1 Probability

2 Probability is the CHANCE that an event may or may not happen. Like what is
the chance that the SPURS will win an NBA Championship? What is the chance
that I will fail the board exam? What is the chance that I will be a Civil Engineer?
Single Event- If one event can either happen or fail
Multiple Event
Independent- doesnt care
Dependent- I care
3
4 Sample Problems
What is the chance if I toss a coin twice that:
The results are both head?
The result is one head and one tail?
The result is both heads or both tail?
5 Sample Problems
A bag contains 3 white balls and 5 red balls. If two balls are picked in succession
without replacement. What are the chances that:
Both are white?
One is red and one is white?
Two balls are of the same color?
6 Repeated Trials
The probability that an event can happen in r times in n trials is solved by using the
concept of and and or.

Example: If there is an exam of 5 items with a multiple choice of 4 options, the

chance that I can get a correct answer is 25 % and the chance that I can get a
wrong answer is 75 %. To get a perfect score i must get q1 correct AND q2 correct
AND q3 correct AND q4 correct AND q5 correct.
7 For repeated trials it is given by:
P(n,r) = nCr pr qn-r
Where p is the chance that it will happen and q is the chance that it will fail.
8 To Happen AT LEAST Once
For an event to happen at least once, we should subtract the chances that it will fail
all times
P=1-Q
Where Q is the probability that it will fail all times
9 Sample Problems
There is an exam of 10 items, with a multiple choice of 4 options. What is the
probability that:
I will get 7 correct answers?
I will get at least 7 correct answers?
10 Sample Problems
2. There is a chance that I will pass the 3 parts of the Civil Engineering exam of 25 %
each. What is the chance that I will pass in at least one of these exams?

3. Dwight Howard has a free throw percentage of 68 %. What is the chance that he
makes at least one of three free throws in a game?
 3. Dwight Howard has a free throw percentage of 68 %. What is the chance that he
makes at least one of three free throws in a game?
11 Permutation
Arrangement
12 Permutation of Different Objects
The permutation of n things taken r at a time is:
nPr = n! / (n - r)!
nPn = n!
13 Permutation of similar objects
The permutation of n things taken r at a time where q are alike and r are alike... is:
P = n! / q! r!

14 Cyclical Permutation
The permutation of n different things taken n at a time in a cycle is:
P = (n - 1)!
15 Direct Counting
Some permutations can be computed using direct counting and simple
mathematical computations. It is similar to probability.
Example: How many possible two digit numbers can I form using the numbers 1 to
8? We simply multiply the possible options for the first digit which is 8 to the
possible options for the 2nd digit which is also 8 since repetition is allowed.
16 Sample Problems
How many two digit numbers can be formed by the use of digits 1,2,3,4 and 6
without repetition?
How many three digit numbers can be formed by the first 9 integers?
How many ways can 4 cards from a deck of cards can be arranged?
17 Sample Problems
How many permutations can be made from the letters of the word LAKERS taken 2
at a time?
How many permutations can be made from the letters of the word PHILIPPINES?
What is the probability of winning the 6/ 47 and 6/ 49 lotto?
18 Sample Problems
In how many ways can 7 men be seated in a round table with 7 seats?
In how many ways can 4 students be arranged in a square table with 4 seats?
In how many ways can 11 people be seated in a round table with 8 seats in a
restaurant?
19 Sample Problems
Solve for n if nP6 = 6nP3.
How many possible arrangements can be formed for the NBA Playoff Teams?
20 COMBINATION
Grouping
21 Combination of Different Objects
Combination of n different objects taken at r at a time is:
nCr = nPr / r!
nCr = n! / (n - 1)! r!
 nCr = n! / (n - 1)! r!

22 COMBINATION OF OBJECTS TAKEN AT 1, 2, 3 ... N AT A TIME

The combination of objects that is taken 1 then 2 then 3 then 4 at a time is:
C = 2n - 1
Example: How many ways can you get one or more balls from a bag? We need to
find the combination of getting 1 ball then 2 balls, then 3 and 4 and 5 balls.
23 COMBINATION OF MUTUALLY EXCLUSIVE EVENTS
When two sets of h and k include no duplicate members or does not affect each
other, it is therefore a mutually exclusive event and their combination is:
C=h+k
24 Sample Problems
How many group of 4 men can be formed out of 10 men?
In a lotto, there are 42 ping pong balls. 6 balls are picked one at a time. What is the
probability of winning the lotto?
How many two digit combinations can be formed using digits 0 to 9?
25 Sample Problems
How many combinations of 3 letters can be formed from the letters of the alphabet?
How many 3 letter combinations can be formed from the letters of PHILIPPINES?
How many combinations can be formed for a starting five of a basketball team from
a 12 man team?
26 Sample Problems
How many combinations can be made from 8 men and 9 women for a 6 people
group
How many combinations can we get in a deck of cards for a hand of four cards?
How many three digit combinations can be formed from the numbers 1 to 9?
27 Miscellaneous Problems
How many ways can 3 men and 4 women be seated on a bench if the women are to
be together?
In how many ways can 5 people line up to pay their electric bills if two particular
persons refuse to follow each other?
How many line segments can be formed by 13 distinct points?
In how many ways can a hostess select 6 guests from 10 women if she is to avoid
having a particular 2 of them together at the luncheon?
28 Miscellaneous Problems
A semi conductor company will hire 7 men and 4 women. In how many ways can the
company choose from 9 men and 6 women who qualified for the position?
How many ways can you invite one or more of 5 friends to a party?
Dwight Howard sinks 40% of all his attempts. What is the probability that he will
make exactly 3 of his next 10 attempts?
29 Miscellaneous Problems
Four different colored cards can be arranged in a row to make a coded signal. How
many signals can be made if a signal consists one or more flags?
A cinema has 8 doors. How many ways can a person enter and leave by any door?
By a different door.
In how many ways can 10 books, 7 Algebra and 3 Designs can be arranged if the
Design books must not be separated?
 In how many ways can 10 books, 7 Algebra and 3 Designs can be arranged if the
Design books must not be separated?
30 Miscellaneous Problems
Six couples are to eat at a round table with the men and women alternating. If the
hostess reserves a place for herself, in how many ways can she assign seats to
other?
How many triangles can be formed by 9 points which are not collinear?
There are 11 teams in a contest which will play in a round robin elimination. What is
the minimum number of they can they play if no team must play more than once per
day?
31 Miscellaneous Problems
What is the mathematical expectation if I buy 20 out of 3000 tickets if the prize is
Php 20,000.00?
The probability of getting a credit in an exam is 1/4. If four students will be selected
at random, what is the probability that at least one of them got a credit?
Roll a pair of dice once. What is the probability that the sum of 2 numbers is 9?
What is the probability of getting at least 2 heads when a coin is tossed four times?
32 Miscellaneous Problems
A woman invites 12 friends to a party.
How many ways can she do it, if two friends are married to each other and must
be invited together or not at all?
If the two friends are divorced and cannot be invited at the same time?
33 Miscellaneous Problems
The probability that both stages of a two-stage rocket to function correctly is 0.92.
The reliability of the first stage is 0.97. The reliability of the second stage is: