23 3 Vol. 23 No.

3
2001 9 JOU RNA L OF GLA CIO LOG Y AN D GEOCR YOL OGY Sept . 2001

: 1000- 0240( 2001) 03- 0218- 07

Review and Prospect of the Studies of Ground

Freezing Technology in China
( )
M a Wei( )
( S tate Key L aborat ory of Fr oze n S oil E ngineeri ng , CARE ERI , CAS , L anzhou Gansu 730000, Chi na )

Abstract: T he met hod of ar tificial gr ound freezing will be used ex tensiv ely w ith the incr ease of underground
construction. Gr eat attention has being paid to the research and its application. T he developments of ground
freezing research in China ar e reviewed here. T he state- o-
f ar t and prospect of ground freezing research are ana-
ly zed.
Key words: China; rev iew and prospect; ground freezing
CLC number: P642. 14 Document code: A

sides, it has also been used in ot her underground en-

1 INT RODU CT ION
Wit h a furt her development of society and econo-
my, cont inuous g row th of population and relative
lessening of space, to ex ploit underspace have been
one of import ant means w hich mankind ex pand space
for existence. Experts predicted t hat the 21st cent ury
is a cent ury of const ruct ing underground engineering.
Because t he art if icial ground f reezing method is
unlimited basically by support ing range and depth,
and can prevent eff ect ively the gushed w ater and de-
f orm at ion of neig hboring soil body in construction, it
w ill be one of m ain means t o complete t he under-
g round engineering. Af ter t he art if icial g round freez-
ing t echnolog y w as applied successfully in China in
1955, it has passed more 40 years history and 392
mines have used t he artificial ground freezing
1
met hod , including 111 mines in Anhui, Huainan
and Huaibei. F reezing dept h of 19 m ines has ex ceed-
ed 300 m, w ith t he maximum depth of 435 m 2 . Be
gineering, for ex ample Beijing and Shang hai Sub-
w ays 3 . T he art if icial ground f reezing technolog y has
been developed quickly and a group of hig h level
ranks of research, desig n and construct ion have been
est ablished in China and predict ed t hat t he method
w ill play g reat er role in underground engineering.
2 REVIEW OF T HE GROUND F REEZ-
ING RESEARCH IN CH INA
2. 1 Review of history
From processes of the ground freezing research in
China, it can be divided int o t hree st ages:
T he first st ag e, start ed in 1970s ago is charac-
terized by quot ing, st udy ing and applying. At t his
st age, the art if icial ground freezing method w as ap-
plied mainly in shallow alluvium and the frozen soil
w all, w hich can be considered as an elast ic medium.
So, all calculation of design is based on m echanics of
elasticity .

