meprr HeKOM OA MCTo.n,a KOjy nperropY"Tyje aHaJIHTll'lKa xeMHJa.
 A)],COPIIll,IIJA
PeaYAL7iaifiu. ~ J-bMepeHI1 npOTOK BOAe je:
1/, = O,O~ m'/h.
TIOIIlTO je BpCMe ancopnu,Hje '(: :::: 0,5 h, rrpOTCKJIa 3anpcMHHa BOAc je:

1/ = 0,04 m'.
1131'\'lcpeHe KOIII~eI-I1'Pau,l1jc J13HOCC:
~ Ha YJIa3Y cu :::: 0,0001 g/ml:::: 0,1 kg/m\
~ na H3.'1a3Y C1 :::: 0,029 g/ml :::: 29 kg/m 3. Ap;COpnIl,Hja jc qJJ-13IPIKo-xcJ\mjcKI1 npou,ec IIpn KaMe ce MelLa KOlII.l,eHTpaJ.~l1ja
Maca YrJbCH-AHOKCI1)W Koja ce arrcopoyje y BO;UI ]a 30 MnH jt:' 3Ha t m: l-la LloaprUUHU cjHl3C. Qua npOMCHa KOHll,eWrpall,Bje y neti11HH CJlYLlajeHa jc YCJlOB.Tbe-
Ha nOBefian,CM KOHQClrrpaIl,Hjc na tlBpcroj IIOBpmMHH Koja Bpll!H af~COpnL\lIjy. GBAe
V (c;- c,,) = (J,04m' (290,1) kg!m' = 1,15 kg.
ce, 3Ha~lH, y o6:mp Y3HMa QnpCT3 nonpmHHa Koja ce rpaml'U<l ca TC\.IHl1M HJlH raco-
illTU.ie IIPI10JIl:DKIIO jel~IIaKO MaCH C02 Koja.ie aUCOp60Bi.Wa IU niCHe qnl'::lc (0.136 kg). BIITHM MC):tlIjYMOM. A,Ucopm\I1jy Tpe6a pa3.:1II,KOKtTJI Of], anCOpUL\Hje. Am.:- jc agcop-

3ai~~nm\ 3, EKCl-:ieplLHcHLTuuUlo ogpcgwTiu 6pJlI!1Y {PU3U'IK!:' U xe"~tujcKc ai{Cop- UlJ,Hja nojaua Koja CrBapa l7pu.HCHC 1{(Jlll~CI{/Tiplll(/.i.ie C(LH() I-lll ZPllI-lU'tlWf llU(1jJUlWILC

fiquje YZJbell-gllOKcuga y tic/Tioj l'-Go'WlllI u fipu UC(i'/U..H gpyZWt pagf-lu.H YC,/lO(lLUv((l. .wrr:le je <:lllCopmJ,Hja DpOAfCHG l'-Ofl1(CllITipal(uje I\uja ce O]JUlIi no L(C"'lOj AWCU.
Agcopnu,Hja CC ,\lO>I(C BpIllI:lTl1 H lla TC'-IHOCTHMCi H H3 raCUBI1THl>! )VIC)ll1jYMIlMa.
Af-{{Ul{.3{1 H u3paf/a :w.WIlTh:a. Bp;Hma aH('opm~llje jt aIIcop()oBalILl J\Jaca yr-
YKJtaJ-J.,'l1l,e IICIIQ)KC.'LHllX GlCTojaKa 113 yJJ~a lUll! yK!l~UbaIbe Bo;\ew:: uap01U Bi-n;WXd
.'1JeIH~llOKClU\a y jei(B!lln~H BpeJ..-fell<l (f/l/(' --II1,/t). ]cwraKa je pa3JlHUH :VJT<13HOr 11 H3-
cy' npmvlcpn Ja aACopnqHjy 113 TCQI-lOCTH 11 raea.
o'l<l31-lOf IlpOTOKa Mace yrJLCH-HI!OKCI-f,aa a :'I.lO)Ke ce InpiFlylIaTlllI:3 nOAuTaKa iU06n-
j~Hnx y npCTXO)1!-lOM 3a;.raTKy. Ep3HlW DEC onepaqIlje jt: npO!lOpu.HOH~UlHa IlUrOH~ A,[1;coplllJ,ltona PUHlIOTC)f(ll. ~ A)lcopmmjaje J~o6po npoy\.ICWl H nocTojn nCKO-
CKOj CUJm, O;UlOCl!O rjm3wIKo,j pa'LTBop:hIlHOCTU YL'bt::H-)1IlOKcHga y BO;'U1. ]mKO rrpH3HaTHX q)OP1..-fY;U: KOjc cc npaKTWIHO KOrmCTe. <l)PojHI~.'lnXOBa aJ-l,copn~
AKO Gn cc <lnCOpllIl,Hja EpUU!.IW IIC Y nOAn, Bcll y pacrBOpy NaOI-l, OH;~<l 6~L U,HOll(j H30TepM(l llpHMClh),Je ce y TCXHlILl,ll npJTO '-ICCTO;
360r pcaKI~Hjc CO 2 11 NaOH, paCTHOpJhHBOCT CO 2 6uJW BeaM] Be.!1HKa, n3 6IJ n xe~
MUjCK<:l allcopm.\Hja 6Hfla 6p)K;.t. (':::: _!lL::::(l 'xi/I!,
'YKoflHKo C~ nOA HCTl-I!>l yCJlOBHJ\ta ypaJJ;H npcTxoJJ;HH 3ailaTaK, ca!l--1O ce YMCCTO mad
BOHOr..l <lnCopIll.(l1ja wmpwu pacTBopoM NaUlt lv{Q)Ke ce OJJ;PC,L(HT!1 Tp;l)KCHa Op311Ha.
I\1cpelhc 11 npop<PlyH c)' nOTnYllo HCTl!. rT1e C 03lUJlIaBa KOm~CH'rpaIl,Hjy cyncram~e lv!8ce M KOj8 ce ilJJ,COpGyjc (a;~coprrnlB)
I-Ia je,aHHHu,H Mace mar! TCJJa Iwje apcopoy.ic (agcop6CHC), x KOHlI,CI-lTpannjy agcopn-
Tlma y pacruopy Kojn ce H<lJU13H y paBIIOTC)KlI ca a,rlCop6cHCOM. KoeqmnujeHTH a H
n cy KapaKTepHCTll'-IHC KOHCTaHTC Koje 3almce op; npHpo)].e a~tcop6cnca Ii all,Copu-
THBtl. AKO ce rpaq)wm:n npepCraBI1 npHK~nalIa q)OpM),Jla, IlpH (leMY ce Ha OPAH-
HaUTH), ocy naHoce npeJU-JOCTIi (c), a WI anCIWCHY ocy KOHll,Cl-rrpal(Hja (x), Aoouja cc
JlOrapHTIlMCK<l KpllU<l [wja je npr1K;-13tlUCl na CJU:Hl,H 152.

Bet t:lHU,lI CC 1311,11I .ua ce no jCTvnm1J,u l\-tace Cl;lCop6cllca a;J.cop6yjc yrom1Ko

