Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
Contents
GST 2016
BREXIT
General Knowledge
Indian Panorama
World Panorama
People Forever
INDIAN HISTORY
Ancient History
Medieval History
Modern History
World History
Polity
Geography
Economy
GENERAL SCIENCE
Physics
Chemistry
Biology
Healthcare
Sports
Indian Panorama
World Panorama
People Forever
INDIAN HISTORY
Ancient History
Medieval History
Modern History
World History
Polity
Geography
Economy
GENERAL SCIENCE
Physics
Chemistry
Biology
Healthcare
Sports
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[ii]
CONTENTS
GST 2016
BREXIT 6
11
Update : Political, Economic, Industries, Art & Culture 2016
12
16
18
18
19
19
20
21
21
22
23
23
26
27
27
[iii]
GENERAL KNOWLEDGE
Indian Panorama
World Panorama
16
People Forever
30
Indian History
33
Ancient History
33
Medieval History
38
Modern History
42
World History
47
Polity
51
Geography
61
Economy
70
General Science
79
Physics
79
Chemistry
87
Biology
93
101
105
112
Healthcare
118
119
Sports
123
[iv]
Current Affairs Update
CA-2
CA-5
CA-6
CA-7
CA-8
Date/ Period
Events
1946
15 Aug. 1947
30 Jan. 1948
Pakistan adopted Gorila War in J & K but India recaptures Dras, Kar-
26 Nov. 1949
Schedules.
26 Jan. 1950
State
1951
Feb.1952) & Indian National Congress won with full majority (75%)
1953
1954
1956
1957
Second general elections were held in India & Congress won 371
seats
1959
Congress.
1960
1961
Vijay
1962
1964
prime minister.
Morarji Desai)
CA-9
1965
1966
L.B. Shastri & Pakistani President Ayub Khan met in Taskent along
with the Soviet Union P.M. Kosygin, and signed Taskent Agreemetn.
On the same night Lal Bahadur Shashtri dies in sleep, of cardiac ar-
rest.
ister.
1967
4th general elections was held in February & INC got 283 seats.
1969
14 banks were nationalized which was opposed by then Finance Minister
Morarji Desai
1971
1975
1977
The Congress lost around 200 seats. Both Indira Gandhi and Sanjay
Gandhi lost.
Janata Party came with majority & Morarji Desai became PM of India.
1979
Morarji Desai resigned after Janata Party splits into three parts:
Charan Singh was sworn as Prime Minster, but a month later Indiras
1980
General elections of India was held & INC won 353 seats as a result
1984
8th general elections of India was held & INC won 404 seats.
1989
general elections of India was held & INC won 197 seats. The Janata
CA-10
1991
10th General elections were held. INC+ got 244, BJP+ 120 & NF got 69
seats. P.V. Narasimha Rao became PM with the support of Left parties.
1992
Hindu-Muslim violence.
1996
1999
General elections were held. NDA(BJP+) won 254(182+), INC+ 144 &
1999
2004
General elections were held. UPA got 218, NDA 181 seats & Manmohan
2009
General elections were held. UPA got 262, NDA 159 seats & Manmohan
2014
General elections were held. BJP got 282, INC 44. Narendra Modi
became PM of India.
2016
India got entry into Missile Technology Control Regime (MTCR) group.
CA-11
YEARS
70
Political
LG is the administrative head of National Capital Territory: Delhi High Court ruling.
The Strategic Forces Command (SFC) a part of National Command Authority (NCA) added
to Second Schedule of the RTI Act, 2005 to exempt from RTI purview.
First BRICS Employment Working Group meeting held in Hyderabad, Telangana in July
2016.
The Union Ministry of Earth Sciences announced that India Meteorological Department
(IMD) will use supercomputer to forecast Indias annual summer monsoon based on a
dynamical model.
The Union Cabinet has approved the establishment of a new AIIMS at Bhatind, Punjab.
The Union Government approved ` 1,600 crore for J&K under skill development initiative
Himayat programme.
The Union Rural Development Ministry and ISRO, signed a MoU for geo-tagging the assets
created under MGNREGA in each gram panchayat.
Union Government has asked all state governments to link Aadhaar with caste and domicile
certificates to be issued to school students.
6
Maharashtra Govt. accorded minority status to Jews as per State Minorities Commission
Act.
The Union Finance Ministry announced that NRIs can open National Pension Savings (NPS)
accounts online through eNPS if have Aadhaar Card or Permanent Account Number (PAN).
Union Cabinet approved retirement age of Central Health Services doctors from 62 to 65
years.
Lakshadweep became first UT in the counry to sign 247 Power for All document.
PM Narendra Modi & Sri Lankan President released Simhastha Declaration at Ninora in
Ujjain.
PM Narendra Modi invited to address a joint meeting of the US Congress on June 8, 2016.
India and Mauritius signed MoU to promote cooperation in traditional medicine and
homeopathy.
The 13th edition of India-European Union Summit was held on in Brussels, capital of
Belgium.
Supreme Court approved Union Governments guidelines to protect Good Samaritans, who
help road accident victims.
Council.
President Pranab Mukherjee declares Kerala as first digital state in the country.
Union Government extended e-Tourist Visa Scheme to 37 more countries to make the total
150.
Faustin Archange Touadera won the 2016 Presidential election of Central African Republic
(CAR)
NATO and European Union signed agreement on Cooperation in Cyber Defence to counter
CA-13
Bahrain.
US lifts nuclear sanctions on Iran after commitments to roll back its nuclear programme.
6
India decided to become member of International Energy Agency Ocean Energy Systems.
Justice Lodha Committee submitted its report to the Supreme Court on BCCI reforms.
India and Pakistan exchanged the list of their nuclear installations and facilities under the
Agreement on the Prohibition of Attack against Nuclear installations.
Economic
Bank of Japans (BoJ) announced that it is joining the European Central Bank (ECB), the
Swiss National Bank and the central banks of Denmark and Sweden in charging a negative
interest rate on commercial bank reserves.
Union Cabinet increases limit for foreign investment in Stock Exchanges from 5% to 15%.
E-commerce giant Flipkart acquired online fashion portal Jabong through its fashion unit
Myntra.
G-20 Finance ministers and Central Bank Governors meeting held in the Chinese city of
Chengdu pledged to boost the global economy.
The Parliament has passed the Benami Transactions (Prohibition) Amendment Bill.
Japans cabinet approved an economic stimulus package worth 275 billion dollars to boost
growth of the worlds third-largest economy.
6
Technocrat Anant Maheshwari is appointed as the President of Microsoft India, a
subsidiary of US based software giant Microsoft Inc.
The fourth tranche of the Sovereign Gold Bonds (SGB) scheme opened for subscription.
Government has fixed 3,119 Rupees per gram as the issue price for the bond in this
tranche.
The Housing Development Finance Corporation (HDFC) has become the first Indian
company to issue rupee-denominated bonds masala bonds on London Stock Exchange
(LSE).
The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) has set up an inter-regulatory Working Group to study the
regulatory issues relating to Financial Technology (Fintech) and Digital Banking in India.
SBI has signed a MoU with the Society for Innovation and Entrepreneurship (SINE) at IIT
India set up an apparel training centre in Kaduna, Nigeria to support textiles industry.
India ranks 35th in 2016 Logistics Performance Index: World Bank Report.
6
The Bharti Group chief, Sunil Bharti Mittal elected as chairman of the International
India has surpassed Japan to become the worlds third-largest oil consumer.
India ranked 2nd on GRD index on ease of doing business by A T Kearney, London.
The National Aluminium Company Limited (NALCO) signs MoU with Iran to set up smelter
plant in Chabahar.
CA-14
SBI seeks to take over 5 associate PSBs, Bhartiya Mahila Bank. 5 subsidiary banks are: (i)
State Bank of Bikaner and Jaipur, (ii) State Bank of Hyderabad, (iii) State Bank of Mysore,
(iv) State Bank of Patiala and (v) State Bank of Travancore.
India and other 5 countries viz. Canada, Iceland, Israel, New Zealand and China have signed
OECDs (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development) Multilateral
Competent Authority Agreement in Beijing (China).
Industries
The Indian auto industry accounts for 7.1% of the country's GDP.
The Automobile Mission Plan (AMP) for the period 20062016, designed to accelerate and
sustain growth in this sector.
6
The industry has attracted FDI worth US$ 14.32 billion during the period April 2000 to
December 2015.
American car maker Ford has unveiled its iconic Ford Mustang in India within the price
band of ` 45 lakh and ` 50 lakh.
Motorcycles (PMTC).
L&T Power has won a contract worth ` 3,860 crore from Neyveli Uttar Pradesh Power Ltd.
CAG in a report tabled in Parliament, said 831.88 sq km of KG-D6 area needs to be taken
away from RIL as per the contract because of $1.6 billion of excess cost.
India ranks third, just behind US and China, among 40 countries in renewable energy
production.
Agricultural product is the 4th largest exported principal commodity with a share of 10%
Indian auto component industry grows by 8.8% in FY16 t 2.55 lakh crore.
The civil Aviation Ministry has cleared proposals for small airports in Uttar Pradesh.
6
Tata Advanced Systems Ltd.is tying up with US- Bell Helicopter to compete against the
Mahindra-Airbus combination for a $2-billion naval chopper manufacturing contract.
Government infused ` 22,915 crore into 13 PSU banks to boost lending, balance sheet, etc.
IDFC Bank Ltd will acquire a Tamil Nadu based microfinance institution (MFI),i.e. Grama
Vidiyal.
State Bank of India, has opened its first branch dedicated to serving start-up companies, in
Bengaluru.
Exim Bank of India and the Government of Andhra Pradesh has signed a MoU to promote
SBI and the World Bank have inked agreements for a $625 million (` 4,200 crore) for Grid-
connected Rooftop solar Programme (GRPV) in the country.
US- medical devices maker Boston Scientific Corp. has agreed for its biggest R&D at
Gurgaon to develop stents, catheters and pacemakers for the Asia Pacific, Middle East and
Africa by 2017.
Nirma, the Ahmedabad-based detergent and soap maker, announced its acquisition of
Lafarge Indias 11-million-tonne (mt) cement business for $1.4 billion (about ` 9,478 crore).
The Indian food industry, currently valued at US$ 39.71 billion is expected to grow 11% to
US$65.4 billion by 2018.
6
The overall gross exports of Gems & Jewellery in April 2016 stood at US$ 3.23 billion,
whereas exports of cut and polished diamonds stood at US$ 1.78 billion.
A total of 3,598 hospitals and 25,723 dispensaries across the country offer AYUSH
(Ayurveda, Yoga & Naturopathy, Unani, Siddha and Homoeopathy) treatment to the people.
CA-15
The Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA), agreed for a soft loan of JPY 19.064
billion (US$ 161.2 million) for the project of pollution abatement of Mula-Mutha river in
Pune.
Vice Media LLC(USA) has entered into a Joint Venture with the Times Group to open a new
bureau and production hub in Mumbai through digital, television and mobile.
UNESCO lists Khangchendzonga National Park and Chandigarh Capitol Complex in World
Heritage Sites.
Kerala Tourism campaign wins Golden City Gate Award at the Internationale Tourismus-
The 42nd Khajuraho Dance Festival began at Khajuraho in Chhatrapur in Madhya Pradesh.
6
World famous Rath Yatra of Lord Jagannath begins in the coastal city of Puri at 12th
century Jagannath temple.
Every year World Heritage Day is being observed across the world on April 18. It is also
known as International Day for Monuments and Sites.
South Koreas Seong-Jin Cho has won the prestigious 17th international Frederic Chopin
Piano competition.
Canberra based art gallery in Australia has agreed to return a 2,000-year-old Indian-origin
sculpture of Gautama Buddha back to India.
A French scientist claimed a different portrait hidden behind that of the Mona Lisa of
Leonardo da Vinci , created between AD 1503 and 1506 at the Louvre. It is the most valued
painting in the world with its insurance value adjusted for inflation being at $782
million.
Australian art gallery to return 2000 year old Buddha idol to India.
6
The Central Board of Film Certification had asked makers of film Udta Punjab to remove
all references to Punjab.
Nearly thousand year old inscription on Kapalikas has been discovered in Raichur,
Karnataka.
Recently, United States initiated the process of returning over 200 stolen artifacts back to
India.
500 years old MUD PALACE in Sural village, close to Udupi in Karnataka is madeover. It
has no foundation and is supported by wooden pillars using the inter-locking method.
Narikurava tribe from Tamil Nadu recently included in the Scheduled Tribe category by the
Union Government.
The Ministry of Tourism is set to announce the Buddhist Circuit as Indias first trans-
national tourist circuit. Its map includes Bodh Gaya, Vaishali, Rajgir in Bihar, Kushinagar,
Sarnath and Shravasthi in UP, along with Kapilvastu and Lumbini in Nepal.
IIT Kharagpur and ASI published in the Nature journal that Indus Valley Civilization might
be 8000 years old rather than 5500.
Top Events 2016
S.no Portfolio
Name
Cabinet Ministers
Home Affairs
External Affairs
Arun Jaitley
Defence
Manohar Parrikar
Railways
Suresh Prabhu
Water Resources, River Development and Ganga Rejuvenation Sushri Uma Bharati
10
Ramvilas Paswan
11
Kalraj Mishra
12
13
Ananthkumar
14
15
16
Civil Aviation
17
Anant Geete
18
19
and Sanitation
20
Steel
21
Tribal Affairs
Jual Oram
22
24
Textiles
25
26
Prakash Javadekar
CA-17
Jnanpith
The World Tourism Day (WTD) is being 6 PM Narendra Modi launched the Rs. 50,000
to spread both the importance and immense 6 The ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter (TGO) and
benefits universal accessibility of tourism.
138 countries in the 2016-17 Global 6 According to the UNIDO report ranked
positions.
6
The 6th Heart of Asia (HoA) - Istanbul
on 26 April, 2016.
to strengthening the ideals of peace, both 6 India successful y test-fired its indigenously
within and among all nations and peoples.
Balasore.
observed every year on 15 September to 6
system.
Station.
Bengaluru, Karnataka.
6
Tsai Ing-wen (59) has been elected as first
full member.
System (IRNSS).
system.
Tripathi.
21st February.
CA-18
National Tuberculosis Control Program) on 6 China has developed the worlds first
a single unit.
unanimously.
to children.
Ozone Layer.
effect.
reach.
Organization (UNESCO).
CA-19
Top People 2016
has won 2016s recipient of the Abel prize 6 The former world heavyweight champion
mathematics.
6
Mehbooba Mufti, president of the Peoples
Phoenix, Arizona
President of Philippines.
Sl.
Trends
Information / Issues
1.
Geopolitical instability
2.
Global extremism
countries
3.
4.
tormented
5.
6.
Northern Hemisphere
7.
Depopulation grievances
CA-20
8.
retail experiences
9.
Cyber insecurity
Civilian distrust
10.
Sl.
Company /Country
CEOs Name
Industry
Employee Turnover
Strength
(US$)bln.
1.
Walmart/USA
C. Mcmillon
Retail
2,20,000
482
2.
Sinopec Group/China
Fu Chengyu
3,58,571
455
3.
1,636,532
428
Corporation/China
4.
Saudi Aramco/Saudi
Amin Nasser
60,000
338
5.
State Grid/China
Liu Zhenya
Power
1,564,000
333
6.
Samsung/South Korea
305
Kwon
ate
7.
94,000
273
den
8.
Vitol/Europe
Ian Taylor
Commodities 5,441
270
9.
Exxon Mobil/USA
Rex Tillerson
75,300
268
10.
Kuwait Petroleum/Kuwait
Nizar Adsani
45,000
252
11.
Volkswagen/Germany
Matthias uller
Automotive
5,72,800
245
12.
Apple/USA
Tim Cook
Consumer
1,15,000
234
Electronics
13.
Toyota/Japan
Akio Toyoda
Automotive
3,44,109
227
14.
BP/UK
Bob Dudley
83,900
223
15.
Glencore/Europe
221
berg
16.
Total/Europe
1,00,307
212
anne
17.
Berkshire Hathaway/USA
Warren Buffet
Conglomer- 3,16,000
211
ate
18.
McKesson/USA
179
gren
ticals
19.
China Railway/China
2,045,600
163
20.
Philips 66
Greg Garland
13,500
161
CA-21
Sl.
Country
President
Nominal GDP (in
trillion dollars)
1.
Barrack Obama
17.95
2.
China
Xi Jinping
10.98
3.
Japan
Shinzo Abe
4.12
4.
Germany
Joachim Gauck
3.36
5.
United Kingdom
Elizabeth-II
2.85
6.
France
Francois Hollande
2.42
7.
India
Pranab Mukherjee
2.09
8.
Italy
Sergio Mattarella
1.16
9.
Brazil
Michel Temer
1.77
10.
Canada
11.
South Korea
1.30
12.
Russia
Vladimir Putin
1.17
13.
Spain
14.
Australia
Tony Abbott
1.2
15.
Mexico
Enrique Nieto
1.07
16.
Indonesia
Joko Widodo
0.93
17.
Netherlands
0.76
18.
Turkey
Tayyip Erdogan
0.75
19.
Switzerland
20.
Saudi Arabia
Salman bin
0.61
Abdulaziz Al Saud
Sl.
Industry
Giant
CAGR (%)
1.
Healthcare
23
2.
Biotechnology
Biocon
20
3.
BPCL
16.89
4.
Education
Educomp
16
5.
Pharmaceutical
Sun Pharma
15
6.
Zee Entertainment
14.3
7.
Tata Motors
14
8.
Agriculture
DuPont India
13.8
CA-22
9.
Infrastructure
13.1
10.
Retail
13
11.
Consumer Market
HUL
13
12.
Insurance
12 15
13.
Real Estate
DLF
11.2
14.
Bank
HDFC
11.14
15.
Manufacturing
11.1
16.
Food Processing
Nestle India
11
17.
Aviation
Indigo Airlines
10.5
18.
ITES
TCS
9.5
19.
Automobiles
9.4
20.
Cement
ACC
6.7
Sl.
Name
Sport
1.
Sachin Tendulkar
Cricket
Bharat Ratna
2.
Milkha Singh
Athletics
3.
Vishwanathan Anand
Chess
Padma Vibhushan
4.
Leander Paes
Tennis
Padma Bhushan
5.
Hockey
6.
Kapil Dev
Cricket
Arjuna Award
7.
Pullela Gopichand
Badminton
Padma Bhushan
8.
Prakash Padukone
Badminton
Arjuna Award
9.
Sania Mirza
Tennis
Padma Bhushan
10.
Saina Nehwal
Badminton
Padma Bhushan
11.
Baichung Bhutia
Football
Padma Shri
12.
Dhyan Chand
Hockey
felicitate him
13.
Sushil Kumar
Wrestling
14.
Sourav Ganguly
Cricket
Arjuna Award
15.
Padma Shri
16.
Golf
Padma Shri
17.
PV. Sindhu
Badminton
18.
Abhinav Bindra
Padma Bhushan
19.
Sakshi Malik
Wrestling
Dipa Karmakar
Gymnastics
Arjuna Award
CA-23
Sl.
Alliance / Mergers
1.
Retail
2.
3.
Food Joints
4.
5.
Online shopping
6.
Online shopping
7.
Online shopping
8.
Online shopping
9.
10.
