THE

INTERNATIoNAL UNIoN oF ARCHITECTS

ACCoRD
UIA ACCoRD oN
RECommENDED
INTERNATIoNAL
STANDARDS oF
PRoFESSIoNALISm
IN ARCHITECTURAL
PRACTICE

PRoFESSIoNAL PRACTICE CommISSIoN

ACCoRD
UIA ACCoRD oN
RECommENDED
INTERNATIoNAL
STANDARDS oF
PRoFESSIoNALISm
IN ARCHITECTURAL
PRACTICE

PRoFESSIoNAL PRACTICE CommISSIoN
Contents
7 Preamble

9 Introduction

11 UIA Accord on Recommended International Standards

of Professionalism in Architectural Practice

13 Principles of Professionalism

15 Policy Issues
15 ractice of Architecture
P
15 Architect
16 Fundamental Requirements of an Architect
18 Education
18 Accreditation/Validation/Recognition
18 Practical Experience/Training/Internship
19 Demonstration of Professional Knowledge and Ability
19 Registration/Licensing/Certification
19 Procurement
20 Ethics and Conduct
20 Continuing Professional Development
21 Scope of Practice
21 Form of Practice
21 Practice in a Host Nation
22 Intellectual Property and Copyright
22 Role of Professional Institutes of Architects
23 Building Project Delivery Systems

25 Appendix A

27 Recommended Guidelines
29 ccreditation/Validation/Recognition
A
33 Practical Experience/Training/Internship
37 Demonstration of Professional Knowledge and Ability
41 Registration/Licensing/Certification of the Practice of Architecture
47 Procurement Qualification Based Selection
59 Ethics and Conduct
63 Continuing Professional Development
64 Scope of Practice
69 Form of Practice
74 Practice in a Host Nation
79 Intellectual Property and Copyright
83 Role of Professional Bodies
89 Building Project Delivery Systems

97 Other Documents

99 Reference List
 Preamble
As professionals, architects have a primary duty of care to the
communities they serve. This duty prevails over their personal interest
and the interests of their clients.
In a world where trade in professional services is rapidly increasing
and architects are regularly serving communities other than their own,
the International Union of Architects believes that there is a need for
International Standards of Professionalism in Architectural Practice.
Architects who meet the standards defined in this Accord will, by virtue
of their education, competence and ethical behavior, be capable of
protecting the best interests of the communities they serve.

 
 Introduction
The UIA Council established the Professional Practice Commission and
approved its program in 1994. Following some 25 months of intensive
activity by the Commission during the 1993-1996 triennium, the UIA
Assembly unanimously adopted the first edition of the Proposed UIA Accord
on Recommended International Standards of Professionalism in Architectural
Practice in Barcelona, Spain in July 1996. By this action of the UIA
Assembly, the Accord was established as policy recommendations to guide
the ongoing work of the UIA and the UIA Professional Practice Commission.
The first edition of the Accord was transmitted to all member sections of
the UIA with the request for their comments and cooperation in the further
development of the policy framework for presentation to the XXI UIA
Assembly in Beijing, China, in 1999. The 1997-1999 Professional Practice
program focused on responding to comments and recommendations
received from Council members, UIA member sections, and members of the
Commission on the Accord and its policies. The first edition of the Accord
was modified in response to those comments and as a result of Commission
debate of the policy issue guideline documents being developed to flesh out
the bare bones policy framework of the Accord.
The Accord and guidelines recognize the sovereignty of each UIA member
section, allow flexibility for principles of equivalency, and are structured to
allow for the addition of requirements reflecting local conditions of a UIA
member section.
It is not the intention of the Accord to establish obligatory standards set by
negotiated agreements between competing interests. Rather, the Accord
is the result of the co-operative endeavor of the international community
of architects to objectively establish standards and practices that will best
serve community interests. The Accord and Guideline documents are
intended to define what is considered best practice for the architectural
profession and the standards to which the profession aspires. These are
living documents and will be subject to ongoing review and modification
as the weight of opinion and experience dictates. Whilst respecting the
sovereignty of UIA member sections, they are invited and encouraged to
promote the adoption of the Accord and the Guidelines and, if appropriate,
seek the modification of existing customs and laws.
It is intended that the Accord and guidelines will provide practical guidance
for governments, negotiating entities, or other entities entering mutual
recognition negotiations on architectural services. The Accord and guidelines
will make it easier for parties to negotiate recognition agreements.
Themost common way to achieve recognition has been through bilateral
agreements, recognized as permissible under Article VII of the GATS.
There are differences in education and examination standards, experience
requirements, regulatory influence etc., all of which make implementing
recognition on a multilateral basis extremely difficult. Bilateral negotiations
will facilitate focus on key issues relating to two specific environments.
However, once achieved, bilateral reciprocal agreements should lead to
others, which will ultimately extend mutual recognition more broadly.
The Accord begins with a statement of Principles of Professionalism,
followed by a series of policy issues. Each policy issue opens with a
definition of the subject policy, followed by a statement of background and
the policy.
The XXI UIA Assembly in Beijing, China unanimously adopted the Accord in
June 1999. A copy of the Resolution of Adoption is attached as Appendix A.

