BEHAVIOUR OF CONCRETE

MEMBERS UNDER CYCLIC

LOADING
I. THE MATERIALS
AND THEIR INTERACTION
 Reinforcing steel
Uniaxial - behaviour under cyclic loading
hardening

To rupture
Yield plateau
Increase in strength
above yield stress

Bauschinger effect
 Reinforcing steel (contd)
Typical - history in column bars (a) S400; (b) S500:
(a) (b)

Stress (Mpa)
Stress (MPa)

Strain (%) Strain (%)

Typical - history in beam bottom bars (a) S400; (b) S500:

Stress (MPa)

Stress (MPa)
(b)
(a)

Strain (%) Stress (MPa) Strain (%)

Typical - history in beam

top bars; S500:

Strain (%)
 Reinforcing steel (contd)

Buckling of reinforcing bars in concrete members

(a)
(b)
Stress (MPa)

Stress (MPa)

Strain (%) Strain (%)

- loops of bar that buckles in a cyclically loaded concrete member:

(a) diagram of stress vs real strain along axis of the buckled bar;
(b) diagram of stress vs apparent strain in the original direction of the bar.
Buckling of the bar shown as: .
 Reinforcing steel (contd)
Buckling of bars in concrete members (contd)
Bar buckling has consequences that normally precipitate member failure:
If concrete cover has not already spalled off, it does so upon bar buckling (early
bar buckling occurs only outwards)
Surrounding concrete should carry compressive force released from buckled bar.
Buckled bars: not effective for confinement of concrete core (especially if buckling
extends beyond two successive stirrups, causing their permanent extension).
Buckled bar may rupture in tension immediately afterwards:
Buckling induces additional flexural strains in the bar, tensile on one side,
compressive on the opposite, superimposed on mean axial strain of the bar (which
is tensile due to prior yielding of the bar in tension and its permanent extension).
The shorter the length, L, over which bar buckling occurs, the larger are the
additional flexural strains.
The total (mean axial plus flexural) strain of extreme fibres of the bar may approach
or exceed the steel rupture strain at root of rib (especially in Tempcore steels)
crack at the surface of the buckled bar.
After reversal of loading, a bar that has buckled straightens up and depending on
the magnitude of the new half-cycle may go into the inelastic range in tension
a previously formed crack may extend through the entire cross-section of the bar
complete loss.
Jos Restrepo
 Reinforcing steel (contd)
Effect of bar length unrestrained by stirrups on bar buckling
Stress (MPa)

(a) (b) (c)

Strain

Loops of stress vs apparent strain of bar subjected to cyclic loading with

reversals at equal and opposite strain values:
(a) no bar buckling;
(b), (c) bar buckling occurs.
L/D : ratio of free bar length to diameter.
 Reinforcing steel (contd)
Buckling of bars in concrete members (contd)
Bars in the compression zone follow the member curvature,
which is concave outwards.
Inwards buckling is prevented by the concrete.
Outwards buckling (cover already spalled off, or will spall upon
buckling) has to overcome & reverse any bar pre-curvature
~impossible.
Corner bars buckle first & outwards, but ~normal to the plane
of bending.
Intermediate bars buckle after the concrete core next to them
has disintegrated.
 Reinforcing steel (contd)
Important - parameters & requirements on the
reinforcing steel for earthquake resistance:
Uniform strain at maximum stress, su.
Ultimate curvature of member section, as controlled by rupture
of tension reinforcement: su
su =
Hardening ratio, ft/fy: (1 - su )d
Large ft/fy: Longer member plastification, when end section
reaches ultimate moment
My fy
l p l Ls 1 - Ls 1
Mu ft
Ls l p l fy 1 f t
u y u 1 y
3 3 2 f t 2 f
y

Large ft/fy or fy,actual/fy : Flexural overstrength (in beams) may

trigger plastic hinges in columns, or shear failures in general
 Reinforcing steel (contd)
Strain-rate effects on mechanical behaviour of rebars

Effect of strain rate, , on - parameters under
monotonic loading:
Increase with strain rate , relative to those

measured
in the lab for quasi-static loading under =5x10-5 sec-1
by:

cln( /5x10-5), where:
c=6MPa for fy,
c=7MPa for ft and
c=0.3% for su
Stress (Mpa)