Online recharge
rector of RBI
governor of RBI
6. CK Asnani appointed as CMD of Uranium 21. Hollywood actress Anne Hathaway ap-
Corporation of India Limited
sador
Governor
8. K M Hanumantharayappa assumes
Assembly
Navy chief
FTII Director
of CBDT
NASSCOM
of UIDAI
13. Guruprasad Mohapatra appointed as 28. Htin Kyaw elected as first civilian Presi-
Chairman of Airports Authority of India
dent of Myanmar
14. Rakesh Kumar Chaturvedi appointed as 29. Lt Gen N P S Hira appointed Deputy Chief
Chairman of CBSE
of Army
CA-24
30. Justice Balbir Singh Chauhan appointed 35. Ashok Chawla appointed as new Chair-as
Chairman of 21st Law Commission of
man of TERI
India
dent
man of NHRC
33. Rajendra Singh appointed as DG of Coast 39. RK Mathur sworn in as 8th Chief Infor-
Guard
mation Commissioner
34. KN Vyas appointed as Director of Bhabha 40. Amitabh Kant appointed CEO of NITI
Atomic Research Centre
Aayog
Moortidevi Award of Bharatiya Jnanpith - 2016 Dhyan Chand -Satti Geetha (Athlet-
Telugu writer Kalakaluri Enoch
of Honor by France
Award
Samman
Sunder Pichai
Vikram Malhotra
V.R. (Hockey), Gurpreet Singh (Shooting), AR Rahman conferred with Japans Fukuo-
ka prize 2016
Amit Kumar (Wrestling), Sandeep Singh South Korean author Han Kang wins 2016
(Wrestling).
CA-25
Manu Returns).
dulaziz Sash.
jirao Mastani).
ness World Records for singing highest
number of songs.
(25-40 MPPA).
Best Child Artist: Gaurav Menon for the Second best airport by region (Asia Pa-film Ben
(Malayalam).
cific).
Special Jury Award: Margarita with a Straw Oscar Awards: 88th Academy
Awards
enant).
Masaan (Hindi).
Nargis Dutt Award for Best Feature Film Best Supporting Actor: Mark Rylance on
National Integration: Nanak Shah Fakir
(Bridge of Spies)
Award in UK
Fiction: The Sympathizer by Viet Thanh Malayalam film Ottal named best chil-Nguyen.
Drama:
Festival
History:
Biography:
by William Finnegan,
Rajinikanth-Art-Cinema
Poetry:
ry Threadgill.
World No 1 tennis player Novak Djokovic Dr. Viswanathan Shanta Medicine- Oncol-from
Serbia has won the 2016 Laureus
ogy
CA-26
& Education
& Education
troenterology
Bill, 2016
rity Interest and Recovery of Debts Laws Parliament passes Industries (Development
Amendment Bill, 2016
Parliament passes The Constitution (122nd Parliament passes Sikh Gurdwaras (Amend-
Amendment) (GST) Bill, 2014
2016
Parliament passes Indian Medical Council Lok Sabha passes Enemy Property (Amend-
Parliament passes NIT, Science Education & Parliament passes Carriage by Air amend-
Research (Amendment) Bill, 2016
Lok Sabha passes Lokpal and Lokayukta Scheduled Tribes (Prevention of Atrocities)
(Amendment) Bill, 2016
Lok Sabha passes Bill for new NIT in Andhra President gives assent to The Sugar Cess
Pradesh
CA-27
Policies and Schemes 2016
Ratna Yojana
ratha in Telangana
laya Project
accident victims
Ganga launched
Scheme
Highways Mission
Scheme
pally
Democrats and Dissenters: Ramachandra The Ocean of Churn: How the Indian Ocean
Guha
Velloor
CA-28
The Great Derangement: Climate Change The Kiss of Life- Emraan Hashmi
Kapoor
Chaos and Caliphate: Jihadis and the West in Fixed! Cash and Corruption in Cricket-
Jour-the Struggle for the Middle East- Patrick Cock-
burn
A Call to Mercy: Hearts to Love, Hands to A Kingdom for His Love- Vani Mahesh, Shinie
Serve- Mother Teresa
Antony
gotra
Pranab Mukherjee
Subhash Chandra
ata,
a,
da,
onda
or
, Ak
as, Bor
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vacha
Tribes
Abor Apatani
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Bhils, Bar Ba
Meo, R
at aw
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ar
do Chham
ee
Danc
Kuchi pudi
Bar
Bidesia Ka jari
Panthi, R Nacha
Dekhnni, Fugdi
Rass-g
Saang, Dhamal
e,
anti
eej, Lohri,
vals
ear
yanti, y.& y
amdeo
ar Sankr
ali T
Festi
G.Ja I.Da R. Da
Sankranti, Ugadi
Bihu
Chhath
Ganesh Chaturthi
Mak
Hary
Indian Panorama
sity
per
ORIES
P. Den Sq. Km
382
308
17
397
1,102
189
394 sq km.
310/
573
acy age
66.95%
63.4%
71.04%
88.70%
79.31%
76.64%
940
992
920/ 1000
916
991
968
918
877
ed
Establish Year
15-08-1947
01-10-1953
20-02-1987
1-11-2000
30-05- 1987
01-05-1960
01-11-1966
INDIAN ST
vi
ali,
ani
ati
an
du
Language
No National Language
Telegu, Ur
Eng
Assamese, Beng
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C gar
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ar
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Capital
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h
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at
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adesh
adesh
Arunachal
Bihar
India/Stat
INDIA
1. Andhr Pr
2. Pr
3. Assam (Assom)
4.
5. Chhattisg
6. Goa
7. Gujar
8. Hary
da,
ar
an
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uki,
, Bodh,
, Gar
, Ag a, Banjar
yan, Ar
, Binjh
da,
ami
a, K
Asur Baig
Adi Ba
Adi dan
Nag Mikir
ag Bir
at
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ai,
oli
ali
em`
a,
sam
kr
am, V
ata-naty
aw
vitri
vani, K
Kar sa
Kathak
Badhai, R Sair
La
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Cher Khuallam
Zeliang
Odissi
Bhangr Giddha
Ghoomar
a,
a,
e-
ouba,
, ut ut
aik
eej,
,P
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e Dasar
em,
atri, Bah
ai-ni
kr ala
avang K
aur
sor adi
vr ya
yadashami or
aji
ang
Kullu, Shoolini
Hemis, Urs
My Ug
Onam
Shi gori
Vija Dasar
Nong W
Chapchar K Thalf
Ganesh Chaturthi
Bandi Chhor Vaisakhi, Lohri
Gang Gog
123
56
414
320
860
236
370
120
130
52
119
270
550
201
83.78%
66.7%
67.6%
75.60%
93.91%
70.60%
82.9%
79.21%
75.84%
91.58%
80.11%
73.45%
76.68%
67.68%
974
883
947
968
1,084
930
929
987
986
975
931
978
893
926
25-01-1971
26-10-1947
15-11-2000
01-11-1956
01-07-1949
01-11-1956
01-05-1960
21-01-1972
21-01-1972
20-02-1987
01-12-1963
01-04-1936
15-08-1947
01-11-1956
am,
-aj
eilon
du
ayal lish
athi
lish
al
Pahari, Kangri
Kashmiri, Ur
Santhali, Mundari, H
Kannada
M Eng
Hindi
Mar
Meet
Khasi,Gar
Mizo
Eng
Punjabi
Hindi, R asthani
55,673
222,236
79,714
191,791
38,863
308,245
307,713
22,327
22,429
21,087
16,579
155,820
50,362
342,239
h-
har
ar
aluru
vanantha-
am
ar
Shimla
Srinag
Ranchi
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Thiru pur
Bhopal
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Imphal
Shillong
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Chandig
Jaipur
a
ya
ashtr
am
khand
ya
ala
hala
aland
adesh
er
adesh
ajasthan
11. Jhar
12. Karnatak
13. K
14. Madh Pr
15. Mahar
16. Manipur
17. Meg
18. Mizor
19. Nag
20. Odisha
21. Punjab
22. R
ana
sa, aji
sa, a
a, o
onda
, Chari
yan, Ar
, Baig
lis, dublasar
Adi dan,
Andh, K
Andamanese, Chariar
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Grulas, Villi
am
ali
olk
hi Chh
ata- am
va, K
adi
Sing
Bhar naty
Kuchipudi
Goria, Jhum
Langvir Nrity
Kathak
Chau dance
Bhangr
Mando, Vir
La
Gar
anti,
amman,
, Mu
he, Losar
al
ar Sankr
al
am
al
adi
ga Puja, Kali
ba
Mag
Pong
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Kandali, R
Mak Chhath
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Lohri
Pong
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Eid-Ul-Fitr harr
Di
Pong
86
550
310
350
189
820
1,000
46
9,300/
698
2169
2013
11,297
2,500
82.2%
80.33 %
66.50%
94.65%
79.63%
69.7%
77.08%
86.27%
81.9%
77.65%
87.07%
92.28%
86.34%
86.34%
889
995
961
963
908
947
878
818
775
618
946
866
1,038
16-5-1975
26-01-1950
02-06-2014
21-01-1972
9-11-2000
01-04-1937
15-08-1947
01-11-1956
01-11-1966
11-08-1961
30-05-1987
01-11-1956
01-02-1992
07-01-1963
du
ok
ali ,
ali,
ali and
ati
ati,
yalam
yalam,
du
bor
hw
lish
lish,
lish,
athi
lish,
Nepali, Bhutia
Tamil
Telugu, Ur
Beng Kok
Gar Kumaoni
Hindi, Ur
Beng Eng
Eng Hindi
Punjabi
Eng Gujar
Gujar Mar
Eng Mala
Hindi
Mala Tamil
7,096
130,058
114,840
10,491.69
53,483
243,286
88,752
8,073
114
102
102
32
1,484.0
492
har
ok
abad
adun
ata
atti
der
artala
vassa
var
Gangt
Chennai
Hy
Ag
Dehr
Luckno
Kolk
Port Blair
Chandig
Sil
Daman
Ka
New Delhi
Pondicherry
al
ory
eep
ana
ar
veli
akhand
erit
a and
amil Nadu
elang
ripur
adesh
est Beng
ar Ha
shad
23. Sikkim
24. T
25. T
26. T
27. Uttar
28. Uttar Pr
29. W
Union T
2. Chandig
3. Dadr Nag
5. Lak
6. NCT of Delhi
7. Puducherry
Indian Panorama
by Rabindranath Tagore;
1st January
Nagaland Day
21st January
Tripura Day
1950.
6th Febuary
National Song
composed by Bankim
20th
February
Pradesh day
11th March
Islands Day
National Flower
22nd March
Bihar Day (Bihar Diwas)
representation of purity as
30th March
Rajasthan Day
1st April
National Fruit
14th April
15th April
1st May
National River
16th May
Sikkim Day
National Tree
9th
Uttaranchal (Now
November
Uttarakhand) Day
tree.
15th
National Bird
November
Diwas)
bird of India.
2nd June
Telangana Day
National Animal
(2014)
National Flag
of a horizontal rectangular
Committee in 1957.
Venkayya.
National Emblem The national emblem is Ashok Chakra: The highest peacetime Gal-the
Lion Capital of Asoka lantry award
1950. The motto inscribed Bharat Ratna: The highest civilian award of
Alone Triumphs.
Indian Panorama 5
Padma Awards:
Nights:
Salman Rushdie
civilian award given for exceptional and Distributive Justice: Professor Mool Chand
distinguished service.
Sharma
Padma Bhushan : The third highest civilian Making India Awesome: Chetan Bhagat
award given for distinguished service of a Flood of fire: Amitav Ghosh
high order.
Surie
prize of
Khagesh
Dev Burman
This award is given for the best literary Assassination: Teesta Setalvad writing by an
Indian citizen in a language Benazir Bhutto: A Multidimensional
stitution.
Tarun Vijay
Established in 2 October, 1994. It carries a The Accidental Prime Minister The cash
prize of
` 1 crore.
Sanjaya Baru
Indira Gandhi Prize for Peace,
Rodham Clinton
I am Malala (Autobiography):
Malala Yousafzai
Naseerudin Shah
it has been awarded to those persons who The Narrow Road To the Deep North:
Richard Flangan
ment.
Borlaug Award
1 lakh.
Marlon
James
tural scientists.
Awarded for outstanding literary work and The Outsider: Frederick Forsyth
` 1 lakh.
Bihar:
ognized works.
Santosh Singh
AUTHORS
Jairam Ramesh
Transcendence: My Spiritual Experiences The Pakistan Paradox: Christrophe Jaffrelot
with Pramukh Swamiji: Abdul Kalam
Unbelievable Delhi to Islamabad: Prof Born Again On the Mountain: Arunima Sinha
Bhim Singh
Indian Panorama
Stretched
13-Jul-88 ASLV
Toni Morrison
Rohini
Hanif
Satellite Series
Kureishi
(SROSS-2)
INSAT-1C
21-Jul-88 Ariane-3
IRS-1B
29-Aug-91 Vostok
INSAT-2DT
Stretched
20-May-92 ASLV
Satellite Series
(SROSS-C)
INSAT-2A
INSAT-2B
23-Jul-93 Ariane-44L
20-Sep-93 PSLV-D1
Stretched
4-May-94 ASLV
Satellite Series
(SROSS-C2)
IRS-P2
15-Oct-94 PSLV-D2
SPACE SCIENCE
INSAT-2C
7-Dec-95 Ariane-44L
H10-3
IRS-1C
29-Dec-95 Molniya
Satellite
Launch
Launch Vehicle
IRS-P3
21-Mar-96 PSLV-D3
Date
INSAT-2D
4-Jun-97 Ariane-44L
Aryabhata
19-Apr-75 u-11
H10-3
Interkosmos
IRS-1D
29-Sep-97 PSLV-C1
Bhaskara-I
INSAT-2E
3-Apr-99 Ariane-42P
Rohini
10-Aug-79 SLV-3
H10-3
Technology
Oceansat-1
26-May-99 PSLV-C2
Payload
(IRS-P4)
Rohini RS-1
18-Jul-80 SLV-3
INSAT-3B
22-Mar-00 Ariane-5G
Rohini RS-D1
31-May-81 SLV-3
GSAT-1
18-Apr-01 GSLV-D1
Ariane
Technology
22-Oct-01 PSLV-C3
Passenger
Experiment
Payload
Satellite (TES)
Experiment
INSAT-3C
24-Jan-02 Ariane-42L
Bhaskara -II
H10-3
INSAT-1A
Kalpana-1
12-Sep-02 PSLV-C4
PAM-D
Rohini RS-D2
17-Apr-83 SLV-3
(METSAT)
INSAT-1B
INSAT-3A
10-Apr-03 Ariane-5G
Stretched
24-Mar-87 ASLV
GSAT-2
8-May-03 GSLV-D2
Rohini
INSAT-3E
28-Sep-03 Ariane-5G
Satellite Series
RESOURCE-
17-Oct-03 PSLV-C5
(SROSS-1)
SAT-1 (IRS-P6)
IRS-1A
17-Mar-88 Vostok
Indian Panorama
Indian Panorama 7
EDUSAT
20-Oct-04 GSLV-F01
Youthsat
20-Apr-11 PSLV-C16
HAMSAT
5-May-05 PSLV-C6
CARTOSAT-1
5-May-05 PSLV-C6
4G
INSAT-4A
22-Dec-05 Ariane-5GS
GSAT-12
15-Jul-11 PSLV-C17
INSAT-4C
10-Jul-06 GSLV-F02
Megha-
12-Oct-11 PSLV-C18
CARTOSAT-2
10-Jan-07 PSLV-C7
Tropiques
Jugnu
12-Oct-11 PSLV-C18
Recovery
RISAT-1
26-Apr-12 PSLV-C19
Experiment
SRMSAT
26-Apr-12 PSLV-C18
(SRE-1)
GSAT-10
INSAT-4B
12-Mar-07 Ariane-5ECA
SARAL
25-Feb-13 PSLV-C20
INSAT-4CR
2-Sep-07 GSLV-F04
IRNSS-1A
1-Jul-13
PSLV-C22
INSAT-3D
26-Jul-13 Ariane-5
IMS-1 (Third
28-Apr-08 PSLV-C9
GSAT-7
30-Aug-13 Ariane-5
Mars Orbiter
5-Nov-13 PSLV-C25
World Satellite
Mission (MOM)
TWsat)
GSAT-14
5-Jan-14
GSLV-D5
IRNSS-1B
4-Apr-14 PSLV-C24
RISAT-2
20-Apr-09 PSLV-C12
IRNSS-1C
10-Nov-14 PSLV-C26
ANUSAT
20-Apr-09 PSLV-C12
GSAT-16
7-Dec-14 Ariane-5
Oceansat-2
23-Sep-09 PSLV-C14
IRNSS-1D
28-Mar-15 PSLV-C27
(IRS-P4)
GSAT-6
27-Aug-15 GSLV-D6
GSAT-4
15-Apr-10 GSLV-D3
Astrosat
28-Sep-15 PSLV-C30
StudSat
12-Jul-10 PSLV-C15
GSAT-15
GSAT-5P /
25-Dec-10 GSLV-F06
IRNSS-1E
20-Jan-16 PSLV-C31
IRNSS-1F
10-Mar-16 PSLV-C32
INSAT-4D
RESOURC-
20-Apr-11 PSLV-C16
IRNSS-1G
28-Apr-16 PSLV-C33
Corbo Set-2C
22-Jun-16 PSLV-C34
ESAT-2
Defence of India
The supreme commander of the Indian Armed Forces is the President of India.
Headquarters
Command
Headquarters
Western Command
Chandimandir
Eastern Command
Kolkata
Northern Command
Udhampur
Southern Command
Pune
Shimla
Central Command
Lucknow
Jaipur
Indian Panorama
Command
Headquarters
Command
Headquarters
Eastern Command
Visakhapatnam
Southern Command
Kochi
Western Command
Mumbai
Command
Headquarters
Command
Headquarters
Shillong
New Delhi
Gandhinagar
Allahabad
Thiruvananthapuram
Maintenance Comd.
Nagpur
Training Comd.
Bangalore
RANKS OF INDIAN ARMY, NAVY & AIR FORCE
Indian Army
Indian Navy
Field Marshal
General
Admiral
Lieutenant General
Vice Admiral
Air Marshal
Major General
Rear Admiral
Brigadier
Commodore
Air Commodore
Colonel
Captain
Group Captain
Lieutenant Colonel
Commander
Wing Commander
Major
Lieutenant Commander
Squadron Leader
Captain
Lieutenant
Flight Lieutenant
Lieutenant
Sub-Lieutenant
Flying Officer
Organization
Year
Headquarters
1939
New Delhi
1948
New Delhi
1962
New Delhi
1965
New Delhi
Central Industrial Security Force (CISF)
1969
New Delhi
Indian Panorama
Indian Panorama 9
New Delhi
Physics
Institute
Thiruvantha-
Central Rice Research Institute Cuttack
Centre
puram
Shimla
Bangalore
Institute
Organisation (ISRO)
Dehradun
Space Applications
Ahmedabad
Institute
Centre
Missiles of India
Karnal
Institute
Dhanbad
Prithvi II- Surface to Surface
Institute
Kolkata
Research Institute
Hyder-
Institute
abad
Mumbai
Research
Maitri-
Surface-To-Air Missile
tory
abad
Centres in India
Missile
Nag -
Helina -
Uranium Corporation of
Singhbhum
India
Centre (BARC)
(Mumbai)
Power station
State
Type
Operator
Total capacity
(MW)
Kaiga
Karnataka
PHWR
NPCIL
660
Kalpakkam
Tamil Nadu
PHWR
NPCIL
440
Kakrapar
Gujarat
PHWR
NPCIL
440
Rawatbhata
Rajasthan
PHWR
NPCIL
1180
Tarapur
Maharashtra
BWR (PHWR)
NPCIL
1400
Narora
Uttar Pradesh
PHWR
NPCIL
440
Total
4560
10
Indian Panorama
ATOMIC RESEARCH
for R&D.
