Chapter 1 - Number and Arithmetics

1 Engineering Mathematics 1 (AQB10102)
CHAPTER 1: NUMBERS AND ARITHMETIC
1.1 TYPE OF NUMBERS - POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE INTEGER
REAL NUMBERS (R)
Numbers that can be expressed as decimals

Real Number System:
Consist of positive and negative natural numbers including 0
Example:
, -5, -4, -3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5,
All numbers including natural numbers, whole numbers, integers, rational numbers
and irrational numbers are real numbers
Example:
4 4.0000...
5
0.8333...
6
1
0.5000...
2
3 1.37050...
Real Numbers can be represented geometrically as points on a number line called

Real Line
Example
Classification of Real Numbers
Numbers Example
Natural Numbers (N) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5,
counting numbers
Whole Numbers (W) 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5,

a set of zero together with the natural
numbers
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Rational Numbers (Q) 8 0 5

any number that can be written in the , , ,7
4 9 3
a
form of
b where a and b are integers
with b 0
a) Terminates: end in an infinite string 0 3

0.75
4
65
65
1
b) Repeats: end with a block of digits that
10
repeat over and over 3.3333...
3
5
0.8333...
6
Irrational Numbers (I)

- the decimal represented of irrational 0.1010010000100001...
numbers do not repeat in cycles
3 1.7320508075...
(pattern)
log10 5 0.698970004336...
Prime Numbers
- any natural number, greater than 1, 2,3,5, 7,11,13,...
only divisible by itself and 1
Integers (Z)
any positive and negative natural ..., 3, 2, 1, 0,1, 2,3,...
number including 0
Zero
the number zero represents none or 0
nothing
Even Numbers
any number that is divisible by 2 2, 4, 6,8,10,...
Odd Numbers
any number that is not divisible by 2 1,3,5, 7,9,...
Composite Numbers
natural numbers but not a prime 1, 4, 6,8,9,10,12,...
number
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1.2 FACTORS, MULTIPLES, HIGHEST COMMON FACTOR AND LOWEST COMMON MULTIPLY
Some natural numbers can be produced by multiplying smaller natural numbers together. These
smaller numbers are called factors.
Example:
12 = 3 x 4 = 6 x 2 = 12 x 1
The number 12 above has been factorized in 3 different ways. The numbers 12 is known as a
multiple of 3 or 4 or 2 or 6, etc
HIGHEST COMMON FACTOR (HCF)
The HCF of a set of integers is the largest integer which is a factor of each of them.
To find HCF:
Do a prime factorization of each integer

List them in column
Find the full columns (these are the common factors)
Multiply all the common factors to get the HCF
Example:
Find the HCF of 24, 28 and 40
HCF
24 2 2 2 3
28 2 2 7
40 2 2 2 5
2 2 4
LOWEST COMMON MULTIPLY (LCM)
The LCM of a set of integers is the smallest integer that they will all divide into.
To find LCM:
Do a prime factorization of each integer

List them in column
For each column, write down the value of the factor
Multiply the values together to get the LCM
Example:
Find the LCM of 10, 15, 45 and 75
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LCM
10 2 5
15 3 5
45 3 3 5
75 3 5 5
2 3 3 5 5 450
1.3 ARITHMETIC OPERATION (BEDMAS)
FUNDAMENTAL PROCESSES
The 4 fundamental processes of arithmetic are:
+ Addition
- Subtraction
x Multiplication
Division
ORDER OF OPERATIONS
When a calculation involves more than one operation, the order in which the numbers are combined
is important. The sequence in which operations are preformed is called BEDMAS
B Bracket - the contents of any brackets

must be evaluated before
performing any other
operation
E Exponent - the power of the number
D Division or
M Multiplication - whichever appears first
from left to right
A Addition or
S Subtraction - whichever appears first
from left to right
Note: The correct answer to a calculation is obtained only if the precedence is right.
Example:
Calculate
23 3 (8 6)
9 5 24 6 3 57 4 2
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1.4 FRACTIONS AND DECIMALS
FRACTIONS
A fraction is a number written in the form N/D where N is called the numerator and D is called the
denominator.
The denominator of a fraction cannot be a zero. For example, the fraction 2/0 is not allowed.
Fraction Special Name

2 Proper fraction
3
7 Improper fraction
3
2 Mixed number
1
3
Operation of Fractions
In order to add/subtract fractions, the denominators must be the same number but if the fractions
do not have the same denominator, then one or all of the denominators must be changed so that
every fraction has a common denominator.
Example:
1 2 7 6 13