Recei ved date: 2000- 12-19; Modi fied date: 2001-04- 18

Foundation Item: T he N at ional N at ural S cience Foundat ion of China ( 49771024)
Biography: M a Wei ( 1963 ) , male, t he Hui nationalit y, born in T ianshui of G ansu Province, graduat ed from D ept . of M at hematics and M e-
chanics, Lanzhou U niversity, received t he degree of M aster in LIGG , professor, engaging in t he researches of froz en soil mechan ics
and engineering. E-mail: maw ei@ ns. lzb. ac. cn
 3 :
During the second stage betw een 1970 s and
1980 , t he mining areas have ex tensively developed in
Huaibei, Yanzhou, Datong and H uainan et c. Because
of increase of f reezing depth, the t hickness of freezing
w all w as designed very large, about 6 ~ 10 m or
more. In order to reduce t he designing t hickness of
freezing w all, the aim of t his st age is t o est ablish ba-
sic elast ic theory. How ever, the decrease of t hickness
of f reezing wall by subject ive idea alw ays resulted in
decreasing of whole strengt h and st ability of freezing
w all and caused engineering failure 4 .
T hird stage st art ed in t he beginning of 1980 s.
Because of arising of t he eng ineering failure, scient ific
w orkers recognized t hat it can not solve freezing eng-
i ried out . Under sine- varying t emperat ure, the creep
neering problems in deep alluvium by using the simple
elast ic t heory or elastoplastic theory. Accordingly, a
large scale research of engineering measurement in
sit u, paramet ers, physical modeling test and comput-
er analysis w ere systemat ically carried out and a group
of high level research achievement s has been ob-
t ained.
2. 2 Study of mechanical properties of frozen soils
Before t he 1970s, the data of all t hermal phys-
i t at ive relat ions among modulus of elasticit y, fatigue
cal paramet ers applied in t he freezing engineering
w ere obt ained f rom overseas. Until arising new prob-
lems in t he freezing sinking eng ineering of Huainan
mining area, w e had carried out systemat ical st udies
of the t herm al physical and mechanical behaviors of
alluvial soils. A published book Engineering behavior
of f rozen wall in artificial freezing sinking ref lects t he
classical work and has been used ext ensively by de-
signing inst itut ions.
Aft er that , w e have carried out detailed st udies
of st at ic, dynamics and m icro st ructure chang e under
loading around mechanical problems of f rozen soils.
A strengt h and creep behavior of frozen soil is
one of import ant propert ies. Based on a large amount
of tests, we put forw ard the st ress- st rain relat ion dia-
5
g rams of frozen soils , t he met hod of t ime analogy
to determine long term strengt h of f rozen soils 6 , the
7, 8
failure criterion of frozen soil creep , the parabolic
9, 10
yield crit erion of frozen soil st reng th , t he equa-
t ions of synthet ically def orm at ion of frozen soil 11
et c. T hrough tensile t est s, Shen Zhongyan et al . , 12
219
13
Zhu Yuanlin et al st udied t he t ensile behav ior of
st rengt h and creep in frozen soils. Li Hong sheng et
14~ 16
al . successfully carried out t he f ract ure tests of
f rozen soil and found t he quant it at ive relat ions among
f ract ure toughness, t emperat ure, water contents,
loading rate. T hrough uniax ial creep tests of frozen
soils under vary ing st resses, it is found t hat the creep
of frozen soil under varying stresses can be obtained
f rom the creep behavior under st resses by overlapping
principles, and put forw ard the creep failure time cr-i
terion and t he unified creep model of frozen
17~ 19
soil . T he ex periment al study on the creep of
f rozen soil under varying t emperat ure w as firstly car-
of f rozen soil can be macroscopically est imated by a
creep at an equivalent t emperat ure, t he equivalent
t emperat ures is far less than t he max imum tem pera-
ture corresponding to t he sine- varying tem perature
and lit tle higher than t he average t emperat ure 20 .
For meet ing t he needs of engineering design, t he
behaviors of strengt h and creep under dy nam ic load
w ere studied systemat ically, and obt ained t he quant-i
st rengt h, failure st rain, minimum st rain rat e, t em-
21~ 27
perature, f requency and st rain rate and put for-
w ard a creep model under t riaxial dynamic load 28 .
T he ex perimental st udy on impact and torsion of
f rozen soil w ere carried out for the first t ime, and
some im port ant result s have been obtained 29~ 33 .
Study on sub- microst ruct ure and microstructure
of frozen soils during deformat ion process is one of
important met hods to bring to mechanics mechanism
of frozen soils. In recent years, P u Yibin et
34~ 36 37~ 39
al . , Wu Ziw ang et al . , Ma Wei et
40~ 43 44, 45
al . , Zhang Changqing et al . , Shen
Zhongyan et al . 46 , and Guo L i et al . 47
observed
and analyzed the changes of sub- microst ruct ure and
microstructure during t he process of creep of frozen