l:Hll1iC l\WTcpHja.:la YKGJIHKO jc neha KOllIl,u-rrpaqnja pacrHopa C KojnM jc a.u:cop6cHC
y paBHOTe)KH. nOlJ.lTO UBa KplHla 38 Bclie KOHu,CH'rpaJJ,njc pJCrBopa nocTaje lIapa-
Jlcm-ra ca allC!J)1CHOM OCO!\1. TO 31-ta(IH Ha npH HOBch;:1l:bY KOHL\CI-lTpall,ujc KOHJJ,eH~
TponaHHX paCrBopa Hehe ,Qotin ,QO TICmchalb<t a.I--\COp60B3He KOJ1lFlIJI1C. 3a OB3KBC
CJIY'lajcBc Ka)KC ce ,J,ft je (lgcop6euc 3JCUi'iCH. Tpc6a BOT\HTH pa~lylIa f-iD CC OHa pa3-
l>!aTP,Hh3 O,QHoce I-I<1 1){{(JHOLUCJffY agcop6ulca /.{ pacll'lrmpa agcvp{"hUW3a.
AKO ce paJ-l.H 0 '-l)1COpnU:Hjll raCOBlITHX q_)J!YHl~a, Ta):p je KOHI_l,CI-lTpaIl,Hja KOM-
HOI-ICIITC (a,QcopnTHBa) nponOplJ,HomUU18 I-bCHOM napI~I1jaJlHOM npUTI1CKY Y TOM
C.'lY\.laJY <PPOjH)l.;Jl.IXOBJ cpopl\ly.:ra liMa oBaj 06mIIC
c:::: b. pl/m.
 Iip3~lIa aAcopm~Hje. ~ Kao II KOg OCTanrrX .ll:ncpY3HOHI1X OnepaIJ;nja, 6p3HHi1
C j C
aJJ:COpI1U:II)e npe,o;CTaBJbU npOTOK Mace a;n:cop6aTa (m!t) H 3aBlICH 0)], KoecpHll;njcHTa
IIpeJ1a33 Mace Kp03 rpaJUI'IHH CJIOj WI)' nOBpUlliHe agcop6eHca (A) 11 rroroHcKe eH.ne
("'x):
mit ~ (0,) . A . fu.
I - 12
fIorOHCKa CTIna .ie pa3JllfKa KOHI(CflTpaIJ;nja cyrrcTaHIJ,C Koja )lH<PYHgyjc Kp03
rpaHJPIHH CJIoj: 6x:::: x - xii' 3na TlajHo je yO'-IHTH;:ra IWlIlfCHiXipaupja J-W C((MOj zpanu-
4 U paClTwopa agcop6cHca (xx) 3ll6UCU og lCOAU'UlHC agcop6oaaue MaiIiepujc y agcop-
I 6CHC), It ga je y pocmoi11e.1I(U ea !()O.Af. To 3Ha'lH ga je Xx O;a:pCl)CHO 3Acopnu;rroHoM
H30TCpMOM. Ka,TJ,<J je KOIIneIITPaI~Hja pacfsopa x neha o;u: x g ;O:OJI33H AO a,ucopnUJIjc.
p AKO y ancop6ency paCTe KOJJWIHlW (JlXcop6aTa, pane H paBHOTC)KH(l K(Jln~eIJ
( /1/1/(([ J.5 2 Cml/{(I 153 TpaIJ;uja IBJ-IaJl lhera (x,,). YKomnw je Olta Reha on: KOHIWIITpau,nje aJ(cop6aT;:1 y pa-
CTROpy (x), jaB.!ba ce }l;CCOpm~Hja l1 a;~cop6aT rrpcm:l3n fl3 a;o:copoenca ")' pacmop.
Cnwmo ce MQ)Ke pchI1 11 33 J)1COpmwjy racona.
r!l,c cy h IJ In oJ;foBapajyhe KOHCTaHTC, ap rrapI~HjamUl npHTlIcaK KOl\IT10HClITC Roja Aji;COpOCHCIf. A)Jcop6cHCH cy :"WTcpnjc KojC H<I CB0.l0j rronpUlHHH l\wry Wl
cc ancop6yje, BC)KY HelmKe KOJfIPIHHC 3pCOpTIn1Ba. 3a J)1cop6enc je npJTo B,DKHO na Ul\la lIiTO
nopen npnpo)\c <Ul,COpnCHca ~{ ancopnnma, fID agcop{7.qu.iy 3HailifIO yiTiwfC /.{ (-leliy (i()GPllllfHY, nOl1lTO 6am no H.,oj Tpe6a na cc BC3yjy a]1cOp60n<lHlI J\wJ1eKFIH
We.MLlepaiT(i'pa. YRO.1HKO je TCMITCp,nypa Bl1l.IJ(L YTo:mKo ce a,.1J:cop6yjc MaB,;:] 3001' 1'01'3 cy ancop6cncn fiOP03fW, Wy17JhlflWBO iIic./w. Ha.i'-rcUlhc yrroTpe6J1,aBallH
KOJIWIl1H3 i:l,llCOprrnma. OBO .ic Hapo'1uTO H3!X])KCHO npn ancopm~lIjn racOJ3a, Kao ancop6encH cy: m..:iliu(>HU yZu./l'J ClI.JUFf({f?C.,1, {{,.1~VeHUll/I'-V./tWJ{cug, maUU6Ha u w-ujJY
IUTO cc BIlD:I1 na cnU~H 153. Ha OB01\"f i.:\.HjarpaMY ):\aTO jc BlillC ai1COpm~HoHHx IBO- JOPUjCK(J 3eAUlJa, mdfiu6HC 2.M{He 11T).1 . .Tcnan KHJTOrpaM aKTHBHor yrJha, KOjl! je
TeptdH KOjc B<Dl(C 3(1 p<'nHC TCMllcpaTYpc, a 03Ha'ICHC cy nOpCl\ cnaKC KpTIBC (i! < t;:, O)VlH'~IaH anCop6cHC, H:Ma nOBpllHnIY (yp<l1'IYllaBajyhn Ty lloBpIIumy nopa Il rrpcKo-
< r.,,). Bn,D;u ce:rra cc npp, liCTOM rrapqnjamloM npHTflCKY (PI), ancopGyje MHoro \WJhi1 nnw Y lheMY) OKO ] 500 000 m l. , liTO rrpc,n:CTaBJLa H3n3npC,1:\1W RC':I!!K Y' I)(!3yl)cny
KO~TJH'nIHa raca (t-,) Ha mUl10j nero H3 HlDKOj TCMI1CpaTypn (tJ. DOlIlTO CC npBKa- YHyrpaWH,Y H CTIOJhHY IIoRpuumy.
3aI-IC KpHBC OJJ)-lOce na OJ.l.pci)cnc TCl\IT1CpaTYpc aJ\copm~Hjc, OBC cc H<13}majy (I)].COp- CB<lKH o,u: fJaBe;:~CllHX aAcOpOeHC;] m ..f(j cBoje Cne1V1qnJlIHC ocooune, Koje cc
llIl;IlOHC H30TepMC. OgaTJlC CC H KpHB3 KOjy n:ajc <I>poju.anHxona CJ1OpMy.n3 m13}m;:l napCFIHTO JI3j1mKanajy Y }-J(lK.lIOHOCTH rrpnI(j 3LIcopmiHjH pa3}JU1.1HTUX MO.nCK),JJa.
q)PojI-I,LVIHXOBa lBOTcpMa. TaKO, nn npUMep, aKTHBHn yraJh C'1Y)IGT 3a a/lCOpITI\Hjy napa op1'aHCKHX paCTHOra,
Pa3MaTpajyhn C)Raj IJ;njarpaM 1W)KC ce 3aIGhY\UITH;1<1 cc H3 HCTOM a;:rcopOCHCY KHcemIX H 6a3JIHX napa, Kao If opnmn:ux jC,UHJhCfha. CnnHKaJ'eJl 31lcopGyjc H3BaH-
MO)Ke 3PCOPOOB3TIl yiiJomll(() aulUC agcop[{iljww )'l((MW,:O Jc flcha !-beZ-O(W gOf/./{cn- pe;a,HO )lo6po Bony n Tlapc oa3HHx oprallcKHx jC)lHlhelha> AJlYI\H11mjYMoKCHJl: m.,.ta
iTlpm(uja U Y!{OAU]{O je 1{.1f.)1({{ LTic.Ml7cpmil),pa Ha KOjOj ce a;~COPJIl~Hja BpnlH. OmT CJllPJHC oco6HHe Rao H CHJ1HKarC.n. AKTHBHe 3el\fJbC II nUlHc a,!1,copoyjy !(OOPO 000-
3aKJb)nll~H cy npno Ba)({HH 3<1 TCXHWIKY aHCornl~H.iy. jcp cc IbHMa PYKOB01I11 npn <1,J- jCHC MaTcpHjc y naqJTH 11 YJhHJ\fJ, ITa, rrOJUTO C)-.' jeBTlme, yrroTpCOJbanajy cc y HJIityc-
copmmjn, Kao n npn cynponroj oncp31~n.iH. K<lJ);Cl C(: )KCJHl OC.TI060,!1,11TH a;xcop6CHC TPHjH 33 npcpany Haqnc II )KHBOTIIHX lTaMHpmn~a.
Og anCopOOBanc j\faTCpuje. Y o AO.\I C1)"lOiJ: he cc f/gCOpfJClU; aa?pC6GlllU U !l()(wgu/.{(.II
Y Beay ea AJCgUjY.MOAf !{oju cagp}KU 1111110 .iWf/,(! U.1U ymfwiJic 1/C cagpJ/{U ),raiJi.cplIJ.)" AHcopm~lija H3 TC~1II0CTH. - Aucopm~B.ia l\lo)KC il8 CC nrUnI l~nojm{Q: K,l/!, CE'
1-(Oja ce co ogcupfiol.co Y" . .laJNf, iiii gecnpfiy/c. "pehe Q).,1),flg H3 Kojera ce BpllHl a;a,copllI\Hja. a agcopocflc je fleiJm.:pclTi.afl, lLTTH 1l;:\
ce I1 cj)/I}'lIg U agcop6cf{c KjJchy. On Tora KaI<O hc ce a;cl.COpm~H.ia Bpunnn 311RHCC
Jlecoprru:nja o1vtOryhaBa ;nCl cc (1).l,cop6cHCfI yrroTpc6Jhimajy l\1Iforo nYT<I. 33
06nHK Ii BCJHl'IHIIa nojCIl,HHnX 3J.1Haua a;lcop6Cl!Gl. Y rrpnOM CJly\Jajy KojH ce 10BC H
aJ~copnnnjy. Donno ce a,n:copocHC, nop: )J.aTHM YCIlOBHl\Ia 3aCHTH. OIT cc Jlccop6YJc H
nCpKOJIaIJ,HOHH nocTynaK a;aCop6CHC cTojn HenOKpCTaH, y 06JIHKY 3pHa npe\JHJUca
TaKO nOHOBO oCIIoco6Jhana 33 ancopnnujy.
o;:~ 2 AO 5 mm, a Kp03 lhcrony Macy crpyjn Cj)}l y'HJ( H3 Kojer cc B])run a)lCOpm~Hja. TIo
IIoC'fojc nBe npCTC aTlCOpm~Hje: c]:nDWIK<l 11 XCMUjcK,L Jlpll rjm.3Wllwj agcopi7-
JJ.pyroM llocTynKy. aJl,COp6eHc cc y HHA)' cpHllor npaxa cycncHllyje MeIlJ3I-bCjVl y qJ.llYH-
[([(in J..{O ..1Cf{)!J1HagcojJiJ.iiiU(j{{ cc (leay;), pe.wt'iiU()HO C.,1.06IL\1 (rjmaut{!(u.M.j CI.W(UW aa
i\Y, 06WIHO Te'-mOM. Pa3ABajaH~c 3ncop6cHca nOCTH)J{e ce IherOBHM T'l.nQ)J(ClhCM Btl
iJOGpUIlLHY ogcop6eHca. AfW cc j.{O ...1CgY.111 agcopi1iIiu()o (3cayjy ?(I fiOBPUll1!,IY '':C.,HIIJ-
)J;Hy cyga, 110UITO cc rrpCCTane ca MelWlIbCM.
C1W.H C/.I/W~WOJ {)(-la (~e3a ie Mf/OZO jaIl({ u iTiaga ce Hil3Ur){f XC.1H1JCll:([ agcopl1/.(u/a /.{JlU
CHTH03PHH (lp,COp6eHC .ie jCBTHHlTjn OA KpymI03pHof, If 06:WIHO CC rrocnc
XCJ>f./.{copilupja.
a,ucopnIJ,llje RHUle He pcreHepHIllC Hero CC o;a,oauyjc, AAcoprn~lIja MOlKe na CC BpUlH
,IJ;OK ce MOJT.eKYJIH KOjlI cy 31 IIoBpuumy Be31JIH caJvIO q:nBWIKHM CILlaMa naRO
c}:nmTpnpaIbCM Q)JlY111.P npeKO TKaHnHe Koja I1Ma aTl:COpnUHOHY cnOCOOHOCT. Ha 'raj
,!.iecop6yjy (un rrpliMep, CMal-hel-heM nplfTlfcKa y3 3arpeB3}he), ,n:OTJIe cc MOJIeKYJIH
H31.IlII-I ce 06WIHO YKJ1aIba ne)I(CJbena o6ojcHa iVIaTCpnja Koja p:aje pl)aB l\mpliC mIM
BC3aHH xCMHjCKIiM CHJTaMa npJlo TClllKO !\wry )..(ecop60BaTII.
YKYC. lVIap:a ce IlpH 3arpeBaH~y a;a,copnq110n3 crroco6HOCT CMa}hyjc, ImaK ce rrpn