Power station
Operator
Establishment
Location
State
Date
NPCIL
1969
Tarapur
Maharashtra
NPCIL
1973
Rawatbhata Rajasthan
NPCIL
1993
Kakrapar
Gujarat
NPCIL
2000
Kaiga
Karnataka
NPCIL
1984
NPCIL
1991
Narora
Uttar Pradesh
NPCIL
Fatehabad
Haryana
NTPC
1995
Kaniha
Odisha
Station
NTPC
2008
Sipat
Chhattisgarh
2013
Singrauli
Madhya
Station
Pradesh
2009
Mundra
Gujarat
1983
MAHAGEN-
1968
Deepnagar
Maharastra
CO
Satpura Thermal Power Station
MPPGCL
1967
Sarni
Madhya
Pradesh
2006
Jharsuguda Odisha
DVC
1996
Durgapur
West Bengal
End Points
Places
Northern most
Siachen Glacier
Southern most
Eastern most
Western most
Indian Panorama
Indian Panorama 11
Lord Clive(1758-60)
Warren Hastings(1772-74)
Lord Canning(1856-62)
Lord Mountbatten(1947-1948)
of free India
Rabindranath Tagore
The first man who introduced printing press in India James Hicky
Rakesh Sharma
The first Prime Minister of India who resigned without Morarji Desai
General Cariappa
council
The first Prime Minister of India who did not face the Charan Singh
Parliament
S.H.F. Manekshaw
The first Indian to get Nobel Prize in Physics
C.V.Raman
Dr. Radhakrishnan
Mihir Sen
Dr. Radhakrishnan
S. Mukherjee
K.M. Cariappa
The first person to reach Mt. Everest without oxygen Sherpa Anga Dorjee
The first person to get Param Vir Chakra
Sukumar Sen
12
Indian Panorama
The first person of Indian origin to receive Nobel Prize Hargovind Khurana
in Medicine
Fa-hein
Saifuddin Kitchlu
Reita Faria
C.B. Muthamma
Sarojini Naidu
Shanno Devi
Indira Gandhi
Bachhendri Pal
Santosh Yadav
Congress
Basu, 1883
Durga Banerjee
Kamlijit Sandhu
Cornelia Sorabjee
The first woman President of United Nations General Vijaya Laxmi Pandit
Assembly
Sucheta Kripalani
The first woman Chairman of Union Public Service Roze Millian Bethew
Commission
Court)
Puneeta Arora
The first woman Air Vice Marshal
P. Bandopadhyaya
Sushma Chawla
12
Indian Panorama
Indian Panorama 13
Kiran Bedi
Razia Sultan
Neerja Bhanot
Ashapurna Devi
Arati Saha
Mother Teresa
Indira Gandhi
FIRST IN OTHERS
Indrani Rehman
Universe
Nalanda University
P.V.Narasimha Rao
Hawkins
Kolkata(1727)
SUPERLATIVES : INDIA
Shanmukhanand Hall
Structures
Amritsar
Highest Airport
Govind Sagar
(Bhakra)
Largest Dome
- Rongtong
Bridge
Himachal Pradesh.
Leh-Manali Sector
Highest Waterfall- Jog Waterfall, Largest Public Sector Bank- State Bank Karnataka
of India
by Mukesh Ambani
Largest Cinema Hall Prasad Max, Largest Church- Se Cathedral at Old Goa, Hyderabad
10 km from Panaji.
Largest Museum National Museum Largest Delta- Sunderbans (75,000 sq km) Delhi
14
Indian Panorama
Gokhale
Thathwabodhini Sabha-Debendranatha
Santhal
Tagore
Blavadski, Col.H.L.Olkott
Temple Corridor
2.8 km wide)
Delhi- Anankapalan
Gomateswara at Sravanabelagola in
Karnataka
Vijayanagaram - Hariharan 1
in 52 AD.
Natural
Person
Primary Names
Anna
C N Annadurai
Andhra Pradesh
Frontier Gandhi
Siddhartha Gautama
Chacha/Panditji
Jawaharlal Nehru
Dadabhai Naoroji
TIONS
India
Gurudev
Rabindranath Tagore
Guruji
M S Gohlwalkar
Rabindranath Tagore
M.G.Ranade, V.G.Gibhongar
Dharma Sabha-Radhakanthadev
Loknayak
Jayaprakash Narayan
Man of Peace
Flamenco guitarist
Manjaram
Prarthana Samaj
Ricardo Baliardo
-Athmaram Pandurang
Netaji
G.K.Devdhar
Punjab kesari
14
Indian Panorama
Indian Panorama 15
Rajaji
C Rajagopalachari
Gateway of India
Mumbai
Mother Teresa
Kerala
Haryana Hurricane
Kapil Dev
Punjab, India
Prince of Kolkata
Saurav Ganguly
Pink City
Jaipur, India
Places
Primary Names
Bengals Sorrow
Blue Mountain
Kolkata, India
Kolkata, India
City of Palaces
Kolkata, India
Venice of East
Alleppey, India
Garden of India
Kashmir
Blue Mountains
Rajghat
Mahatma Gandhi
Shanti Van
Vijay Ghat
Shakti Sthal
Indira Gandhi
Kishan Ghat
Abhay Ghat
Morarji Desai
Veer Bhumi
Rajiv Gandhi
Samata Sthal
Jagjivan Ram
Ekta Sthal
Giani Zail Singh
Karma Bhumi
Sharma
Uday Bhoomi
K.R. Narayanan
Mahaprayan Ghat
Nickname
Person
Mahatma Gandhi
Napoleon of India
Samudragupta
Shakespeare of India
Kalidasa
Mahamana
Deshbandhu
Chittaranjan Das
Deenabandhu
C.F.Andrews
Punjab Kesari
Nightingale of India
Sarojini Naidu
Florence Nightingale
Amir Khushro
Shri Guruji
M.S.Golwalkar
Place
Person
Place
Person
Corsica
Napoleon Bonaparte
Belur Math
Ramakrishna Paramhansa
Kapilvastu
Gautam Buddha
Jerusalem
Jesus Christ
Macedonia
Prophet Mohammad
Jeeradei
Porbandar
Mahatma Gandhi
Anand Bhawan
Jawaharlal Nehru
Fatehpur Sikri
Sabarmati
Mahatma Gandhi
Puducherry
Aurobindo Ghosh
Sitab Diara
Pawapuri
Mahavira
Shantiniketan
World Panorama
Country
Capital
Chief Language
Currency
Afghanistan
Kabul
Pushtu Dari
Afghani
Algeria
Algiers
Arabic, French
Algerian Dinar
Argentina
Buenos Aires
Spanish
Argentine Peso
Australia
Canberra
English
Australian Dollar
Azerbaijan
Baku
Azeri
Manat
Bahrain
Manama
Arabic, English
Bahraini Dinar
Bangladesh
Dhaka
Bangla
Taka
Belgium
Brussels
Bhutan
Thimphu
Dzongkha
Ngultrum
Bolivia
La Paz; Sucre
Boliviano
Serbo-Croatian
Conv.Mark
govina
Brazil
Brazilia
Portuguese
Real
Bulgaria
Sofia
Bulgarian
Lev
Burkina Faso
Ouagadougou
French
Franc
Cambodia
Phnom-Penh
Khmer
Riel
Canada
Ottawa
French, English
Canadian Dollar
Chile
Santiago
Spanish
Peso
China
Beijing
Chinese (Mandarin)
Yuan
Colombia
Bogota
Spanish
Peso
French
Congolese Franc
Costa Rica
San Jose
Spanish
Colon
Croatia
Zagreb
Croatian
Kuna
Cuba
Havana
Spanish
Peso
Czech Republic
Prague
Czech
Koruna
Denmark
Copenhagen
Danish
Krone
Ecuador
Quito
Spanish
Egypt
Cairo
Arabic
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Ethiopia
Addis Ababa
Amharic
Birr
Fiji
Suva
English
Fijian Dollar
Finland
Helsinki
Finnish, Swedish
Euro
France
Paris
French
Euro
French Guiana
Caine
French
Euro
Georgia
Tbilisi
Georgian
Lari
Germany
Berlin
German
Euro
Ghana
Accra
English
Ghana Cedi
Greece
Athens
Greek
Euro
World Panorama 17
Country
Capital
Chief Language
Currency
Guatemala
Guatemala City Spanish
Quetzal
Guyana
Georgetown
English
Guyana Dollar
Haiti
Port-au-Prince French
Gourde
Honduras
Tegucigalpa
Spanish
Lempira
Hong Kong
Victoria
English, Chinese
Hungary
Budapest
Hungarian
Forint
India
New Delhi
Rupee
22 officially recognised
regional languages
Indonesia
Jakarta
Javanese
Iran
Teheran
Rial
Iraq
Baghdad
Arabic, Kurdish
Iraqi Dinar
Ireland
Dublin
Irish, English
Euro
Israel
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Hebrew, Arabic
Shekel
Italy
Rome
Italian
Euro
Japan
Tokyo
Japanese
Yen
Jordan
Amman
Arabic, English
Jordan Dinar
Kazakhstan
Astana
Tenge
Kenya
Nairobi
Shilling
Korea, North
Pyongyang
Korean
Won
Korea, South
Seoul
Korean
Won
Kuwait
Kuwait city
Arabic, English
Kuwait Dinar
Lebanon
Beriut
Pound
Libya
Tripoli
Arabic
Libyan Dinar
Luxembourg
Luxembourg
Euro
bourgish
Malaysia
Putrajaya
Ringgit
(formerly
Kuala Lumpur)
Mauritius
Port Louis
English, French, Creole, Hindustani Rupee Mauritian
Mexico
Mexico city
Mexico Peso
Mongolia
Ulan Bator
Mangolian
Togrog
Myanmar
Naypyidar or
Kyat
Pyinmana (for-
merly Yangon)
Netherlands
Amsterdam
Dutch
Euro
New Zealand
Wellington
Nigeria
Abuja
English, Hansa, Ibo, Yoruba
Naira
Norway
Oslo
Norwegian
Krone
Oman
Muscat
Arabic
Omani Rial
Pakistan
Islamabad
Pakistani Rupee
Peru
Lima
Spanish, Quechua,
Nuero Sol
Aymara
Philippines
Manila
Peso
18
World Panorama
Country
Capital
Chief Language
Currency
Poland
Wrsaw
Polish
Zloty
Portugal
Lisbon
Portuguese
Euro
Qatar
Doha
Arabic, English
Riyal (QAR)
Russia
Moscow
Russian
Russian ruble
Saudi Arabia
Riyadh
Arabic
Rial (SAR)
Serbia
Belgrade
Singapore
Singapore Dollar
Somalia
Mogadishu
Somali Shilling
South Africa
Capetown
Afrikaans, English
Rand
Spain
Madrid
Sri Lanka
Colombo
Sudan
Khartoum
Sudanese Pound
Sweden
Stockholm
Swedish
Krona
Switzerland
Berne
Syria
Damascus
Syrian Pound
Taiwan
Taipei
dialects
Thailand
Bangkok
Thai Baht
Tunisia
Tunis
Arabic, French
Dinar
Turkey
Ankara
Turkish Lira
Uganda
Kampala
Ugandan Shilling
Arabic
Dirham
United Kingdom
London
Pound Sterling
Dollar
America
Venezuela
Caracas
Spanish
Bolivar
Vietnam
Hanoi
Yemen
Sanaa
Arabic
Rial
Zimbabwe
Harare
Dollar (ZWD)
GEOGRAPHICAL DISCOVERIES
Pole in 1912.
Nyasa in Africa.
on January 3, 1958.
in 1494.
Motion in 1609.
to Paris.
World Panorama 19
Iksman-
visit China.
attained.
in 1909.
Country
Animals
Country
Animal
Nepal
Cow
Albania
Golden Eagle
New Zealand
Kiwi
Australia
Kangaroo
Pakistan
Markhor
Bangladesh
South Africa
Springbok
Brazil
Macaw
Spain
Bull
Canada
United Kingdom
Barbary Lion
China
United States
Bald Eagle
Denmark
Mute Swan
India
Bengal Tiger
Japan
Green Pheasant
Kuwait
Camel
Myanmar
Tiger
Belgium
Lion
OFFICIAL BOOKS
White Paper : An official paper of the Government of Britain and India on a particular issue
Red Data Book: Russian official book which contains lists of species whose continued
existence is threatened
Detective Agency
Country
Detective Agency
Country
China
VAJA
Iran
Australian Secret
Australia
MOSSAD
Israel
FSB
Russia
Japan
20
World Panorama
Iraq
(ISI)
Service
MI (Military Intelligence) 5 UK
Intelligence org.
(FBI)
Securite Exterieure
(IB)
INTERNATIONAL AWARDS
Nobel Prize
derstanding.
fred Nobel.
The Nobel prizes are presented annually on Instituted in 1968, is the highest literary 10
December (The death anniversary of the
Company
founder).
of USA.
1969).
lished in 1980.
Prize.
of Albanian origin
Oscar Awards
Pulitzer Prize
Magsaysay Awards
Instituted in 1957. Named after Ramon Instituted by UNESCO (1995) for the pro-
Magsaysay, the former President of Philip-
pines.
Madanjeet Singh.
World Panorama 21
FATHER OF VARIOUS FIELDS
Field
Father
Field
Father
Atom Bomb
Computer
Charles Babbage
Aviation
Biology
Aristotle
Chemistry
Robert Boyle
Microbiology
Robert koch
Comedy
Aristophanes
Political Science
Aristotle
Economics
Adam Smith
Modern Philosphy
Rene Descartes
English Poetry
Geoffrey Chaucer
Psychology
Wilhelmam Wundt
Greek Tragedy
Aeschylus
Astronomy
Immunology
Edward Jenner
Galileo Galilei
Modern Science
Galileo Galilei
Nuclear Physics
Ernest Rutherford
Nano technology
Richard Smalley
Geography
Eratosthenes
Anatomy
Andreas Vesalius
Sociology
Auguste Comte
Geometry
Euclid
Mathematics
Archimedes
Internet
Vinton Cerf
SOBRIQUETS
Sobriquets Person
Primary Names
Glandstone
Honest Abe
Abraham Lincoln
original name.
Iron Duke
Duke of Wellington
Sobriquets Person
Primary Names
Iron Lady
Margaret Thatcher
Angel of Death
Josef Mengele
King James
LeBron James,
American basketball
Bard of Avon
William Shakespeare
player
Bloody Mary
Mary I of England
Little Richard
Penniman, a prominent
Bonnie Prince
Charlie
Madge
Madonna
Caligula
Augustus Germanicus
Madiba
Nelson Mandela
Maid of Orleans
Joan of Arc
Desert Fox
Erwin Rommel
Diamond Dave
Iron
Digger
Australian soldier
Man of Destiny
Napolean Bonaparte
Dr. Death
Jack Kevorkian,
proponent of assisted
Frank Sinatra,
suicide
entertainer
Dubya
George W. Bush
Old Hickory
EI Caudillo
Francisco Franco
States
Old Kinderhook
Fuhrer
Adolf Hitler
(OK)
Genghis Khan
Temjin
States
22
World Panorama
Sobriquets Person
Primary Names
Old Nick
Santa
Mount Everest
Edmund Hillary
Zachary Taylor
Ready
North Pole
Santa
Prince of the
Desiderius Erasmus
South Pole
Humanists
Hinduism
Qaid-e-Azam
world
Saint Jimmy
book
Satchmo
Louis Armstrong
paper currency
Clinton
China
commence competitive
Slowhand
Eric Clapton
examination in civil
The Bard
William Shakespeare
services
The Bird
U.S.A
Washington
pitcher
The Boss
Bruce Springsteen
Britain
the Americans
Uruguay
The Duke
John Wayne
The Beatles
a constitution
The Godfather of
James Brown
of Pakistan
Soul
Jack Nicklaus
NAM summit
(Yugoslavia)
The Greatest
Alexander, The
attack India
Great
Arnold Palmer
Marco Polo
reach China
Michael Jackson
Wright Brothers
aeroplane
Andrew Jackson
Magellan
Tennessee
Madonna
Manfred von
space
Tricky Dick
States
the moon
followed by
Edwin E. Aldrin
Uncle Sam
The U.S.A. or
Columbia
sometimes the
space
government
The first spacecraft to
Viking-I
reach on Mars
World Panorama 23
Margaret
Shortest Day
Minister of England
Thatcher
Hemisphere)
Benazir Bhutto
Largest Delta
Minister of a country
(Pakistan)
sq. miles)
Mrs. S.
Minister of a country
Bandamaike (Sri
(World)
sq. km.)
Lanka)
1b.)
Mount Everest
(Japan)
Biggest Dome
Velentina
Tereshkova
diameter.
(Russia)
Longest Epic
The Mahabharata
Largest Island
Greenland (renamed
Pandit
Kalaallit Nunaat)
Assembly
Largest Lake
Yuri Gagarin
(Artificial)
space
(Russia)
Deepest Lake
depth2300 ft.
Highest Lake
Nawang Gombu
Largest Lake
twice
(Fresh Water)
Richard Nixon
Largest Lake
resign Presidency
(Salt Water)
km.)
SUPERLATIVES
the Kaaba.
(land)
peak (World)
Fastest Bird
Swift
Longest
Largest Bird
Ostrich
Smallest Bird
Humming Bird
(Free Standing)
(Railway)
Tallest Minaret
Casablanca, Morocco
Tallest office
Deepest &
The Pacific
Building
Biggest Ocean
Largest Palace
Canal
& Mediterranean)
Beijing (China)
Busiest Canal
(Ship)
(152 miles)
Region
Temperature 85 C
Largest Continent Asia
Driest Place
Smallest
Australia
rainfall 1 inch.
Continent
Hottest Place
Largest Coral
(World)
136F
Formation
(Australia)
Largest Dam
Dam (U.S.A)
(Railway)
(833m)
Longest Day
(Railway)
24
World Panorama
Largest Port
World Rainiest
Cherrapunji
Jersey (U.S.A)
Spot
(Mawsynram), India
Busiest Port
Rotterdam (the
Lightest gas
Hydrogen
Netherlands)
Hardest
Diamond
Substance
Longest River
(6570 km.)
tons)
Longest River
Dam
of an Animal
tortoise)
Largest Land
Largest Sea
Mediterranean
Animal
(inland)
Fastest Animal
Cheetah (Leopard ) 70
Tallest statue
m.p.h
Longest Jump
Kangaroo
Longest
English Channel
Animal
Swimming
Longest wing
Albatross
Course
Spread Bird
Tallest Tower
(Canada)
Fastest Dog
Longest Train
Flying Scoutsman
(speed 43 m.p.h)
nonstop
Longest
King cobra
poisonous snake
(Railway)
Biggest Flower
Raffesia (Java)
Longest &
Largest Canal
France)
Tunnel
Republic)
Largest Church
(Road)
Largest Temple
Argentine-Chile (6,885
m.)
mine
Longest Wall
miles)
Dam
(Venezuela)
Longest Strait
City
Largest Asian
Gobi, Mongolia
mainland)
Desert
Broadest Strait
Largest
India
Democracy
Longest
Verazano-Narrows, New
Largest Neck
Giraffe
Animal
Largest Bay
Largest Gulf
2100 miles)
Animal
World Panorama 25
4. The Great Sphinx at Giza, The Pyramids of 16. The Grand Canyon : Arizona
Giza: Egypt
France
Country
Emblem
Country
Emblem
Australia
Kangaroo
Bangladesh
Water Lily
Barbados
Head of a Trident
Belgium
Lion
Canada
White Lily
Chile
Denmark
Beach
Dominica
Sisserou Parrot
France
Lily
Germany
Corn Flower
Guyana
Canje Pheasant
Hong Kong
India
Lioned Capital
Iran
Rose
Ireland
Shamrock
Israel
Candelabrum
Italy
White Lily
Ivory Coast
Elephant
Japan
Chrysanthemum
Lebanon
Cedar Tree
Luxembourg
Mongolia
The Soyombo
Netherlands
Lion
New Zealand
Norway
Lion
Pakistan
Crescent
Papua New
Bird of paradise
Spain
Eagle
Guinea
Sierra Leone
Lion
Sri Lanka
Lion
Sudan
Secretary Bird
Syria
Eagle
Turkey
U.K.
