RLD 512 LANDSCAPE HYDROLOGY

The MASMA and Sustainable

Drainage Systems
Dr Naser Ghani
PhD, P.Eng, MIEM, MASCE, MACEM
anaser@usm.my
www.hbp.usm.my/naser
ROOM 104 E49
 MASMA
The main focus of Urban Storm Water Management
Manual (MASMA) is to manage the storm water on site
instead of draining it away as quickly as possible -
control at source approach. This approach utilizes
detention, retention, infiltration and purification process.
The quality and quantity of the runoff from developing
area can be maintained to be the same as pre-
development condition from the aspect of quantity and
quality runoff, also known as uncontaminated zero
contribution to the peak discharge.

This manual has now become mandatory for new

development applications.
THE EMERGENCE OF MASMA
In 2002, Drainage and Irrigation Department Malaysia has
introduced a new guideline called Manual Saliran Mesra
Alam 2002 or (MASMA). This manual effectively replaced the
older manual called Urban Drainage Design Standards 1974.
The main concept of the new manual is about controlling
discharge at source as opposed to rapid discharge by the
previous manual. Two major parameters to be controlled are
the quantity and quality of discharges. These two components
will be required to be addressed at the source or the site of
development. Discharges going out from the site will have to
remain as it was before or less. In order to achieve that,
structural and hydraulic components, such as site storage
facilities, permissible discharge regulators and underground
infiltration modules, will have to be considered, designed and
installed within the site.
3
MASMA, SUSTAINABILITY AND GREEN APPROACH

The MSMA concept promotes sustainable development and

can be considered as green approach to land development
identical to practices already in place in several other
countries like the United States, Australia, United Kingdom,
New Zealand and China etc. In those places the practices
are known as Low Impact Development (LID), Sustainable
Urban Drainage Systems (SUDS), Low Impact Urban Design
and Development (LIUDD), Water Sensitive Urban Design
(WSUD) or the Green Manual.

4
SIMILAR CONCEPT WORLDWIDE
Concept Country Description

Low Impact Development United LID is a concept that includes planning, designing and
States undertaking land redevelopment in a way to minimize the
(LID) effect of rain water run-off and contaminants that modify and
pollute our rivers, streams and harbors as well as to lessen
our impacts on other aspects of the environment, including
physical waste reduction through composting and recycled
building materials.
Water Sensitive Urban Australia WSUD is a concept and label started in 1994 to embody
Design and codify the emerging sustainable values (Bryant Ian,
2004).
(WSUD) WSUD is regarded as a part of a new paradigm of urban
total water cycle management which aims to optimize and
integrate urban planning and design with water, wastewater
and stormwater service provision across a range of
planning scales from city-wide down to the site.
Sustainable Urban United SUDS refers to a collection of methods used to reduces
Drainage System (SUDS) Kingdom run-off from hard surfaces through storage and by
enhancing groundwater recharge via infiltration.

Low Impact Urban Design New LIUDD aims to avoid a wide range of adverse effects of a
and Development Zealand physiochemical, biodiversity, social, economic and amenity
(LIUDD) value, resulting from conventional urban development,
protecting aquatic and terrestrial ecological integrity while
allowing urbanization at all densities.
Green Manual China This manual is used as guideline and reference for
sustainable use of material and construction approach.
RAPID DISPOSAL
vs
Control at Source
What to Control?

QUANTITY
AND
QUALITY
 Quantity Control-1
Minor and major system shall be planned both generally confirm to natural
drainage pattern and discharge to natural drainage system within catchment as
possible.
Runoff at development site within catchment or sub-catchment shall be
maintained as discharge at the existing natural drainage outlet/s and the controls
discharges shall be less or equal to the existing capacity of the existing natural
drainage capacity at downstream.
Stormwater management system must be designed so that post development peak
discharge rate (2 yr, 10yr, 50 yr and 100yr ARI) less than the pre-development (2
yr ARI). More stringent criteria may be required in sensitive area where
stormwater problems presently exist.
There will be no new stormwater conveyance system outfall may discharge the
runoff directly into the existing receiving water without any control.
All new urban development shall be provided with a minor drainage system with
capacity not more than the 10 yr ARI as describe in Table 4.1 of the Manual.
 Quantity Control-2

The minor drainage system may comprise any combination of pipe, swale, open
drain or engineered waterway, to be serving for the catchment less than 20 ha.
The major drainage system shall be provided for the development area and the
catchment of the development area equal to or larger than 40 ha. The
stormwater design ARI shall be 100 years or as describe in Table 4.1 of the
Manual.
Conveyance system for the drainage area from 20 to 40 ha should be designed
with storm ARI 50 years.
The platform/lowest floor level in all new urban development and re-
development shall be protected for flooding up to 100 years ARI with 0.5m
freeboard.
Diversion of runoff to or from other catchment or sub-catchment is prohibited
(not permitted).
 Quantity Control-3
An adequate drainage reserve shall be provided for stormwater conveyance
located within private lot to provide access for maintenance.

The construction of Onsite Storage Detention (OSD) facilities can be allowed to

serve the small drainage area up to 0.1 ha only. For the area more than that, the
community detention/retention facilities should be provided.

Adequate storage shall be provided for the detention pond to store the
postdevelopment design flows of 1 in 100 years ARI from the catchment without
overflow the secondary outlet (spillway).

