Electrical Science - 2

(ECE-260)
Lecture-03

Electrical Science-2 Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad

 Magnetic Circuits

Electrical Science-2 Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad

 Magnetic Circuit (Example)
In the magnetic circuit shown in figure with all dimensions in
mm, calculate the required current to be passed through coil
having 200 turns in order to establish a flux of 1.28 mWb in
the air gap. Neglect fringing and leakage flux. The B-H
curve of the core material is given on right side.

Electrical Science-2 Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad

 Magnetic Circuit (Example)
1. First draw the simplified diagram of the given
magnetic circuit.

Electrical Science-2 Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad

 Magnetic Circuit (Example)
2. Mark the center points of all the limbs to calculate
mean lengths.

A C E

B D F

Electrical Science-2 Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad

 Magnetic Circuit (Example)
3. Calculate the mean lengths of all the parts.

170 170

A C E

440

B D F

Electrical Science-2 Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad

 Magnetic Circuit (Example)
4. Identify the paths which carry same flux.

170 170
Path CABD
1
A C E

440

B D F

Electrical Science-2 Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad

 Magnetic Circuit (Example)
4. Identify the paths which carry same flux.
Path CD
2

170 170
Path CABD
1
A C E

440

B D F

Electrical Science-2 Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad

 Magnetic Circuit (Example)
4. Identify the paths which carry same flux.
Path CD
2

170 170
Path CABD
1
A C E

Path CEFD
440 3

B D F

Electrical Science-2 Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad

 Magnetic Circuit (Example)
4. Identify the paths which carry same flux.
Path CD
2 1= 2 +3

170 170
Path CABD
1
A C E

Path CEFD
440 3

B D F

Electrical Science-2 Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad

 Magnetic Circuit (Example)
4. Identify the paths which carry same flux.
Path CD
2 1= 2 +3
g= 2
170 170
Path CABD
1
A C E

Path CEFD
440 3

B D F

Electrical Science-2 Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad

 Magnetic Circuit (Example)
5. Draw the equivalent circuit and start systematic
analysis of the circuit.

Electrical Science-2 Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad

 Magnetic Circuit (Example)
5. Draw the equivalent circuit and start systematic
analysis of the circuit.

1 3

Electrical Science-2 Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad

 Magnetic Circuit (Example)
5. Draw the equivalent circuit and start systematic
analysis of the circuit.

1 3

R2
R1
2
Rg R3

R2

Electrical Science-2 Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad

 Magnetic Circuit (Example)
5. Draw the equivalent circuit and start systematic
analysis of the circuit.

1 3
+ +
R2 H2l2
H1l1 R1
2 - +
- +
Rg R3 H3l3
Hglg
-
+ -
R2 H2l2
-

Electrical Science-2 Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad

 B-H Curve (Example)
6. Use B-H curve to calculate B from H or H from B
in the core.

Electrical Science-2 Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad

 Core Losses

Electrical Science-2 Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad

Hysteresis and Eddy Current Losses

Electrical Science-2 Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad

Hysteresis and Eddy Current Losses
Hysteresis and eddy current losses arise when the
magnetic field in the core changes with time and
are termed as core losses.

Electrical Science-2 Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad

Hysteresis and Eddy Current Losses
Hysteresis and eddy current losses arise when the
magnetic field in the core changes with time and
are termed as core losses.
These losses result in heating of core.

Electrical Science-2 Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad

Hysteresis and Eddy Current Losses
Hysteresis and eddy current losses arise when the
magnetic field in the core changes with time and
are termed as core losses.
These losses result in heating of core.

These losses are significant in the magnetic

devices like transformers which are excited by
alternating currents.

Electrical Science-2 Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad

Hysteresis and Eddy Current Losses
Hysteresis and eddy current losses arise when the
magnetic field in the core changes with time and
are termed as core losses.
These losses result in heating of core.

These losses are significant in the magnetic

devices like transformers which are excited by
alternating currents.