Rose
Language Day
8th March: International Womens Day and 22nd April: World Earth Day
Mothers day
26
World Panorama
Maritime Day
20th May: World Refugee Day
Non-Violence Day
1st July: World Doctors Day Van Mahotsav 21st November: World Fisheries Day, World
Week (1stJuly to 7thJuly)
Country
Parliament Name
Country
Parliament Name
India
Sansad/Parliament
Maldeep
Majlis
Pakistan
National Assembly
Span
Cortes
Bangladesh
Jatiya Sansad
Nepal
Rastriya Panchayat
China
Duma
Bhutan
Tsondu
France
National Assembly
Srilanka
Iran
Majlis
Afganistan
Shora
Malasiya
Diwan Nigara
England
Parliament
Switzerland Fedral Assembly
Canada
Parliament
Turkey
Australia
Parliament
USA
Congress
Germany
Wondstag
Taiwan
Yuan
Japan
Diet
Israil
Neset
World Panorama 27
and 10 non-permanent
Northern Ireland;
and China.
Strategic Arms Limitation TalksI (SALT-I): The UN Flag and the Emblem
Strategic Arms Limitation Talks II (SALT-II): The UN General Assembly adopted the UN
The second round started in November 1972. flag on 20 Oct. 1947. The white UN emblem
The US President Jimmy Carter and the Soviet is super-imposed on a light blue back
ground.
18 June 1979.
Strategic Arms Reduction TreatyI (START-I): The Main objectives of the UN are : Treaty
signed by the USSR President Mikhail (1) To maintain peace and security in the world.
Gorbachev and the US President George Bush (2) To work together to remove poverty,
disease (Senior) on 31 July 1991.
Boris Yeltsin and the US President George (3) To develop friendly relations among nations.
common goals.
UNITED NATIONS
Quick Facts
Country
Term
Terms Ends
Angola
2015
2016
Egypt
2016
2017
Japan
2016
2017
2016
New Zealand
2015
2016
2016
2017
2015
2016
2016
2017
Court of Justice.
Uruguay
2016
2017
Venezuela
2015
2016
Name
Country
Tenure
Trigve Lie
Norway
1946-1952
Dag Hammarskjoeld
Sweden
1953-1961
U-Thant
Myanmar (Burma)
1961-1971
Kurt Waldheim
Austria
1972-1982
Peru
1982-1991
Egypt
1992-1996
Kofi Annan
Ghana
1997-2006
Ban-Ki-moon
S. Korea
2007- continued
28
World Panorama
New York
THEIR HEADQUARTERS
(ADB)
pines)
ASEAN (Association of
Jakarta (Indonesia)
Population Activities
(UNFPA)
Brussels (Belgium)
Programme (UNDP)
Addis-Ababa
(Ethiopia)
Kathmandu
(UNITAR)
(Nepal)
Corporation)
(UNRISD)
International Atomic
Vienna (Austria)
(WFP)
Montreal
United Nations Industrial Vienna (Austria)
Development Organisation
Rome
(UNIDO)
Agricultural Development
(IFAD)
International Labour
Geneva
Development)
Organisation (ILO)
Gland
International Monetary
Washington
Fund)
(Switzerland)
Fund (IMF)
International Olympic
Lausanne
Berne (Switzer-
Committee (IOC)
(UPU)
land)
OPEC (Organisation of
Vienna
Geneva
Petroleum Exporting
tion (WHO)
Countries)
Geneva
Paris
World Meteorological
Geneva
and Development)
Organisation (WMO)
Nairobi
sociation (EFTA)
INTL GROUPS/ORGANISATION
Acronym
Full Name
H.Q.
Establishment
NAM
Non-Aligned Movement
Belgrade
1961
CHOGM
Meeting
EU
Brussels,
1993
Belgiwn
SAARC
Kathmandu, 1985
Cooperation
Nepal.
NATO
The North Atlantic Treaty Organization
Brussels
4 April 1949
SEATO
Manila
September 8,
1954
World Panorama 29
INTERPOL
G-8
GROUP OF 8
France
1975
G-77
Group of 77
Geneva
15 June 1964
G-15
GROUP OF 15
Belgrade
September 1989
G-20
Group of 20
1999
ADB
22 August 1966
AL
Arab League
Cairo
22 March 1945
ASIAN
8 August 1967
OPEC
Countries
Vienna
1965
APEC
1989
OECD
and Development
1961
Amnesty
28 May 1961
Red Cross
Red Cross
1864
BRICS
2008
MDG 2015
2000
CENSUS 2011
Chennai
8,696,010
Bangalore
8,499,399
1
Dadra and Nagar Haveli
55.88 %
53.76 %
Puducherry
28.08 %
males.
Meghalaya
27.95 %
sq.km
Arunachal Pradesh
26.03 %
males
1
Kerala
94.00 %
HIGH POPULATION
Lakshadweep
91.85 %
Uttar Pradesh
199,812,341
Mizoram
91.33 %
Maharashtra
112,374,333
Goa
88.70 %
Bihar
104,099,452
Tripura
87.22 %
4
West Bengal
91,276,115
Andhra Pradesh
84,580,777
Kerala
1084
Puducherry
1037
Mumbai
18,414,288
Tamil Nadu
996
Delhi
16,314,838
Andhra Pradesh
993
Kolkata
14,112,536
Manipur
992
vity
aaz
ed
elati
ks
oung gir
or
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, Buland Darw
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Frankfurt German
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Indian History
ANCIENT HISTORY
HISTORY
Inscriptions either on stone or on metal Fahien: He wrote about the Gupta Emperor.
plates are old records of Ancient India. The Hieun-Tsang: He wrote about the Buddhist
study of inscriptions is called epigraphy.
of Harshavardhan.
matics.
e.g. Taxshila monuments about Kushans Pre - historic period is divided into three and
Stupas, Chaityas and Vihars about Mau-sections- Stone age, Bronze age and Iron
rya.
age.
ment of mankind.
lithic Age.
Samveda says about the art of music (i.e. Chalcolithic Age is marked by the use of
melodies)
Sutras: Sutras deal about rituals, Sanskaras, The Civilization flourished around the In-
social life, Medical science etc.
India.
Jatak Kathas: These are the parts of art Lothal, Balakot, Suktagendor and Allahdin and
literature of 3rd century B.C.
and economic conditions of the Mauryas, In the valley of the Indus people used irri-
composed by Kautilya (Chanakya).
gation-based agriculture.
34
Indian History
Hotri.
Sapta Sindhu.
prose.
rifices.
refers to the period when the Vedic Sanskrit LATER VEDIC PERIOD
(1000-500 BC)
The Aryans are supposed to have migrated The later Vedic society came to be divided
from Central Asia into the Indian Subconti-into four varnas called the Brahmanas,
B.C.
Kingdom Location
1. Panchal
2. Kushinagar
-
Northern region of Uttar Pradesh
3. Kashi
Modern Varanasi
4. Koshal
5. Southern Madra
Near Amritsar
6. Uttara Madra
Kashmir
7. Eastern Madra
Near Kangra
8. Kekaya
9. Gandhar
journey.
invaded India.
invaded India.
RELIGIOUS MOVEMENTS
India.
Jainism
Alexander.
at Jhelum.
karas.
Indian History 35
Teachings
help of Chanakya .
Buddhism
dhism.
his court.
agola
He died at Sravanbelagola
follower of Buddhism.
in Sarnath.
Buddhist Councils
IMPORTANT DYNASTIES IN
Number
Name of
Reign
ANCIENT INDIA
Emperor
Maurya
Bindusara
298 BC - 272 BC
Ashoka
274 BC - 232 BC
Dasaratha
232 BC - 224 BC
Samprati
224 BC - 215 BC
Salisuka
215 BC - 202 BC
Devavarman
202 BC - 195 BC
Satadhanvan
195 BC - 187 BC
dhism.
Brihadatha
187 BC - 185 BC
Shishunaga dynasty
B.C, who became the king and founded the Its capital was Pataliputra but later Vidhisha
Shishunaga dynasty.
was the capital of Sunga rulers.
36
Indian History
feated them.
Susarman.
Satvahana Dynasty
ter Mauryans.
Founder- Simuka
Capital Kanchi.
OTHER DYNASTIES
Kharavela was the greatest king of Chedi The Tamil Sangam was an academy of poets
Dynasty.
and bards.
Kingdom
First
Thenmadurai
Agastya
Pandiya
Second
Kapatapuram
Earlier- Agastya
Pandiya
Third
North Madurai
Nakkirar
Pandiya
ital Kaveripattanam.
Ellora
Battles.
The Chennakesava
Belur
temple
Mahabalipuram,
Chandragupta II.
The Brihadeshwara
Tanjavur
temple
Harmpi
Srigupta I
270 AD - 290 AD
Madurai
Ghatotkacha
290 AD - 319 AD
Chandragupta I
319 AD - 335 AD
(AD 320-467)
Samudragupta
335 AD - 375 AD
Chandragupta II
375 AD - 414 AD
Kumaragupta I
415 AD - 455 AD
Skandagupta
455 AD - 467 AD
0 and value of Pi. He wrote Aryabhatiya Gupta Period is also known as the Golden
and Suryasiddhanta.
Indian History 37
NORTHERN INDIA
SOUTHERN INDIA
weakened Pandayas.
temples of Mahablipuram.
Battle of Takkolam.
Buddhacharita
- Asvaghosha
Kirtarjuniya
- Bharavi
Gangas
Ravanavadha
- Bhatti
Ratnavali
- Harshavardhana
Priyadarshika
- Harshavardhana
Uttar Ramacharita
- Bhavabhuti
- Kshemendra
Charak Samhita
- Charak
38
Indian History
MEDIEVAL HISTORY
MEDIEVAL INDIA
North India
nasties came into existence in the northern (i) Slave Dynasty : 1206-1290 AD
(ii) Khilje
: 1290-1320 AD
(iii) Tughlaq
: 1320-1414 AD
: 1414-1451 AD
and Bengal from the 8th to the 12th cen-
(v) Lodhi
: 1451-1526 AD
Kanauj.
Adivaraha.
Tripartite Struggle
tic fervour.
Tripartite conflict was fought among the Muhammad Ghori nominated his trusted
Gurjara-Pratiharas, Rashtrkutas and Palas
The Rajputs
ginning of slave dynasty.
The period between 647 A.D. and 1192 A.D., The Mamluk dynasty or The
i.e. 500 years is known as the Rajput period Slave Dynasty (1206-1290 AD)
Ruler
Reign
Qutbuddin Aibek
(12061210 AD)
Chauhans (Ajmer).
Aram Shah
(12101211 AD)
Ruknuddin Firuz
(1236 AD)
Muizuddin Bahram
(12401242 AD)
Alauddin Masud
(12421246 AD)
Nasiruddin Mahmud
(12461266 AD)
Ghiyasuddin Balban
(12661286 AD)
Chauhan.
Muizuddin Qaiqabad
(12861290 AD)
Kayumars
(1290 AD)
achandra in the Battle of Chadawar in 1194. Qutubuddin Aibak also began the con-
Bakhityar Kaki
tubuddin Aibak.
Solankis of Gujarat.
South India
as the successor.
Rajaraja Chola (985-1014 AD) was one of She was the first and only Muslim lady that
the imperialistic and greatest Chola rulers.
Indian History 39
Bahmani Kingdom
was Gulbarga.
ana).
nameIsmail Mukh).
man Shah.
throne in 1296.
market.
God.
He abolished Iqtas of royal troopers and Bhakti movement originated in South the
payment of their salaries in cash.
AD.
din Tughluq became the Sultan of Delhi in Kabir was an ardent disciple of Ramanan-
1320.
throne in 1325.
Adi Granth.
ment of slaves).
called Gurmukhi.
Sayyed Dynasty.
nasty.
Ratna
Western Bengal.
Gita.
Sufis.
(1336-1565 AD)
& Muslims.
west Asia.
40
Indian History
The prominent sufi saints were Khwaja The Mughul era began with the Baburs
Nizamuddin Aulia, Ganj-e-Shakar Faridud-victory over Ibrahim Lodi in the First Battle
Of Panipat in 1526.
Hamuddin Nagori .
Fariduddin Ganj-i-Shakkar.
He died in 1530.
Qutbuddin Bakhtiar Kaki was the disciple Babur wrote his biography Baburnama
and the spiritual successor of Moinuddin
Chishti.
age of 23 in 1530.
The Chisti order of Sufism was founded in He was defeated in the Battle of Chausa
village Khwaja
and Delhi.
Humayunnama.
teachings. He died in Ajmer in 1236.
He died in 1556.
The Mughals
Ruling Period
Name
1526 - 1530
Zahiruddin Muhammad
Babur
of 13 years in 1556.
Humayun
1555 - 1556
1556 - 1605
Akbar
1605 - 1627
Jahangir
1628 - 1658
Shah Jahan
1658 - 1707
Mohamamed Aurangzeb
(1583).
He died in 1605.
1707 - 1712
1712 - 1713
Mohammad
1713 - 1719
Furrukhsiyar
Birbal Wittiness
Mohamamd Shah
Tansen Singer
Aug 13)
Nikusiyar
1719 - 1748
Mohammad Shah
Faizi Poet
1748 - 1754
1759 - 1806
Shah Alam II
1837 - 1857
Indian History 41
Ibrahim Lodhi
Sunga.
and Humayun
Dara Shikoh
Muhammad Shah(Mughal)
Hussain Khan.
Foreign Travellers
Reign
2. Ibn Batuta
5. Nikitin
Bahmani kingdom
6. Nuniz
India.
: Shah Jahan
Sikh Gurus
Tuzk-i-Babari : Babar
Harkishan (1661-64)
Muhammad Kazim
42
Indian History
MODERN HISTORY
Portuguese
Governor Generals
guese in India which was shifted to Goa After the victory of the English in Buxar, later on.
Dutch
sessions in Bengal.
Dutch arrived in India as a beginning of Warren Hastings was appointed the Gov-
Portuguese decline in 1605.
East Indies.
Cornelis Houtman was the first Dutch who Lord Wellesley is considered to be one
came to India.
of the most brilliant Governor Generals of
Bengal.
French
European Community.
lished at Surat.
to 1823.
Danes
in 1765.
Nawab of Bengal who succeeded Alivardi Lord Canning (AD 1856-58) - Annexation
Khan to the throne.
Company.
Indian History 43
5. Wazir Ali
1797-98
Awadh
6. Nizam-ul-Mulk
1724-48 Hyderabad
Asaf Jah
7. Nasir Jung
1748-50 Hyderabad
8. Muzaffar Jung
1750-51 Hyderabad
9. Salabat Jung
1751-60 Hyderabad
Press act.
1760- Hyderabad
1803
1803-29 Hyderabad
13. Afjal-ud-daulah
1857-69 Hyderabad
1869- Hyderabad
Khan
1911
gress (1907).
1911-49 Hyderabad
1761-82 Mysore
1782-99 Mysore
1792-1839 Punjab
Nawabs
Period
ference (1930).
1717-27
Lord Willington (AD 1931-36) The Sec-
2. Suf-ud-din
1727-39
3. Sarfraz Khan
1739-40
4. Alivardi Khan
1740-56
5. Siraj-ud-daulah
1756-57
6. Mir Jafar
1757-60
7. Mir Qasim
1760-63
Declaration,
8. Mir Jafar
1763-65
9. Najm-ud daulah
1765-72
Indian Independence Act, Partition of the Political Causes: The policy of Doctrine of
country between two independent states of
Lapse.
C. Rajagopalachari.
(1720-1949)
Ruler
Period
Place
1. Sadat Khan
1722-39
Awadh
spark.
Burhan-ul-Mulk
2. Safdar Jung
1739-54
Awadh
3. Shuja-ud-daulah 1754-75
Awadh
Native infantry).
4. Asaf-ud-daulah
1775-97
Awadh
44
Indian History
Mughal emperor Bahadur Shah II was Henry Vivian Derozio was the founder of
proclaimed the Emperor of India.
Causes of Failure of the Revolt: Lack of The Arya Samaj was founded by planning,
organization and leadership.
pressing the revolt as Scindia of Gwalior, The original name of Swami Vivekananda the
Holkar of Indore, the Nizam of Hy-was Narendranath Dutta (1863-1902).
derabad, the Raja of Jodhpur, the Nawab He was famous disciple of Shri Ramkrish-
of Bhopal, the rulers of Patiala, Sindh
na Paramahamsa.
REFORMS
Blavatsky,
Olcott,
an American colonel.
Raja Rammohan Roy is most remembered The Aligarh Movement was started by
Sir Syed Ahmad Khan
for helping Lord William Bentinck to de-
fence in 1829.
lims in India.
Founder
Year Place
Atmiya Sabha
1815 Calcutta
Brahmo Samaj
1828 Calcutta
Dharma Sabha
Radhakanta Dev
1829 Calcutta
Tattvabodhini Sabha
Debendranath Tagore
1839 Calcutta
Nirankaris
Durgaram Manchharam
1844 Surat
Parmahansa Mandali
Dadoba Panderung
1849 Bombay
Namdharis
Ram Singh
1857 Punjab
Tulsi Ram
1861 Agra
1866 Calcutta
Dar-ul-Ulum
1866 Deoband
Prarthna Samaj
1867 Bombay
Arya Samaj
1875 Bombay
Theosophical Society
Madame HP Blavastky and Col 1875 New York (USA)
H. S. Olcott
1878 Calcutta
G. G. Agarkar
1886 Aligarh
ference
M. G. Ranade
1887 Bombay
Deva Samaj
Shivnarayan Agnihotri
1887 Lahore
Nadwah-ul-Ulma
1894 Lucknow
Ramakrishna Mission
Swami Vivekanand
1897 Belur
Gopalakrishan Gokhale
1905 Bombay
Indian History 45
Devadhar
N. M. Joshi
1911 Bombay
Seva Samiti
H. N. Kunzru
1914 Allahabad
Hume.
1928.
2831 December 1885, and was attend-
ed by 72 delegates.
(Sep-
in 26 December 1907.
ed on 30 December 1906.
Declaration.
ership of Bal Gangadhar Tilak and the other It was based on the two-nation theory.
S. No.
Event
Year
Significance
1.
Sepoy Mutiny
Swadeshi Movement
4.
5.
Lucknow Pact
6.
Khilafat Movement
1920 Mohd Ali and Shaukat Ali led the movement for resto-
7.
8.
ment
9.
Swaraj party
1922 Ghandhiji's decision to call off the civil disobedience
46
Indian History
13. Direct Action Campaign 1946 Launched by Muslim league, resulted in heavy riots.
Newspaper/Journal Name
Founder
Kesari
B.G.Tilak
Hindu
Hindustan
M.M. Malviya
Mooknayak
B.R. Ambedkar
Comrade
Mohammad Ali
Tahzib-ul-Akhlaq
Al-Hilal
Independent
Motilal Nehru
Punjabi
Annie Besant
Pratap
Young India
M.K Ghandhi
Hindustan Times
K.M. Pannikar
World History
WORLD HISTORY
Ancient
Medieval
Modern
Mesopotamian Civilization
Europian Civilization
Renaissance
(5000-900 BC)
African Civilization
Reformation
Egyption Civilization
Arab Civilization
Glorious Revolution
(500-30 BC)
Chinese Civilization
Industrial Revolution
Greek Civilization
American Revolution
(776-388 BC)
French Revolution
Russian Revolution
Mesopotamian Civilization
Time Period
Events
3500 BC
Writing started with pictogram based script and took about a thousand year to
be evolved in full cuneiform script.
2300 BC
2112-2095 BC The central city of Ur was built by Ur-Nammu and called as the third
dynasty of Mesopotamian.
1792-49 BC
River.
1530 BC
Kassite came into being in Hammurabis rule in 1750 BC and categorized into
minorities of Mesopotamia.
1500 BC
1200 - 900 BC
Assyria started to lose its importance due to political instability engulfing Anatolia,
Syria, and the Levant coast.
Egyptian Civilization
Time Period
Events
5000 BC
2650 BC
Old kingdom began to flourish which was known to be the era of dynamic
development of Egyptian art.
1539 BC
With the expulsion of the Hyksos and reunification of Egypt, it became the
48
World History
1344-1328 BC The first ever instance of monotheism had been illustrated by the
religious reforms of pharaoh Akhenaton.
525 BC
332 BC
305 BC
the Great.
30 BC
The last queen of independent Egypt died and Roman empire occupied Egypt.
Greek Civilization
Time Period
Events
776 BC
750BC
490-479
Athens and Sparta took lead for defending their land against invasion from
399
338
Roman Civilization
Time Period
Events
753 BC
509BC
390BC
117AD
312AD
410AD
476AD
Time Period
Events
500-600AD
The foundation stone of Roman Catholic Church was laid by Gregory the Great.
650-700AD History of the English Church and People was written by Bede
800AD
Charlemagne, the King of the Franks, was crowned as Holy Roman Emperor.
1200-1250 AD
Rebellion against the king by the Lords of England as he signed the Magna
World History 49
AFRICAN CIVILIZATION
Prophet Muhammad died on Mon-
Time
Events
Medhina.
Period
830AD
1050-
1100AD
southern Spain
riah).
1100-
1150AD
rusalam)
distance trade.
Christian churches
AD
established in Ethiopia
learning
gion.
ARAB CIVILIZATION
Time Period
Events
Medieval China
571AD
632AD
AD
Renaissance
Hazrat Prophet Muhammad Saheb founded naissance generally known for Revival
of the Islam as a religion.
Learning. The Florence city of Italian region
He was born on Monday, April 22nd, 571 A.D. Tuscany was well known as the birth
place (12th Rabi Al Awwal) in Mecca.
of Renaissance.
His father was Abdulsah & mother was Am- Reformation : It was a social movement,
inah.
His mother died when he was 6 year and the sale of letters of Indulgence (as passport
grandfather died 2 years later.
to heaven).
Hijri Era started on 24th September 622 when It was against Roman Catholic
Church.
he migrated to Medina.
tion came to him on Monday, August 10th, Other leader was Caloin of Switzerland.
So 610 AD (21st of Ramadan) at 40 years of age
thority of Pope.
50
World History
Glorious Revolution : It was glorious because American Revolution : It was the
mutiny of of Bloodless Revolution focussed on securing people leaving in 13 colonies
of England in freedom of worship from Catholics and uni-North America in late 18th
century.
French Revolution :
fying whigs and Tories of Anglican church It put an end to French monarchy.
Industrial Revolution : It was the process of It was carried out by Napoleon in later
exchange in earning livelihood by adopting in-
Russian Revolution :
dustrial processes rather than agriculture in It was based on the Marxism ideology.
War
Countries
Duration
Causes
Consequences
1. End of German,
Austrian King A.
Russian, Ottoman, etc.
Ferdin and
empires
2. Militarism ...
2. Formation of
league of Nation
Entente Powers)
II
Britain, France,
Germany
or Entente Powers)
2. Treaty of
Versailles (1919)
Italian Empires
Central Powers)
Trojan War City of Troy Vs. City 10 years
of Sparta
Helen
destruction of Troy
Persian
War
BC
attacked Athens
Persia
Hundred
Years War
1337 B.C.
England invaded
England
France
Russo-
Japanese
AD
authority over
War
Vietnam
War
South-Asia
American forces
China
Iraq-Iran
Iranian invasion
War
AD
between them
failed
Polity
THE PREAMBLE
Democratic Republic.
citizens of India.
B. N. Rau in his memorandum of May 30, It lays down Directive Principles of State
1947 and was later reproduced in the Draft
of October 7, 1947.
INDIAN CONSTITUTION
Article
Importance
Article 36-50
Article 51A
Article 80
nation:
Article 343
Article 356
Imposition of Presidents
Rule in states
Article 370
CONSTITUTION.
Article 395
CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
395 Articles divided in 22 Parts and 8 Article 1 stipulates that India, that is
Schedules.
52 Polity
The country is described as Union because it is indestructible.
Under Articles 2 & 3, Parliament has the power to establish new States, form a new
State.
States Reorganisation Act 1956 was adopted by the Govt. of India that resulted in
the formation of new states & UTs.
FUNDAMENTAL
Indian
Citizenship
Single
Dual Citizenship
Citizenship
entitled to
for PIOs
citizenship
Constitution.
Person
domiciled
Countries.
in India
Acquisition of Citizenship
By Birth
By Descent
By Registration
By Naturalisation By Incorporation of
Territory
Loss of Citizenship
By Renunciation
By Termination
By Deprivation
Fundamental Rights
Article (12-35)
Justiciable in nature (i.e. they are legally enforceable by the court of law).
Parliament can amend them but not those provisions that form the basic
structure of the Constitution.
Polity 53
t. 15,
pus
us
ranto
y to citizens
ticles
32
ar
emediesR
Ar
tiorari
oreigners- Ar
Right to Constitutional
Includes writs:
(2) Mandam
(3) Prohibition
(4) Cer
(5) Quow
vailable onl
FRs a
& Not to F
minorities
ency
ticles
tural and
Ar
29-30
t. 20 & 21
Cur
Protection of
interests of
minorities
Right of
to establish
& administer
educational
institutions
Educational Rights
pt Ar
(29)
(30)
Can be Suspended
during Emerg
exce
.
any
yment of
tain
religion.
uction
conscience &
reedom of
ticles
eligion
25-28
Ar
e religious affairs
orship in cer
rance
es for promotion of
ed from
Right to F
reedom of
reedom from pa
F
free profession, practice &
propagation of
Manag
tax
religion.
religious instr
or w
educational institutions
ro
(25)
(26 )
(27)
(28)
Bor
USA & F
Fundamental Rights
traffic
.
ticles
yment of
Ar
23-24
ticle
Prohibition of
forced labour
Prohibition of
emplo
children in factories
etc
(23)
(24)
t III (Ar
12 to 35)
rest
arP
tain
esidence
life &
ty
reedom
reedom of
xpression,
ticles
y, Association,
Ar
19-22
vement, R
Right to F
6 Rights: F
speech & e
Assembl
Mo
& Profession.
Protection in respect of
con
Protection of
personal liber
Protection against ar
cases
(19)
(20)
(21)
(22)
ta
yment
India
titles
religion,
of
Magna Car
ticles
x etc
tunity in
Ar
14-18
, se
la
Right to Equality
Equality before La
of
Prohibition of
discrimination on
grounds of
race
Equality of
oppor
public emplo
Abolition of
untouchability
Abolition of
(14)
(15)
(16)
(17)
(18)
54 Polity
DIRECTIVE PRINCIPLES OF
STATE POLICY
Sabha.
to the govt.
National Emergency:
FUNDAMENTAL DUTIES
Amendment, 1976
of India (there are eleven such duties, after A State Emergency can be imposed via
the the 86th Constitution Amendment Act, 2002):
following:
Article 356
President of India.
Article 365
Article 53 says that the executive power of 3. Such an emergency must be approved
the Union shall be vested in the President.
Election :
months.
Veto Powers
(a) elected members of both Houses of The President of India is vested with three
Parliament, and
of States.
President of India.
his office any time by addressing the The Vice-President shall be the ex-officio
resignation letter to the Vice-President
of India.
vested in him.
(Article 67)
his pleasure.
advice.
Polity 55
community.
community.
appointed by the President and other The bill can broadly be categorised as:
Minister.
Ordinary Bills
He allocates & reshuffles various portfolios All the Bills other than Financial Bills among
the Ministers.
Money Bills and the Constitutional
Cabinet and the Parliament and keystone of Such Bills can be introduced in either
Cabinet architecture.
UNION LEGISLATURE
a State).
Money Bills
President of India.
Constitution.
Bill.
STATES)
tax.
Financial Bills
Article 80 of the Constitution lays down the A Financial Bill cannot be introduced
maximum strength
Sabha.
Sabha are elected for 6 years. One-third After formation of a new Lok Sabha the of the
members retire every two years.
House.
All the members of the Parliament are The Speaker is the Chief Presiding popularly
elected, except not more than two
members of the Anglo-Indian community, The Speaker and the Deputy Speaker who are
nominated by the President.
(1952-1956)
Speaker (1980-1989)
Polity 57
The Supreme Court of India is the highest The Governor (Article 153-162)
judicial forum and final court of appeal The Governor of a State is appointed by under
the Constitution of India with the
the President of India, and service till the It is the lower and popular house of the age of
65 years.
Impeachment
election
A judge of the Supreme Court can be According to Article 172, duration of removed
under the Constitution only
of India, after a notice signed by at least 100 Legislative Council (Article 169) members
of the Lok Sabha or 50 members It is the upper house.
of the Rajya Sabha is passed by a two-third Parliament may by law create or abolish
majority in each House of the Parliament.
Legislative Council.
by special majority.
HJ Kania (1950-50)
Article-214.
(Article 148-151)
year.
Court.
M.C. Setalvad.
Raj system.
General of India.
58 Polity
Governance
ZG)
India.
area.
area.
ELECTION COMMISSION
(ARTICLE 324-329)
performance in polls.
National Parties
S.
Name
Symbol
Year of Foun-
Current
Current
No.
dation
leader(s)
Lok Sabha
Seats
1. Bharatiya Janata
Lotus
1980
Amit Shah
282 / 543
Party
2. Indian National
Hand
1885
Sonia Gan-
44 / 543
Congress
dhi
1964
Sitaram
9 / 543
India (Marxist)
Yechury
1925
Suravaram 1 / 543
India
Sudhakar
Reddy
1984
Mayawati
0 / 543
States/U.T.s except in the
choose a symbol.
1999
Sharad
Party
Pawar
1998
Mamta
32/545
Congress
Banerjee
Polity 59
TERMS
MISSION
Calling Attention: Moved to call the The Union Public Service Commission attention
of a Minister to matters of public
importance.
promulgated by the head of the State in a Age of retirement for a member of UPSC
day during the meetings of the Parliament NITI Aayog or National Institution for is
allotted for asking the questions by the
body to hold its meetings and conduct its It will be providing strategic and technical
business.
after the Question Hour when the members The National Development Council was raise
any issue of public importance on
Adjournment
To draw attention of
motion
Parliament to a matter of
FINANCE COMMISSION
this motion.
No Confidence
established.
Motion
It is a quasi-judicial body.
If No Confidence Motion
members.
is passed, Council of
LOKPAL
to be admitted.
corruption institution.
Sabha.
60 Polity
LOKAYUKTA
Important Amendments
the Governor of the State. In most of the States, The Constitution (24th Amendment)
the term of office fixed for Lokayukta is of 5
is earlier.
Constitution.
ADVOCATE GENERAL
Vice-President.
functions are similar to those of the Attorney The Constitution (42nd Amendment)
General.
of National Emergency.
ARTICLE 370
States?
States.
Act, 1989:
21 to 18.
relation to J&K.
seats in Panchayats.
Municipalities.
States.
to promoting e-Governance.
There are three types of bills that seek to G2C (Government to citizen)
Simple Majority.
by Special Majority.
3. Bills that have to be passed by Special plan of the Government of India to make all
Majority and also to be ratified by not less government services available to the citizens
than one-half of the State Legislatures.
of India via electronic media.
PB <folio>
Geography
Universe, the vast and infinite space having million of galaxies is believed to be at least 10
billion light years in diameter it has been expanding since its creation in the Big Bang
The Big Bang Theory is the leading explanation about how the universe began.
Solar system consist of 8 planets: Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and
Neptune. It also consist of stars.
Planets
Planet
Rolational Time
Orbital Time
No. of Moons
Mercury
59 Days
88 Days
Venus
243 Days
255 Days
Earth
1 Day
365 Days
1
Mars
1.03 Days
687 Days
Jupiter
9 hrs 56 min
11 yrs 11 months
16
Saturn
10 hrs 40 min
29 yrs 5 months
18
Uranus
17 hrs 14 min
84 yrs
17
Neptune
16 hrs 7 min
164 yrs
Pluto
6 Days 9 hrs
248 yrs
1
Some facts about planets
Neptune
Venus
Sirus
7. Closest Star of Solar System is Proxima 23. Smallest Satellite is Deimos Centauri
Keywords in Universe
satellites is Saturn
Stars : The celestial body with their own
Mercury
Jupiter
62 Geography
Milky Way Galaxy : Our solar system Latitudes : The angular distance of a place
belongs to this galaxy.
Orbits : The elongated path on which the Longitudes : The angular distance of a planets
revolve round the sun.
place east or west of the Prime Meridian.
Planets : The bodies made up of rocks or Pole : Either of the two poles north or south
gases and liquids with no light of their own
all satellites going round their respective Hemispheres : Any of the two halves of planets
are also termed as the moons.
respectively.
Shooting stars : The rapidly moving meteors Tropic of Cancer : The latitude line that
burn upon entering the earths
measuring 2330 N.
atmosphere.
measuring 2330 S.
6630 N.
tail moving around the solar system.
Earth
ing 6630 S.
Capricorn.
their axis.
Lattitudes
Major Continents
Major Countries
Tropic of
North America,
Cancer
Equator
South America,
Africa, Asia
Tropics of
South America,
Capricorn
Africa, Asia
Island, etc.
62 Geography
Geography 63
Atmosphere
Types of Rocks
Atmosphere is a mixture of gases. Divide into On the basis of modes of formation there 4
layers
Component
Nitrogen
78.08%
Oxygen
20.94%
Argon
0.93%
Carbon dioxide
0.03%
Neon
0.0018%
Helium
0.0005%
Ozone
0.00006%
Hydrogen
0.00005%
metamorphic rocks.
Geographical Phenomena
pulses of energy called Seismic waves that India is the seventh largest country in the
can pass through the entire Earth.
world.
Cyclone
Cyclones
Region
Typhoons
China
Tropical
Indian Ocean
Hurricanes
Caribbean sea
Tornadoes
USA
Countries
Indian States
Willy-Willy
Australia
Pakistan
Jammu and Kashmir, Punjab,
Taifu
Japan
Tides
China
Nepal
Sun.
Bengal
Bangladesh
Spring tides.
Bhutan
Myanmar
Waves
64 Geography
mountain range.
peaks.
of this range.
Chhattisgarh.
Himalayan passes
64 Geography
Geography 65
Jammu &
Lakes Name
State
Sheshnag Lake
Kashmir
Andhra Pradesh
Kanwar Lake
Bihar
Pampa Sarovar
Hamirsar Lake, Kankaria Lake, Gujarat
Ashtamudi Lake,
Kerala
Maanaanchira Lake
Himachal
Madhya
Pradesh
Pradesh
Moti Jheel
Uttar Pradesh
Umiam Lake
Meghalaya
Loktak Lake
Manipur
Kanjia Lake
Name
Origin From
Fall into
Length (km)
Ganges
Combined Sources
Bay of Bengal
2525
Satluj
Chenab
1050
Indus
2880
Ravi
Chenab
720
Beas
Satluj
470
Jhelum
Verinag in Kashmir
Chenab
725
Yamuna
Yamunotri
Ganga
1375
Chambal
M.P.
Yamuna
1050
Ghagra
Matsatung Glacier
Ganga
1080
Kosi
Ganga
730
Betwa
Vindhyanchal
Yamuna
480
Son
Amarkantak
Ganga
780
Brahmaputra
Bay of Bengal
2900
Narmada
Amarkantak
Gulf of Khambat
1057
Tapti
Gulf of Khambat
724
Mahanadi
Bay of Bengal
858
Luni
Aravallis
Rann of Kuchchh
450
Ghaggar
Himalayas
Near Fatehabad
494
Sabarmati
Aravallis
Gulf of Khambat
416
Krishna
Western ghats
Bay of Bengal
1327
Godavari
Bay of Bengal
1465
Cauvery
Brahmagir Range of Western Ghats
Bay of Bengal
805
Tungabhadra
Western Ghats
Krishna River
640
66 Geography
Port
State
Kandla
Gujarat
Mumbai
Maharashtra
Jawaharlal Nehru
Maharashtra
Marmugoa
Goa
Manglore
Karnataka
Kochi
Kerala
Haldia
West Bengal
Paradip
Odisha
Vishakapatnam
Andhra Pradesh
Chennai
Tamil Nadu
Ennore
Tamil Nadu
Tutikorin
Tamil Nadu
Mineral resources
Aluminium
- Kerala.
Antimony
Asbestos
Bauxite
Cement
pur (Haryana).
China Clay
Chromite
Coal
Cobalt
Copper
(Khetri).
Diamond
Gold
Graphite
Gypsum
Iron Ore
- Singhbhum (Jharkhand), Chhattisgarh, Keonjhar and Mayurbhanj
(Odisha).
66 Geography
Geography 67
Lac
- West Bengal.
Lead
Lignite
Limestone
Manganese
Marble
- Jaipur (Rajasthan).
Mica
Petroleum
Red Stone
- Jodhpur (Rajasthan).
Salt
Tungsten
Uranium
- Bihar.
Zinc
Climate of India
NH
Connects
NH 1
New Delhi-Ambala-Jalandhar-Amritsar.
climate.
NH 2
Delhi-Mathura-Agra-Kanpur-
Allahabad-Varanasi-Kolkata.
NH 3
Agra-Gwalior-Nasik-Mumbai.
production of coffee.
Belgaum.
NH 5
in the world.
Kolkata-Chennai.
NH 6
Kolkata-Dhule.
WORLD GEOGRAPHY
NH 7
Asia
NH 8
Ahmedabad).
NH 9
Mumbai-Vijaywada.
NH 10 Delhi-Fazilka.
here.
NH 24 Delhi-Lucknow.
Africa
NH 26 Lucknow-Varanasi.
Water ways
National
- Allahabad to Haldia.
waterways-1
of Africa.
National
- Sadiya to Dhubri
waterways-2
North America
National
- Kollam to
waterways-3
Kottapuram.
National
- Kakinada to Pondicherry.
the world.
waterways-4
South America
National
- Talcher to Dhamra.
waterways-5
National
- Lakhipur to Bhanga,
waterways6
(Proposed).
68 Geography
Antarctica
3.
Indian
Laccadive Seas
stations in Antarctica.
5.
Arctic
Europe
of Greenland sea.
world.
Regions
Grassland
Australia
Australia
Dawns
South America
Pampas
North America
Prairies
Savannah
South America
Selvas
Pacific
Taiga
2.
South Africa
Velds
Mountain name
Metres
Feet
Country
Continent
Mount Everest
8848
29029
Nepal, China
Asia
Aconcagua
6962
22841
Argentina
South America
Mount McKinley
6194
20320
USA
North America
Mount Kilimanjaro
5892
19340
Tanzania
Africa
Mount Elbrus
5642
18310
Russia
Europe
Vinson Massif
4892
16050
NA
Antarctica
Puncak Jaya
4884
16024
Indonesia
Australasia
Boundary Line
Countries
Radcliffe Line
Durand Line
49th Parallel
38th parallel
Hindenberg Line
Maginot Line
68 Geography
Geography 69
Longest Rivers
Name, Nation/Continent
Length in kms
Nile Africa
6695
3.25
6516
6.14
6380
1.72
5959
3.20
Ob Irtysh, Russia
5568
2.97
5550
2.55
Yellow (Hwang Ho), China
5464
4667
4500
2.58
Lakes
Deepest Lakes
1620 m
Tanganyika, Africa
1463 m
1025 m
706 m
Issyk-Kul, Kyrgyzstan
702 m
Deserts
Subtropical
2,300,000 sq. km
647,475 sq. km
582,727 sq. km
Chihuahuan, Mexico
453,232 sq. km
Thar, India/Pakistan
453,232 sq. km
388,485 sq. km
Gibson, Australia
310,788 sq. km
310,788 sq. km
Simpson/Stony, N Africa
145,034 sq. km
139,854 sq. km
Cool Coastal
Atacama, Chile SA
139,854 sq. km
Cold Winter
Gobi, China
1,166,450 sq km
Patagonian, Argentina
673,374 sq km
492,081 sq. km
349,636 sq. km
336,687 sq. km
297,838 sq. km
Taklamakan, China
271,939 sq. km
Iranian, Iran
258,990 sq. km
Economy
INTRODUCTION
Worlds fourth largest in terms of real GDP Agriculture was given to priority to support
after USA, China and Japan.
self-generating economy.
inflation.
S. N. Agarwal.
Main emphasis was on growth rate of ag-
M. N. Roy.
forward
Narayan.
by D.D. Dhar.
It was set up on March 15, 1950 under the Target growth rate was 4.4% and the actual
chairmanship J.L. Nehru, by a resolution of
Union Cabinet.
It is an extra-constitutional, non-statutory
body.
one deputy-Chair appointed by the PM and There were two Sixth Plans. Janta Govern-
some full time members.
NITI Aayog.
PLANS
Community
Development
Program
launched in 1952
er and transport.
Economy 71
It was postponed by two years because of P = Price of final goods & services.
political uncertainty at the Centre.
highlight.
rate: 6.78%
country is excluded.
GNP = GDP + (X M)
num.
(NFIA)
So,
culated in 2 ways:-
Major objective:
= GNP Depreciation
NNP
goods produced.
12th plan
duction.
fc
mp
National Income is the money value of all When NNP is obtained at factor cost, it is the
final goods & services which produced known as National Income.
power.
fc
mp
Measures/Concepts of National
Income
paid by government.
one year.
SOCIAL SECURITY PROVISIONS = Payments
GDP = Q P,
provident fund
72 Economy
current price
BUDGET
NI CONSTANT PRICE = Total quantity of
Budget
Revenue A/C
Capital A/C
Receipts
Expenditure
Expenditure
Tax
Non Tax
loans to Economic,
Defence
Economic Services
General Services
& Others
(Agriculture Industries,
(Police, Judiciary,
UTs
Community
Transportation, Trade)
Defence)
development
Income &
Commodities
Expenditure
& Services
Currency
Coinage
Others
Services (Education,
Receipts
& Mint
Property
Medical, Employment)
& Capital
Interest
Receipts &
Dividends
Net Recoveries
of Loans &
Borrowing Savings
Advances
Collections
Indian Tax Structure
Tax Structure present in India is very strong and follows the financial year.
Direct taxes are those which are imposed on a person either on his income or wealth and
the tax liability cannot be escaped. It is governed by Central Board of Direct Taxes (CBDT).
Indirect tax is col ected by middle men in the channels of distribution of goods and it is
remitted to the Government treasury. It is governed by Central Board of Excise and
Customs (CBEC).
Central Government
State Government
Local Government
Direct taxes
Indirect taxes
Direct taxes
Indirect taxes
Property tax
Income tax
Water tax
Wealth tax
Service tax
Central sales
Economy 73
Features
and Employment.
across India.
1. Ahimsa Messengers
GST Replaces
States Taxes
Central Taxes
VAT/Sales Tax
Central Excise
2. CSWB
Duty
Medicines and
Toilet
Local Tax
Additional Cus-
tom Duty
Tax
Duty
Purchase Tax
Countervailing
Duty
govt. schemes.
Levis
4. SABLA
Luxury Tax
charges
Tax on Lottery
and Betting
Inter-state Tax
grains.
39.93%.
5. Saksham
2012.
Unemployment in India
gang-rape incident.
women.
6. STEP
74 Economy
Policies
1974
2001
2004
2014
INDUSTRIES:
(RTE)
elementary education
under 14 years.
in India.
Maharatna
cancer.
Category II)
and National Food Security Bill (NFSB) will As on 26 October, 2014 there are 7 Maharatna,
be undertaken.
(iv) GAIL
(v) NTPC
To provide comprehensive healthcare and (vi) Oil & Natural Gas Corporation (ONGC)
improve the quality of life of children focus (vii) Steel Authority of India (SAIL) on 4D.
Talipes etc.).
these are:
1.
ICDS
2.
3.
4.
Engineers India Limited
5.
Dhanlakshmi
6.
ited
7.
ditions:
8.
9.
immunization
poration Limited
Economy 75
ited
Cement)
15.
Co-operative industries
ited
(A) Objectives
Heavy industries
to maintain a sustained growth in produc-
Light industries
tivity.
main regions:
sources.
3. Gangetic Plains
4. South India
Cotton Industry
(Kolkata)
Policy.
Industry
Bengal)
compulsory licensing).
Sugar Industry
1900 Bihar
Jute Industry
Bengal)
Paper Industry
1812 Serampur
Classification of Industries:
(W. Bengal)
materials
(Assam)
Nadu)
BANKING IN INDIA
by the industry
Consumer goods industries: these are Established on April 1, 1935 with a capi-the
industries whose finished products
tal of ` 5 crore.
consumers.
ings.
76 Economy
Scheduled Banks
Scheduled Commercial
Scheduled
Non-Scheduled
Banks (163)
Cooperative
(Mentioned in II Schedule
Banks (69)
of RBIACT, 1934)
Scheduled
Scheduled
Urban
State
Public Sector
Private Sector
RRBs(82)
Cooperative
Cooperative
Banks (26)
Banks (21)
Bank (53)
Bank (16)
Nationalised
Bank (20)
Deshmukh (1948-49).
RBI follows Minimum Reserve System Rationing of Credit, Regulation of Credit for worth
200 crore (` 115 crore gold &
` 85 crore bond).
operated in RBI.
Functions of RBI
Issuance of note.
Bankers Bank.
Controller of Credit
policy in India.
Economy 77
sisting, regulating and controlling, business The credit of Green Revolution goes to Dr.
Swaminathan in India.
work.
Other Revolutions
Revolution
Area
Yellow Revolution
Oil Seeds
SEBI
White Revolution
Milk
Blue Revolution
Fish
Pink Revolution
Shrimp
Grey Revolution
Fertiliser
Golden Revolution
Horticulture
ta.
Functions of SEBI:
India
production.
AGRICULTURE
(FDI)
Importance
ulation and employment to 58.4% of total A Multi National Enterprise (MNE) may work
force.
greenfield investment
port earnings.
Stocks in India
removed.
FDI In India
$ 39.32 billion
of India (FCI).
78 Economy
FINANCIAL INCLUSION
tions.
2. Swabhimaan Scheme
4. PAHAL Scheme
during deferment.
gust, 2014.
accompanied by a fall in the general price
level.
courage imports.
holders.
relatively elastic.
GLOSSARY
other document.
property.
ment.
is equal to 1/100th of 1%. This is used to Payee (Drawee): The person who receives
measure changes in interest rates, stock-a payment. This often applies to cheque.
curities.
market.
Bank Rate: It is the rate of interest charged Reverse Repo Rate: The rate at which RBI
by the Reserve Bank of India for lending
securities.
GENERAL SCIENCE
Physics
Physics is the branch of science which deals with the study of matter, energy, and the
interaction between them.
A scalar is a physical quantity that has only a magnitude (size) E.g. : Distance, speed, time,
power, energy, etc.
A vector is a physical quantity that has both a magnitude and a direction. E.g. Velocity,
displacement, acceleration, force etc.
Some physical quantities like moment of inertia, stress, etc. are neither scalar nor vector.
They are tensor.
Physical Quantity
SI Unit
Symbol
Length
meter
Mass
kilogram
Kg
Time
second
Electric Current
ampere
Temperature
kelvin
Luminous intensity
candela
Cd
Amount of substance
mole
mol
S. No
Physical Quantity
cgs unit
SI unit
Relation
1.
Force
dyne
newton
2.
Work
erg
joule
force.
will remain at rest or in uniform motion Cream separator, centrifugal dryer, etc, remains
in uniform motion unless acted on
FRICTION
Second law of Motion - The rate of two surfaces move or try to move across each change
of momentum of a body is directly other.
proportional to the unbalanced external Friction always opposes the motion or at-
CIRCULAR MOTION
brakes,
along a circular path an external force Work refers to an activity involving a force
required to act radially inward.
A pseudo force that is equal and opposite The SI unit of work is the joule (J),
80 Physics
Energy
ous forms.
can only be transferred to other objects or The escape velocity of Earth is about 11.2
of Conservation of energy.
km/sec.
in space.
Conversion of Energy
Dynamo-
Electrical Energy.
Mechanical Energy.
approximately 35,800 kilometres (22,300
Microphone-
trical Energy.
Loud Speaker-
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF
Sound Energy.
Electric Bulb-
Solar Cell
cal energy.
Power
GRAVITATION
indication of storm.
On Earth, gravity gives weight to physical Slow fall in barometric reading is the indi-
objects employing a downward force to
cation of rain.
the sun holds the planets in elliptical orbits Atmospheric pressure decreases
with altitude.
The force of gravity depends upon the objects It is difficult to cook on the mountain.
aeroplane.
W = mg
equator.
Archimedes Principle :
moon =
gearth
Physics 81
tent heat.
water displaced by the immersed portion of The amount of heat that is required to raise
the temperature of a unit mass of a sub-a ship is equal to its weight. So, small ball of
Sublimation :
HEAT
ent scales.
troughs.
C F 32 R
K 273 Ra 492
5
9
efactions.
The normal temperature of a human body Echo: The repetition of sound due to reflec-is
37C or 98.6F.
At 40 temperature, celsius and fahrenheit Sonar: It stands for sound navigation and
ranging. It is used to measure the depth of
shipwrecks.
diation, or light.
Radiation:
around us.
(a) Radiant energy travels in straight lines Waves in water and sound waves in air are and
when some object is placed in the path,
made to interfere.
82 Physics
Medium
a medium to propagate.
Air(0C)
332
light, radio waves, X-rays etc.
Iron
5130
Glass
5640
called photons.
ultrasonics.
km/sec.
of sound is increased.
Matter
Nature
Example
Transparent
Translucent
Opaque
It does not allow the incident light to pass through. mirror, metal,
wood, etc.
radio waves.
water purification.
Reflection of light
electromagnetic waves in the portion of the Reflection by Plane Mirror The image
spectrum just beyond the limit of the red formed by the plane mirror is always erect, of
portion of visible radiation.
object is.
diagonosis.
Position of object
Position of image
parison to object
Concave mirror
At infinity
At focus
Highly diminished
Real, inverted
Physics 83
Real, inverted
centre of curvature
centre of curvature
Real, inverted
ture
ture
Real, inverted
centre of curvature
ity
At focus
At infinity
Highly enlarged
Real, inverted
Enlarged
Virtual, erect
pole
Convex mirror
At infinity
At Focus
Highly diminished
Virtual, erect
Infront of mirror
Virtual, erect
focus
(iii) In opthalmoscope to examine eye, ear, critical angle for which angle of refraction nose
by doctors.
it provides the maximum rear field of (i) Endoscopy using optical fibre.
Refraction of Light
The bending of the light ray from its path in (v) Appearance of air bubbles in glass paper
passing from one medium to the other medi-weight.
mal relative to the incident ray, then the by small particles present in the atmosphere.
second medium is said to be denser than Red colour scatters least and violet most. Some
the first medium. But if the refracted ray phenomena like reddish appearance of the sun
bends away from the normal, then the sec-at sunrise and sunset, blue colour of sky, white
ond medium is said to be rarer than the colour of clouds etc. based on scattering of light.
first medium.
Human Eye
(ii) Oval Shape of sun in the morning and human eye is from 25 cm (least distance of
evening.
distinct vision to infinity (far point).
(iv) Coins appear raised in glass filled with Defects of Vision & Remedies water.
and sunrise.
84 Physics
Causes:
electromagnetic interactions.
eye ball.
rays at retina.
time.
Hyperopia or Hypermetropia (long (far) Electrical currents generate magnetic
sightedness)
clearly.
Causes:
followed by copper.
Insulators
Remedy: Convex lens is used to converge the The resistance is the obstruction offered to
rays at retina.
Target group: It can affects both children and Electric cell : It is the device used to convert
adults.
chemical energy into electrical energy.
blurry vision. Cylindrical lens is used to Fuse is a safety device that protects an correct
astigmatism.
Cataract
Transformer
It is the clouding of the lens of the eye that Transformer is a device which converts low
prevent a person to see.
versa.
make it cloudy.
Remedy:
etc.
(lenses).
AC Generator/Dynamo/Alternator
Dispersion of light :
It is an electric device used to convert me-
D.C. Motor
persion of light.
called spectrum.
Its uses
Microscope It is used to see magnified image (i) In D.C. fans, exhaust, ceiling, table fans,
etc.
of a tiny objects.
Telescope It is used to increase the visual (iii)In running tram-cars, trains, etc.
objects clearly.
MAGNETISM
ELECTRICITY
etc.
ena associated with the presence and flow The force of attraction of a magnet is great-of
electric charge.
Physics 85
other.
other.
and free to rotate, its South Pole will move X-rays are electromagnetic radiations of
very towards the North Pole of the earth and short wavelength (0.1 to 100 ) and
high vice versa.
Uses /Applications
Properties
a-ray
b-ray
g-ray
Origin
Nucleus
Nucleus
Nucleus
Nature
Positively charged
Negatively
Neutral
charged
Composition
2He4
1e0
Photon
Mass
6.410-31 kg
9.110-31kg
zero
Charge
+2 e
zero
Penetrating power
Minimum
In between the
Maximum
other two
Ionising power
Maximum
In between the
Minimum
other two
Velocity
1% to 99% of
3108 m/s
to 2.2 10 7 m/s
velocity of light
Nuclear Fission: The process of splitting of a heavy nucleus into two nuclei of
comparable size and release of large energy is called fission, eg. atom bomb.
Nuclear Fusion : The process in which two or more lighter nuclei combine to form a
heavy nucleus is known as nuclear fusion, e.g. hydrogen bomb.
Scientist
Year
Atom
John Dalton
1808
Law of floatation
Archemedes
1827
W.Fox Talbot
1835
Dynamite
Alfred Nobel
1867
X-Rays
Roentgen
1895
Radioactivity
Henry Becquerel
1896
Electron
J.J. Thomson
1897
Radium
Madam Curie
1898
Wireless telegram
Marconi
1901
86 Physics
Diode
1904
Principle of relativity
Albert Einstein
1905
Proton
Goldstein
1886
Raman effect
C.V. Raman
1928
Neutron
James Chadwick
1932
Invention
Inventor
Country
Year
Aeroplane
Wright brothers
USA
1903
Ball-point pen
C. Biro
Hungary
1938
Barometer
E. Torricelli
Italy
1644
Bicycle
K. Macmillan
Scotland
1839
Calculating machine
Pascal
France
1642
Centrigrade scale
A. Celsius
France
1742
Diesel engine
Rudolf Diesel
Germany
1892
Dynamo
Michael Faraday
England
1831
Electric lamp
USA
1879
Dr lee do forest
USA
1923
Fountain Pen
L.E. Waterman
USA
1884
Jet Engine
England
1937
Lift
E.G. Otis
USA
1852
Match (safety)
J.E. Lundstrom
Sweden
1855
Microphone
David Hughes
USA
1878
Motor car(petrol)
Karl Benz
Germany
1885
Motorcycle
Edward Butler
England
1884
Printing Press
J. Gutenberg
Germany
1455
Radio
G.Marconi
England
1901
Razor (safety)
USA
1895
Refrigerator
J. Harrison and A.
Britain
1834
Catlin
Sewing machine
B. Thimmonnier
France
1830
James Watt
Scotland
1765
Stainless Steel
Harry Brearley
England
1913
Telephone
Television
Scotland
1926
Thermometer
Galileo Galilei
Italy
1593
Chemistry
Chemistry is the branch of science which deals with study of matter and various
changes it undergoes.
STATES OF MATTER
Matter
Pure Substances
Mixtures
Solid
Liquid
Gas
Homogeneous
Heterogeneous
Elements
Compounds
Organic
Inorganic
Metalic
Metalloids
Non-metallic
Classification of Matter
Matter
to a liquid.
of the three states of matter- Solid, Liquid A physical change is a change in matter
or Vapour (Gas).
Solids
Liquids
identify of the original substance is changed
definite shape.
Gases
ATOM
Gases have neither a definite volume nor An atom is the smallest unit of an
element.
definite shape.
They takes the volume and shape of the The nucleus carries a positive charge.
88 Chemistry
Element
called elements.
The element is the simplest form of matter gen, neon, helium, and other gases.
Compound
eg. (H2O)
cannot be separated by physical means and Heavy water is deuterium oxide (D2O),
are held together by chemical bonds.
Common Name
Chemical Name
Composition
Formula
Alum
Potash
Potassium, Sulphur,
K2SO4Al2(SO4)3
Aluminium, Hydrogen
and Oxygen
hypochlorite
Oxygen
Blue Vitriol
Copper sulphate
CuSO4.5H2O
Oxygen
Caustic Potash
Potassium
hydroxide
and Oxygen
Chalk
Calcium
CaCO3
carbonate
Oxygen
Caustic Soda
Oxygen
Baking Soda
NaHCO3
ate
Common Salt
Sodium chloride
NaCl
Epsom Salt
Magnesium sul-
phate
and Oxygen
Galena
Lead sulphide
PbS
Green Vitriol
Iron sulphate
Oxygen
Glauber's salt
Gypsum
CaSO4.2H2O
dihydrate
Laughing gas
Nitrous oxide
N2O
Lime water
Ca(OH)2
and Oxygen
Chemistry 89
Litharge
Lead monoxide
PbO
Plaster of Paris
hemihydrate
Sodium silicate
Na2SiO3
Oxygen
Quick lime
Calcium oxide
CaO
Red lead
Triplumbic
Pb3O4
Sal ammoniac
NH4CI
ride
and chlorine
Na2CO3.10H2O
ing soda
NaHCO3
ate
Carbon and Oxygen
White vitriol
Zinc sulphate
ZnSO4.7H2O
There are two types of elements- metals Silver Iodide (AgI) is used for artificial
rain.