T
onaKBHM IIOCTYIIIJ,I1Ma Bpno '-reCTO ,II,OnO)J,H TOilJlOTa 3aTO lILTO ce na Taj Rat{l:H-I y6p-
3aBa )J;HcpY3I1ja MOJIeKYJIa Kp03 nYKOTHHC a,LlCOp6eHGl 11 UITO ce cMan,yje BMCK03I1-
-reT Te'-lHOCTll, lIITO orreT nonOJbHO YTWIC Ha )J,WPY3Hjy MOJICKYJIa.
All,copnuuja In l'aconU" napa. ana a,r:l;copnr~Hja ce nplllH BPJlO pC!-lTa611nHHM
nocTynKoM. ORC raCOlHlTe MaTepl1je Ko,ie cy y HeKHM CJIy~u~jeBHMa (nOIIl'fO rrx jc
611.'10 Bpno MaJlO y racHoj qJa3H) o,tJ,oanl1BaHC y aTl\lOccpy Kao I-leyrroTpe6JbHBC
ca;Ll,a ee al-wop6yj}' 11 3aTO OBa a.acopUI~Hja nocTajc eBe Ba)J{HHja y IIHAYCTPl-1jH. Y cne~~
crrel~H<tH1~IHOCTH nojC.lvnmx JAcop6ell;lTa .aa a.u;cop6yjy HeK(~ raCOBHTC KOMIIOHCH-
Te, W)K Apyre He Mory, JIaKO je Morytno lbHXOBO pa3)J,Bajalhe. 360[' Tara je ap;cop-
mlHja !lonYHCKa oncpaU;l1ja y TOKY HeKC npOlI3Bop:lbC. aHa jc T-IlIHH eKOHOMWlHl1jOM,
nOlllTO 3arW>KUBa cKynOll,Cnc npo,uyK'rc UJ1H I1X oCJlo6a~a UC>KC;bCI:UIX cacTojuK<l.
I-1a CJlHIJ,11 154 lIpHKa3,-ul je jC,QilH O~\ ypei)aja KOjlHvl ce Aaf-laC Haj'-leIllhc cnpKII
npH JIJ,copnqujH. I10iUTu <1i-\Copl1lJ,uja Huje KOHTl1HyaJma (mepau,uja, jep ce, Y CTBJ-
PH, caerojH In Al~e oel-WBlle <-pa3C, uJ.\copnqujc H ~\CCOprn~Hjc <1Acop6cnca, ll()TpeGuo
jc Aa liMe! llujl\1alhe WHt cy,u,a <1!-\CopGcpa. Y jC)J,IIOM CYAY CC BpUJH a,u,copm~Hja, a y
np)TOM ce a,u,cop6cuc ]lccop6y,ic Ii rtplIllpCMU :Ja lIapCAHU llJ1L1yC. Kao LUTO CC H3
GIl1KC BHAH, a~,copGepH cy BepTl1K<1JIHH 3i.1TBOPCHH UIiJU111Apn (111 2) Ha tU1jC!vJ ce
pCUIcTKaCTOl\-1 gil)' (3) U;:Ufi.I'_H1 3plI<1Crn a)WOpOeHc (4).
113MCi)y ancop6e.Hca H JUla, Ha.r l(1'H1 ce Kpynuujll 3puacT l\\(l'rqmjaJl (5) KOju
Tpc6a WTO paBl-loJ\wpHllje JJ,a paCnOpCHl1 raCOBllTll cp:ryn,f.\, KOjl1 Ce .u:OBO)~H I1~IlOp,
AHa. Ha CJIIu~1l154 jc IIpHK(13aIl MOl\lCHClT KJ)J,tl ce, I1oMohy BeHTl1.!I<1TOpa (6), y0all,y-
jc rac IZOjH C<11.q1)l{y! napy KOjy Tpc6a <1p,COpGOBl:iTH y aAcopGepj! 1. IlpoJIa3eim Kp03
'CJIoj <lACopGcHca ne6JhHllC OKO ] MCTap, rac cc oCJlO6ai)a napc H a KO je 6e313PeJl<:lH
nYillTa CC KpOJ \lyn<lK (7) Y <lTMOCq)CPY.'. Y 3.rJ,cop6cpy:2 BplUH ce rrCrOBpC!vlenO iW-
cOPJll~l1ia HapC Koja ce npcTxoAno ar\COp60Ha.~la loW aKTHBllOM X~hY. GHa ce Bprnn:
nOMoh); upcnc nape Koja cc YBOiJ,H O)J,03ro, 113HalJ, aKTHBHor ynba Kp03 BOP; (8). na-
II <?ABop;rr ec y KOH)J,cH3aTop r.n,e ce KOH,Il,CH3yjy CBC napc. KOHAcH3aT O)J,na3M Y pa3;u.-
BaJa'-l TC'-lHOCTH y KOMe HacTajy ABa cJIoja BOAe IT paCTBapa'-Ia.
. PaCTBapJl--l ce Bpaha y pC3cpBoap Aa 6ll CC Morao nOHOBO Y ~~;1Toi a6pUKaIJ,H-
,jll ynoTpe~HTll. ,Ua 6ll cc OBaKO ,u:ecop60naHll aKTHBHH yraJb Morao ynoTpe6uTll,
nOTpe6Ho .Ie Aa ce OXJla)J,n II OCYlllH:. To ce nOCTrr){{e HaKHa)J,HI1M Y)J;YBanaH,eM X..-1a,n:-
~ora Sa!Ayxa. ilocTynaK a)J,copIIll,I1je H )J,ecopIII~H:je, Kojrr CMO OBAt orm:caJIll, n03HaT
Je Kao BaJepoB nOCTynaK. OR HMa Qe1'l1pn cpa3C:
- a.n,copUIJ,I1jy napa H3 raca,
- .n;ccopnU;l1jy rroMohy RO)1,CHe nape,
- cymclLc agcop6eHca 3a1'pcjaHHM racoM,
- XJrat;elbC a.a.cop6eHca XJltl)J,HUM raCOM.
113BOA
npH a,~coprrqrrjn )J,omr1H )J,o BC3HB;UL.a ap;COpIITIma (M~lTepl1je Koja ce a)J,coD-
l
6yjc) ITO rrOBplUllI-ut U;'I,COp6cHca (MaTcpI-l,jc KOjC a,u,cop6yjc). A,aCOPU1:HB 11 (1;'1,C01)-
6eJ-le ce t.wry Bc:mBUTH ct)l13WIKlUIJ H XCMHjCKHM CHmlM~L
A.n,cop6cHClI HMajy BC1IHKY nOBpuumy no jC,u:JHlHIJ,U 3arrpCMl-Hle. KOJIW!Hll<l
a,acop6oBaHc M<:tTepnje, Koja je y paBI-IOTe)KH ca a,n:coprrTl-IBOM y racy IUIH Te"Y:IIoCTl1,
ol~pel)eIla.ie a,u:copnlJ,HOHoM H30TCpMOM. OnepalJ,uja a,u,copnIJ,uje e.e KOPHCTll 3a 1-13~
ABaj<UbC KOMIlOHCHanl. 113 raca 11JlH paC'n30pa.
I
PercnCpl1Calbe J]lcop6cnca ce Bpllm ,u:ecoprrlJ,I1joM aACOpnTl:1BJ 113 JiJ,cop6eHca.
Accopnu,uja ce y6p3aBa, a a,u:coprrn:rrja ycnopana rrOBHUIClhCM TeMrrcpuTYpC. i
,!
i

~
pa npOJl,nn Kp03 a;u,copGclIC H 3arpCB<:1 ra, 360r \101'a aKTHBllll yTan, OTIIYillTa napy. nJlTAlhA
BO)J,cna lIapa ca napalvl<J pacruapa(Ia lUJta3U Kp03 fl,OIbt! OTBOP (9) na a)J,copGcpy (2)
1. Y '-reM)'.ie P.-:WUiK3 H3Mei)y aACOpHJ.,!l~je n ancopnuuje?
2. Harrullune 11 qJ<.H:jHPIKH nplIKa>KWre q)pOj;:l)lHXOBt 1130TCpMC.
3. 3aulTo ee aJJ;cop6euc craun..d y alla.'lHTH'IKY nary, 3 33UlTO Y q)PIDKH!-ICp? ~
4. Koje a~cop6eHce n03Haje-re? 'i
i1
5. 06jaOUl'fC EajepoB ili\Copnu,uOIll! nocrynaK.
6. WTa he ce 1,eCltTH ea 60jo\l [~pHOr BHlW aKQ ce Y !-bcra craSH HCKll ancop6CHe? "~
'I
1J
"
AJ\COPITUIlJA J
iIiE- ];A 3aAllTaJ( 1. EJa.'fiepu.Mclllila.fllW ogpcgwIiu all6ucHociTi 6paw-te !'I
agcopf7.u,uje AictliLult!J-IO{Q2 tlJW60Z U3 soge lill CU.1uKUZeJl.}'.
AHcwu3a 3agaWgu. -" TIoroHcKa Cl1JJa 3a aACOpl1l~Hjy jc pa3JlH-
1(a KOl-Ill,elUPJl~llje (MaTcpujana KOjU cc alJ,cop6yje) Y pacrBopy (x) II na rpanwIHoj
nOBp1lll1lfl1 pacTBopa H a.n;cop6eHca (X N) , 'fj. paBHOTC)lG-lC KOHll,CI1TpalJ,ujc H3Ha,n 11
ai1,COp6eHca. 3I-IaQn, norORCKa CHJta ::: (x -- xN). Y TOKY aAcopIIu,uje OBa nO['OHCKa
clma orrap,a, .iep Konn:eHTpal\uja MCTHJIeHCKOr IlJlaBOr y paCfSOpy onaAa. Mcl)ynllVf 'i
paB1-lOTCEHH KOHu;eHTpaU;lija. H3Ha,u: a,llCop6cHca paC1'e jep ce IIOBehaBa a.n,cop6o- I
CiWKa 154
BaRa KOJlWIllna (m) Y '-IBPCTO] <}Ja3u (Bl:IJII1 aAcopm~uoHy H30TCPMY). Bp31U-Ia ai1,cop-
I
,~
 293

nU;Hje 6FI, 3HR'-IJi, Tpe6aJI3,n:a onaAa aKO cy nOBpmfIHa H KoeqnUJ;HjcHT I1pCna33 Mace Pe3ynTaTH U3 OBe Ta6eJIc rrpHKa33HH

HCTI1. QBY npeTITOCTaBKY caAa Tpe6a II CKcrrepliMCHTaJIHO rrpOBcpHTH. Ep3HH3 cy na AnjarpaMY (cn. 154a). KOpl1IIlhelLeM
a;n:copnu::uje .ie, y CTBapn, rrpOTOK Mace MCTFIJIeHCKOr TIJIanOr II3 paCTBopa Ka CHJU1- aBe Ta6enc, Mory ce H3paQYHanI 6p31UJC
Ka rcny. npCMa TOMe, Tpe6a IICIIHT3TH 3aBHCHOCT Mace (m) MCTHncnCKor IIJIaBor y aACOplIl1lIje Y ITOieAlIlIlIM BpeMenCKIIM ne-
paCTROpy 0):( BpCMCHa, a 3aTlIM 6p3IIHY KOjOM ce Ta Maca Melha (m/'r), liTO .ie prrOPJ1:Ma.
HCTonpCMCHO II 6p3HHa 3,n;coprnJ,Hje. 13p3HI-Ja a,n:coprrD;nje y rrcpHoAY o,n:
= 0) ~o l:lCTCK3 npBor MHHVTa
nO"'-ICTK3 (1:]
flouJpe6fW MCPObQ U i1popa~{yH. - ilpOMcua Mace MCTIUleHCKor TIJIaBOr y (12~ 1 min)je: '
paCTBOpy (m) MO)KC ce npaTHTH rrpOMCHOM KOHll,eHTpaU:llje:

m =-x mR, N]'2 = miT = .m) - '?!L ~:.!!._jXi ~.-~J. i'--__ .~,_.

5
_ _ _ _c _ _ _ _
'"
' ___
'.
------L~_

'G "'''0'
rJJ:e je mil Maca paCTBopa. 3Ha""UI 1\a Tpe6a npnTIlTH MepeI-be rrpeMa Ta6eJIlT. 1 2 -T 1 1 2 -1:)
CJlUKG lS4a

BP~Me=1~~ Maca Y pacTBopy DPOTOR Mace

-r---'-
IOkg(O,l-- O,OS)g/kg
~ --~--. . . . = O. 2g/min
i I (l-O)mm
In)
T
,tV 1-2 = .--.... -----"'.
-m')
'-rp~6Cl Hl\'faTH Y BYl)],)' J1.Cl je OBO cpeJVha Op3HHJ Y TOKY npnor MHH)'TZl H ;J.(-! je 3;:1 ..
T2 - 1:) TO nailHprpalYfY YUlyraiia y 06JIHKY npKH Koja CC OJ~HOCl1 fI3 npBB MIUly'L .
,
; x2
.

r------------------
' I
I
,
'2
------j
I Ha 3I-Ia.'10raH Ha'tIHI:j, H3PWIYH3Te cy 6p3HHC (jHcopm~Hje 3a OflTOBapa.1yfie Bpe-
MeHCKC ncpnonc n Tl:06IT.1CHH cy PC3Y.'lTaTII npHIG133HH y CJTenehoj TCl6e.'IIL
___ .... ____ L~_~. ____ .,___._.pa~IyHaTo
MereBO
_____J !

l71R = 10 kg
(6p3HHCl Cl)]'copnnnje), N I_2 go6nja cc Kao Cpe;.I,lha BpCgHOCT 3<1
DPOTOK Mace
npCMCHCKJ-l ncpnon y KOjCM CC pa~IyHa (CJIWIlIO 6p311HH cyurCl-ba):
,--------..,--- --------,,---
BpCMC f KOHl(CllTpill\Jlja i Vli1ca Y lX1CTHOpy npOTOK Mace
ntl-1J12 (Xj- X 2)'mR I (mm)! (g/I,!!) (g) (op'mlla ilHCOpnW-1jc g/min)
N )--2 =m/ 1 = ---.~--
12 ~ 'tl

J1apaga aagawxa. ~ Tpe6a CKI-U~HpaTH anapaTypy. TIurpe6no je Ha~m.HHTH

= -------.---~-.
'12 ~ 1:[ i-I-
!
--------+---'
NI
nil "-m~ (1-111\)[1;
2 = .----~ = -:----,.:.::... ""
._._---------""j
0,2

paCTROp oApe:l;eHe KOHI~eHTPal\lije, CraBl1TH ra y eyrl;. yKJby'-II1TH Mem3mm,Y. a 33-

'I = 0 XI"" 0,1 "2 - 'J {l- O)min

TUl\-f ,n:o,n:aTH cnJIlmareJI 11 rrOBpeMCHO Y3I-n"lanf Y30pKe (JI.-laJIe ROJIWIlUle), pan;n Me- , _.1112- 111 3 (O.8-0,63)g ~
iv 2-3 _. 1:3 -1:2 "" --'-"(2'~1)';~i;:;---" "" 0, I!
peI-b(l KOHl~elrTpall,IIje. KOHlJ;CJ-ITpaI\ujy 60je y paCTBOpy HajjcgHOCTam-I'n.ie je l\-repl1- IIJ- ;:c O.B
Til KO.ITOI)}IMeTpOl'.-f.
Peay.afilalTtu. Y 10 kg pacTBopcH.ie 1 r MCTHJTeHCKOr nmmor. 3H3'tlll:
BOile
10 kg, In l = 1 g.
mR ::: X, == 0,063
To 31-J<1'-TH lila.ie nWICTfla KOHI~eHTpall;Hja MCTH.lTCHCKOr n:rIaBOr y HO;aH:
Xl::: m)/mR = 19/JO kg::: 0,1 g/kg.
mJ. = 0,52
npO.1<1 ynyTcTB)' 33 InpaJ~Y 3a,a,aTKa, Y3IlMaI-Ii1 cy y30pl~H paeTBopa y o~pe
ryCHHM npelvteHCKHM nepIW)))TM3 11 no6njcl-Ie CIlenefic MepCHE..~ npe}J)-IOCTH. i\/~_I:l ",,!?!..,S-m(, == (O,41 .... 0,37)g 0,008
..1.'5'" 0,(}41 m'i;:;; 0.41
, "(> -- '5 {13- R)mm
i

'-_ ,,~___. L.~~ :_~~:;_J~_~__J_~;~_'~_'_:_~_. _~ _7 ~: =;:-_:!~~17~~I~)~;'~ " (:'J

I
"6 = 13
1:7 = 18 __ J_ N
, 7 " 0,

Ha oCHony one Ta6erre KOHcTpyucaH je AI~jarpaM rrpl:IKa3aH Ha Cmll~H 1546.

r
 EKCTP AKUMJA
3a,!l,aTRK 2. Ha OCHORY PC3YJITaTa 113
npeTXO;D;HOr 3agaTKa, OApe,IJ,IiTH OTI10P a,IJ,- (~I .
copnm1je. 0_01B r
AfUUlU3a u uapaga aagaiIix.a. I1POTOK 00115 i
MeTIwcHcKor rrJIaBOr je 6p:mHa a;QcopnI(H- OOH r
je. Kao II 3a CBaKY orrcpal~Hjy, YTCl.IHoj.cpa- 0_012 t mR~ 101rg
3M MO)J(e ce pehH,IJ,a je: 0_010 ~ m, 19