Both losses depend on frequency of variation of

flux through the core and also the core material.
Electrical Science-2 Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad
 Hysteresis Loss

Electrical Science-2 Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad

 Hysteresis
Hysteresis is exhibited by magnetic materials when
subjected to alternating currents.

Electrical Science-2 Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad

 Hysteresis
Hysteresis is exhibited by magnetic materials when
subjected to alternating currents.

Hysteresis is a nonlinearity exhibited by magnetic

materials related with magnetization or
demagnetization.

Electrical Science-2 Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad

 Hysteresis
Hysteresis is exhibited by magnetic materials when
subjected to alternating currents.

Hysteresis is a nonlinearity exhibited by magnetic

materials related with magnetization or
demagnetization.

The result of hysteresis, by which an excess

magnetomotive force is required to magnetize or
demagnetize the material, is net energy loss called
hysteresis loss.

Electrical Science-2 Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad

 B-H Characteristics
The relation between B and H in air is linear.

Electrical Science-2 Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad

 B-H Characteristics
The relation between B and H in air is linear.

But for most materials the B-H relation is

nonlinear.

Electrical Science-2 Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad

 B-H Characteristics
The relation between B and H in air is linear.

But for most materials the B-H relation is nonlinear.

Electrical Science-2 Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad

 Hysteresis Loop
The relation between B and H is not only nonlinear
but also exhibits hysteresis (is also a nonlinearity).

Electrical Science-2 Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad

 Hysteresis Loop

Electrical Science-2 Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad

 Hysteresis Loss
The area under a B-H curve is energy per unit
volume.

Electrical Science-2 Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad

 Hysteresis Loss
The area under a B-H curve is energy per unit
volume.

The area in the hysteresis loop is the energy loss

per cycle per unit volume.

Electrical Science-2 Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad

 Hysteresis Loss
The area under a B-H curve is energy per unit
volume.

The area in the hysteresis loop is the energy loss

per cycle per unit volume.

Hysteresis loss per unit volume Ph = KhfBnmax

Electrical Science-2 Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad

 Hysteresis Loss
The area under a B-H curve is energy per unit
volume.

The area in the hysteresis loop is the energy loss

per cycle per unit volume.

Hysteresis loss per unit volume Ph = KhfBnmax

Coefficient Kh depends on material and n known

as Steinmetz exponent may vary from 1.5 to 2.5.
For iron it may be taken as 1.6.
Electrical Science-2 Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad
 Eddy Current Loss

Electrical Science-2 Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad

 Eddy Currents
Time varying flux in the core results in induction
of voltage.

Electrical Science-2 Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad

 Eddy Currents
Time varying flux in the core results in induction of
voltage.

These induced voltages drive circulating currents in

the core.

Electrical Science-2 Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad

 Eddy Current Loss
These circulating currents produce heat because of
the electrical resistance of the core.

Electrical Science-2 Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad

 Eddy Current Loss
These circulating currents produce heat because of
the electrical resistance of the core.

Hysteresis loss per unit volume Pe = Ke f 2B2max2

Electrical Science-2 Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad

 Eddy Current Loss
These circulating currents produce heat because of
the electrical resistance of the core.

Hysteresis loss per unit volume Pe = Ke f 2B2max2

Coefficient Ke depends on material and is the

thickness.

Electrical Science-2 Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad

 Eddy Current Loss
These circulating currents produce heat because of
the electrical resistance of the core.

Hysteresis loss per unit volume Pe = Ke f 2B2max2

Coefficient Ke depends on material and is the

thickness.

Eddy current loss is inversely proportional to the

resistivity of the core.
Electrical Science-2 Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad
Hysteresis and Eddy Current Losses
Hysteresis and eddy current losses result in heating
up the core and hence decide the rating of the
magnetic device.

Electrical Science-2 Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad

 Hysteresis and Eddy Current Losses
Hysteresis and eddy current losses result in heating
up the core and hence decide the rating of the
magnetic device.