Primary outlets for the detention pond shall be designed to reduce post-
development peak flows from the pond must not exceed the pre-development
peaks flows of 2 year (minor primary outlet and major primary outlet).
 Quality Control-1
CON
S No land clearing shall be allowed for the construction site before the installation of sediment control
T facilities onsite.
R
U
C The erosion and sedimentation controls shall be provided on all land development and building
T project to prevent up to the maximum extent possible, the transport of the sediment from the project
I site resulting from clearing and grading or others land disturbing activities.
O
N
The adequate sediment pond or sediment trap shall be provided prior to sediment rotate/release from
S the site.
T
A
G Sediment pond/trap/basin should retain a minimum 70% of coarse of sediment > 0.02 mm for storm
E up to or including 3 months ARI (equivalent to 40mm of rainfall depth to capture and detain at least
90% of 24 hours storm events runoff volume in a year) for construction period < 2 years and 6
months ARI (equivalent to 50mm of rainfall depth to capture and detain at least 95% of 24 hours
storm events runoff volume in a year), for construction > 2 years to be completed.

The Erosion Sedimentation Control Plan (ESCP) shall be submitted for project area more than 1
ha. The plans must be prepared based on construction activities staging which covers land grading
& earthworks (pre-bulk grading plan) and construction stage (post-bulk grading plan). For project
area less than 1 ha, the developer shall submitted Best Management Practices Plan to control soil
erosion and siltation onsite.

Erosion and sedimentation control must be implemented during construction and

land disturbance activities (earthworks phase).
 Quality Control-2
POST CONSTRUCTION
STAGE
No new stormwater conveyance outfall may discharge the
untreated runoff directly to any receiving water of the area.

Any stormwater (runoff) discharges to environmental

sensitive area must utilize certain BMPs approved for that
area.
The design ARI for water quality control facilities shall be
3 month ARI.

The use of infiltration practices without pre-treatment (to

capture solids and sediment) is prohibited.
 Performance Category
QUANTITY Allowable discharge
Drainage structure/Hydraulic structure and
components
Underground/above ground type
Local/onsite/regional
Specific/Multiple use
QUALITY Allowable quality
Treatment components
Biological/natural/structural
Specific/multiple use
Above/below ground
 Design Consideration
Quantity
Runoff peak
Landuse % imperviousness
Management of infrequent storms
Multi storm ARI design
approach(major/minor)
Detention/retention may not perform
in repeated/multiple storms
Event and continuous (retention only)
modelling
Quality
Runoff volume
Landuse activities
Management of frequent storms
Single storm ARI design approach
Ponds may not be efficient in
infrequent storms
Annual average load modelling
MSMA DRAINAGE CONCEPT

x x
15
GLOSSARY OF TERMS
 STRUCTURE AND TREATMENT-1
Component Description
On-site Detention (OSD) OSD is a storage provided near the site or the
source of runoff usually individual building
complex or residential lot. The storage can be
above or under ground. The size of the OSD is
calculated from Site Storage Requirement
(SSR) based on the amount of runoff generated
within the area.
Building Perimeter Swale Perimeter swale is a drainage conveyance
receiving runoff from the roof and also lawn
area. It is usually grass covered. Below the
grass covered swale, a drainage module in the
form of porous pipe or other water permeable
shape can be installed to carry the infiltrated
water to OSD or direct to main water way
outside the lot.
Storm water pipe Storm water pipes are conveyance structure
delivering runoff to downstream treatment
structure or components like Gross Pollutant
Trap (GPT) or detention pond.
Treatment
OSD function is to hold water
temporarily while discharging slowly
away from the site i.e. quantity
control to ensure the Permissible Site
Discharge (PSD) amount is complied
with. PSD is the maximum allowable
post-development discharge.
The swale will let runoff water to
flow towards OSD while some of the
water infiltrate into the ground. In
the process of infiltration, there will
be some quality treatment in terms
of suspended solid and other
biological treatment. Depending on
soil types, there will also be a
reduction of quantity of runoff when
water further infiltrate into soil.
Conveyance only.
 STRUCTURE AND TREATMENT-2
Component Description Treatment
Gross Pollutant Trap (GPT) GPT is a structure that intercepts gross Used in treatment train to protect
pollutants (defined as trash, litter and quality of downstream receiving
vegetation larger than 5 mm). It will be waters.
installed at every outlet of drain before it enters
main water way, wet pond or river.
Engineered water ways Main drainage systems within a big Mostly as conveyance. However,
development can be designed as major swale to
increase the quality of discharging
water.
Wet Pond Required to control allowable discharge from Quantity control
major site. It can be part of kawasan lapang
subjected to approval by authorities.
Dry Pond Required to control allowable discharge. Can Quantity and quality control.
be part of playground or other recreational area.
Water infiltrate into ground or storage module
before it is discharge out to main water way.
Wetland Shallow marsh systems with vegetation to Quality and Quantity
further improve water quality. Usually provided
in major development. However, studies in the
United States shows that rainwater gardens
within individual residential lot has also
improved the quantity and quality of discharge
from the study area ( ASCE, 2006).
UNDERGROUND ONSITE DETENTION

Graphics courtesy: Perunding Azman, Ooi and Rao Sdn Bhd and DID Malaysia
Graphics courtesy: Perunding Azman, Ooi and Rao Sdn Bhd, ABADINI, and DID Malaysia
UNDERGROUND ONSITE DETENTION

Graphics courtesy: ABADINI Integras Engineers Sdn Bhd

 ONSITE DETENTION
KERB STORAGE

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ONSITE DETENTION
BIO RETENTION

Bio-retention Area (Claytor

25 and Schueler, 1996)
ONSITE DETENTION

Source: Civil Engineering Magazine, ASCE, December 2006

Bio-retention Area (Claytor
27 and Schueler, 1996)
Building perimeter swale
MATERIALS FOR SWALE COSNTRUCTION

Graphics courtesy: REDAC USM

On-site Detention
Example Tank Modules installation
Concrete Vs Swale
GPT
Wetland

Photo Courtesy: REDAC, USM