~! ~. .
rn/' = N = r . A . ex - X g ),
9.1. EP3HHA EKCTPAKUl1JE

x- PaCTBapal--LC je nojaBa Koja jc y BC3li ca ;QH<PY311jOM. TaKo cc II cKCTpaKll,Hja,

OTI10P cner~IIq)l{l-JaH H<PJ!1I-l pacTBapaH~a,
3acmma un .1l:IICPY3110H0Il1 npoI(ecy MaTepHjc Koja
BA N .-----,-~-- ~--~-.-----'--
4 8
..
jJ 16 2() cc pacrnapa 11 npC}Ia3H 113 CI1POlUUIl':. Y pacmapa'--l. EKCil'ip(fl{{~uja ce H(/ll.tl/C
,(m",)
),' OBOj jCfJ,lta'Il:lH11 x ,ie KOI-ID;crnvaU,l1ja ripwvlCfuyje (JJ-lga gaga (iipeua HC/"U KOPW:W(//i caoTio;a,,: Ll3g60jU{UU paciii6apa!-bCcH
Mace paCTBopa, ,\~ KOlil~ellTpal(l1ja MeT1UIt> UJ CUP0(JUHC Y l{ojoj CC Oft HLUW311 3ajcgllo ca /-{CKILM Heplluu60pJbUGWd AwiilCpU-
Ca.//lW 154(!
HCKor IJ:WBOr Ila qJ<lHHU,H CllJIHKareJW 11 jaRo,H. To IB;wajal:-hc lI1(KC Jl<l f)ygc H3 tll3pcre hIaTCPl1jc (cnpOlH1ll<1 6HJbHOr, OJJ),lOC-
pacrnop:}, a l-/ 6p31-Hla aiJCopnl~Hje. Ha IlO- i HO )KHBOTIJI-bCKOr, WHi MHHcpa.'lllor nOpC1(,lla) HIm H3 HCKC Te'U-WCTH.
'LJCTK)' ap;copnUHjc, Ka.u.a y cn:mKareJlY lIMa MaJlO MCTHJICHCKOr nJ[~BOr, c;;;;: 0, OlliW Kao 11 KO).\ CRUX OCraJllLX J..\ml))'3HoHHX llpOlJ,cca, 11 KO~~ cKcrpaKJJ,Hje ct jalD_,ajy
.ic H x.~ 0:::._ 0 (rm.oJI iliWopmJ,!Wuy 1130TCPMY) Ha nWICTKY Up,COPIllJ,HJC, Y TOlCY npnOl (tCTlt '-nJl-U!Ol~H 1(0.111. yTwry JW 6p31my paCrBapalha. 01W J-lCKe ~lCCTHl~e '-mpCTt
rvwTepajc HJ1H K<1nU n~~IllOCTll, CTuapa cc rpaHWIHH CJlOj paC'rHapa'-la. OH, npaK-
MliHyTcl, 6p:H111il .ic:
TWlHO, MHpyje 11 CTnapa UCKY OllU)' 1l3.MC-9)! qCCrHl~a 11 TClfHOCTH Koja cc OKO 1-he
/\:'1 .. '2:::;0 0,2 g/rnin.
KPCi1C. Taj C'1oj npCp,CT<1B}bll CMCTH.,Y 3a npCn(1)KCI-Le cyncTaHL~C (pacTBopKa) H3 CH-
KOHI~eHTparVlja Mace pacnmpa y TOK), npImI' hU1HYTa ce MCH.>a O.u X, ::::; 0.1 g~g pOBI1He y paCfBOp. Kpc)3 rpamf'-lHH CJIOj, MO!leKYJIlI paCrBOpKCl cc Kpehy YCllen ,QH-
l-iO X2:::;O o,ms g/kg. Cpc.uILa KOHIJ,eJ-lTpall,Hja Macc pacrBopa Y TOKY IlpBor Ml-IHyra JC, <i)Y3UjC. Ka,aa ce Kp03 lbcra npo6ujy, A<l!bC ce mlKO npeHoce MCWaILeM )' Mac),
qlJlYHp,<l paCl'nap'Fla. npaBHJlO je J,Xa CC MOJICKYJll1 BCOMa JIaKO npCHoce KOl--JBeK-
D;njoM, a ga jt:" rnamUl urnop Gaw ClIopa ,IJ)JcjJY3uja Y rpamFmOM CJlOjy.
r- "Y rpamrIHOM ClUjy nOCTojc ABc rpallwllle KOHqcIITpal1,ujc c~/nCTaHIJ,e Koja ce
paCTBapa: jCAHa Ha rpaHwllwj nOBpUlllltH y3 call-to '-lBPCTO TCJlO (.\lJ a APyra jegna-
Ka Konu,CHTpau,nju y "'laca (IJ]lYll;~a, (CJl. 155) flU cno.'hIloj IlOBPUllHIH rpaHH'LlIwr
3mv1CHOM y jC.r~W1'IHHY 3a OTIlOP AOOllja ce: cJloja (x). floIlrro .ie Xg Behc og.1:, MOJICKYJIH JJ,HqJYI-IJJ,j-ty ca nOBpWIIHC TCJHl Y Macy
cl)JIyu)J.a. Pa3JIIIKU OBHX I-IBejy KOlH.!,cllTpau,Hja npCnCraBJh<l norollcKY CIUY cKC'rpaK
(X] . 2 -
::::; .. _. __ .. _ _ _
0)
~_ O:--~
(0,09- O)g/kg
-.-.. -,,~- - - - : : : : ;
_.
O,<.1-::)lDm/kg.
u.njc. bp3llIla eKCTpaKIJ,uje je:

A . f3 N j .,,2 0,2g/min m/I :::;0 ~I . A. ~- x).

fJ.(C jc m Maca CKcrpaXOBaHC CYUCTiUlll,C,
/lilt 6p:mHiJ cKCTpaKJJ;ujc, A OKBaillClia HO-
~pillHI-la -.::mpcre tICCTHqC, a ~.' Kueq.mll,H-
.leBT npcHocCl cynL'TaI-n~e Kp03 TC'lllH rpa-
HH'--lHJ.1 U1OJ.
EKcrpaKIU1ja jc, 3f-lalfH, p-ClCTBapal-bC
Cnp0BriHC Koja I-Hlje 01-\ jCAHopo;~uor M(l-
TcpHjarra, Bcll cc cacTojn 0.0, pa3HHx cae-
TojaKa. Jep;3n oJ.\ }bHX ce pacTBapa y yno-
Tpe6JbCHOM pacfBapal.IY, a oC'raJIH oCTajy
HcpacTBopeHH. ( ..W!{(l155

