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signals
B cell T cell
signals TcR
BcR
APC
3. Eradication of tumours.
Understanding how antigens are targeted for degradation and presented to T cells
could facilitate the generation of novel vaccines that promote T cell (particularly CD8+
cytotoxic T cell) activity to pathogens and cancer
MHC class I and class II molecules are specialised for
peptide presentation from different compartments
Class I presents peptides from WITHIN cell - ENDOGENOUS PATHWAY
Cytosol
ER lumen
Cytosol
Cytosol
Endosome
Two Principles of Antigen Presentation
1. Peptide-MHC complex must be expressed stably at the cell surface for prolonged
period of time to enable chance of encounter with antigen-specific T cells.
2. If for whatever reason peptide does dissociate from the MHC while at the cell surface
then MHC must be prevented from loading peptides from the extracellular fluid.
Structure of the MHC peptide binding grooves
-2 -1 -1 -1
-3 2-microglobulin -2 -2
Proteasome Three subunits of the proteasome called LMP2, LMP7 and MECL-1
are induced by interferons following viral infection. These subunits
can display constitutive subunits of the proteasome to generate a
Immunoproteasome. Replacement in these subunits changes the
enzymatic activity of the proteasome changing the types of peptides
generate. Usually, such modification results in peptides that associate
with MHC class I with greater stability.
Calnexin Calreticulin
ERp57
S
S
m
2
ERp57
TcR
Calreticulin
CD8+ CTL
Proteasome MHC I
Tapasin
TAP 1
TAP 2
ER lumen
MHC I
Tapasin
Proteasome TAP 1
TAP 2
Evasion of MHC class I presentation
b2m
peptide loading complex
ERp57
Tr2 optimal
class I heavy chain Tr1
Tr1
calreticulin peptide
a1
suboptimal tapasin
a2 calnexin peptide
TAP 1 TAP 2
a3 ER
CYTOSOL
ATP ATP
Cytomegalovirus protein
Us6 inhibits TAP-ATP
activity. ubiquitin
peptides
Herpes viruses
ubiquitin tagged produce ICP47
protein proteasome
that binds cytosolic
C surface of TAP
N preventing peptides
Cytomegalovirus protein US11 binds nascent MHC class binding to the
I chains and in conjunction with host ER protein derlin-1 transporter
delivers them to the cytosol for degradation.
MHC Class II Processing and Presentation
MIIC
calnexin Cathepsin S
Certain pathogens have developed novel strategies to prevent their degradation and subsequent
Presentation of their peptides to enable evasion of the immune response.
1. Mycobacterium tuberculosis
blocks phagosome maturation enabling the bacteria to escape into the cytosol
2. Legionella pneumophila
escapes degradative lysosomal pathway by intercepting vesicular traffic from the ER and
forming and ER-like compartment that avoids fusion with lysosomes.
3. Toxoplasma gondii
modifies compartment in which it resides to allow long terms growth and prevention of
death by forming a parasitophorous vacuole that avoids fusion with vesicles of the endocytic
pathway.
Cross-Presentation of peptides
First demonstrated 30 years ago by Michael Bevan who noticed that injection of dead tumour cells
Into allogenic recipients induced a CD8+ CTL anti-tumour response.
Surprisingly, although a well-known phenomenon, we still know very little about the cross-presentation
Q/How can we prevent autoimmune destruction of self tissues expressing host antigen and MHC class I?
A/by deletion of self reactive CD8+ T cells following cross-presentation of host antigens
in the draining lymph nodes
PLN
Apoptotic fragments
transported to pancreatic
lymph node CD8
CD8
Initial
proliferation
Islet remodelling
CD8
CD8 CD8
Bim-dependent
death CD8 CD8
M. Anderton specialised stroma cells in lymph nodes can cross-present antigen leading to T cell deletion.
What is the source of cross-presented antigen?
B cell
The first APC able to show Use Ig receptors to internalise. By far the most studied cell
cross-presentation but the DNA vaccination induces better in cross-presentation.
relevance in vivo is not clear responses if performed in B cell Exceptional at this.
unfortunately largely sufficient mice. In mouse many different
uninvestigated. However, side-by-side comparison classes of DCs identified
with DCs, show Dcs better. by the expression of
B cells may help DCs to cross CD4, CD8, B220 and CDllb.
present when Ag load is low.
Immune complexes very good Of all these, the CD8+ DCs
at inducing cross-presentation seems to be the most best
by binding to FcRI and FcRIII at cross-presenting.
Potential Mechanisms for Cross-Presentation
Autophagy- a mechanism cells use to degrade cytosolic proteins and organelles during the maintenance
of cellular homeostasis to rapidly ensure salvaging of amino acids.
1. Cancer
Autophagy can be induced at later stages of oncogenesis as the rapid proliferation of the
tumour depletes critical nutrients.
Following chemotherapy, tumour cells can induce autophagy to recycle nutrients or remove
damaged cellular components. e.g breast cancer tumour cells use autophagy to induce their
survival after 4-hydroxytamoxifin treatment.
3. Intracellular Pathogens
Autophagy has been shown to limit virus-induced encephalitis observed during Sindbis virus
infection.
HSV-1 also degraded in autophagosomes.
Autophagy limits bacterial replication by enveloping free bacteria e.g. group A Streptococcus
Autophagy as a mechanism for cross-presentation of antigens
to MHC class I restricted CD8+ T cells
Lysosome
Lamp-2A
hsc70
Membrane fusion
autophagosome
CMA
Chaperon-mediated autophagy
Specific cytosolic proteins displaying
pentapeptide motifs bind to chaperone complex Macroautophagy
composed of heat shock proteins, including Portions of cytoplasm are sequestered
heat shock cognate 70KDa protein. Transports into double membrane autophagosomes.
substrate protein to lysosomal membrane, associates involves a series of autophagy-related
with lysosomal associated membrane protein 2A. gene products. Autophagosome fuses
chaperone mediated unfolding of protein precedes with lysosome to create autolysosome
degradation via acidic proteases. in which esterases, lipases and proteases
breakdown the autophagic body
Summary