soils by using Comput er T om graphy ( CT ) and Scan-
ning Elect ronic Microscope and obtained a series of
important result s. Based on analysis of microstructure
during creep, Miao T iande et al . 48, 49 put f orw ard
t he const it ut ive relation, yield criterion, t hree- d-i
mensional equat ion of damag e evolut ion and equat ion
 220
of long term st reng th in f rozen soils and t heoretically
realized simultaneous describing phenomena of st ruc-
t ure st reng thening and softening of frozen soil creep
for t he f irst t ime.
T he mechanical parameters obtained by conven-
t ional methods of soil mechanics only adapt shallow
alluvium. F or the st udy of deep alluv ium , some new
met hods need to be used. At the beginning of the
1990s, t he St at e Key L aboratory of F rozen Soil Eng-
i et c
neering syst ematically studied the st rengt h charact er-
ist ics of f rozen soils under high conf ining pressure and
obtained a series of new research achievement s w hich
are not diff erent f rom t hat of t he convent ional met h-
50, 51
ods of soil mechanics , suggesting t hat t he con-
vent ional t est results did not adapt to evaluate the st a-
bility of deep frozen w all. So, as a new research d-
i shaft, Cui Guangx in et al .
rect ion- mechanics of frozen soil in deep alluv ium ,
w e are carrying out the research works at present.
2. 3 Study of the freezing wall
2. 3. 1 Outside load of t he f reezing w all
So far, t he out side load w as considered as a func-
t ion of horizontal eart h pressure, namely P = kH ,
and ot her loads, for exam ple f rost- heav ing force and
sel-f weig ht etc. , w ere not considered. It should be
noticed t hat frost- heaving force and sel- f w eight are
import ant fact ors w hich affect stabilit y of t he freezing
w all, but t he research in this respect st ill is not car-
ried out .
2. 3. 2 T emperature f ield in t he freezing w all
T emperat ure field is an import ant index t o det er-
m ine average strengt h and t hickness of t he freezing
w all. From t he 1950s, scientists in China carried out
laborat ory and field research by using modeling test s,
comput er analysis and measurement of f ields etc. and
52~ 55
obtained a series of research achievements . So
far, t he result s can be sat isf ied w it h t he needs of en-
g ineering , t hus the research in this respect has been
treated coldly in recent years.
2. 3. 3 Study of t he f reezing w all
Aft er t he 1970s, because of arising of engineer-
ing f ailures, large- scale study of eng ineering measure-
ment in situ, modeling t est s and computer analysis
and so on w ere carried out and obt ained a series of im-
port ant research achievement s.
23
2. 3. 3. 1 Study of engineering measurement in
situ
Around more t han tw enty shifts in H uainan,
Yanzhou and Huaibei mining areas, w e carried out
study of displacement , st ress and temperature etc
measurem ent in sit u, and obt ained t he relat ion among
radial def orm at ion, t unneling height and t ime, t he
relation among freezing pressure, depth and soils
56, 57
. A lot of achievements have been adopt ed
by t he designing st andard.
2. 3. 3. 2 Study of modeling t ests
It is one of im port ant met hods of the f reezing
w all study t o use physical modeling test based on ana-
logue theory. Aft er t he 1990s, w e beg an study of
modeling t ests. By using large modeling t est st and of
58, 59
studied t he rela-
t ions among radial deformation of freezing w all, out-
side load, t unneling height, freezing t emperat ure,
t ime, deformat ion of freezing tube, st ress and thick-
ness of freezing wall et c. and g ave the relat ion of
f reezing w all t hickness vs. various factors.
Meanwhile, Wu Ziw ang et al . 60, 61
, Yu
62
Chuhou et al . also carried out t he st udy of indoor
modeling t ests of the freezing w all and obtained a se-
ries of important research achievements.
Besides t he modeling tests of t he f reezing shaf t,
Huainan Universit y of M ining Indust ry ( 1994) and
State Key Laboratory of Frozen Soil Eng ineering
( 1996) carried out respect ively t he modeling t ests of
st raight f reezing w all by using f reezing met hod of salt
solution and liquid nitrogen, and probed into possibi-l
ity for support ing of deep base pit in base of soft soil
by using the freezing met hod. T his laid a good foun-
dation of t heory for applying the f reezing method t o
t he support ing of deep base pit in cit y.
But it should not ice t hat the w ork in t his respect
is not enough regardless of research depth or amount,
and need furt her study.
2. 3. 3. 3 Study of numerical simulat ion
Com put er development provides an advantag eous
condition for t he numerical simulation. So, from t he
end of 70 s, a lot of scholars beg an to devote to t he
study of temperature and st ress fields of the f reezing
w all by the numerical simulat ion and obt ained some
 3 :
results. But because of problem of paramet ers, so f ar
it st ill can not get anyw here. We know t hat t he m e-