3 7 21 21
Example:
3
inch thick aluminum, which has a paint coating
Find the total thickness of a panel made from 32
1
that is inch thick.
64
Example:
3
The cargo area behind the rear seat of a small airplane can handle solids that are 4 feet long. If
4
1
the rear seats are removed, then 2 feet are added to the cargo area. What is the total length of the
3
cargo area when the rear seats are removed?
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Example:
7 1
The tolerance for rigging the aileron droop of an airplane is inch inch. What is the minimum
8 5
droop to which the aileron can be rigged?
Example:
What is the length of the grip of the bolt shown in figure below?
1 1
The overall length of the bolt is 3 inches, the shank length is 3 inches, and the threaded portion
2 8
5
is 1 inches long.
16
Multiplication of fractions does not require a common denominator. To multiply fractions, first
multiply the numerators. Then, multiply the denominators
Example:
3 7 1 3 7 1 21

5 8 2 5 8 2 80
Example:
1 1
2 1 1
2 3
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Divisions of fractions does not require a common denominator. To divide fractions, first change the
division symbol to multiplication. Next, invert the second fraction. Then, multiply the fractions.
Example:
7 4 7 3 21

8 3 8 4 32
Example:
2 3 9
1
3 5 10
DECIMALS
The number system that we use every day is called the decimal system. Like whole numbers, decimal
numbers also have place value. The place values are based on power 10, as shown in figure below.
Type of Decimals
Decimal Special Name

3 Terminating decimal
1.5
2
4 Non-terminating decimals
1.3333... Significant figures
3
Ex: 7.6183 (3 s.f) = 7.62
Decimal places
Ex: 7.6183 (3 d.p) =
7.618
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Operation of Decimals
Example:
A series circuit containing two resistors has a total resistance (RT) of 37.272 ohms. One of the
resistors (R1) has a value of 14.88 ohms. What is the value of the other resistor (R2)?
R2 = RT R1 = 37.272 14.88 = 22.392 ohms
Example:
Find the total resistance for the circuit diagram shown in figure below. The total resistance of a
series circuit is equal to the sum of the individual resistances
Example:
Using the formula Watts = Amperes x Voltage, what is the wattage of an electric drill that uses 9.45
amperes from a 120 volt source?
Example:
The wing area of an airplane is 262.6 square feet and its span is 40.4 feet. Find the mean chord of its
wing using the formula:
Area span = mean chord
Rounding Off Decimal Numbers
In some cases it is desirable to express a decimal to fewer places. This type of approximation is called
rounding off. There are four commonly used rules for rounding off decimals:
Rule 1: If the first of the digits to be dropped is less than 5, then the last retained digit is
unchanged.
Ex: Round off 3.1416 to two decimal places 3.14
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Rule 2: If the first of the digits to be dropped is greater than 5, then the last retained digit is
increased by 1.
Ex: Round off 0.4536 to three decimal places 0.454
Rule 3: If the first digit to be dropped is 5 followed by zeros, then the last retained digit kept
unchanged if it is even. If the last digit to be kept is odd, then it is increased by 1.
Ex: Round off 16.450 to one decimal place 16.4
Ex: Round off 193.73500 to two decimal places 193.74
Rule 4: If the first digit to be dropped is 5 followed by a nonzero digit, then the last retained
digit is increased by 1
Ex: Round off 2.8530 to one decimal place 2.9
Reading Significant Figures
The number of significant figures in a measurement can be ascertained by the use of the following
rules:
The first s.f in measurement is the first digit other than zero, counting from left to right. In
the measurement 29.84 ml, the first s.f is 2
Zeros to the left of the first nonzero digit are not significant. In the measurement 0.002335
g/cm3, the zeros to the left of 2 are not significant. There are four s.f in this measurement.
Zeros which occur between 2 significant digits are significant since they are part of the
measurement. In the measurement 30.0809 g, the zeros are significant figures because they
occur between the digit 3 and 9. There are 6 s.f in this measurement.
Final zeros in measurements containing decimal fractions are significant. Thus is the
measurement 7.0 sec the final zero is significant; it indicates that the measurement was
precise to one-tenth of a second and has 2 s.f. The measurement 7.00 sec is more precise
and has 3 s.f.
Example:
An actuator shaft is 2.1938 inches in diameter. Round to the nearest tenth.
The digit in the tenths column is a 1. The digit to the right of the 1 is 9. Since 9 is greater than or
equal to 5, round up the 1 to a 2. Therefore, 2.1938 rounded to the nearest tenth is 2.2
Example:
The outside diameter of a bearing is 2.1938 inches. Round to the nearest hundredth.
Example:
The length of a bushing is 2.1938 inches. Round to the nearest thousandth.
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1.5 AVERAGE AND PERCENTAGES
AVERAGE
To find the average of a set of quantities, add the quantities together and divide by the number of
quantities in the set. Thus,
sum of the quantities