Both the losses increase with increase of frequency

( f ) and depend on the material (Kh and Ke) of the
core .

Electrical Science-2 Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad

 Hysteresis and Eddy Current Losses
Hysteresis and eddy current losses result in heating
up the core and hence decide the rating of the
magnetic device.

Both the losses increase with increase of frequency

( f ) and depend on the material (Kh and Ke) of the
core .
Both the losses increase with increase of flux density
(Bmax) in the core.

Electrical Science-2 Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad

 Hysteresis and Eddy Current Losses
Hysteresis and eddy current losses result in heating
up the core and hence decide the rating of the
magnetic device.

Both the losses increase with increase of frequency

( f ) and depend on the material (Kh and Ke) of the
core .
Both the losses increase with increase of flux density
(Bmax) in the core.
Sum of hysteresis and eddy losses is called core loss as
both losses occur within the core.
Electrical Science-2 Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad
 Core Losses
Core Loss = Hysteresis loss + Eddy current loss
Pcore = Ph+Pe = KhfBnmax +Ke f 2B2max2

Core Loss Measurement

Electrical Science-2 Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad

Hysteresis and Eddy Current Losses
To reduce loss due to hysteresis choose a material
which has thin hysteresis loop (soft magnetic mat.).

Electrical Science-2 Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad

 Hysteresis and Eddy Current Losses
To reduce eddy current losses the cores are laminated.

Laminations are thin plates of magnetic material.

Electrical Science-2 Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad
Hysteresis and Eddy Current Losses
Each plate is varnish coated to provide insulation
between the plates.
Generally Silicon Steel (soft mag. material) sheets
are used to make transformers.

Electrical Science-2 Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad

 Transformers

Electrical Science-2 Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad

 Transformer

An AC device used to change high voltage low

current AC into low voltage high current AC and
vice-versa without changing the frequency.

Electrical Science-2 Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad

 Operating Principle

Mutual Induction
Electrical Science-2 Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad
 Electricity Grid

Electrical Science-2 Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad

 Simple Power System

Electrical Science-2 Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad

 Transformers
Simplest transformer has 2 windings generally
wound on a core.

Electrical Science-2 Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad

 Transformers
Simplest transformer has 2 windings generally
wound on a core.

Electrical Science-2 Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad

 Transformers
Simplest transformer has 2 windings generally
wound on a core.

Transformer is static electromagnetic device.

Electrical Science-2 Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad

 Transformers
Simplest transformer has 2 windings generally
wound on a core.

Transformer is static electromagnetic device.

It works on the principle of electromagnetic
induction
Electrical Science-2 Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad
 Transformers
The two windings are not electrically connected,
but are coupled by a magnetic link.

Electrical Science-2 Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad

 Transformers
The two windings are not electrically connected,
but are coupled by a magnetic link.
It is an AC device.

Electrical Science-2 Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad

 Transformers
The two windings are not electrically connected,
but are coupled by a magnetic link.
It is an AC device.

Since there are no moving parts, its efficiency can

be very high ( > 99%, if properly designed)

Electrical Science-2 Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad

 Transformers
The two windings are not electrically connected,
but are coupled by a magnetic link.
It is an AC device.

Since there are no moving parts, its efficiency can

be very high ( > 99%, if properly designed)
Used mainly in transmission and distribution of
power in a power system.

Electrical Science-2 Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad

 Transformers
The two windings are not electrically connected,
but are coupled by a magnetic link.
It is an AC device.

Since there are no moving parts, its efficiency can

be very high ( > 99%, if properly designed)
Used mainly in transmission and distribution of
power in a power system.
Also used in power supplies to step down voltage
levels.
Electrical Science-2 Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad
 Ideal Transformer

Electrical Science-2 Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad

 Dot Convention

Electrical Science-2 Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad

Ideal Transformer as 2 port Network

Electrical Science-2 Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad

Ideal Transformer as 2 port Network

Electrical Science-2 Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad

Ideal Transformer as 2 port Network

Electrical Science-2 Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad