CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION TO THE STUDY

Chapter 1 is made up of five parts, namely: (1)

Background and Theoretical Framework of the study, (2)

Statement of the Problem and the Hypothesis, (3)

Significance of the Study, (4) Definition of Terms, and

(5) Delimitation of the Study.

Part one, Background and Theoretical Framework of

the Study, provides the introduction and rationalizes the

essence of conducting the research. It also provides the

theoretical framework, which serves as the base of

reference. It aims to explain the reason for conducting

the study and the facts and information involved in the

formulation of ideas and concepts in the pursuit of the

investigation to device results.

Part two, Statement of the problem, presents the

specific problems of the study.

Part three, Significance of the study, discusses the

benefits that may be derived from the result and the

persons who may benefit from them.

 Part four, Definition of Terms, gives conceptual and

operational meanings of the important terms used in the

study.

Part five, delimitation of the Study, states the

scope and coverage of the study.

 Background and Rationale of the Study

Mt. Tag-ao is the place where the indigenous people

located in Barangay Tamulalod, Dumarao, Capiz, known as

the Ati of Tag-ao the only indigenous group of Dumarao

existing until today. These people have been discovered

because of their lifestyle, customs and cultural heritage

in terms of songs.

The Indigenous Peoples (IPs) particularly Tag-ao Ati

admitted that with the latest technologies such as cell

phones, computer games, DVDs, television, radio and

videoke, their traditions and culture have been affected

and influenced.

Nowadays, either people will deny it or not, we

could not resist adopting the change of life due to

modernization which sometimes creates conflict on our

existing tradition, said Palenua, a tribal Chieftain of

Tag-ao Atis.

Traditional Filipino songs in the Philippines are

songs commonly sung by children, usually using native

materials or instruments. Due to limited resources of

instruments, they usually come up with creating or

composing songs with their group during their free time

as part of their recreation.

Ethnography is more than a variety of methods; it

is a way of approaching knowledge and understanding the

world. This is not just a poetic turn of phase.

Training and experience combine in such a way that

everything becomes potential data and good ethnographers

view the world from that angle. However, there are

specific techniques that all ethnographers use for

designing research, interacting with participants, and

gathering and analyzing data.

A core ethnographic technique is participant observation,

where the researcher participates in and observes the

behavior under the examination, such as preparing an

evening meal, giving a shrugging excursion. It is said

that ethnographers do not listen with their answers

running. It means that it does not begin with a

hypothesis. It is specifically within the unexpected

patterns of behavior and meaning that answers.

Participant observation allows a holistic understanding of

events as they unfold and therefore a more complete

understanding of what is really important to

participants.
Ethnographers use a variety of tools and technologies

such as haier, videography, in their interviews and shop

along. They collect artifacts, take pictures of important

contextual factors and pay attention to how people move

through space, leaving how the things in their

environment may impact their behavior, thoughts, and

motivations.

Paradigm of the Study

Figure 1. Shows the paradigm of the study.

Vocal Music

Tag-ao the Indigenous

people in Tamulalod

Material Instruments

Classification
 Statement of the Problem

The purpose of this study was to determine and

identify the songs/composo of indigenous people of Tag-ao

Ati.

Specifically, this study sought to answer the

following questions:

1. What are the cultural folksongs of IPs Tag-ao?

2. What are the underlying beliefs of the folksongs?

3. What are the challenge encountered by the IPs?

Significance of the Study

The findings of this study may benefit the

following P.E. Instructors and Music enthusiast, Local

Government Unit, Department of Education, Provincial

Tourism Office, and the Municipal Tourism Office and the

Future Researchers in selecting the kind of songs,

compositions are running the way of life of the IPs.

 CHAPTER II

Review of the Related Literature

Chapter II is divided into 5 parts: (1) History,

(2) Folksongs, (3) Folksongs of Tag-ao Ati (4) Musical

Instrument (5) Synthesis.

Everyone here agrees, Filipinos love music, folk

music is life. If you could hear any songs it could

elicit and bring a happy faces, fun and sentiments.

P.E. Teachers and music enthusiasts. They may be

given an idea that indigenous people have their existing

folksongs, and composo that could bring about the

Dumarao culture which were owned and preserve by the

Tag-ao people (indigenous people in Tamulalod).

Local Government Unit. This study may be able to

give them an outlook in life that Capiz have a rich

culture. Thus, the local government should spearhead in

helping the community preserving the folksongs, composo

and the living tradition of Tag-ao community.

Department of Education. They may be oriented and

many include and introduce the folksongs and composo of

the Tag-ao community in Dumarao, Capiz integrated in the

music clauses. Through this, the students and pupils

will be able to know and appreciate that there are

folksongs and composo which were handed down by our

ancestors.

Dumarao Municipal Tourism. They may help Tag-ao

community by creating various progress and projects in

order to preserve their traditions, songs and composo.

Through these program, their tradition may not be

forgotten.

Indigenous people of Tag-ao. This study is of great

help to them in order them to preserve their iverse

culture. Thus, this will help them account and document

their folksongs and composo music.

Future Researchers. This study may benefit those who

wish to look into the lifestyle of the people in Tag-

ao community as relation to their folksongs/composo

music.

The Filipinos are music lovers. Music is a way for

Filipinos to express their feelings and aspirations in

life. Even the most common people have their own music.

Filipino folks clearly and lucidly express their

experiences and dreams through folk songs. The

traditional music of the Philippines like the folk music

of other countries reflects the life of common mostly

rural Filipino like its counterparts in Asia, a lot of

traditional songs from the Philippine have a strong

connection nature.

Vocal Music

A community is that vocal music is of signifying

import to every ethnic group in the country. Although

there is some music intended for dance, the best

preserved form of traditional music is that intended for

the role with chanting, epic poetry as having been the

earliest form and cater augmented by instrumental

accompaniment. Regarded to have a wide range, as most

of them stretches more than an octave, they are still

considered within the capacity of even an average

singer.
 Definition of Terms

The following terms defines for common

understanding and to word confusion in the study. This

conceptual and operation definition will be employed.

Folksongs-

History

Music is essential to many of our lives. We listen

to it when waking up, while in transit, at work and

with our friends. For many, music is like a constant

companion. It can bring us joy and motivate us,

accompany us through difficult times and alleviate our

worries. Primitive tribes and religious practice have

used music to heal different psychological and physical

ailments.

Tamulalod is one of the barangay located in the

Dumarao, Capiz. It has a sitio which known as Tag-ao

found in the mountains of the said barangay, people

residing there the IPs called ati of Tag-ao. Tag-ao

Ati are unique people against the backdrop of the

prevent society holding on to their centuries culture.

They are fair-skinned original inhabitants of the

mountains.

The Ati trobe were generous to give us place to

stay and have a conversation interrogating about their

lifestyle, living, recreational, activities and their

Folksongs, harana, and composition/composo.

Folksongs of Tag-ao Ati

 CHAPTER III

Research and Methodology

This chapter explains the research design and

methodology used in the study. It is composed of 3

parts: (1) Purpose of the Study and Research Design (2)

Methods (3) Data Analysis Procedure.

Part one, purpose of the study and research design,

restates the main problem and discusses the research

design which will be utilize in this study.

Part two, methods describe the participants, data

gathering process and instruments used in this study.

Part three, research procedure, describes the

procedure employed in the conduct of the study.

 Purpose of the Study and Research Design

This study primarily aimed at finding out and

documenting the songs, composition of Tag-ao IPs at

Tamulalod, Dumarao, Capiz.

Moreover, this study is a qualitative research which

utilizes ethnography. The researcher like to look into

the process and ways on how they preserve their

traditional songs, and music instruments. This is where

ethnography came in.

Qualitative research is a generic term for

investigative methodologies described as ethnographic,

naturalistic, anthropological, field or participant

observer research. It emphasize the importance of looking

at variable in the natural setting in which they are

found. Interaction between variables is important.

Detailed data is gathered through open ended questions

that provide direct questions. The interviewer is an

integral part of the investigating (Jacob, 1988). This

differs from quantitative research which attempts to

gather data by objectives methods to provide information

about relations, comparisons and predictions attempts to

remove the investigator from the investigation.

(http://www.okstate.edu/ag/agedcm4h/academic/aged5980a/5980/news

page21.htm.rat.,dec.,2014)

According to Hoey (2007), the ethnography has come

to be equaled with virtually any qualitative research

project where the intent is to provide a detailed, in

depth description of everyday life and practice. This is

sometimes referred to as thick description, a sum

attributed to the anthropologist Clifford Geertz writing

on the idea of an interpretive theory of culture in

the early 1970s.