Average = number of quantities
Example:
A student falls asleep in every lesson, the following number of times: 8, 20, 3, 0, 5, 9, 15 and 12.
What is his average per lesson?
Average score
8 + 20 + 3 + 0 + 5 + 9 + 15 + 12
= 8
72
= 8
=9
Example:
Find the average age of a team of boys given that four of them are each 15 years 4 months old and
the other three boys are each 14 years 9 months old.
Total age of 4 boys at 15 years 4 months

= 61 years 4 months.
Total age of 3 boys at 14 years 9 months

Total age of all 7 boys

105 years 7 months

Average age = 7
= 15 years 1 month.
Example:
The average age of the lecturers in the faculty is 39 years and their total age is 1170 years, whereas
the pupils whose average age is 14 years have a total age 6580 years. Find the average age of all the
people in the faculty.
The first step is to find the number of teachers:
Number of teachers:
total age of the teachers
= average age of the teachers
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1170
= 39 = 30
We now find the number of pupils:

6580
= 14 = 470
We can now find the average age of people in the faculty.
Total age of all the people in the faculty:

= 1170 + 6580 = 7750 years
Total number of people in the faculty:

= 30 + 470 = 500
Average age of all the people in the faculty:

7750
= 500 = 15.5 years
Average Speed
The average speed is defined as total distance travelled divided by the total time taken. The unit of
speed depends on the unit of distance and the unit of time. For instance, if the distance travelled is
in kilometers (km) and the time taken is in hours (h) then the speed will be stated in kilometers per
hour (km/h). If the distance is given in meter (m) and the time in seconds (s) then the speed is in
meters per second (m/s).
Example:
A car travels a total distance of 200 km in 4 hours. What is its average speed?
distance travelled
Average speed = time taken
200
= 4
= 50 km/h
Example:
An aircraft travels a total distance of 750 km in a time of 3 hours 45 minutes. What is the average
speed in km/hr?
750
Average speed = 200km / hr
3.75
Example:
An aircraft uses 300 gallons of fuel for a flight of duration 4 hours. What is the average fuel
consumption?
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Average Fuel Consumption =
300
75 gallons / hour
4
Example:
A train travels for 4 hours at an average speed of 64 km/h. For the first 2 hours its average speed is
50 km/h. What is its average speed for the last 2 hours?
Total distance travelled in 4 hours

= average speed time taken
= 64 4
= 256 km
Distance travelled in first two hours

= 50 2 = 100 km
Distance travelled in last two hours

= 256 - 100 = 156 km
Average speed for the last two hours

distance travelled 156
= time taken = 2 = 78 km/h
PERCENTAGE
Fraction with a denominator 100 is called percentage. The sign % is usually used instead the words
per cent.
Example:
Express the following decimal numbers as a percent:
a) 0.90 = 90% b) 0.5 = 50%
c) 0.335 = 33.5% d) 1.25 = 125%
Example:
In a shipment of 80 wingtip lights, 15% of the lights were defective. How many of the lights were
defective?
Let N = number of defective lights

15% of 80 lights = N
N = 0.15 x 80 = 12
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Example:
22% of a certain length is 55 cm. What is the complete length?
1% of the length = 55/22 cm = 2.5 cm

Complete length = 100 x 2.5 cm = 250 cm
Example:
What percentage is 37 of 264? Give the answer correct to 5 s.f
Percentage = 37/264 x 100 = 14.015%
Example:
A small engine rated at 12 horsepower is found to be delivering only 10.75 horsepower. What is the
motor efficiency expressed as a percent?
Example:
Eighty ohms represents 52% of a microphones total resistance. Find the total resistance of this
microphone.
1.6 RATIO AND PROPORTION
A ratio is the comparison of two numbers or quantities. A ratio may be expressed in three ways: as a
fraction, with a colon, or with the word to
Example:
A gear ratio of 5:7 can be expressed as any of the following:
5/7 or 5:7 or 5 to 7
Ratios have widespread application in the field of aviation. For example:
Compression ratio on a reciprocating engine is the ratio of the volume of a cylinder with the piston
at the bottom of its stroke to the volume of the cylinder with the piston at the top of its stroke. For
example, a typical compression ratio might be 10:1
Aspect ratio is the ratio of the length (or span) of an airfoil to its width (or chord). A typical aspect
ratio for a commercial airliner might be 7:1
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Air-fuel ratio is the ratio of the weight of the air to the weight of fuel in the mixture being fed into
the cylinders of a reciprocating engine. For example, a typical air-fuel ratio might be 14.3:1
Glide ratio is the ratio of the forward distance traveled to the vertical distance descended when an
aircraft is operating without power. For example, if an aircraft descends 1,000 feet while it travels
through the air for a distance of two liners miles (10,560 feet), it has a glide ratio of 10,560:1,000
which can be reduce to 10.56:1
Gear ratio is the number of teeth each gear represents when two gears are used in an aircraft
component. In figure below, the pinion gear has 8 teeth and a spur gear has 28 teeth. The gear
ration is 8:28 or 2:7.
Speed ratio. When two gears are used in an aircraft component, the rotational speed of each gear is
represented as a speed ratio. As the number of teeth in a gear decreases, the rotational speed of
that gear increases, and vice versa. Therefore, the speed ratio of two gears is the inverse (or
opposite) of the gear ratio. If two gears have a gear ratio of 2:9, then their speed ratio is 9:2
Example:
1
Express the ratio 4 : in its lowest terms
4
1 1 4
4: 4 4 16
4 4 1
1
4 : 16 :1
4
Example:
Two lengths are in the ratio 8:5. If the first length is 120 meters, what is the second length?
5
The second length = of the first length
8
5
= 120 75 meters
8
Example:
A pinion gear with 10 teeth is driving a spur gear with 40 teeth. The spur gear is rotating at 160 rpm.
Determine the speed of the pinion gear.
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PROPORTION
A proportion is a statement of equality between two or more ratios. For example,
3 6
or 3 : 4 6 : 8
4 8
This proportion is read as,
3 is to4 as 6 is to 8
Extremes and Means
The first and last terms of the proportion (the 3 and 8 in this example) are called the extremes. The
second and third terms (the 4 and 6 in this example) are called the means. In any proportion, the
product of the extremes is equal to the product of the means.
In the proportion 2:3 = 4:6, the product of the extremes, 2 x 6 is 12; the product of the means, 3 x 4
is also 12. An inspection of any proportion will show this to be true.
Example:
Solve for X in the proportion given below
65 X

80 100
65 100
X 81.25
80
Example:
20 men working at BA, Filton produce 3000 components in 12 working days. How long will it take 15
men to produce the 3000 components?
The number of men is reduced in the ratio
15 3

20 4
Since this is an example of inverse proportion the number of days required must be increased in the
4
ratio 3
Number of days required
4
12 16 days
3
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Example:
An aircraft carries 2880 liters of fuel distributed in three tanks in the ratio 3 : 5: 4. Find the quantity
in each tank.
Example:
An airplane flying a distance of 300 miles used 24 gallons of gasoline. How many gallons will it need
to travel 750 miles?
1.7 SCIENTIFIC NOTATION
DECIMAL POINT RELOCATION
Scientific notation is used as a type of shorthand to express very large or very small numbers. It is a
way to write numbers so that they do not take up as much space on the page. The format of a
number written in scientific notation is the decimal point is always placed to the right of the first
digit.
Notice that very large numbers always have a positive power of 10 and very small numbers always
have a negative power of 10.
5.817 x 103
mantissa exponent
Example:
The velocity of the speed of light is over 186,000,000 mph. this can be expressed as 1.86 x 10 8 mph
in scientific notation.
Example:
The mass of an electron is approximately 0.000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,911 grams. This

can be expressed in scientific notation as 9.11 x 10-28
Example:
Convert 0.000000457 from standard notation to scientific notation
Remember that small numbers (those less than one) will have a negative exponent. Therefore,
0.000000457 = 4.57 x 10-7
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Example:
Convert 3.68 x 107 from scientific notation to standard notation
Example:
Convert 7.1543 x 10-10 from scientific notation to standard notation
When converting always remember that large numbers always have positive powers of ten and
small numbers always have negative powers of ten. Refer to table below to determine which
direction to move the decimal point
ARITHMETIC OPERATION IN SCIENTIFIC NOTATION
To add, subtract, multiply or divide numbers in scientific notation, change the scientific notation
number back to standard notation. Then, add, subtract, multiply or divide the standard notation
numbers. After the computation, change the final standard notation number back to scientific
notation.
Example:
2.3 104 3.7 104

2.3 3.7 104
6.0 104
Numbers having the same exponent can be added or subtracted in standard notation by adding or
subtracting the mantissae and keeping the exponent the same.
Example:
When the numbers have different exponents, one way of adding or subtracting the numbers is to
express one of the numbers in non-standard notation, so that both numbers have the same
exponent.
2.3 104 3.7 103

2.3 104 0.37 104
2.3 0.37 104
2.67 104
OR
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2.3 104 3.7 103