Strain (%)
 Reinforcing steel (contd)
Time effects on mechanical behaviour of rebars
Stress (Mpa)

Stress (Mpa)
0 days 0 days
37 days 37 days
347 days 147 days

Strain (%) Strain (%)

Impact of time since previous yielding on effective yield stress of reinforcing

steel:
(a) Vanadium-free steel;
(b) steel containing Vanadium.
 Reinforcing steel (contd)
Important - parameters:
Modulus of elasticity: Es=200GPa
Yield stress: fy
Tensile strength in monotonic loading: ft
Strain at maximum stress (tensile strength) in monotonic
loading = uniform elongation at rupture, su.
Important - parameters for earthquake resistance:

Hardening ratio: ft/fy

(Uniform) Elongation at maximum stress, su.
 Reinforcing steel (contd)
Important - parameters & requirements on the
reinforcing steel for earthquake resistance:
Uniform strain at maximum stress, su.
Ultimate curvature of member section, as controlled by rupture
of tension reinforcement: su
=
Hardening ratio, ft/fy:
su (1 - su )d
Large ft/fy: Longer member plastification, when end section
reaches ultimate moment
My fy
l p l Ls 1 - Ls 1
Mu ft
Ls l p l fy 1 f t
u y u 1 y
3 3 2 f t 2 f
y

Large ft/fy or fy,actual/fy : Flexural overstrength (in beams) may

trigger plastic hinges in columns, or shear failures in general
 Reinforcing steel (contd)
Eurocode 8 requirements for reinforcing steel in
earthquake-resistant buildings:

Ductility Class DC L or M DC H
10%-fractile yield strength, fyk 400 to 600
10%-fractile hardening ratio, (ft/fy)k,0.10 1.08 1.15
<1.35
10%-fractile strain at maximum stress, su,k,0.10 5.0% 7.5%
95%-fractile actual yield strength, fyk,0.95/fyk - 1.25
 The Concrete
- behaviour under cyclic uniaxial compression

Monotonic curve
Monotonic curve

cycle
 The Concrete (contd)
Effect of confinement by 2=3=p<1 on 1-1
ultimate strength parameters (in compression)
*
Effect on ultimate strength: f c f c (1 K )
Effect of strain at ultimate strength: co* co(1+5K)
0.86
Newman & Newman 71 (adopted in EC8-Part 3): p
K 3.7
fc
Elwi & Murray 79 (adopted by Mander et al):
p 2p
K 2.254 1 7.94 1
f fc
c
Sheikh & Uzumeri, 82 (used in US) in MPa:

K 7 w f yw
1/ 2
/ fc
CEB/FIP Model Code 90 (adopted in EC2 & EC8-Part 1):
p p
f f c min1 5 ;1.25 2.5 f c
*
co*= co2
fc fc
 The Concrete (contd)
1-1 law of confined concrete up to & beyond
ultimate strength

EC2 law, with k = 1.05Ecco*/fc*

k *
*
co co

*

fc 1 k 2
*
co
 The Concrete (contd)
Ultimate strain of concrete confined by
2=3=p<1
CEB/FIP Model Code 90 (adopted in EC2 & EC8-Part 1):
cu*=0.0035+0.2p/fc p f yw
0.5 w 0.5w
fc fc
Mander et al 88 (equal strain energy at failure):

w f yw su , w f c * cu * cu cu cu
* w su , w
Paulay & Priestley 92: w su , w 1 K
cu 0.004 1.4
*

1 K
Biskinis & Fardis 07 (from ultimate curvature data; w/ size-
effect of core dimension, hc):
2
Monotonic loading: 10 p
cu * 0.0035 0.57
hc (mm) fc *
2
10 p
Cyclic loading: cu *

0.0035
0.4
hc (mm) fc *
 The Concrete (contd)
confinement effectiveness factor n s
circular section:
an 1
w/ stirrups: s
2

s 1
2 Do
w/ spirals:
2
Confined core s s
a s 1 1
4 Do 2 Do

Unconfined Fully confined or unconfined parts

concrete
along the length of the member,
for circular ties or spirals
 The Concrete (contd)
confinement effectiveness factor n s
rectangular section w/ FRP jacket:
(bx 2 R) (b y 2 R)
2 2

an 1
3bx b y
Fully confined or unconfined parts
at the cross-section level, for
s 1. 0 confinement of rectangular section
w/ jacket of fibre-reinforced-
polymer (FRP)