uA
 296
Ka,D,a ce MaTepl1jaJl33 CKCTpmru;njy H3JIa3H Y HeKOM paCTBapWIY, nOCJle JJ:YJKer
BpCMetJa he cc 113je)J,Ha'-lHTI1 KOHu,cHTpalI,Hja x Ii x'" TIa he pac-rB0p Ha Taj na"urn 61lTH
BeOMa 60raT cRcrpaxoB3HHM cacTojKoM, AmI, IlOCTaBJh3 ce nHTaH~e CKOHOM1i-
"(fROCTR TaKBe eKCTpaKl\uje, nOUJTQ aHa ;n:yro Tpaje. Ka)l,a je paCTBOp pa36Jla)Kcn,
AHq)Y3JIja paCTBopCUHX MonCRYJIa je 6p3a. Me'bYTHM, KacHRje, Kag pa3AuKil KOH-
[{eHiIipm~uja [iocillaHc MaH~a, jep ce ilOBCitar-W lWF-U~eHiIipau,uja paCut60pKQ, pacil1-
eapalf,c /',toJlel(YJW i10cmaie we ci"i()Pl~ic, 3aTO je nOTpe6rw 3a noje)J,IIHC eKCTpaK-
I ll,Hje O;npe,IU-ITH H3JIIorO;rl,HHJc BpCMC.
.-- KoecJ)uuJtjcHlli ilpOLQ3u ( B,) je nporropUHOH3JHlI-I TCMucpaTYpn. Kan je paCT~
Bapa~I 3JrpcjaH McmaH.>C je 6OJhC, 6p>K<-1 je PJ1(pymja. na je 11 cKcTpaKlXHja 6p)Ka.
Y noje,I1}IItHM CJJY'IajeBHl\-1(I, Kfii18 cc jann H noj<wa OCM03e (KaO KOA eKcTpaK-
unje mehepa H3 pene) Ha IIomulieHoj Tc)\.mepaTyp111~Ona3H HO pa3apaT-b3 henujcKe
omre. na mehepm-T COK mum !(Hcpyn;ayje JI3 hC}Tnjc y B0Jl.Y.
nmleKan je nOBHillCIW TCMnepaTyp8 UlTeTI-I3., jep M())KC JJ:a nope H ;0,0 paCT'
BapaI-bi:l HCn())J(CJbHHX cacTojalGl 113 eKCTpaKnnOHC M3Tepnje.
1<01\ eKC'rpaKl~Hje jc BCOl\I<l Ba>lOlO YKOMe OHUOCY CC Mt:'.majy paCTBap,l'l H Ma~
TcpnjaJI 113 1<Or3 CC BpUJH eKCT1)(lKI~Hja. Ar) Ie r>r:lia I(O/I/{'-nUl({ paClTwapfl'Ul, 6cho if.
6palU{{,I u3[lAaj(lH,(1, 11 Iv1af-f,e KOpnC}fOr M3Tepn.ia.n8 Kao ry6UT<:lK O,rVTa3H ca OTnaJ~
nOM CHPOBHH01\t. fJ(JuHlln Ie Iwul\cniTipOl(llja ()(Wf{($07- paciTicwpa .Ha.fW, iJo(ilpc6,./O
ie, pag/( IWrniCl-llVpUC(lfba rmpUCf-I_p cupO(-)1mc, yil1POllilflUU BI1U(C rDnil/lolTiJU' fl-/CjJlll-
it an YJ{vuaOOlbC onm:rlO2 jJadfi(lOpa. TIPCMd TOMe, l10Tpc6HH cy H Behn y-r.:yRwm.
11] q)OpMy.nc 3;) 6p3lHTY CKCTpaT(lmje BH~Vl ce Jia je 6p~nm<l ynpaBHo rrponop-
I~110Ha';lm\ nOBpnnn-nL [J()(Wnat-l,e i/OG!HUUI1f' l7aciTiuJ/cC CC CUiZllM'I-6C.M ('UP0rJUHC.
I10HCfW.lbCM ncmplln-me MCXm-HPIKH CC oMoryhyje npncTyrr pacrBapE~lY,!J,O '-ICCTUl\Cl
KopnCHC' 1\TCl'repHje, 3aTISOpCHl-lX Y HcpaCTBopcHoj MaCH. To je HapwIHTo HcDKHO KO)},
eKcTpaKqnje 113 heJlllj3 6HJhlIOr H >l(IJBO')HI-hCKOj nOpCKJl<l. npH MJICBcrhY M3TCPH-
ja.TW 3<1 CKCTP<lKlJ,Hjy, Tpe68 BOnIlTH p~PlylIa ){3 CC noonjy 'tTeCTH1J,e CRH"IHC Kpyn-
Hone, IZaKO on ce crrpC"!HJlO 11a CC ITpH npO!!3CKY pacn)ap3~-ICl Kp03 OBaTI::aB MaTcpH-
jan nojctBc KamlJIU. Kag cy a[JHo .MniJicpIlIn/1({ paallc ({C.;1lf'Il1/-tC, paciTi6ap{l1{ flpu fipo-
,r7((Cl{Y Kf)()3 H>cz'a Up(JH(UW.J1I f-{((joHI1H)/{ OIilii"ap, (o61Pfno H3MCi-)y 1leCTII1J,8 Benc Kpyn-
Hohe rne oCTajc CJI0601l311 npocTOp) ria 3fwil1aH geo _Hfuuepujn ..-w onvajc Gml ciTia-
.'1!-/O7 gO[]llJ7fi C({ paC[lhwp(Plc,M. YKOJ1l1KO CC M3Tepnja.n: cymnue HCHTHVl. pacTRapa' )
TemKO npOJ"J(nVl, TI<1 ra jc TI{n'pcono l\fCIWlTH.
I1pn: CKCTjX1KHHjn lIOCCOHO je 311,1'1lljan fnoop paC'fHapa'Ia. T-IcCTO cc cKcTpaK-
qnj<l HCKOI' M<1TCpl1j,m;] hW)J(C npmllTll f1Cl3In-i!,-1 pacTRap<.I'IHlvra, TC je Uof11P.e6J-1o
ogpegwull najilogecl-/uju. PacTBapa'l Tpc6a ITa cKcTpaxY.lc KO\1TIOncHTY KOFl ce
)l{CJUL 8 na npn TOJl.IC He paCTBopn H neKC [jcnOTl)(~6HC lLrnr 'lIaR H UlTCTHC cacTojKe,
1.'.1. Tpc6a in) je CCJleKTHR3H. J.iCOIlxcmllo.ie ;:18 0YI-lC jC:u.Hopo.aaH, 'lHCT, HcarpCCrm<1I--1
H(l anapaTYPY H na CC JJaKO 1I3)lB3ja 113 OCTaTaK<l cnpomme. PaCTBapa'I Tpe6a WI 11M3
HHCKY Te1'>tnCpCl'fYPY KJhYIl.Iafha, l\'WJTY TOl1JTOTY ncnapancll:-bfl, a 3a npcxp3M6cHY H
apMaI~CYTCKY l,mnyC'rpHjy .ie BU)KllO l-W He 6YHe OTPOB3H H IlU Ile OCT3BJh<:l Hcnpn-
jaT8H MHpHG. Ii-duma p<lCTBapa'-la .ie 3arraJbl1Bil, H3 una Tpe6a I-mPC}"lJHTO rr33J-ITl:L
Kao pac113apa'tIII Haj'tIelllhe ce ynoTpe6Jh;:majy BOWl, 6CH30Jl, CTHR-<l)"IKOXOJT H
a11,eTOH. Onn",! IbfIX. 3HUTHO ce KopnCTC H yl'JbOBO)Jomu~n:.
9.2. EKCTPAKTOPH
C o63Hpm.1 ua BeJIHKY pa3HoBpcHOCT MUTepHjana H3 KOjUX je nOTpe6Ho BpIlUl:-
TH eKC"rpaKIVI.iy. IIocTyrrUIf H arrapaType cy BeOMa pa3HOBpCHll. Ha""IHHH eKcTpaK-
rmje cc Mory IIOP;CJIJ1TH y Tpli rpyne:
- CKCTpaKU)lja 113 KpYlIHor MaTepnjaJIa,
- eKCTpaKll,I-fja 113 MJIeBeHor MaTepnjana II
- eKCTpaKll,Hja 113 Te'tnIOCTli .
Tpe6a 3naTIl p;a ce eKCTpaKll,n:ja H3 '-IBpCTOr M3TepHjaJJa BpJlO '-IeCTO Ha3HBU
JrY)J(CIf,e. Ka.n:a cc Ka)Ke CKCTpaKll,I1ja, Haj'tlcmfie CC MllCJTI1 caMO Ha eKcrpaKlxnjy H3
Te'-UIOCTll.
EKCTpaKI~lfja H3 KpYI1i10r MaTcpnjaJIa. - Ka,rra cy Y m-ITaH~y Kpym-m KOMa;a:H
MaTcplijana, rrpUMel-hY.lJ-r ce anapaTH Y Kojl1Ma CC M3TCpl1jaJI 113 Kora ce Bpum
eKCTpaK]~Hja He Kpche. AnapaT ce nanYHlI CHpOB1-mOM, a pacTBap3'-I CC nycTH )la
o6mma MaTcpnjaJL HUKOH lIlTO pacTBopn: KopneHY KOMTIOHeHTY, pacTHapa'-f OTB""JC
H<1 nan:>y rrpepflllY. 0)]. aII1paT1 KO,iH CC ynoTpc6Jb1Bajy 3a CKCTpaKIInjy Kpymmjux
KOMap;a, rne ce MaTcpHjaJl He Kpefic, TI03HaTH cy:
~ OTBopenlI TaHK (CKCTpaKIJ,HOHa 61Tepnja) H
~ AHQ)Y3JIOH8 heJlHja (.n:ncpY3110H1 6aTcpnja).
OTBopcnll TanK - OBo.ie HajcTapn.in H najjc,r(l-IO)2TI1BHJ-ljn 06}1llK eKCTpaK1J,IfO-
HOI' anapaTa. OTBOPCHH TaHK je MCT3JIHH nnu ;o:pneHli. o6u""JHO U;UJ1IIHllpWU-m CYIl,
Koin 1I3Han ~lU3 TIMa Ilperpa;ay. O}],l-IOCl-IO .TI<:DKHO jUlO. H3 KOjc ce HaCJIa)KC M3Tcpnjan
113' K01'a CC BpUIII CKcrpaKQl1ja. DpemlBajyhH cc rrpcKO r.mTepn:jaJIa, paCTB(1)(I'-T
P3cTBupa KoplIcny KOMHOHCI-lTY, a npOJT33efiu Kp03 JI3)KIIO P;HO, JlocneB8 y MCl)y-
[fPOCTOP H3H31~ npaBOI' fum, O;a:4:1KJlC ce Kp03 oARo,rur), U;CB OTa'-re. J},DKHO AHO .MO>KC
;a:a 6y}]'c BPJIO pa3HOJHIKC KOHCTPYKI~UjC. To Mory Aa 6yp;y neTBE': T-l3Ha,n KO.lH~ ce
pa3anHc TKaHI-II-Ia 3a CPHJTTPOBaIhC, HJUI ):PCKC ca II36ymeHI-IM oTB~pnMa (CJr. b6):
K1O H je.n:nocTamm CHCTeM TpoYI'aoHo llpH3MaTu'-lHHx JreTEll Ha KO.1e ce uacnt. 010.1
lU.ThYHKa KOjl1 3aMClhyjc TK'HIHHY. TIPOllYlliT<UbeM paCTBapaqa Kp03 oTBopcn T3HK
HanYIbeH M3TcpnjaJlOM, nOCTIDKC ce eKCTpaKIJ,Hja. CahlO jCJlHl1M nporryIlITaI-LCM,
Haj~Ielllhe ce HC nOCTI-DKe J'OBOJI~Ha ecj:H1KaCHocT . .uY)KHM ;U:O;U:UpOM pacmapa'tI<J IT
M1Tepnjana IIOCTIDKe ce 60Jbc H3J1Y'-IHBRI-bC. ,Il063p eqJCKaT cc rrOCT}DKC aRO pacT-
Bapa'tI BllIllC nyT.:l KPYJKHO npoTH'-IC Kp03 MaTepnj4:1n y TaHKy.
EKcTpaKl~nolla fiaTcpnja. ~ 3naTHo Beha CKOHOMll'--IHOCT cc BOCHDKe aKO ce
mIme OTBOPCHHX T3HKOBa Mci)yco6HO TIOBClRC l~eBHMa, TaKO )w paCTBOp npCJI33H
l:I3 jenHor TanKa y upyrl1 r;a:c CC nOCTeneno o6orahyje HCTOM KOMTTOHCHTO.M. Pa-
CTBOP KoiTl IBaf)e H3 nocRCiHber TanKa, Ca)1]l)KH 1\WKCHM<l.1ll\ K()Il11ClITr";-llllqv eKC-
~
:::OO~:~~
0<;><:>0<:>00
'" ., '" 0:> '"
.."" "" <>
C.flUlW 156
TpaKTa. DpOJIa3eiH1 Kp03 TaHKOBC, paCTBOp nocTajc CBe 60raTI1jl1 KOPI1CHOM KOM-
nOHeHTOM. Ha HCTII Ha'UIH MeH,a ce li KOUu.eHTpalJ,l1ja jom neCKcrpaXOBaHC K01\1-
IIOHeHTe no TaHKOEliMa. Y npBOM TaRKY Y MUTepHjaJlY oCTaje HajMaIhc KopllCHe
KOMIIOHeHTe, a Y cBaKOM J-Iape.n:nOM liMa je CBe BUllIe.
To je CaCBl1M pa3YMJbl1BO Ka.n:a ce 3Ha Aa y npBil TaHK YJIa3H Ql1CT paCrBOp,
TaRO Aa je 6allI y fbeMY pa3JII1Ka KOHueHTpaUHja KopnCHe KOMllOHeHTe y paCTBOp)'
11 MaTepl1.iaJIY HajBefia. Y.n:pynt a nOfOTOBO Y CHaKn naJbll TanK, Y..'1a3H paCTBOp CBe
3aCHheHI~jH KopnCHOM KOMllOHeHTOM, TaKO p,a je pa3JIlIKa KOHI~eHTpaIJ,Hja cne
]vWfba" a THMe 11 KOJIIFHTHa, OW-toCHO 6p3HHa paCTBapalh3. OBO pa3Mi1'rpaI-bC Ba)KTI
caMO 3a rrO~leTaK paAa KaAa cy CBe 6aTepuje lICTOBPCMCHO nal1YlhCHC CBC)I(11M
M<ITepuja.rrOM. Y OBaKBI1M eKCTpaKI~IWI-lHl\t 6aTepl1jaM3 llJ.TJY)KI1BaIhe CC, npaKTU-
"Lll-lO, ol1,plK(lna KOHTImyamIO. ')" 6aTcpajH ce npBO f1CLq)TI11 npBH TaI-IK, nOlllTO je y
Iht:My HajluDK(] KOHlJ,cwrpaLtl1ja Kopuene KOMnoHCflTc Y MaTep_Hja!lY. II Y Kora Y:laTH
LIneT paCTBapa"<-l. Ka)J,J jc H3 npllOI" TcmKa Man;pnjaJl nOTfIYIlO HCI'!'pneJI, O,IJHOCHO
nCL~pneH ilO rp;H[Hl~C CKOllOMlF-IHOCTH, 011 ce HCKJhy~IH H3 l-lJ:na, a paCTBOp CC YBogH