23000 3700
26700
2.67 104
Example:
The laws of indices are used when multiplying or dividing numbers given in scientific notation
2.5 10 5 10
3 2
2.5 5 10
3 2
12.5 105 or 1.25 106
6 104
1.5 102
104 2
6

1.5
4 102
1.8 MEASUREMENT AND CONVERSION FACTOR
BASIC CONCEPTS
To measure a physical quantity means to compare it in size (magnitude) with a similar standard
quantity called unit.
A measurement is the ratio of the magnitude of any physical quantity to that of a standard.
Mensuration is the process of making a measurement. Mensuration involves counting either whole
units or their fraction. The choice of units depends on convenience, tradition or law.
MASS is the quantity of matter in the thing you are studying. The metric unit of measurement of
mass is the kilogram (kg), which is 1000 grams. The English unit is the slug, which is rarely used. The
mass center of an object is where the balance point is.
WEIGHT is a force, which arises when a mass is acted on by gravity. The metric unit of weight should
technically be the Newton (N), which is the unit of force, but commonly it is the kilogram of mass
that is used to measure weight in the metric system because gravity is about the same everywhere
on the Earth. The English unit of weight is the pound (lb.)
LENGTH in the metric system is measured by meters (m) and in the English system by feet (ft.). A
mile is 5280 feet or 1609 meters (1.6 kilometers).
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CONVERSION TABLE
An easier way of converting a given measure (the existing measure) to an equivalent measure (the
desired measure) in the metric system is by means of a conversion factor. The value of this factor is
obtained by dividing the multiplying factor of the existing measure by the multiplying factor of the
desired measure. The number of desired units is obtained by multiplying the existing units by the
conversion factor.
Example:
Express 0.235 meters in millimeters
1 mm = 10-3 m 1 m = 103 mm
Therefore, 0.235 m = 103 x 0.235 mm

= 235 mm
Example:
Convert 3.5 milligrams (mg) to kilograms.
The existing measure is 3.5 milligrams. The multiplying factor of milligrams is 10-3. Since we want to
convert milligrams to kilograms (the desired measure), the multiplying factor of this desired measure
is 103. Dividing these multiplying factors according to the rule stated above, we have
103 103 103 3 106
The conversion factor is 10-6
Therefore, 3.5 milligrams x (10-6 kilogram/milligram) = 3.5 x 10-6 kilograms.
1.9 BASE NUMBER
BINARY NUMBER
The most popular of these systems is the Binary (Bi means two), which operates with the powers of
2 instead of 10 as in the decimal system.
It will be noticed in the decimal system that the greatest digit used is 9 which is one less than 10.
Thus, in the binary system the greatest digit that can be used is 1 which is one less than 2.
A number written in binary consists only at the digits 0 and 1.
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Denary or Decimal Binary

- The system of - Digits 0 and
number that we 1
use everyday - Radix 2
- 10 different digits
(0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9)
- Radix or base 10
Conversion of Binary to Decimal
Example:
Convert from binary number to decimal
1101.12
1 23 1 22 0 21 1 20 1 2 1
1
8 4 0 1
2
13.5
1101.12 13.510
101.01012
1 22 0 21 1 20 0 2 1 1 2 2
0 2 3 1 2 4
1 1
4 0 1 0 0
4 16
5.312510
101.01012 5.312510
Conversion of Decimal to Binary
Example:
1. For round number
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2. For fractional number
The binary system is used on computers and other calculating machines. Since only the digits 0 and 1
re used in the system this is equivalent to two-state system. For instance if a device is off it
represents as 0 and if it is on a 1 is represented. The figure below shows how the number 10110
can be represented by 5 electric light bulbs.
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Numbers expressed to the base 2 are useful for electronic counting systems because electronic
circuits which can be set to one of two states are made very simple, whereas circuits with more than
two states, although possible, are much more complex and less reliable.
OCTAL NUMBER
- This system has radix 8

- Digits 0,1,2,3,4,5,6 and 7
Conversion of Decimal to Binary, via Octal
Example:
Convert the decimal numbers given to binary number, via octal
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Example:
Convert the given decimal number given to binary numbers, via octal
371410
Conversion of Octal to Binary
An octal number can be converted to a binary number by writing down the three bit (binary digit)
corresponding to the octal digit.
Octal Digit Natural Binary

Number
0 000
1 001
2 010
3 011
4 100
5 101
6 110
7 111
Example:
HEXADECIMAL NUMBER
- This system has radix 16

- 16 distinct digits:
0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, A, B, C, D, E and F
- A corresponds to 10 in the denary system, B to 11 and so on
Conversion of Hexadecimal to Decimal
Example:
1A16 1161 A 160