R
 The Concrete (contd)
confinement effectiveness factor n s
rectangular section w/ stirrups:
Stirrrup level
Confined core
confined
concrete
core

Unconfined
Concrete

Cover

bi / 6
2
Fully confined or unconfined parts:
at the cross-section level and
an 1
bxo b yo
along the length of the member,
s s

for rectangular ties a s 1 1
2b 2b
xo yo
 The Concrete (contd)
Practical confinement of concrete members
by transverse reinforcement
rectangular
section & ties: p / f c a min( x , y ) f yw / f c 0.5a w
w 2 min( x , y ) 2 min( swx / b yo , swy / bxo ) / s

circular section
p f yw
& ties: 0.5a w 0.5a w
fc fc
 Shear transfer in cracked concrete,
by aggregate interlock & dowel action
(a) Increase of shear slip under cycles of constant shear stress
amplitude, for shear transfer by aggregate interlock;
(b) reduction of dowel action in cycles of constant shear slip
amplitude. (b) Shear force

(a)
 Bond of reinforcing bars in concrete
Bond strength & slip in monotonic loading
Eurocode 2 (& 8):
Design bond strength (: bond stress corresponding to 0.1mm slip):
fbd=2.25fctd=2.25x0.7fctm/c=0.315 fck2/3 (MPa & c=1.5) in good bond
conditions (vertical or bottom horizontal bars): 2-3MPa if fck=16-30MPa;
fbd=0.7x(2.25fctd)=0.22fck2/3, in poor bond conditions (top horizontal bars)
1.5-2 MPa for fck=16-30 MPa.
CEB/FIP Model Code 90:
Ultimate bond strength in unconfined concrete (at ~0.6mm slip):
fb=2fc (MPa, w/o c) in good bond conditions: 8-11MPa for fck=16-30MPa;
fb=fc in poor bond conditions: 4-5.5 MPa for fck=16-30 MPa.
More recent work (Huang 96):
Ultimate bond strength in unconfined concrete (at ~1mm slip):
fb=0.45fc (w/o c) in good bond conditions: 7-13.5MPa for fck=16-30MPa;
fb=0.225fc in poor bond conditions: 3.5-6.5 MPa for fck=16-30 MPa.
But drops by 80% after steel yields!!
 Bond of reinforcing bars in concrete (contd)
Most complete model for max steel stress that can
develop at bar anchorage & lap-splicing:
Eligehausen & Lettow (2007), fib Model Code 2010:
0.55
lb fc (MPa)
0.25
20
0.2
c 1/ 3 c 0.1
f s (MPa) 51.2
d max
kKtr f y
d
b 20 max(db ; 20mm) db cd
cd = min [a/2; c1; c]db , cd 3db
cmax = max [/2; c1; c]5db

1 nl Ash
kKtr k
nb db sh
 Bond of reinforcing bars in concrete (contd)
(a)
Bond stress vs
Monotonic curve
Slip

slip curves
in cyclic loading

Force or bond
stress (b)
Splitting cracks along corner bars due to bond
 Conclusion: Behaviour of concrete materials
& their interaction in cyclic loading
Inherently ductile (stable hysteresis loops, considerable energy
dissipation up to large deformations): only steel in tension (it
buckles in compression).
Concrete: fairly brittle. If well confined, it sustains cycles of large
compressive strains w/o drop in resistance (but cannot dissipate
energy).
The only way to dissipate significant energy in large amplitude
deformation cycles, is by combining:
reinforcing steel in the direction of tensile internal forces/stresses;
concrete & reinforcement in the direction of compressive internal
forces/stresses, if there is confinement of concrete & restraint of
bar buckling by closely spaced transverse reinforcement.
This is feasible where inelastic stresses/strains are always in
directions where reinforcement can be conveniently placed:
in beams, columns, slender walls: in the longitudinal direction.