FUELS
Metals
and malleable, possess lustre and conduct LPG (Liquified petroleum gas) is a
mixture of heat and electricity are termed metals.
are solid.
Coal
Non-Metals
anions.
Non metals are non lustrous and bad Acids are chemical compounds that taste
conductors of heat and electricity.
Occurrence of Metals
H2CO3, etc.
(RbOH), etc.
Metals Compounds
reaction occurs.
caustic and is used to prepare the ink used The pH of a solution measures the
hydrogen during voting.
an insecticide and for washing old oil Human blood pH should be slightly alkaline
paintings.
(7.35-7.45).
90 Chemistry
Occurring Acids
Acid
Source
Citric acid
carbon atoms.
Maleic acid
Unripe apple
Tartaric acid
Tamarind
Acetic acid
Vinegar
Lactic acid
Milk
Hydrochloric acid
Stomach
Polymer
Use
Oxalic acid
Tomato
Polythene
Packaging material,
household substances
Polypropene
Acidic
Basic (Alkaline)
(PVC)
1. Bathroom acid
1. Milk of magnesia
(Antacids)
Nylon (Polyester)
2. Vitamin C tablets
Teflon
(Ascorbic acid)
2. Toothpaste
Vinyl rubber
Rubber erasers
3. Lemon juice
3. Soap solution or
detergent solution.
Polystyrene
Foam Thermocole
4. Orange juice
4. Solution of washing
soda.
diene)
5. Tomato juice
Bakelite
Electrical insulation
wash
buttons
6. Vinegar
Lexan
Fizzy drinks
7. (Colas &
Melamine
Crockery
Sodawater)
RADIOACTIVITY
substances
14. 0
Ammonia
11. 0
Baking Soda
8. 3
7. 35 to 7.45
and Gamma
7. 0
Milk: Acid
6. 6
helium atom
Tomatoes
4. 5
4. 0
penetrating power.
Apples
3. 0
Vinegar
2. 2
Lemon Juice
2. 0
Battery Acid
1. 0
Urine(Human)
5. 5 to 7. 5
Tears
7. 4
Electroplating
Sea water
8. 5
Milk (Cow)
6. 3 to 6. 6
Coffee
5.0
Tooth paste
9.0
corrosion of a metal.
Chemistry 91
bonded to carbon.
properties.
Allotropes of Carbon
Diamond
Graphite
Amorphous Carbons
It is purest form of
carbon.
pyrolysis.
It is hardest natural
It is good conductor of
Pyrolysis is
substance.
the process of
It is highly
transparent
substance on heating
It is bad conductor
It is used in jewellry
examples.
& industries.
GLASS
Glass is a mixture of an alkali silicate with the animal systems. For example
penicillin, silicate of a base, that is, silica, sodium silicate chloramphenicol etc.
pathogens, etc.
(iii) Soda or Soft Glass is used for making formation of antibodies in a host. For
example bottles, window panes, etc.
bacteria, virus etc.
(iv) Potash Glass or Hard Glass is used for Antipyretic : A substance used to lower
body making beakers, flasks, funnel, etc.
temperature.
gunamidine.
(vii) Glass Laminates is used to make Antacids : Substances which neutralise the
windows and screens of cars, trains and
aircraft.
(viii) Jena Glass is used for making laboratory level in stomach are called antacids.
Soaps and Detergents : Soaps are the sodium not have any food value. It is used by
diabetic or potassium salts of fatty acids.
patients.
92 Chemistry
Branches of Science
Laryngology
study of larynx
Adenology
study of glands
Mastology
study of mammals or
mammary glands or
Angiology
breast diseases
lymphatic system
Meteorology
study of weather
Arthrology
study of joints
Myology
study of muscles
Barology
study of gravitation
Neonatology
Bromatology
study of food
Nephrology
Carpology
seeds
Obstetrics
study of midwifery
Cetology
Odontology
study of teeth
dolphins
Oncology
study of tumours
Cosmology
Pathology
study of disease
Craniology
Dactylography
Pharmacology
study of drugs
Demology
study of human
Physiology
behaviour
Pyretology
study of fevers
Ecology
study of environment
Radiology
study of X-rays
Endocrinology
Entomology
study of insects
applications.
Geology
Seismology
study of earthquakes
Hematology
study of blood
Hepatology
study of liver
Toxicology
study of poisons
Herpetology
Urology
amphibians
tract
Hypnology
Virology
study of viruses
hypnosis
Ichthyology
study of fish
Xylology
study of wood
Irenology
veterinary surgery
Kalology
study of beauty
Zoology
study of animals
Biology
INTRODUCTION
Biology is the study of life and living organism, The function of plasma membrane is
the including their structure, function, evolution,
Aristotle is often called the father of Ribosomes were first observed by Palade.
biology.
endoplasmic reticulum.
generation.
Natural selection.
of western medicine .
Edward Jenner is famous for creating the Study of genes is known as genetics.
of immunology)
chromosomes.
ecology
It is double stranded.
proteins.
CELLS
Mutation
known as mutation.
Sex Determination
Largest isolated single cell- egg of an ostrich X and Y are the sex chromosomes
which
mycoplasma.
x & y.
94 Biology
Digestion of Food
Name of the
Name of the enzymes
Substrate
End product
Digestive
juice
Saliva
Ptyalin (Salivary
Starch
Maltose
amylase)
Pancreatic
juice
amylase)
Glycogen
Intestinal
Sucrase (invertase),
juice
Maltase, Lactase
Lactose
Gastric Juice
Pepsin, Rennin
Proteins,
Casein
Calcium caseinate
Pancreatic
Juice
Carboxyl peptidases
Peptides
Amino acid.
Intestinal
Amino peptidase,
Peptides
Amino acids
juice
Dipeptidase
Vitamin
Chemical
Function in Body
Deficiency Disease
Sources
Name
B1
Thiamine
pyrophosphate respiration
heart disorders
B2
Riboflavin
B12
Cyanoco-
Coenzyme needed
balamin
etc.
cells, etc.
B5
Nicotinic
Part of coenzymes
nerve disorders
foods.
respiration
C
Ascorbic acid Not precisely known Scurvy: degeneration Lemon, orange, etc.
vessels.
Retinol
Visual pigment,
rhodopsin
eyes
Rickets: bone
Found in dairy
products, etc.
Tocopherol
Found primarily in
K
Phylloquinone Involved in blood
clotting
vegetables, etc.
Biology 95
Minerals
Source
Function
Sodium (Na) Table salt large amounts is present in for proper fluid balance, etc.
Chloride
Table salt, large amounts is present for proper fluid balance, etc.
Potassium
Calcium
Phosphorus
Meat, fish, poultry, eggs, milk, Important for healthy bones and teeth,
processed foods.
etc.
Magnesium
Nuts and seeds; etc.
Sulfur
meats, etc.
Iron
Iodine
soil, etc.
Circulatory System
Respiratory System
The organ system which aids in the process of Generally present in arthopods and
respiration is called the Respiratory system.
molluscs.
circulatory.
Respiratory
Animals
Organ
Lungs
Amphibians
produced by the excitation of cardiac
Gills
muscles.
Skin
Trachea
Insects
Skeletal System
Axial Skeleton
Appendicular Skeleton
Skull
Vertebral Sternum
Ribs
column
Girdles
Limbs
96 Biology
S. No. Endocrine
Hormone
Action
gland
Pituitary Growth hormones, Regulates the growth of bone and tissue. Controls
(Master
Anti-diuretic
gland)
Corticotrophic
hormone
Pineal
Melatonin
Thyroid
Thyroxine
Thymus
Thymosin
Adrenal
Cortisone
Pancreas
Insulin
Ovary
Estrogen
Testis
Testosterone
Development of many masculine features such as
MECHANISM
Asthma
sclerosis :
cells
Bacteria Diseases
Disease
Pathogen
Affected Organ
Symptom
Anthrax
Bacillus
anthracis
fever, breathlessness
Cholera
Vibrio cholerae
Intestine
Diphtheria
Difficulty in respiration
diphtheriae
Leprosy or
becomes senseless).
Plague
Pasteurella,
Blood disease
Biology 97
(ii) Pneumonic
Lungs
plaque
Central nervous
tetani
system
Tuberculosis
Mycobacterium Lungs
Repeated coughing, high fever.
tuberculosis
Continuous coughing.
or Pertussis
Pneumonia
Diplococcus
Lungs
pneumoniae
high fever.
Typhoid
headache.
Viral Diseases
Disease
Pathogen
Affected Part
Symptom
Immuno
Deficiency Virus)
Deficiency
Syndrome)
Chicken pox
Vericella virus
Whole body
body
Small pox
Variola virus
Whole body
on body
Dengue fever
RNA containing
Whole body,
dengue virus
eye ball.
Hepatitis
Hepatitis virus
Liver
(Epidemic
Not fatal
Fatal
Herpes
Herpes virus
Skin
Swelling of skin.
Whole body
Inflammation of upper
and eyes.
Measles
Rubella virus
Whole body
German
Polio or
Polio virus
poliomyelitis
and nerve
wall cells are destroyed. It leads
to paralysis.
Rabies
Nervous system
Swine
Whole body
influenza (flu)
(muscles)
98 Biology
Protozoan Diseases
Disease
Pathogen
Vector
(Causative
Symptoms
agent)
African trypano-
Trypanosoma
somiasis
gambienes
palpalis)
death.
Amoebic dysen-
Entamoeba
None, Infection by
tery (Amoebiasis)
histolytica
contamination
pain in abdomen
Diarrhoea
Giardia
None, infection by
contamination
Filaria or el-
Wuchereria
Culex mosquito
ephantiasis
bancrofti
dum fever
donovani
tomus)
Malaria
Plasmodium sp.
Female Anopheles
mosquito
Disease
Pathogen (fungi)
Symptoms
Asthma or aspergillosis Aspergillus fumigatus
Baldness
Tinea capitis
Hair fall
Athletes foot
Tinea pedis
Ringworm
Tricophyton Verrucosum
Scabies
Acarus scabiei
Blood
reactions.
contributes 55% of blood volume. Plasma Eosinophils are associated with allergic
contains 90 to 92 % of water.
reactions.
Blood corpuscles are of three types: Red Lymphocytes are responsible for
immune blood corpuscles (RBCs) ,white blood
response.
120 days.
WBCs (Leueocytes) are responsible for The Rh factor is a type of protein on the
immunity.
Biology 99
negative.
and O.
Age
Vaccination
Dose
Birth to 12
DPT (triple vaccine, against diptheria, Three doses (commonly oral) months
injectible)
weeks.
Booster dose
Polio (oral)
Booster dose
5-6 years
and tetanus)
months
10 years
Booster dose
16 years
Tetanus, TAB
Booster dose
Vaccine
Developed by
Country
Year
Small Pox
Edward Jenner
England
1796
Cholera
Louis Pasteur
France
1880
Diphtheria and
1891
Tetanus
Japan
TB Vaccine
France
1922
Polio Vaccine
Jonas E. Salk
US
1952
US
1955
Measles Vaccine
US
1953
Rabies Vaccine
Louis Pasteur
France
1885
Typhus Vaccine
Charles Nicolle
France
1909
Rubella Vaccine
1966
Scurvy vaccine
James Lind
1753
100 Biology
Invention
Inventor
Year
Penicillin
1928
Anesthetic
William Morton
1846
Anthrax vaccine
Louis Pasteur
1881
Antiseptic
1867
Artificial heart
Denton Cooley
1969
Bacteria (discovered)
1674
1883
Cholera vaccine
Louis Pasteur
1880
Adolf Fick
1887
Corneal transplants
Eduard Zirm
1905
Cough drops
1847
Dental drill
1864
(motor-driven)
Disposable syringe
Colin Murdoch
1956
DNA (structure
discovered)
lind Franklin
Electrocardiograph
Willem Einthoven
1903
Gas mask
1912
Genetics
1865
Insulin (discovery)
1921
Iron lung
Philip Drinker
1929
Microscope
Hans Janssen
1590
(compound)
Morphine
1803
Pacemaker (human)
Wilson Greatbatch
Pasteurisation
Louis Pasteur
1864
Pathology
1761
Penicillin
Alexander Fleming
1928
Stethoscope
Ren Lannec
1819
Thermometer (medical)
Thomas Allbutt
1866
X-rays
Wilhelm Roentgen
1895
Ecology
& Environment
Ecology is the branch of biology deals with the The IUCN Red List of Threatened
Species
organisms.
Ecosystem
consisting of abiotic and biotic factors, By the end of 2014 India had 988 threatened
where the living organisms interact among species on the list, which lists.
themselves and also with their physical Indian elephant, Bengal tiger, Indian lion,
all levels of biological organisation, i.e from Micro winged duck and many more are
the most molecules of the cells to the Biomass. The word endangered animals in
India.
Edward Wilson.
1975 in Washington.
above species, 134781 are residing in India. Roughly 5,600 species of animals and
Wild life Institute of India has divided it into
biotic provinces.
international trade.
IUCN at a Glance
It was founded in 1948 as the worlds first The NBA is a body corporate established
in global environmental organisation.
The IUCN stands for The International the Biological Diversity Act, 2002, at
Chennai w.e.f. 1st October 2003. It is an autonomous,
Union for Conservation of Nature and statutory and regulatory organization which
Biodiversity Conservtion
Biodiversity conservation
In-situ conservation
Ex-situ conservation
National Parks
Biosphere
Sacred
Zoos,
Seed Bank/
Sacred
and Sancturies
reserves
lakes and
plants
forests
Arboreta and
(Cryopres
Aquaria
ervation)
Terrestrial
Marine
102
Name
State
Key Fauna
Karnataka
Uttarakhand
Biosphere Reserve
Gulf of Mannar
Tamil Nadu
Nokrek
Meghalaya
Red panda
Sundarbans
West Bengal
Manas
Assam
Odisha
Dihang-Dibang
Arunachal Pradesh
Madhya Pradesh
Achanakmar-Amarkantak
Madhya Pradesh,
Biosphere Reserve
Chhattisgarh
Gujarat
Cold Desert
Himachal Pradesh
Snow leopard
Islands
Dibru-Saikhowa
Assam
Golden langur
Seshachalam Hills
Andhra Pradesh
Panna
Madhya Pradesh
National Parks
They are reserved for the betterment of wild life, both fauna and flora. In national
parks private ownership is not allowed. The grazing, cultivation, forestry, etc. is also
not permitted. The first national park of the world, Yellow stone, in U.S.A., was
founded in 1872.
Assam -
Kaziranga, Manas*
Meghalaya -
Nokrek
West Bengal
- Sunderbans
Bihar
- Hazaribagh, Palamau*
Uttaranchal
U. P.
- Dudhwa*
Gujarat
- Gir, Marine
Rajasthan -
Madhya Pradesh
Orissa -
Simlipal
Karnataka -
Bandipur*
Kerala -
*These national parks are running Tiger Project also. (The maximum national parks
are present in Madhya Pradesh).
Sanctuaries
In sanctuaries the protection is given to fauna only. The activity like harvesting of
timber, collection of forest products and private ownership rights are permitted so
long as they do not interfere with the well being of the animals. The important wild
life sanctuaries are: Chilka wild life sanctuary (Orissa), Bharatpur Bird Sanctuary
(Rajasthan), Sultanpur Bird sanctuary (Haryana) and Jalpara sanctuary (West
Bengal). Gir wild life sanctuary (Gujarat), Maximum sanctuaries belong to Andaman
and Nicobar.
Pollutants and their Effects
Sr.
No.
Pollutant
Origin
Effect
1.
Arsenic (As)
factories
2. Cadmium (Cd)
3. Chlorine (Cl)
activities
4. Carbon monoxide (CO) Motor vehicles, smelters, Starves body of oxygen, damages
heart
5.
Fluoride (F)
6. Formaldehyde (HCHO)
Chemical plants
Allergenic, carcinogenic,
headaches, burning sensation
asthma symptoms
Incinerators
8. Mercury (Hg)
acid rain
water vapour
12. Sulphuric acid (H2SO4) Formed from SO2 in Respiratory diseases hydroxyl
sunlight with
ions
furnaces
compounds (VOCs)
UNFCCC
104
Sustainable Development
Initiatives of India
1980.
Act 1974.
(Act 1981).
1985.
atmosphere.
level.
1979.
Greenhouse Gas
Chemical Formula
Anthropogenic Sources
Carbon dioxide
CO2
Fossil-fuel combustion, Land-use conversion,
Cement Production.
Methane
CH4
Nitrous oxide
N2O
Tropospheric Ozone
O3
Chemical solvents.
CFC-12
CCL2F2
HCFC-22
CCl2F2
Refrigerants.
Sulfur Hexaflouride
SF6
Dielectric fluid.
resource base,
Minimum pollution,
India has one of the worlds largest collections of songs, music, dance, theatre, folk
traditions, performing arts, rites and rituals, paintings and writings that are known,
as the Intangible Cultural Heritage (ICH) of humanity.
Names
State of Origin
Materials Used
Patachitra
Raghurajpur Village in Puri district of Cloth fortified with tamarind paste, chalk
painting
Odisha
Bengal pat
Bengal
Madhubani
Madhubani (Bihar)
painting
Miniature
Developed during Mughal Period i.e. precious stones conch shells, gold and
painting
silver
Tanjore art
Kalamkari
Gond art
village houses
Famous indian painters
Rabindranath Tagore
Abanindranath Tagore
Amrita Sher-Gil
Jamini Roy
S.H. Raza
Tyeb Mehta
Satish Gujral
Nandalal Bose
Manjit Bawa
M. F. Husain
Indian Music
The music of India includes multiple varieties of folk music, pop and classical music.
Indias classical music tradition, including Hindustani music and Carnatic, has a
history spanning millennia and developed over several eras. Music in India began as
an integral part of socio-religious life.
106
Legends
Life Span
Forte
Awards
Pandit Ravi
Shankar
Dec 2012
Bansuri
Chaurasia
Santoor
Sharma
Vibhushan, Padma Shri
9-10-1945
Sarod
Khan
Ustad Bismillah
21-3-1913 to
Shehnai
Khan
21-8-2006
Ustad Zakir
9-3-1951
Tabla
Hussain
Akademi.
Pandit Bhimsen
Gururaj Joshi
1-2011
vocalist
Pandit Jasraj
28-1-1930
vocalist
M. S. Subbulakshmi 16-7-1916 to
Classical
11-12-2004
vocalist
Magsaysay, P. Vibhushan
Dr.
23 July 1947-
Classical,
Lakshminarayana
Carnatic,
Subramaniam
M.Balamurali
6 July 1930-
Krishna
NA
Khan
25 April 1968
Indian dance
There are many types of dance forms in India Kuchipudi of Andhra Pradesh and
Manipuri which are deeply religious in content to those of Manipur.
The most popular classical dance styles of dates back in first century, CE, and started
and nurtured by the society as means of
India are Bharatnatyam of Tamil Nadu, expressing, communicating and sharing the
Kathakali and Mohiniattam of Kerala, ideas-opinions-emotions-believe of mankind.
Name
Founder
Establishment
Drama
of Culture,
India.
of Dramatic Arts
Bisaria.
1975, Lucknow,
Anupam Shyam
Theatre Arts
Workshop (TAW)
Raj Bisaria
1966, Lucknow
Hindi Films
Dal Lake:
Bollywood is the Hindi Language film industry The enchanting lake of Jammu and
Kasmir which is based in Mumbai, Maharashtra. bordered by ice covered mountains
from three
They are one of the largest film producers in sides is famous for its gardens, shikara
rides India and one of the largest centres of film and house boat stay.
Irani, of Alam Ara fame, made the first colour Haji Ali Dargah: The very famous film
in Hindi, Kisan Kanya.
TOURISM
It is a
of World each year. Major tourist destinations group of Hindu and Jain temples
situated in in India are the Himalayas, Agra, Jaipur,Goa, Madhya Pradesh.
Akshardham Temple:
It is sufi shrine dedicated to the sufi saint Shah Jahan in 1632 in the memory of his
Moinuddin Chishti. It is situated in Ajmer, loving wife Mumtaz Mahal.
Rajasthan.
Amarnath Cave:
They contain a cluster of Hindu and Jain lakhs of devotees from all parts of India and
temples along with cave monuments in.
abroad
TOURISM
Site
Location
Founder
Aram Bagh
Babur
Anand Bhawan
Ajmer (Rajasthan)
Qutub-ud-din-Aibak
Ajanta Caves
Aurangabad
Gupta Rulers
Akbars Tomb
Jahangir
Bibi ka Maqbara
Aurangabad (Maharashtra
Aurangzeb
Bharatpur Fort
Bharatpur (Rajasthan)
108
Bundi Fort
Bundi (Rajasthan)
Qutub-ud-din-Aibak
Bada Imambada
Nawab Asaf-ud-daulah
Belur Math
Kolkata
Swami Vivekanand
Botanical Garden
Chhatra Mahal
Bundi Fort
Rani Chhatrasal
Belur (Karnataka)
Vishnu Vardhan
Char Temple
Konark (Odisha)
Narasing Dev I
Chasma-Shahi
Charar-e-Sarif
Srinagar (Kashmir)
Jainul Abedin
Chhota Immbada
Cochin Fort
Kerala
Portuguese
Dewan-e-khas
Shah Jahan
Deeg Palace
Deeg (Rajasthan)
Dhar Fort
Noor Jahan
Ellora Caves
Aurangabad
Rashtrakuta Dynasty
Elephanta Caves
Mumbai
Rashtrakutas
Fatehpur Sikri
Akbar
Fort William
Kolkata
Lord Clive
Fateh Sagar
Udaipur (Rajasthan)
Gateway of India
Mumbai
British Government
Golconda Fort
Qutubshahi Dynasty
Gol Ghar
Patna (Bihar)
British Government
Humayuns Tomb
Delhi
Hauz Khas
Delhi
Ala-ud-din-khilji
Hajratbal Masjid
Srinagar (Kashmir)
-
Harmandir Sahib
Patna (Bihar)
Junagarh
Bikaner (Rajasthan)
Jama Masjid
Delhi
Shah Jahan
Jantar-Mantar
Jodhpur Fort
Jodhpur (Rajasthan)
Rao Jodha Ji
Jaku Temple
Kolkata
Jagannath Temple
Pur (Odisha)
Jama Masjid
Shah Jahan
Khas Mahal
Shah Jahan
Kankaria Lake
Ahmedabad
Sultan Qutub-ud-din
Khirki Masjid
Delhi
Ghiyas-ud-din-Tughlaq
Kandaria Mahadev
Chandela Kings
Kanheri Caves
Mumbai
Buddhists
Laxman Temple
Delhi
Birla Family
Laxman Jhula
Rishikesh (Uttarakhand)
Moti Masjid
Agra Fort (Uttar Pradesh)
Shah Jahan
Moti Masjid
Delhi Fort
Aurangzab
Mrignayani Palace
Madan Palace
Mecca Masjid
Nahargarh Fort
Jaipur (Rajasthan)
Nishaat Bagh
Asaf Ali
Nakhuda Masjid
Kolkata
Delhi
Delhi
British Government
Pichhola Lake
Udaipur (Rajasthan)
Pathar ki Masjid
Patna (Bihar)
Parvez Shah
Padari Ki Haveli
Patna (Bihar)
Father Capuchin
Patthar Ki Masjid
Noor Jahan
Mumbai
George V
Rani Ki Badi
Bundi (Rajasthan)
Rani Nathvati
Red Fort
Delhi
Shah Jahan
Sheesh Mahal
Agra (Uttar Pradesh)
Shah Jahan
Safdarjung ka Maqbara
Delhi
Shuja-ud-daulah
Sabarmati Ashram
Ahmedabad
Mahatma Gandhi
St Geogre Fort
Srinagar (Kashmir)
Jahangir
Sunset Point
Patna (Bihar)
Parvez Shah
Sasaram (Bihar)
Taj Mahal
Tughlakabad
Delhi
Ghiyas-ud-din-Tughlaq
Umaid Palace
Jodhpur (Rajasthan)
Vijay Stambh
Chittorgarh (Rajasthan)
Rana Kumbha
Victoria Memorial
Kolkata
Vishnupad Temple
Gaya (Bihar)
SITES IN INDIA
1985
Bharatpur (Rajasthan)
Year of
Sites
1985
(Aassm)
1983
1985
Bharatpur (Rajasthan)
1983
1986
1983
1986
1983
Pradesh)
1984
1986
1985
Mahabalipuram Temples
Pradesh
(Tamil Nadu)
1986
110
1987
2004
Airavatesvara Temple,
(West Bengal)
Darasuram
1987
Elephants Caves
2004
Champaner-Pavagadh
(Maharashtra)
Archaeologicatl Park
1987
Pattadakal Temples
(Gujarat)
(Karnataka)
2005
Valley of Flowers
1988
(Uttarakhand)
2005
1989
(Tamil Nadu)
Pardesh)
2007
1993
2008
Kalka-Shimla Railway
1993
(Himachal Pradesh)
1999
Darjeeling Himalayan
2010
(Rajasthan)
2002
Western Ghat
Gaya) (Bihar)
2013
2003
(Madhya Pradesh
2014
2004
Brihadeshwara Temple
2014
(Gangaikondacholapuram,
Tamil Nadu)
HANDICRAFTS
India has got international acclamation in terms of its beautiful and creative
handicrafts. Given below are the states with diversified crafts.
State
Handicrafts
Odisha
Weaving craft, palm leaf writing, patachitra- the chitrakars foray, applique, stone
& bamboo, fine arts, clay dolls, horn work, jute products.
Gujrat
Rajasthan
Himachal
Pradesh
Goa
Pottery & Terracotta, Brass metal ware, Crochet & Embroidery, Fiber Craft, Jute
Macrame Craft, carving, sea shell craft
Andhra
Priceless Pearls
Pradesh
Karnataka
Jharkhand
Wood craft, paitkar paintings, metal work, stone carving, ornaments, toy making
Manipur
Wood carving, textile weaving, stone-carving, block printing, kauna (water reed)
mat, hand-embroidery
Jammu &
Kashmir
Monuments
% age share
695702
23.2
363823
12.1
307043
10.2
276641
9.2
255129
8.5
4.7
104717
3.5
89511
3.0
85991
2.9
70840
2.4
India is the largest producer of films in the films in Bengali (Jumai Shasthi), Telugu
(Bhakta world and second oldest film industry in the Prahlad) and Tamil (Kalidass)
were released in world which originated around about 103 the same year.
years ago. It was in early 1913 that an Indian Largest film industry in India is the
Hindi film received a public screening. The film was film industry mostly
concentrated in Mumbai Raja Harischandra. Its director, Dadasaheb (Bombay), and
is commonly referred to Phalke. By the mid 1920s, Madras had become as Bol
ywood. Kochi and Kolkata are
The silent era came to an end when Ardeshir India, which was opened in 1996 and
measures Irani produced his first talkie, Alam Ara in 674 ha (1,666 acres).
Comprising 47 sound 1931. If Phalke was the father of Indian cinema, stages.
Communication,
COMMUNICATION
Post Office
Quick Facts
System in India
Dalhousie
: 1774 (Kolkata)
First postage stamp of India
: 1972
Territory
: 1986
: 1880
: 1884
: Ghaziabad (UP)
: 9th October
: 10th October
TELECOMMUNICATION
waves.
military applications.
TRANSPORT
communication technologies.
Highways system.
3G.
COMMUNICATIONS SATELLITE
Quick Facts
Categories
Dimensions in Kms
Responsible Authority
(up to 2011)
National Highways
92,851
government)
State Highways
1,63,898
District Roads
17,05,706
Rural Roads
27,49,805
Central (CR)
3905 Mumbai
Projects
Western (WR)
6182 Mumbai
Golden Quadrilateral : It comprises construction
Eastern (ER)
2414 Kolkata
Northern (NR)
6968 Delhi
Northeast Frontier
(NFR)
3907 Maligaon
3628 Hajipur
km of road length.
North Western
Important National Highways
(NWR)
5459 Jaipur
NH
Connects
2677 Bhubaneswar
NH 1
New Delhi-Ambala-Jalandhar-
Amritsar
NH 2
Delhi-Mathura-Agra-Kanpur-
Allahabad-Varanasi-Kolkata
South East
NH 3
Agra-Gwalior-Nasik-Mumbai
Central(SECR)
2447 Bilaspur
NH 4
South
Belgaum
Western(SWR)
3177 Hubli
NH 5
Kolkata-Chennai
NH 6
Kolkata-Dhule
NH 7
Varanasi-Kanyakumari
NH 8
& Ahmedabad)
NH 9
Mumbai-Vijaywada
NH 10 Delhi-Fazilka
THE WORLD
NH 24 Delhi - Lucknow
Rank
Country
Route Km.
NH 26 Lucknow-Varanasi
1. USA
250000
Indian Railways
2. China
100000
3. Russia
85500
4. India
65000
5. Canada
48000
6. Germany
41000
7. Australia
40000
Headquarters
8. Argentina
36000
Route
Name
Headquarters
9. France
29000
(km)
10. Brazil
28000
Southern (SR)
5098 Chennai
114
Bangaluru Metro: Bengaluru Metro also JRD Tata was the first licensed pilot of
known as Namma Metro is recently started
of Karnataka.
Burma.
Jaipur Metro: The pink city of Rajasthan is got Prem Mathur became the first female
its first metro line of 9.2 km from Mansarovar
AVIATION INDUSTRY
constituted in 1972.
Rank
Name
City
State
IATA Code
1.
Delhi
Delhi
DEL
2.
Mumbai
Maharashtra
BOM
Airport
3.
Bangalore Karnataka
BLR
4.
Chennai
Tamil Nadu
MAA
5.
Kolkata
West Bengal
CCU
International Airport
6.
Hyderabad Telangana
HYD
7.
8.
AMD
Airport
9.
Pune
Maharashtra
PNQ
Dabolim
Goa
GOI
WATER WAYS
Waterways
Stretch
Specification
NW 1
Allahabad-Haldia
NW 2
Sadiya-Dhubri stretch
(891 km)
and Bangladesh.
NW 3
Kottapuram-Kollam
NW 4
NW 5
Specified
stretches
of
river
delta channels
PORTS
and it is one of the biggest peninsulas in The Coastal States in India are Andhra
Pradesh, the world. It is serviced by 12 major ports, Odisha, West Bengal, Tamil
Nadu, Kerala, 200 notified minor and intermediate ports. Karnataka, Goa,
Maharashtra and Gujarat.
Coast
State
Kandla
Western Coast
Gujarat
Mumbai
Western Coast
Maharashtra
Jawaharlal Nehru
Western Coast
Maharashtra
Mormugao
Western Coast
Goa
Manglore
Western Coast
Karnataka
Kochi
Western Coast
Kerala
Haldia
Eastern Coast
West Bengal
Paradip
Eastern Coast
Odisha
Vishakapatnam
Eastern Coast
Andhra Pradesh
Chennai
Eastern Coast
Tamil Nadu
Ennore
Eastern Coast
Tamil Nadu
Tutikorin
Eastern Coast
Tamil Nadu
country.
Newspaper
Quick facts
Event
Publishing
Year
Advertiser), weekly
India Gazette
116
Madras)
1784, Madras
Bombay)
1789, Bombay
published by Humphreys
Calcutta Journal
1818
newspaper)
Bengali)
1821
Persian
Urdu)
others
Gujarati)
1822 Bombay
Dadabhai Naoroji
Hindu Patriot
paper)
1862,
Calcutta
Devendranath Tagore
Patrikathe
first
papers)
Banerjea in 1879)
National Paper
in India
1868 Madras
Amrita Bazar Patrika (Bengali in the 1868, Jessore
District
Statesman)
weekly
Tribune (daily)
(English weekly)
respectively)
Madras
G.S. Aiyar
Paridasak (A weekly)
1886
Yugantar
Bhupendranath Dutta
Sandhya
1906 Bengal
Brahmabandhab Upadhyay
Kal
1906,
Maharashtra
Indian Sociologist
London
Shyamji Krishnavarma
Bande Mataram
Paris
Talvar
Berlin
Virendranath Chattopadhyay
Free Hindustan
Vancouver
Taraknath Das
Ghadr
Before 1908
Ajit Singh
Horniman (Englishman)
1920, Delhi
Kirti
fortnightly)
1927
B.R. Ambedkar
1910
Kranti
1927,
Bandi Jivan
Bengal
Sachindranath Sanyal
1938
known as RNI. It was established on 1st July All India Radio (AIR) or Akashwani was
1956.
was founded
Healthcare
HEALTHCARE IN INDIA
National TB Control Programme
The expenditure on healthcare is very less, i.e. Launched in 1962 with an objective of
4% of the GDP and private parties have the eradication of the disease but till 1992
only dominance over the sector.
National Tobacco
Control Programme
Public
Private
Indigenous system
Voluntary health
of Medicine
agencies
Family.
Rural
Private Hospital
Ayurveda and
Sub Centers
Polyclinic
Siddha
Society
(SCs)
Nursing Homes
Unani
Hind Kusht
NATIONAL RURAL
Homeopath
Nivaran Sangh
Centres (PHCs)
General
Un-registered
HEALTH MISSION
Community
Practitioners and
Practitioners
child Welfare
(NRHM)
Health Centres
clinics
Tuberculosis
(CHCs)
Association of
Urban
India, etc
District
Bharat Sevak
Creation of cadre of
Hospitals
Samaj
Teaching
Activist (ASHA)
Hospitals
Mainstreaming AYUSH
NATIONAL HEALTH
PROGRAMMES
nation.
Cancer Control
cancer hospital/institutions.
Its themes
free in 2014.
YOGA is just a master stroke. Its an ascetic
Programme (NLEP)
Eliminate Kala-azar
by 2015.
Computers, IT &
Technological Innovation
COMPUTER
A computer is a device that accepts information (in the form of digitalized data)
and manipulates it for some result based on a program or sequence of instructions
on how the data is to be processed.
Classification of Computer
Size
Characteristics
Uses
Super
Largest, fastest, powerful and most Used for advanced scientific research
computers
heat.
Main
Less powerful and less expensive Used to handle all kinds of problems
frames
performing
complex
mathematical
Mini
Smaller and less powerful than the Used in scientific laboratories, research
computers
main frame.
required.
Micro
assistant (PDA).
eracy Day.
Analog computers:
It measures temperature,
120
First computer in India was installed in the (a) Random Access Memory: All active
pro-Main post office of Bangalore on August
16, 1986.
Sector) in India is Rajeev Gandhi Computer DRAM Dynamic Random Access University.
Memory
ley of India.
SDRAM Synchronous Dynamic Access
Memory
U.S.A.
Memory.
Kasparov.
world is ENIAC.
guage.
files.
Pune in 1988.
Unit
Size
Components of a Computer
Bit
Input unit
Byte
Eight bits
Word
16-64 bits
user.
Nibble
4 bits
language.
Output unit
processing
Languages of Computer
data etc.
languages.
two types:-
by people.
Computers, IT & Technological Innovation 121
Hardware
Software
convenient way.
Terms
(example, text, audio, graphics, animation,
software.
phone lines.
execute.
122
computer Network that is distinguished It is faster and has better features than its from a
Local Area Network because of its successor 3G.
organization.
IT TRENDS
Windows 10
and tracking packages. It gives a complete Contact lenses developed at the University of
personalized experience to the user. Office California-Davis contain conductive wires that
app is of two types for desktop and mobile. continuously monitor pressure and fluid flow
The desktop office app enables the users to within the eyes of at-risk people. The lenses
enjoy advanced features of the traditional then relay information to a small device worn
programmes. Office mobile app are deigned by the patient; the device wirelessly transmits
to work in both mobiles and tablets. Microsoft it to a computer.
4G
Fourth generation, also called as 4G, is Absorbable Heart Stent: The bio- absorbable the
succeeding generation of 3G in mobile version made by Abbott Laboratories in Illinois
telecommunications. It is an advanced system does its job and disappears. After six months
the with advanced capabilities of telephony, mobile stent begins to dissolve, and after two
years its web, gaming services, high definition TV, video completely gone, leaving behind a
healthy artery.
Sports
OLYMPICS
2018.
It is made up of white silk and contains The next SAG is scheduled to be held in five
intertwined rings as the Olympics
emblem.
Blue
Europe
Yellow
-
Asia
Black
Africa
Red
America
England.
Green
Australia
&
Oceania
The Olympic motto is Citius Altius Germany was The Champion of 20th FIFA
Fortius (Faster, higher, Stronger)
Mary Leela Rao was the 1st Indian Brazil has won five times and they are woman
participant in The Olympic Games
tournament.
COMMONWEALTH GAMES
Olympic years.
India, for the first time, participated in the Indian has won the tournament only once
2nd Commonwealth Games held in 1934
in 1975.
in London.
ASIAN GAMES
was Australia.
The idea of the Asian Games was first The next tournament is scheduled in 2018
March 1951.
IPL 2016
game in Spirit of the game was given by It is a professional Twenty 20 Cricket Pt. J.L
Nehru.
league in India (BCCI).
Its emblem is a bright full rising Sun with The ninth and the latest IPL was held in 2016.
interlocking rings.
124 Sports
Australian Open
Lawn Tennis
SPORTS
Wimbledon
Lawn Tennis
National
Masters
Hockey
Champions Trophy
Related game
British Open
Golf
Hockey
Malaysian Open
Badminton
Table Tennis
Tata Open
Lawn Tennis
Beighton Cup
Hockey
Hockey
Burdwan Trophy
Weight Lifting
Badminton 1 or 2 Polo
D.C.M. Trophy
Football
Baseball
Rugby Football
15
Hockey
Basketball
5
Tennis and Table 1 or 2
tennis
Football
Cricket
11
Water Polo
Duleep Trophy
Cricket
Football
11
Volleyball
Durand Cup
Football
Hockey
11
Kabaddi
Ezra Cup
Polo
Chess
I.F.A Shield
Football
Games
Badminton
Rangaswami Cup
Hockey
Ranji Trophy
Cricket
Baseball
Santosh Trophy
Football
Billiards
Scratch,
Hockey
Boat Race
Cox
(Inter-School)
Upper cut.
Chess
Wellington Trophy
Rowing
Stalemate
International
Cricket
Name of the
Related game
Trophy
Nehru Trophy
Hockey
American Cup
Yatch Racing
Wicket keeper.
Ashes Cup
Cricket (Australia-
Football
England)
Touch Down.
Azlan Shah
Hockey
Golf
US Masters
Golf
Hockey
Hopman Cup
Lawn Tennis
Davis Cup
Lawn Tennis
Under cutting.
Win.
Merdeka Cup
Football (Asia)
Thomas Cup
Polo
Uber Cup
World Badminton
(women)
Swimming
Stroke.
US-Open
Lawn Tennis
Volley ball
Spikers.
French-Open
Lawn Tennis
Wrestling
GST 2016
BREXIT
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