1. 1161 10 160
16 10 26
1A16 2610
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2. 1BF16 1162 B 161 F 160

1 162 11161 15 160
256 176 15
447
1BF16 44710
3. 1A4 E16
1163 A 162 4 161 E 160
1163 10 162 4 161 14 160
4096 2560 64 14
6734
1A4 E16 673410
Conversion of Decimal to Hexadecimal
Example:
1.
2.
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Conversion of Binary to Hexadecimal
Example:
Convert the following Binary numbers to Hexadecimal by using table in Figure 1.8
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Conversion of Hexadecimal to Binary
Example:
ADDITION AND SUBTRACTION OF BINARY NUMBERS
When adding or subtracting binary numbers, we can follow a process similar to the one used for
adding or subtracting decimal numbers but using the rules of addition shown in table below
Addition of Binary Numbers

0+0=0
0+1=1
1+0=1
1 + 1 = 0 with a carry of 1
Example:
Add the binary numbers 01010 and 10111
01010
10111
1
0+1=1
01010 1+1=2
10111 Two is written as 10 in
01
binary.
write 0 and carry 1
1 1 (the carry) + 0 = 1
01010 This 1 + 1 = 2
10111
Write 0 and carry 1
001
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1 1 (the carry) + 1 = 2
01010 This 2 + 0 = 2
10111
Write 0 and carry 1
0001
1 1 (the carry) + 0 = 1
01010 This 1 + 1 = 2
10111
Write 0 and carry 1
100001
Example:
Subtract 111 from 10001
10001
111
1-1=0
0
"10" Since we cannot subtract 1
10001 from 0, we borrow 1 unit
111 from the next higher unit.
This is equivalent to 2
10
write 1 since 1 1 = 0
1 The next 0 becomes 1
10001
111
010
1 The next 0 also becomes 1
10001
111
101 0
0 1 (the carry) + 0 = 1
10001 This 1 + 1 = 2
111
Write 0 and carry 1
0 101 0
MULTIPLICATION AND DIVISION OF BINARY NUMBERS
Multiplication and division of binary numbers are carried out in the same way that both operations
are carried out in decimal. A multiplication, like A x B, is equivalent to the addition of A to itself B
times. Therefore, we can multiply two numbers successive additions. Likewise, a division such as A/B
can be carried out by successive subtraction. Since the computers have special hardware to do
additions and subtraction rapidly, any multiplication or division is carried out as an addition or
subtraction, respectively.
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EXERCISE
FACTORS AND MULTIPLES
1. Find the HCF of the following sets of integers:

a) 270, 450, 1260
b) 8, 10, 12, 16
c) 35, 140, 420
2. Find the LCM of the following sets of integers:

a) 3, 4, 5, 6
b) 7, 9, 10, 12
c) 10, 33, 65, 169
3. Two lighthouses can be seen from the top of a hill.

The first flashes once every 8 seconds, and the other flashes once every 15 seconds.
If they flash simultaneously, how long is it until they flash again at the same time?
FRACTION AND DECIMAL
4. Simplify the following without using calculator.

1 2
a)
3 7
2 1
b) 3 2
3 6
5 1 2
c) 4 3 1
8 4 5
5 1
d) 3 2 1
7 5
3 1 3
e) 1 2 3
5 3 7
3 1
f) 5 7
5 3
1 2 1 3 1
g)
3 5 4 8 3
2 1 2 1 3
h) 1 1
3 4 3 4 5
5. Solve the following problems

a) 46.32 97.17 0.01258 , correct to 4 d.p
1
b) 62.49 0.0172 , correct to 4 d.p
2
1
c) correct to 3 d.p
52.73
SES
1 1
d) , correct to 3 d.p
4.92 1.97
2.37
2
e) correct to 3 d.p
0.0526
15
f) , correct to 3 d.p
7.6 4.82
2
g) 52.91 31.76 correct to 3 d.p

h) 76.212 29.102 , correct to 4 s.f
6.092
i) correct to 3 s.f
25.2 7
j) 6.9212 4.8163 2.1614 , correct to 4 s.f
6. In an electrical circuit the voltage V is given by Ohms law : V IR .
Determine correct to 4 s.f the voltage when I = 5.36 A and R = 14.76

l
7. The time of swing t seconds, of a simple pendulum is given by t 2 .
g
Determine the time, correct to 3 d.p, given that l = 12.0 and g = 9.81
8. Resistance R2 is given by R2 R1 1 t determine R2 correct to 4 s.f, when

