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these reports represent only cases investigated and conrmed by state The guidance in this report does not indicate an exclusive course of
CPS agencies, these trends may reect changes in reporting practices, treatment or serve as a standard of medical care. Variations, taking
into account individual circumstances, may be appropriate.
investigation standards, and administrative or statistical procedures.2
All clinical reports from the American Academy of Pediatrics
Indeed, the reported incidence of child physical abuse is dependent on the automatically expire 5 years after publication unless reafrmed,
source of data. Results from the Fourth National Incidence Study, revised, or retired at or before that time.
a congressionally mandated periodic study on child abuse that reports www.pediatrics.org/cgi/doi/10.1542/peds.2015-0356
national incidence for reported and nonreported child maltreatment
DOI: 10.1542/peds.2015-0356
recognized by community professionals, showed a decline in physical
abuse from 1993 to 2006.3 In contrast, researchers examining PEDIATRICS (ISSN Numbers: Print, 0031-4005; Online, 1098-4275).
hospitalization rates for physical abuse have shown either no signicant Copyright 2015 by the American Academy of Pediatrics
a child has sustained a serious injury a report has been made to abuse or neglect on the young child,
because he or she was left investigative agencies, the physician the siblings, and the nonoffending
unsupervised in a dangerous can continue to be an advocate for the caregiver. Because adult intimate
environment, the physician can report child, helping to see that the child partner violence, drug abuse, and
suspected neglect or inappropriate receives necessary follow-up services. other adult stressors commonly co-
adult supervision to CPS; this The childs primary care physician, if occur with child abuse, family
includes injuries sustained while not already involved, should be members may require timely medical
under the care of an intoxicated notied, and CPS can assist the family and mental health assistance.
adult.151 in complying with the plan of care.
These services may include referral
not only to appropriate medical THE ROLE OF THE PEDIATRICIAN
TREATMENT providers but also often to mental Pediatricians are in a unique position
Once medical assessment and health providers for an evaluation to recognize abuse and protect
stabilization are achieved and because of the psychological effect of victims, especially young children,
139. Section on Radiology; American in critically ill children. Pediatrics. 2012; 151. Hymel KP; Committee on Child Abuse
129(6). Available at: www.pediatrics. and Neglect. When is lack of
Academy of Pediatrics. Diagnostic
org/cgi/content/full/129/6/e1388 supervision neglect? Pediatrics. 2006;
imaging of child abuse. Pediatrics.
146. Adams GG, Agrawal S, Sekhri R, Peters 118(3):12961298
2009;123(5):14301435
MJ, Pierce CM. Appearance and location 152. Childrens Hospital Association. Dening
140. Ichord RN, Naim M, Pollock AN, Nance
of retinal haemorrhages in critically ill the childrens hospital role in child
ML, Margulies SS, Christian CW.
children. Br J Ophthalmol. 2013;97(9): maltreatment. 2nd ed. Washington, DC:
Hypoxic-ischemic injury complicates
11381142 Childrens Hospital Association; 2011.
inicted and accidental traumatic brain
147. Morad Y, Kim YM, Armstrong DC, Huyer Available at: www.childrenshospitals.
injury in young children: the role of
D, Mian M, Levin AV. Correlation net/childabuseguidelines. Accessed
diffusion-weighted imaging.
between retinal abnormalities and August 25, 2014
J Neurotrauma. 2007;24(1):106118
intracranial abnormalities in the 153. Anderst J, Kellogg N, Jung I. Is the
141. Sieswerda-Hoogendoorn T, Boos S,
shaken baby syndrome. Am J diagnosis of physical abuse changed
Spivack B, Bilo RA, van Rijn RR. Abusive
Ophthalmol. 2002;134(3):354359 when Child Protective Services consults
head trauma part II: radiological aspects.