The use of the term qualitative is meant to

distinguished the kind of social crime research from

more qualitative or statistically oriented research. The

two appropriate quantitative and qualitative, while often

complementary ultimately have different twins.

Ethnographies general understanding of the culture

through representation of what is called anemic

perspective, or what might be described as the

insiders point of view. The emphasis in this

representation is this on allowing critical categories

and meaning to emerge from the ethnographies encounter

rather than imposing these from the existing models.

 An ethic perspective, by contrast, refers to a more

distant, analytical orientation to experience. An

ethnographic understanding is developed through close

exploration of several source as a foundation, the

ethnographic relive on a cultural form of analysis.

Long term engagement in the field setting a place

where the ethnography takes place is called participant

observation. This is perhaps the primary source of

ethnographic data. The term represents the dual role of

the ethnographer. To develop an understanding of what is

like to live in a setting, the researcher must both

become a participant in the life of sh setting while

also maintaining the stance of art observer, someone who

can describe the experience with a measure of what we

might call detachment.

Note that this does not mean the ethnographers

cannot also become advocates for the people they study.

Typically ethnographers spread many months or even years

in the place where they conduct their research often

forming lasting bonds with people. Due to historical

development and disciplinary biases, in the fast mood

ethnographers conducted their research in foreign

countries which largely ignoring the potential for work

right here at home. This has meant that much of the

ethnographers done outside of its disciplinary home.

Increasing numbers of cultural anthropologists however

have begun doing field work in the communities where

they themselves live and work.

Interviewers finds for what might be called

targeted data collection by asking specific but open-

minded questions. There is a quart variety of interview

styles. Each ethnographers brings his or her own unique

approach to the process. Regardless, the emphasis is on

allowing the person a person being interviewed to answer

without being limited by pure defined chviser, something

which clearly differentiate qualitative from more

quantitative or demographic approach.

Researchers collect other sources of data which

defend on the specific nature of the field setting.

This take the form of representative artifacts that

embody characteristics of the topic of interest,

government reports and newspaper and magazine articles.

Although often not tied to the site of study, secondary

academic source are utilized to locate the specific

study within an existing body of literature.

 Methods

Participants

The participants of the study were the Tag-ao Atis

elders. Mt. Tag-ao Ati were the indigenous people who

hail in the mountains of the Dumarao, Capiz. They were

interviewed for the meaning/interpretation of the

different traditional folk song. They also performed the

different songs for a better and clear understanding as

the researcher is trying to document the different

cultural songs.

Data Gathering Instruments

The researcher subjected himself in an immersion in

the Municipality of Dumarao for four days. Focus Group

Discussion (FGD) Guide and In-Depth Interview Guide

Questionnaire were used in the study. The questionnaire

was subjected to validation. Video camera and voice

recorder was also used in the conduct of the study.

A focus group discussion is a focus of group

interviewing in which a small group - usually 5 to 12

people- is led by a moderator (interview) in a loosely

structured discussion of various topics of interest. The

advance and most moderators rely on an outline or

moderators guide, to ensure that all topics of interest

are covered.

It is not uncommon for two discussion groups,

groups that are identical in demographic and life stage

characteristics, to have different thoughts on the some

subject. What is said in one group a qualitative

interview might never be repeated in a second group.

This reflects the exploratory nature of populations

investigate and the diverse nature of populations. One

observation is clearly not a reliable reflection of the

real would (http:www.dfrank.com/fvwschs.htm,retmay14,2014).

Focus group discussions can be conducted anywhere

that is government hotel conference rooms, meeting halls,

Lange living rooms are all commonly used, but the most

popular place to hold such discussions is in a

facility specially designed for the purpose. Such

facilities usually have a comfortable client observation

room with one way mirrors, so that respondents are not

disturbed by the presence of observes, and audio and

video taping capabilities.

Focus group sessions should be considered as a

means to explore unknown territory. They are excellent

as tools for explaining consumer attitudes and for

clarify and providing a better understanding of the

subject matter. Focus group discussions are often used

for:

Understanding the marketplace and obtaining an

insight into how people think and believe. Generating

ideas for products developing marketing or advertising

themes screening or evaluating new products concepts. A

disaster check, using prototype product it appreciate,

before the introduction of a new product, or before the

change of an existing one. Focus groups discussions

should not be used as a substitute for qualitative

research.