R1 220, 0.00027, t 75.6
AVERAGE AND PERCENTAGE
9. For the first 1 hours of a 91 km journey the average speed was 30 km/h. If the average speed
for the remainder of the journey was 23 km/h, calculate the average speed for the entire
journey.
10. A train travels between two towns 135 km apart in 4 hours. If on the return journey the
average speed is reduced by 3 km/h, calculate the time taken for the return journey.
11. When 1,600 bolts are manufactured, 36 are unsatisfactory. Determine the percentage
unsatisfactory
12. Two kilograms of compound contains 30% of element A, 45% of element B and 25% of element
C. Determine the masses of the three elements present.
13. It takes 50 minutes to machine a certain part. Using a new type of tool, the time can be reduced
by 15%. Calculate the new time taken.
14. Express the following statements in the form of a percentage.
SES
a) 3 light bulbs are broken in a box containing 144 light bulbs

b) In school of 650 students, 20 are absent
15. A student scores 36 marks out of 100 in an examination. What is her percentage mark? If the
percentage needed to pass the examination is 75%, how many marks are needed to pass?
16. The current in a circuit increases from 0.80 A to 0.84 A when the voltage is increased from 12.0 V
to a higher value.
a) What is the percent increase in the current?
b) If the percent increase in the voltage is same as that in the current, what is the new
voltage?
17. The input power to a transformer is 46 W. The power delivered to the secondary is 42 W. What
percent, to the nearer tenth, of the power is lost?
18. A new drilling machine is safer to operate but the time to drill one hole is increased by 18%. If
drilling previously took 35s, how long does it take with the new drill?
RATIO AND PROPORTION
19. What is the ratio of the rpm for the motor to the rpm of the compressor in figure below.
20. Figure below shows a transformer with 3 turns in the primary coil and 6 turns in the secondary
coil. The turns ratio is 2:1. The ratio of output voltage to input voltage the same as the turns
ratio. If the input voltage is 120V AC, what is the output voltage (ignoring losses)?
21. A recipe of Beef Stroganoff quotes the following amounts to serve four people: 450 grams of
rump steak, 3 tablespoons flour, 4 tablespoons butter, 50 grams of onion, 75 grams of
mushrooms, 140 grams of sour cream. What amounts should be used for six people?
SES
22. 10 men produce 500 composite panels in 5 working days. How long would it take 15 men to
produce the same amount?
23. MIAT Flying Centre employs 12 builders to extend the hanger. They take 9 days to do the job. If
they had employed 8 men how long would it have taken them?
24. With a mechanical jack, the effort required to lift a given load is in the ratio 3 : 35. What effort is
needed to lift a load of 15kN?
SCIENTIFIC NOTATION
25. Express in scientific notation

3
a) The density of aluminium is 2710 kgm
b) The electron rest energy is 0.511MeV
1
c) Proton charge-mass ratio is 95789700Ckg
26. Express the number given as decimal numbers/fractions/mixed numbers

2
a) 1.725 10
6.25 102
b)
c) 5.41 10
4
BASE NUMBERS
27. Convert the binary numbers given to decimal numbers

a) 1110
b)
101101
c)
0.01011
d)
0.11001
e)
110101.0111
f)
11010101.10111
28. Convert the decimal numbers given to binary numbers

a) 47.40625
30.8125
b)
53.90625
c)
61.65625
d)
29. Convert the given decimal numbers given to binary numbers, via octal
a) 247.09375
SES
1 716.78125
b)
30. Convert the given hexadecimal numbers into their decimal equivalents
a)
2C16
b)
2 F116
c)
E 716
31. Convert the given decimal numbers into their hexadecimal equivalents
a)
5410
20010
b)
9110
c)
32. Convert the given binary numbers into their hexadecimal equivalents
a)
110101112
100010112
b)
33. Convert the given hexadecimal numbers into their binary equivalents
3716 A2116
a)
b)
34. What is the result of the following binary addition?
a) 101011 + 011010
b) 10101111 + 11111010
c) 0101011 + 0010001
d) 00100011 + 11000111
e) 00100001 + 11101011
35. What is the result of the following binary subtraction?

a) 10010110 100101
b) 10000000 1
c) 1001000 0110000
d) 01110001 01000101
e) 01111110 00110000
SES
ANSWER
FACTORS AND MULTIPLES
1. a) 90 b) 2 c) 35
2. a) 60 b) 1260 c)55770
3. 120 seconds
FRACTION AND DECIMAL
4.
13 1
a) b) 1
21 2
31 18
c) 2 d) 4
40 35
4 42
12
e) 5 f) 55
13 28
4 2
g) 15 h) 55
5.
a) 56.6215 b) 0.5374
c) 0.019 d) 0.711
e)
106.785 f)
0.432
g)
1.638 h)
70.44
i) 0.746 j) 11.74
6. 79.11V
7. t 6.950s
8. 224.5
AVERAGE AND PERCENTAGE
9. 26 km/h
10. 5 hours
11. 2.25%
12. (a) 0.6kg ,(b) 0.9kg (c) 0.5kg
13. 42.5min
14. a) 2.08% b) 3.08%
15. a) 36% b) 75 marks
16. a) 5% b) 12.6 V
17. 8.7%
18. 41.3s
SES
RATIO AND PROPORTION
19. 4:11
20. 240V
21. Amount of rump steak = 675 g
Amount of flour = 4.5 tablespoons
Amount of butter = 6 tablespoons
Amount of onion = 75 g
Amount of mushrooms = 112.5 g
Amount of sour cream = 210 g
22. 3.33 days
23. 13.5 days
24. 9/7
SCIENTIFIC NOTATION
25.
a) 2.710 x 103 kgm-3

b) 5.11 x 10-1 MeV
c) 9.57897 x 107 Ckg-1
26.
a) 0.01725
b) 1/16
c) 54100
BASE NUMBERS
27. a) 1410 4510

b)
c)
0.3437510 d)
0.7812510
e)
53.437510 f)
213.7187510
28. a) 101111.011012 11110.11012

b)
110101.111012 111101.101012
c) d)
29. a) 111101 11.000 112
11010110100.110 012
b)
30. a) 4410 75310 23110

b) c)
SES
31. a)
3616 b)
C 816 c)
5B16
32. a)
D 716 b)
8B16
33. a)
1101112
b)
1010001000012
34. a) 1000101 b) 110101001
c) 0111100 d) 11101010
e) 100001100
35. a) 01110001 b) 01111111
c) 0011000 d) 00101100
e) 01001110
SES

Chapter 1 - Number and Arithmetics

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1 Engineering Mathematics 1 (AQB10102)

CHAPTER 1: NUMBERS AND ARITHMETIC

1.1 TYPE OF NUMBERS - POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE INTEGER

REAL NUMBERS (R)

Numbers that can be expressed as decimals

Real Numbers can be represented geometrically as points on a number line called

Classification of Real Numbers

Whole Numbers (W) 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5,

Rational Numbers (Q) 8 0 5

a) Terminates: end in an infinite string 0 3

Irrational Numbers (I)

HIGHEST COMMON FACTOR (HCF)

Do a prime factorization of each integer

Find the HCF of 24, 28 and 40

LOWEST COMMON MULTIPLY (LCM)

Do a prime factorization of each integer

Find the LCM of 10, 15, 45 and 75

1.3 ARITHMETIC OPERATION (BEDMAS)

The 4 fundamental processes of arithmetic are:

B Bracket - the contents of any brackets

1.4 FRACTIONS AND DECIMALS

Fraction Special Name

Decimal Special Name

R2 = RT R1 = 37.272 14.88 = 22.392 ohms

Area span = mean chord

Rounding Off Decimal Numbers

Reading Significant Figures

An actuator shaft is 2.1938 inches in diameter. Round to the nearest tenth.

The length of a bushing is 2.1938 inches. Round to the nearest thousandth.

1.5 AVERAGE AND PERCENTAGES

sum of the quantities

Total age of 4 boys at 15 years 4 months

Total age of 3 boys at 14 years 9 months

Total age of all 7 boys

105 years 7 months

The first step is to find the number of teachers:

We now find the number of pupils:

We can now find the average age of people in the faculty.

Total age of all the people in the faculty:

Total number of people in the faculty:

Average age of all the people in the faculty:

Average Fuel Consumption =

Total distance travelled in 4 hours

Distance travelled in first two hours

Distance travelled in last two hours

Average speed for the last two hours

Express the following decimal numbers as a percent:

a) 0.90 = 90% b) 0.5 = 50%

c) 0.335 = 33.5% d) 1.25 = 125%

Let N = number of defective lights

22% of a certain length is 55 cm. What is the complete length?

1% of the length = 55/22 cm = 2.5 cm

What percentage is 37 of 264? Give the answer correct to 5 s.f

Percentage = 37/264 x 100 = 14.015%

1.6 RATIO AND PROPORTION

A gear ratio of 5:7 can be expressed as any of the following:

Ratios have widespread application in the field of aviation. For example:

A proportion is a statement of equality between two or more ratios. For example,

This proportion is read as,

Extremes and Means

Solve for X in the proportion given below

The number of men is reduced in the ratio

Number of days required

1.7 SCIENTIFIC NOTATION