Chapter 3

Chapter 2 - Revision
Static pressure Low pressure manometer

measurement High pressure
Bourdon gage pressure
Pressure transducer
Suspended body (fully submerged/immersed)
FB = W = fgVb = fVb
Buoyancy Floating body

f gVbody,sub avg,bodygVtotal
Vbody,sub avg,body

MZA@UTPChemEFluidMech
Vtotal f
Conservation Laws
Outline
To study the:
Conservation of mass principle
Continuity equation
Steady state mass balance
Unsteady state mass balance
Outline
To study the:
Conservation of energy principle (more in Chap
4)
First Law of Thermodynamics
Concept of head
Bernoullis equation: The energy balance for
fluid mechanics
Steady state energy balance
Application: Fluid flow measurement
Outline
To study the:
Conservation of momentum principle
Momentum transfer: the concept of balance
of forces
Learning Outcomes
At the end of the chapter, you should be
able to:
1. Define continuity equation to solve steady state and
unsteady state mass balance.
2. Define Bernoullis equation.
3. Apply the energy balance to determine flow of fluid
in various devices such as orifice meter, venturi
meter and pitot tube.
Universe and its constituents
Surroundings
Mass or region
outside the system
System
Boundary
Quantity of matter
Real or imaginary or region chosen
surface that to study the
separates the changes
system from its
surroundings
System
Closed system Open system
Control mass Control volume
Only energy is transferred Both mass and energy is
the boundary, but not transferred the boundary
mass
Energy in
Mass in
Energy YES
Mass NO
Energy out
Mass out
General Balance Equation
Accumulation = Creation Destruction + Flow in Flow out
In MEB:
Accumulation = Input + Generation Output Consumption
For Non-reacting system:

Accumulation = Flow in Flow out
General Balance Equation
Criteria of balance equation:

Must apply to some period of time.
Balance equation deals with changes in the thing being
accounted for.
Applied only to any countable set of unit depend on the
amount of a substance
(EXTENSIVE PROPERTY e.g mass, energy, momentum)
Not applied for uncountable set of unit.
(INTENSIVE PROPERTY e.g T, P, color)
Conservation of Mass
Other names:
Mass balance
Material balance
Continuity principle
min
mout
Increase in mass Flow of Flow of

within chosenboundaries massin massout

min
dm

dt system
mout
Rate of Increase in mass Mass flow Mass flow

within chosenboundaries rate in rate out
dm
min mout
dt system
Steady state balance
In general, steady-state means nothing is changing w.r.t time
v f (t , x, y, z )
v
0
t x , y , z
(Steady state or sometimes called steady flow
= Nothing is changing w.r.t time)
dm
0
dt system

min mout
For single stream in and out,
m1 = m2
m1
control
volume
m1 = m2
m2
For multiple streams,
m in m
out
m1
control
m2 volume
m1 + m2 =
m3 + m4 m3
m4
Since mass is related to density and volume:

m AV Continuity
equation
Where:

m = mass flow rate
= density of fluid
A = cross sectional area of the pipe / conduit
V = velocity of fluid passing through the cross sectional area

m AV
Volumetric flow rate, Q

m
Q AV

For unsteady state mass balance,
equation below is used:
dm
min mout
dt system
Example 1
Water is flowing in a pipe. At point 1 the inside
diameter is 0.25 m and the velocity is 2 m/s.
Determine:
the mass flow rate
volumetric flow rate?
the velocity at point 2 where the inside diameter
is 0.125 m?
1 2
Solution
Assumption:
Steady flow system,
density is constant = 1000 kg/m3
a) Mass flow rate m AV 1000 kg 0.25m2 2 m

4 s
3
m
kg
98.2
s
b) Volumetric flow rate
kg
98.2 3
m s 0.0982 m
Q
1000 3
kg s
m
Solution
a) From continuity equation
1A1V1 = 2A2V2 A1V1 = A2V2 (since density is constant)
2 2
D1 V1 D2 V2
4 4
2
D1
V2 V1 2
D2
m 0.25
2
2
2
s 0.125
m
8
s
Example 2
A river has a cross section that is approximately a
rectangle with 10 ft deep and 50 ft wide. The
average velocity is 1 ft/s. How many U.S. gallons
per minute pass a given point? What is the
average velocity at a point downstream, where
the channel shape has changed to 7 ft in depth
and 150 ft in wide?
Cross sectional area of the river:
10 ft 7 ft
50 ft 150 ft
Solution
Assumption: Steady flow, H2O is constant = 62.4
Ibm/ft3
1 ft3= 7.480 US gallon
Volumetric flow rate, ft ft 3

Q A1V1 10 ft 50 ft 1 500
s s
ft 3 60 s 7.48 U.S gal
500
s min ft 3
U.S gal
224, 400
min
Solution
Velocity at downstream:
ft 3
Q 500 A 2 V2
s
ft 3
500
V2 s
7 ft 150 ft
ft
0.476
s
Example 3
A lake has a surface area of 100 km2. One river is
bringing water into the lake at a rate of 10,000
m3/s, while another is taking water out at 8000
m3/s. Neglecting evaporation of the water, how
fast is the level of the lake rising or falling?
8000 m3/s
100 km2
10,0000 m3/s
Solution
Assumption: Steady flow, density of the lake
water is constant, evaporation rate is negligible.
dh Qin Qout
dm
min mout dt A
dt m3 m3
dV 10000 8000
Qin Qout s s
dt 10002 m2
dV 100 km 2
Qin Qout km 2
dt
-5 m mm
dAh 2 10
s
or 0.02
s
Qin Qout
dt
Chapter 3 - Revision
General mass balance:
For Non-reacting system:

Difference between open and closed systems
Universe=system + surroundings
Unsteady state mass balance
Continuity equation
Conservation of Energy
Open
Outline
Concept of First Law of Thermodynamics
General energy balance equation
Bernoullis equation
Application of energy balance:
Tank system
Nozzle and diffuser
Fluid flow measurement
Open
The First Law of Thermodynamics
The conservation of energy principle
Energy cannot be created nor destroyed, but

can be transferred from one form to another
Open
Types of energy
Internal, u
Kinetic, ke Apply in Fluid
Mechanics
Potential, pe
Electrostatic
Magnetic
Surface
Nuclear
Open
Energy is transferred in 3 ways:
By matter entering / leaving the system
(u + pe + ke) dm
(u+pe+ke)in dmin
(u+pe+ke)out dmout
Open
Via heat e.g. through the heating or cooling jacket
dQ
Open
Via work of various forms
dW
Expansion Compression
Electrical
Open
REVISION

Esys = Ein Eout
(u+pe+ke)in dmin (u+pe+ke)out dmout
dQin d[m (u+pe+ke)] dQout
dWin dWout
Open
V 2 V2
d m u gz u gz dm
2 sys 2 in
V2
u gz dm
2 out
dQ dW
(u + gz + V2/2)in dmin (u + gz + V2/2)out dmout
dQin d[m (u + gz + V2/2)] dQout
dWin dWout
Open
V 2 V2
d m u gz u gz dmin
2 sys 2 in
V2
u gz dmout
2 out
dQ
dWnf P in dmin P out dmout
(u + gz + V2/2)in dmin (u + gz + V2/2)out dmout
dQin d[m (u + gz + V2/2)] dQout
dWin dWout
Open
dWn.f = non-flow work
work done on the system / by the system
except work of driving matter in out across
the system boundaries.
Include:
Boundary work ( P dV) e.g. piston
Shaft work (by pump, compressor or
turbine)
Electrical work
Open
V 2 P V2
d m u gz u gz dm
2 sys 2 in
P V2
u gz dm
2 out
dQ dWn.f
Open
Steady state energy balance
Left hand side of equation is equal to zero,
and for one inlet one outlet system:
V 2
d m u gz 0
2 sys
P V2 P V2
u gz dmout u gz dmin dQ dWn.f
2 out 2 in
Open
Since mass is conserved, dmin = dmout = dm
P V 2 dQ dWn.f
du d g dz d
2 dm dm
P V 2 dQ dWn.f
du d g dz d
2 dm dm
u = uout uin; etc

Open
regroup
P V 2 dWn.f dQ
gz u
2 dm dm
P V 2 dWn.f
gz F
2 dm
Friction heating term

Open (Friction loss)
P V 2 dWn.f
gz F
2 dm
General Mechanical Energy

Equation
Unit = Energy/mass
Open
P V2 dWn.f F
z
g 2g gdm g
Head form of Mechanical Energy

Equation
Unit = Length
Open
P V 2 dWn.f F
z
g 2g gdm g
Pressure Gravity Velocity Pump Friction head

head head head or turbine loss
head
Open
Static head
P V 2 dWn.f F
z
g 2g gdm g

head
Open
Dynamic head
P V 2 dWn.f F
z
g 2g gdm g

head
Open
For a frictionless system without any input of
work:
P V 2
gz 0
2
Bernoullis Equation
Open
Application of Energy Balance
P V 2 dWn.f
gz F
2 dm
Open
Application of Bernoullis equation
Involve in many incompressible fluid system.
What is given to you?

Any change of pressure?
Any change of elevation/height?
Any change of velocity?
Any work by the pump/compressor?
Any friction involved?
Open
Nozzle and Diffusers
2
1
V1, P1, A1
V2, P2, A2
P V 2
gz 0
2
Open
Nozzle and Diffusers
2
1
V1, P1, A1
V2, P2, A2
For incompressible fluid, from continuity equation:

V1A1 = V2A2 V2 V1 1
A
A2
Open
P2 P1 V2 V1
2 2
0
2
2
A1
V1 V1
2
P2 P1 A 2
0
2
2
V A 1
2
P2 P1 1
1 2
2 A2
Open
For gases:
2
V1 A
2

P2 P1 1 2
1
2 A
2
P

RT
Open
Open tank with outlet nozzle
P1 = P2 = Patm
1
V1 0 (due to very
V1, P1, z1 large tank)
No friction or work
h done
Steady flow
2 V2, P2, z2
Open MZA@UTPChemEFluidMech
Open tank with outlet nozzle
V 2
1 gz 0
V1, P1, z1
2
2
V2
gz 2 z1 0
h
2
V2 2gh
2 V2, P2, z2
Toricellis equation
Open MZA@UTPChemEFluidMech
Example
Water flows in a frictionless nozzle through an
inlet diameter of 5 cm and velocity 20 m/s.
a) Calculate the mass flow rate.
b) If the pressure difference is 100 kPa,
determine outlet diameter.
c) What would be the outlet velocity if the outlet
diameter increases by 20%?
Open
Solution
Assumption:
Steady flow operation
Horizontal nozzle g z = 0
No work interaction dWn.f = 0
Frictionless F = 0
=0
P V 2
gz 0
2
Open
Solution
a) Mass flow rate:

kg 2 m
m 1A1V1 1000 3 0.05 20
m 4 s
kg
39.3
s
P V 2
0
b) From Bernoullis equation: 2
2 2
P2 P1 V2 V
1
0
2
Open
V1
2
A1
2
P2 P1 1 2
A
2 2

A1
0.05 2
A2 4
2P2 P1 2 100000
1 1
V1 2
1000202
1.6 10-3 m 2
4 1.6 10-3
D2 0.045 m

Open
c) Outlet velocity of D2 = 0.045 m
Through continuity equation:

2
A1 0.05 m
V2 V1 20 24.7
A2 0.045 s
if diameter increase by 20% D2 = 1.2D2
V2 V2 ' 24.7
' A2 D2
2
17.15
m
A diffuser!
A2 1.2D2 2
s
Open

Chapter 3

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Chapter 3

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Chapter 2 - Revision

Static pressure Low pressure manometer

Buoyancy Floating body

Accumulation = Creation Destruction + Flow in Flow out

For Non-reacting system:

Criteria of balance equation:

Increase in mass Flow of Flow of

Rate of Increase in mass Mass flow Mass flow

Volumetric flow rate, Q

a) Mass flow rate m AV 1000 kg 0.25m2 2 m

Volumetric flow rate, ft ft 3

For Non-reacting system:

Energy cannot be created nor destroyed, but

Accumulation = Flow in Flow out

(u+pe+ke)in dmin (u+pe+ke)out dmout

dQin d[m (u+pe+ke)] dQout

(u + gz + V2/2)in dmin (u + gz + V2/2)out dmout

dQin d[m (u + gz + V2/2)] dQout

(u + gz + V2/2)in dmin (u + gz + V2/2)out dmout

dQin d[m (u + gz + V2/2)] dQout

u = uout uin; etc

Friction heating term

General Mechanical Energy

Head form of Mechanical Energy

Pressure Gravity Velocity Pump Friction head

Pressure Gravity Velocity Pump Friction head

Pressure Gravity Velocity Pump Friction head

Involve in many incompressible fluid system.

What is given to you?

For incompressible fluid, from continuity equation:

Through continuity equation:

if diameter increase by 20% D2 = 1.2D2

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