Y Jlpyrn TalIK Kojn ca;(;1 nocTajl: I1pEH Y 6:-lTcpu:jn.

113 6nfHllcr upBor T.:lHK.:i HCU,PUCU MiJ'[cpnjaJ[ ce f'uoal(yje py"Lll-W lOU-I t-I<t-
1I1I1HCKl-L nOTOl\! ce Hal1YHH CBC)1(OM cnpCmm-lOM Ila ce noroJl1ll1M CHeTC_MOM neml
!3C)KC HJ Kpa.i mna, TaKO !~a ca;~a nocrajc nOCJ1Cf-lJhH q}IaH 6<:i'repnjc. (CnCTCM W;:UT:l
KOiJ; CKC'rpaKu,IWHe 6aTC:pHjc je TaKO ypai)en Aa ce CnpC'l1IOM l\t(lllIllr'\!:Wl(HjOt-i BC,H-
TlL'la MO}KC CBaKn TallK yKJhy~mTH l-Ia )I("CJ}'CHO MeCTO Y llH3y.) TaMe ce nOCTI-DKe f-i3
naj3acuhGl-IHjn pacnmp HOHa:m Y !lOJIHP ca CBe}KOM ClIPOBI1HOM. OB<1KBHM CI1CTC-
MOM palW oCTBapyje ce KOHTIwyaJlt-H)CT CKCTpaKI{Hjc.
CWKll 157
.Il.nq}Y3l10na hCJlltja Ii )l,U(ilY31-1OU3 6~JTcpuja. - Y MHorUM CJIY~lajeBHl\1a CKCTpa-
Kl(rrje nOTpc6no je ga ce rrpo~ec J-13HOnU Ha nOBlilllcHoj TCMnCpi.lTypl1 H npHTHcKy.
bHJ10 je pe~U-1 0 CKcrpaKuHjn COKJ 113 11lChcPHC pene, rAc jc nOBIlUICIHI TCMnepaT),-
pa HeOnXOWtH YC)J()B 3a ilo6py cKcrpaK1Vljy. Y Ty CBpXy ce Yl1oTpe6Jbana )J;UCPY-
3uona hem-Ija (OL 157), a BHIue nOBC3aHl1X henuja npe.ucTaBJbah AWPy3uOUy 6aTe-
PHjy. CBaKH ~Ulall 6aTcpnjc, J{W:jJV311011a hCJIHja, cacTojl1 ce 113 MeTammf lUL'lI1H-
p.pWlHor TCJra (1), )J;HtPy:$Opa, Kojn y ropl-hcM It nOH,eM ilcny npeJIa3H Y KOHYC. Ca
ropl-be CTpane KOllyca l-ra~l<Ul1 CC MeTaJIHI1 nOKJIonaIJ; (2) Kojn ce, 33BpTalhCI\I, MO)KC
XCPMCTl1'lKH npUTCrI-IYTIL Y ltoI-heM )leJry JJl1C}))-'30pa, yrpai)efw jc pCmeTKJ Ha KOjy
i-\.OJIa311 cHpoBfllla. Hcnoi'l The jc }J,HOen KOjC cc npnTW)K'tB(:I npOTltBTCrOM (411-0;~
BO,lI,Ha ~eB (5) 3a K01lL~el-rrpOm1IJIl paCTBOp KOjH ce npoBOi-\.H y npc,ru-pej,p-l (6) jc
Hcrrog PClIlCTKC.
Y npenrpcj<:Fry Ce pacrBop 3arpcBa 11 THMC OCllOcoo.1J,ana 3a )laJbY CKCTPalZU,H-
jy Y AP)TOM ,Iutcpy:mpy. Pa~t Ol)tlKBlIX oaTcpnja (C.11. 158) jc Beot--w CJIWIaH parJ,)' Cnuw 158
eKcTpaKl~IIOHI1X 6aTcpuja.
EKCl'palHVI,ia MJiCneuOI' MaTcplIja.!ta. ~. Y OBY rpyny cnaJlajy anapaTH Y KOjH- ~HHC (1), HaJIa311 ce ),)l(a U,CB ea OTBopHMa IT 1-1 ' r .' ,

Ma ce I\1Cllla MaTeplIja:I 113 Kojcra CC BplllH eKCTpaKu,nja. l\1CllJalheM ce nOcnDKC Jt' HajKapaKl'epI1CTHlHmjn P,CT3Jh (BUA-rr C~H:KAyH)-1'5k9P)o3H~oJ'Y ce }BO~H B.a3,[~yx, UITO
O.fa}bCl-be )lc6Jb1-1UC rpaHJFlHOr CJloja OKO ~lCCT1il~a, ~mMC ce nOBchaBa 6p3ima )Ul~ yTB ~ (') ~ . a ,ll,m-bCM kpan' ocomme
ciJY3uje, OAnOCHO 6p3HHa CKC'rpaKunje. OCUM Tora, Memal-bCM CC oMoryhyjc ncno rl)a~y~HH cy rKP~~ll,H -~ ca ~oco npli':wpmhCHI-iM JIOrraTHll,aMa, y 06!IIIK'y rp a6VJb a.
- hC rroKpeny MarCpUjaJI, KOJH ce TaJIO:>KI-i H a ' , . , '
cpe)umjl1 AOilHP -"lUTaBc noupm1-1ne QCCTI-1u,a ca paCTBapa"'ICM. O,u, anapaTa Kojn ce I~eBaCT()j OCOBHHH y Cpe,ll,MlliTy cKcTpaK'ropa Kpo' llJ-l), rroTl1cKYDIU-i ra CT~1:HO Ka
ynoTpe6Jbanajy 3a OBaKBY Bperl' /l.-WTcplljaJJ_a, l-1ajn03uaTlljn je ;G0POB U3JIY>K1IBa"'1 . 3 lllynJby OCOBllHV MaTepUja
(anrraTOp ). ~~:~o(~a)'H Y TC'1HOCTli, rrOTHCKHBan McxypnhuMa Ba3)J.yxa, nel-be ce' HaBHIDC ~oJI :PY~~
~ na roplbeM AeJIY OCOBHHe KpaUli 2
)l,OpOB 1I3JlYIKllnaQ (arHTaTOp). - OBaj anapaT jc 0611l;IllO npOCTpaH U,UJIUH- ce cycneH311' a . . cy HarrpaBJJ,eHH Y 06JlMKY OJlYKa Y Ko'e
Apl'fLIan CYA, Cil npe'-IHHKOM OA HCROJIHKO MCTapa (CJJ. 159). Y CpeAI1Hl-l myIIJbC oco~ Haj"-ICllIB J YJII-iBa, OAaKJIC .ce pa3JIlffia rrpcKo TCt[HOCTH Y I~IIJIHH,n:py. OJIY~H C;,
e, paAR paBHoMepHH]Cr pa3!IHKOBaIba, H36ymeHU. Ha Taj Ha'l1Ul je OMO~
 BA3DYX
ITpHMefbyje y JW60paTopn:jaMa. TIo3HaTH cy II Tl1ITOBJJ OBaKBUX arrapaTa Behux
.D;IIMeH3Hja: Rao, H3 npuMep, MepI~on arrapaT 3a CRCTpaKuujy 6lIJhHHX cnpoBliHa.
EKCTpaKU:J:lja 113 TC1J.HOCTH. - Ona Tpeha BpCTa eKCTpaKUJ-Ije, Koja ce Bpllm 113
Te'-I~IOCTH nOMohy pacTBapa'Ia KOjH .ie, TaKobe TC"'-IHOCT, rr03HaTa.ic Ao6po y iIHJJ;yc-
TJ'IlJI!.
CaM nocTynaK eKCTpaKQllje je pa3HonpCTaH, TaKo.n:a ce He MO)KC rOBOpIl'I'I-r 0
craU)lap.IlHHM THnOBHMa eKC'TpaKTopa. MebYTlTM, Haj'-lemfie je y yrroTpe6H IIOCTy-
TIaR Kag CC y CKCTpaKUHOHH TopaIb TC'IHOCT Behe rycnme YBOgII Og03[O 11 cJUIRa
HamDKe, a TC'-IHOCT MaIbC rYCTIlHC (06Tf'-lHO paCTBapa'f), pa3611jeH3 Y KaITH, Kpehe
Harope, na pacTBapajytm Kopncny KOMrrouelny J-ICTIf'-IC Kp03 OTBOP Kojn ce Ha.na31:T
H3Ha,Il, OTBopa 3a YJIa3 cnpone Te"'-JHOCTH.
IlPA:KrbErbE

nAPA V!3BO)J,

H3nA3
EKCrraKJ{Hja jc paCTf~apalhC O)l,pei)CHC cyncTauue 113 CHpOBHHe OJ!: pa3110-
KOHQEH3A1A pOAHoI' l\{aT~;,pHja)1a. P(lCTBapa'l KOjIIM ce Bf!llHl eKCTpaKIJ;IIja T1'c63;aa 6YJ!:c CC}ICI-:-
THEdH, Tj. T1'coa na paCTBapa Cal\fO )J(C.1beHY cynCTtlHJJ:Y, HeOITXO,HllO je p;a 111\-1(1 BlICKY
TeMllcpaTYPY KJI,ynralb<l H Many TonnOTY I-lcnapanaJ-ba, lXa 6H ce Kaomje yrrapaBa-
H,CM ]JaKO KOHll.CJITpnCaO J{o6HjeI-IH paCTBOp. ilmI<CJhHO .ic Jl,a 6Ylle H xc:rvmjcKlJ
nnepTaI-L BP3HH3 CKC'rpaKuHje, Kao H KOJ{ ApyrHx ~lHcpy3HOHHX oncpaqHja (ancop-
CIllJlUl ! 51) TIQHja, paCTBapaJ-be UTA.) rrporropUHOHamra je nOBpIIllUIH KOHTaKTa Ii pa3JlHIlH KOH-
u.eHTl)U~Hj(l y rpaHIPIHO:t>.1 CJlojy. EKCTpaKlUljn ce J(eJIH ua eKCTpaKQujy 115 '-IBPCTOI-
ryhcHo .o:o6po MemaH.,e, a THl\IC II HCToBpcMcna eKcTpaKI~Hja, Ca gOpOBJ1M H3.Tfy)I(H~ MaTepnjaJta (JlY>KCI6C) H CKCTpaKIlJ1jy H"3 TetIJ-IOCTH.
BaQCM MO)J(C ce paHl1'rn KOHTIlHyamIO If AHcKollTImyaJIHo.
Tpe6a pelm .n:a ce .n:OJ-bH KpaU;Ii Mory JIaKO nOJJ:nl'in. Ha Taj H3~IHH ce, no npe~
ITMTAlhA
C'FaHKY pap,a, cnpe"'-IaBa 3aKonaBaH":.C KpaKoRa, Kojn CC. IUIa'-IC, 3601' oTDopa. rrpn
rrOHORHOM rryUJTaJ-hy y pa.n: HC 6u MOfJII1 IIoKpeHYl"H. AKo je pagH CCPCKT3 cKcTpaK- !.. EKCTpaKHllja CC 'leno Kopncru npH npHnpCl\1U xpaHC. HaBCJHlTe HeKe
I~Hje IIoTpe6Ho 3arpcBalbe, OHO ce Haj'-ICIIlne BplllH napoM, Roja ce npoBogl1 Kp03 npuMepe.
CI1npaJIHe I~CRH, rrpI1'-mprnliene Ha 3HgOBHMJ U3JI],)KHB<l'-Ta. 2. Koje oco6Hlle Tpe6a Jl,ll H~ta paCTBapa'-l?
3al'BOpelin eKcTpaKTopli. - OBaKBn THrrOBH cKcTpaKTopa npIIMcH~y:iy ce Ka,o, 3. 3alllTO je eKcTpllKunja ClITHor M<lTepnja,la 6p)Ka?
JC pacTBapa"'-f oTpOBan HJIH BCOMa I1crrap- 4. IIITa eBe ~'TH'Y.e Ha 6p3HlI)' cKcTpaKHHjc?
IbliB. AKO je pacTBapa'-L nopeil BemiRC :'i. KaKRu jc pa3JIUK<1 H3MetjY cKcTpaKl~}JOlIe 11 )llHpY3HoHe 6aTepnje?
l1CrrapJbIIBOCTH Imu OTPOBHOCTH jom H 6. KarHI ce KopncTc 3aTBOpCIn! cKcTpaKTopn?
cKyn, nOTpe6HO je BpUIHTH eKCTpaKWTjy
ca UITO M,UhOM KOJIWIl1I-IOJvl. Y Ty CBpXy
ce KOpIICTe pa3HH THlTOBfl 33TBopeHHx
anapaTa, KOP; KojVfx.ie eKC"rpaKl(Ifja neno
cpe)J,Ho rrOBC3aH3 ca .n:eCTI-L'lal~lljoM. Kpy-
)KHH I(HKnyc KOP; OBaKBllX anapaT3 6nfic
o(''T~apeH Rap; paCTROp II3 cyp;a 3a eKC1'Pa-
KUM]y rrpcna3U y )lccnmaIJ;110HI-I J~eo, oga-
-~~--~-
I
PEfEHEPIIUl1.1A
I PACTBOPA
KJIe ce, Rao JIaRO HCnapJhHB H KaO ~mCT
,n;eCTYlJTaT, ITOHOBO Bpaha H3 eKCTpaKunjy.
OBaKBII arrapaTlT cy BpJlO pa3HOBpCHe KO~ EKCTPAKU~OHYl
nPQcro"
l103HaT je, Ha npUMCp, THIT
HCTpYKu;nje.
COKcneTOBor anapaTO (C11. 160) KOjl! ce
CJH1K{l J60
 .".L--___ ._

Jlp CBCTOMI1P U1JHjOlH-fO

)IP Ci!06o)JaH KOH'lap-'nyphenHh
iJp PaaMH.;ra I.~Bl1jonHh

MAIIlI1HE, AITAI'ATI1I1 OllEI'AIll1JE

]a II, III H IV p;:npc}{ CTpY'-HlC lHKOIIC 3a TporoJU-uIlIhc 11 '-lcTlloporom-uHIb.e o6pa30nalhc y o6jIac

Tl-1 XC\Uljc 11 npcpa,ac xpaHc 1-1 3a '-lc-rHoporo;uulHhC 06pl130naH,C y o6:racTH Hc!\tcTaJIa

rkTO 113)I,-UbC, 2000. I'O).IJ:U!e

HJ;lilll<t'1
3a1\0;\ 'Ja YJJ6CHi--IKC 1-1 W1CT,Ullla CPCjJcTlIa. 'Gcorpa;l,
OOI1.:Hthcll BelJan 5

.TflJKOB1!H ypC':'UIHK
~IP Ta.\tapa llOlloBl1h-IIOBUKOBHh

.,1CKrop
;.1,)-, llllwa Tpuq)YllOBHh

rpa([lH'IKH ypC,J1il-1,K
J 'paa1H1Hp jJpanuHcm-fh

Kopcnop
Pa,'.L\H1!Ja KIIC)!(eBHn

OOH\-J: 19 IHT<I\mapCKHx Ta6~1l(;1

([>OP\t;}'T 17 x 24 cm
fHpa)K. 15(){) llpH.\1cpalGI

PYKOllHC llpCr<lT y lHTuMny ;ieu:nI6pa 1999. ro;.tHHC.

r!lTa-'II!~UI,C J<1llpmelLO jallyapa 200U. rOi'\HHC_

lLlT"L\lIW "llHKo.;I<l HllKO.;Il1h', KparyjcBa1\