chanical parameters of frozen soils change w it h t he in-
crease of dept h. So t he st udy of numerical simulation
is very diff icult t o obtain t he generally accepted
achievement s. Some scholars try to use the method of
reversal analysis t o inquire into the paramet ers, but
because t he abundance of parameters and t he f luctua-
t ion of reversal value, there is st ill not signif icant
3 3
breakt hrough .
2. 4 Effects of the freezing wall on underground
structure
2. 4. 1 F reezing pressure
T he pressure of well wall applied by the freezing
w all is called the f reezing pressure. It is a resultant of
forces w hich include the f rost- heaving force, the ex-
panding force of clay and t he f orce that prevent the
freezing w all from deformation. T he measurement in
sit u showed t hat t he freezing pressure relat ed wit h
soil, depth, temperature, t hickness, st rength, tun-
neling height and ex posure t ime etc. , and it s size is
almost equal t o the eart h pressure 56 . It is one of
main outside load for design of the w ell wall. But so
far our study only remains at t he measurement in
sit u.
2. 4. 2 Additional stress during t hawing of frozen
soil
T he measurement in sit u f ound that during
thaw ing of f rozen soil, because of cont ract ing of
frozen soil volume, sett lement of soil layer w ill cause
a vertical addit ional stress for t he outside w ell w all
63
and t he st ress increases w it h increase of dept h .
M eanw hile, the indoor tests also f ound this phe-
64
nom enon . But because of t he st ress do not lead to
large engineering accident, t he addit ional st ress st ill
does not arouse ext ensive more not ice of engineering
circles.
2. 5 Application of other underground engineering
In China, besides applicat ion of mining shaft ,
the artificial ground freezing met hods w ere also ap-
plied to ot her underground engineering. At beginning
of t he 1970s, Beijing subw ay engineering applied the
art if icial ground freezing met hod that freezing lengt h
is 90m and vert ical dept h is 28m. After t hat t ime,
221
Shengyang subw ay , base pit of st orehouse in H ainaer
( 1975) , precipitat ing tank in Nant ong nearby build-
ing ( 1981) , Shang hai subw ay etc. engineering also
used t he art ificial ground f reezing met hod, and have
obt ained rather good ef fect. Now lot scholars in Ch-i
na are carrying out the study and prepare of the f reez-
ing t echnolog y for apply ing the freezing method to t he
support ing of deep base pit in cit y 1 .
PROSPECT OF T HE GROUND FREE-
ZING RESEARCH IN CH INA
In areas of East China, M iddle China, North
China and Nort heast , t here ex ist in the considerable
t hick alluv ium . In t hese areas, the f reezing t echnolo-
gy is one of main methods to construct the under-
ground engineering. As for construction of high or
superhigh buildings and mult-i stored basement or ot h-
er underground buildings, it is very diff icult t o sup-
port pit w all composed of loose soil layer or silt layer.
It seems very import ant t o use the f reezing met hod.
Meanwhile, Wit h a f urt her development of societ y
and economy , cont inuous grow th of populat ion and
relative lessening of space, to exploit underspace have
been one of import ant means which m ankind expand
space for ex ist ence. Experts predict ed t hat 21st cen-
tury is a century of const ruct ing underground eng-i
neering. Based on t his, the freezing technology also
has stronger compet ing f orce. So, in China, t he
f reezing technolog y w ill have w ider market . T o meet
great challeng e in future, w e must still carry out t he
follow ing study:
( 1) Accurate and syst em at ic st udy on physical
and mechanical param eters of f rozen and thaw ed
soils, especially change of the paramet ers vs. depth;
( 2) Evaluat ion on st rength and st ability of f reez-
ing soil st ruct ures at uneven t emperat ure fields;
( 3) T o develop large- scale sof tw are syst em of
numerical imit at ion and t o conduct det ect ing and fore-
cast for t he art ificial g round freezing eng ineering ;
( 4) T o carry out st udy of indoor modeling t est s
and to analyses and verif y t he model of numerical ca-l
culation;
( 5) T o carry out measurement in situ of the art-i
ficial ground freezing engineering and further to verif y
 222
the model of numerical calculat ion;
( 6) T o carry out environment al study of t he ar-
t ificial ground f reezing eng ineering, w hich include ef-
f ect s of around environment , ef fects of frost heaving
and t haw- set tlem ent on around building et c. ;
( 7) T o est ablish a reliable supporting system of
technology, w hich include system of refrig erat ion and
cycle, accurately automatic monitoring system etc.
( 8) T o est ablish a scient ific evaluation syst em of
economy and technology.
Acknowledgements:
I gratefully acknow ledg e t he support of K. C.
Wong Educat ion Foundation, Hong Kong .
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