148. Greiner MV, Berger RP, Thackeray JD, a Child Abuse Pediatrics subspecialty
Eur J Pediatr. 2012;171(4):617623
Lindberg DM; Examining Siblings to group as a second opinion? Child Abuse
142. Levin AV. Retinal hemorrhage in abusive Negl. 2009;33(8):481489
Recognize Abuse (ExSTRA) Investigators.
head trauma. Pediatrics. 2010;126(5):
Dedicated retinal examination in children 154. Committee on Child Abuse and Neglect.
961970
evaluated for physical abuse without Policy statementChild abuse,
143. Vinchon M, de Foort-Dhellemmes S, radiographically identied traumatic brain condentiality, and the health
Desurmont M, Delestret I. Confessed injury. J Pediatr. 2013;163(2):527531 insurance portability and
abuse versus witnessed accidents in accountability act. Pediatrics. 2010;
149. Sirotnak A. Medical disorders that
infants: comparison of clinical, mimic abusive head trauma. In: Frasier 125(1):197201
radiological, and ophthalmological data L, Rauth-Farley K, Alexander R, Parrish 155. Committee on Medical Liability and Risk
in corroborated cases. Childs Nerv Syst. R, Upshaw Downs JC, eds. Abusive Head Management. Policy statementExpert
2010;26(5):637645 Trauma in Infants and Children. St witness participation in civil and
144. Binenbaum G, Christian CW, Ichord RN, Louis, MO: GW Medical Publishing; 2006: criminal proceedings. Pediatrics. 2009;
et al. Retinal hemorrhage and brain 191226 124(1):428438
E R R ATA Rinke ML, Bundy DG, Velasquez CA, Rao S, Zerhouni Y, Lobner K, Blanck JF,
Miller MR. Interventions to Reduce Pediatric Medication Errors: A Systematic
Review. Pediatrics. 2014;134(2):338360
The following errors occurred in the article by Rinke et al, titled Interventions to
Reduce Pediatric Medication Errors: A Systematic Review, published in the August
2014 issue of Pediatrics (2014;134[2]:338360).
On page 340, under Eligibility Criteria, lines 1 to 11 read, Secondary outcomes in-
cluded (1) preventable adverse drug events (ADEs; preventable errors that reached
a patient and resulted in harm as dened by the Institute for Safe Medication
Practices [ISMP] categories 5, 6, or 7 [signicant temporary harm, permanent harm,
near death, or death])23 and (2) serious preventable ADEs including ISMP categories
6 or 7 only (permanent harm, near death, or death).23 This should have read:
Secondary outcomes included (1) preventable adverse drug events (ADEs; pre-
ventable errors that reached a patient and resulted in signicant temporary harm,
permanent harm, near death, or death) and (2) serious preventable ADEs (perma-
nent harm, near death, or death). These denitions are based on medication error
severity categories created by the Frederick Memorial Healthcare System.23
On page 358, Reference 23 reads: Institute for Safe Medication Practices. Severity
categories. Available at: www.ismp.org. Accessed June 26, 2013. This should have
read: American Hospital Association, Health Research & Educational Trust, and the
Institute for Safe Medication Practices. Severity categories. In Pathways for Medi-
cation Safety. Frederick, MD: Frederick Memorial Healthcare System, 2002:1.H.3.
Available at: http://www.ismp.org/tools/pathwaysection1.pdf. Accessed March 3,
2015.
doi:10.1542/peds.2015-1344
The last item should have read 4: in children less than 4 years of age and ANY
BRUISE in an infant under 4 months of age.
doi:10.1542/peds.2015-2010
Shakib, Buchi, Smith, Korgenski, and Young. Timing of Initial Well-Child Visit
and Readmissions of Newborns. Pediatrics. 2015;135(3):469474.
An error occurred in the article by Shakib et al titled Timing of Initial Well-Child
Visit and Readmissions of Newborns published in the March 2015 issue of
The online version of this article, along with updated information and services, is
located on the World Wide Web at:
/content/135/5/e1337.full.html