 
 UIA Accord on
Recommended
International Standards
of Professionalism in
Architectural Practice

10 11
 Principles of Professionalism

Members of the architectural profession are dedicated to standards of professionalism, integrity, and competence,
and thereby bring to society unique skills and aptitudes essential to the sustainable development of the built
environment and the welfare of their societies and cultures. Principles of professionalism are established in legislation,
as well as in codes of ethics and regulations defining professional conduct:

Expertise
Architects possess a systematic body of knowledge, skills, and theory developed through education, graduate and
post-graduate training, and experience. The process of architectural education, training, and examination is structured
to assure the public that when an architect is engaged to perform professional services, that architect has met
acceptable standards enabling proper performance of those services. Furthermore, members of most professional
societies of architects and indeed, the UIA, are charged to maintain and advance their knowledge of the art and
science of architecture, to respect the body of architectural accomplishment, and to contribute to its growth.

Autonomy
Architects provide objective expert advice to the client and/or the users. Architects are charged to uphold the ideal
that learned and uncompromised professional judgment should take precedence over any other motive in the pursuit
of the art and science of architecture.
Architects are also charged to embrace the spirit and letter of the laws governing their professional affairs and to
thoughtfully consider the social and environmental impact of their professional activities.

Commitment
Architects bring a high level of selfless dedication to the work done on behalf of their clients and society. Members of
the profession are charged to serve their clients in a competent and professional manner and to exercise unprejudiced
and unbiased judgment on their behalf.

Accountability
Architects are aware of their responsibility for the independent and, if necessary, critical advice provided to their
clients and for the effects of their work on society and the environment. Architects undertake to perform professional
services only when they, together with those whom they may engage as consultants, are qualified by education,
training, and/or experience in the specific technical areas involved.
The UIA, through the programs of its national sections and the Professional Practice Commission, seeks to establish
principles of professionalism and professional standards in the interest of public health, safety, welfare, and culture,
and supports the position that inter-recognition of standards of professionalism and competence is in the public
interest as well as in the interest of maintaining the credibility of the profession.
The principles and standards of the UIA are aimed at the thorough education and practical training of architects so
that they are able to fulfill their fundamental professional requirements. These standards recognize different national
educational traditions and, therefore, allow for factors of equivalency.

12 13
 Policy Issues

Practice of Architecture
Definition
The practice of architecture consists of the provision of professional services in connection with town planning and
the design, construction, enlargement, conservation, restoration, or alteration of a building or group of buildings.
These professional services include, but are not limited to, planning and land-use planning, urban design, provision of
preliminary studies, designs, models, drawings, specifications and technical documentation, coordination of technical
documentation prepared by others (consulting engineers, urban planners, landscape architects and other specialist
consultants) as appropriate and without limitation, construction economics, contract administration, monitoring of
construction (referred to as supervision in some countries), and project management.

Background
Architects have been practicing their art and science since antiquity. The profession as we know it today has
undergone extensive growth and change. The profile of architects work has become more demanding, clients
requirements and technological advances have become more complex, and social and ecological imperatives have
grown more pressing. These changes have spawned changes in services and collaboration among the many parties
involved in the design and construction process.

Policy
That the practice of architecture as defined above be adopted for use in the development of UIA International
Standards.

Architect
Definition
The designation architect is generally reserved by law or custom to a person who is professionally and academically
qualified and generally registered/licensed/certified to practice architecture in the jurisdiction in which he or she
practices and is responsible for advocating the fair and sustainable development, welfare, and the cultural expression
of societys habitat in terms of space, forms, and historical context.

Background
Architects are part of the public and private sectors involved in a larger property development, building, and
construction economic sector peopled by those commissioning, conserving, designing, building, furnishing, financing,
regulating, and operating our built environment to meet the needs of society. Architects work in a variety of situations
and organizational structures. For example, they may work on their own or as members of private or public offices.

Policy
That the UIA adopt the definition of an architect as stated above for use in developing UIA International Standards.

14 15
 Fundamental Requirements of an Architect Understanding of heritage issues in the built environment.
Awareness of the links between architecture and other creative disciplines.
Definition B2. Social Studies
The fundamental requirements for registration/licensing/certification as an architect as defined above, are the Ability to act with knowledge of society, and to work with clients and users that represent societys needs.
knowledge, skills, and abilities listed below that must be mastered through recognized education and training, and Ability to develop a project brief through definition of the needs of society users and clients, and
demonstrable knowledge, capability, and experience in order to be considered professionally qualified to practice to research and define contextual and functional requirements for different types of built environments.
architecture. An understanding of the social context in which built environments are procured, of ergonomic and
space requirements and issues of equity and access.
Background An awareness of the relevant codes, regulations and standards for planning, design, construction,
In August 1985, for the first time, a group of countries came together to set down the fundamental knowledge and health, safety and use of built environments.
abilities of an architect (*). These include: B3. Environmental Studies
Ability to act with knowledge of natural systems and built environments.
Ability to create architectural designs that satisfy both aesthetic and technical requirements, Understanding of conservation and waste management issues.
and which aim to be environmentally sustainable; Understanding of the life cycle of materials, issues of ecological sustainability, environmental impact,
Adequate knowledge of the history and theories of architecture and related arts, technologies, design for reduced use of energy, as well as passive systems and their management.
and human sciences; Awareness of the history and practice of landscape architecture, urban design, as well as territorial and
Knowledge of the fine arts as an influence on the quality of architectural design; national planning and their relationship to local and global demography and resources.
Adequate knowledge of urban design, planning, and the skills involved in the planning process; Awareness of the management of natural systems taking into account natural disaster risks.
Understanding of the relationship between people and buildings and between buildings and B4. Technical Studies
their environments, and of the need to relate buildings and the spaces between them to human Technical knowledge of structure, materials, and construction.
needs and scale; Ability to act with innovative technical competence in the use of building techniques and the
An adequate knowledge of the means of achieving environmentally sustainable design; understanding of their evolution.
Understanding of the profession of architecture and the role of architects in society, in particular Understanding of the processes of technical design and the integration of structure, construction
in preparing briefs that account for social factors; technologies and services systems into a functionally effective whole.
Understanding of the methods of investigation and preparation of the brief for a design project; Understanding of services systems as well as systems of transportation, communication,
Understanding of the structural design, construction, and engineering problems associated with maintenance and safety.
building design; Awareness of the role of technical documentation and specifications in design realisation, and of the
Adequate knowledge of physical problems and technologies and of the function of buildings so processes of construction, cost, planning and control.
as to provide them with internal conditions of comfort and protection against climate; B5. Design Studies
Necessary design skills to meet building users requirements within the constraints imposed by Knowledge of design theory and methods.
cost factors and building regulations; Understanding of design procedures and processes.
Adequate knowledge of the industries, organizations, regulations, and procedures involved in Knowledge of design precedents and architectural criticism.
translating design concepts into buildings and integrating plans into overall planning; B6. Professional Studies
Adequate knowledge of project financing, project management, and cost control. Ability to act with knowledge of professional, business, financial and legal contexts.
Ability to understand different forms of procurement of architectural services.
The revised UNESCO/UIA Charter for Architectural Education was adopted by the UIA General Assembly in July Awareness of the workings of the construction and development industries, financial dynamics, real
2005. The Charter includes the following language related to both the development of curriculum for architectural estate investment, and facilities management.
education and the acquisition of the following capabilities. Awareness of the potential roles of architects in conventional and new areas of activity and in an
international context.
That the following special points be considered in the development of the curriculum: Understanding of business principles and their application to the development of built environments,
Awareness of responsibilities toward human, social, cultural, urban, architectural, and environmental values, project management and the functioning of a professional consultancy.
as well as architectural heritage. Understanding of professional ethics and codes of conduct as they apply to the practice of architecture
Adequate knowledge of the means of achieving ecologically sustainable design and environmental and of the architects legal responsibilities where registration, practice and building contracts are
conservation and rehabilitation. concerned.
Development of a creative competence in building techniques, founded on a comprehensive understanding 5.C. SKILL
of the disciplines and construction methods related to architecture. Ability to act and to communicate ideas through collaboration, speaking, numeracy, writing, drawing,
Adequate knowledge of project financing, project management, cost control and methods of project delivery. modelling and evaluation.
Training in research techniques as an inherent part of architectural learning, for both students and teachers. Ability to utilise manual, electronic, graphic and model making capabilities to explore, develop, define
and communicate a design proposal.
That architectural education involves the acquisition of the following capabilities: Understanding of systems of evaluation, that use manual and/or electronic means for performance
5.A. DESIGN assessments of built environments.
Ability to engage imagination, think creatively, innovate and provide design leadership.
Ability to gather information, define problems, apply analyses and critical judgement and formulate
strategies for action.
Ability to think three-dimensionally in the exploration of design. Policy
Ability to reconcile divergent factors, integrate knowledge and apply skills in the creation of That the UIA adopt a statement of fundamental requirements as set out above as the minimum basis for development
a designsolution. of UIA International Standards and seek to ensure that these particular requirements are given adequate emphasis
5.B. KNOWLEDGE in the architectural curriculum. The UIA will also seek to ensure that the fundamental requirements will be constantly
B1. Cultural and Artistic Studies kept under review so that they remain relevant as the architectural profession and society evolve.
Ability to act with knowledge of historical and cultural precedents in local and world architecture.
Ability to act with knowledge of the fine arts as an influence on the quality of architectural design. (* Cf. Derived from Directive 85/384/EEC of the Commission of the European Communities)

16 17
 Education Policy
That graduates of architecture will be required to have completed at least 2 years of acceptable experience/training/
internship prior to registration/licensing/certification to practice as an architect (but with the objective of working
Definition towards 3 years) while allowing flexibility for equivalency.
Architectural education should ensure that all graduates have knowledge and ability in architectural design, including
technical systems and requirements as well as consideration of health, safety, and ecological balance; that they
understand the cultural, intellectual, historical, social, economic, and environmental context for architecture; and
that they comprehend thoroughly the architects roles and responsibilities in society, which depend on a cultivated,
analytical and creative mind.
Demonstration of Professional Knowledge and Ability see recommended guidelines on page 33

Background
Definition
In most countries, architectural education is conventionally delivered by 4-6 years full-time academic education at a
Every applicant for registration/licensing/certification as an architect is required to demonstrate an acceptable level
university (followed, in some countries, by a period of practical experience/training/internship), though historically
of professional knowledge and ability to the relevant national authority.
there have been important variations (part-time routes, work experience etc.).
Background
Policy
The public is assured of an architects knowledge and ability only after he or she has acquired the requisite education
In accordance with the UIA/UNESCO Charter for Architectural Education, the UIA advocate that education for
and practical experience/training/internship, and demonstrated minimum knowledge and ability in the comprehensive
architects (apart from practical experience/training/internship) be of no less than 5 years duration, delivered on
practice of architecture. These qualifications have to be demonstrated by examination and/or other evidence.
a full-time basis in an accredited/validated/recognized architectural program in an accredited/validated/recognized
university, while allowing variety in their pedagogic approach and in their responses to local contexts, and flexibility
Policy
for equivalency.
That the acquired knowledge and ability of an architect have to be proven by providing adequate evidence.
This evidence must include the successful completion of at least one examination at the end of the practical
experience/training/internship. Necessary components of professional practice knowledge and ability that are not
subject to an examination have to be proven by other adequate evidence. These include such subjects as business
Accreditation/Validation/Recognition see recommended guidelines on page 25 administration and relevant legal requirements.

Definition
This is the process that establishes that an educational program meets an established standard of achievement.
Its purpose is to assure the maintenance and enhancement of an appropriate educational foundation.
Registration/Licensing/Certification see recommended guidelines on page 37

Background
Definition
Validated criteria and procedures for accreditation/validation/recognition by an independent organization help to
Registration/licensing/certification is the official legal recognition of an individuals qualification allowing her or him to
develop well integrated and coordinated programs of architectural education. Experience shows that standards
practice as an architect, associated with regulations preventing unqualified persons from performing certain functions.
may be harmonized and promoted by regular, external monitoring, in some countries, in addition to internal quality
assurance audits.
Background
Given the public interest in a quality, sustainable built environment and the dangers and consequences associated
Policy
with the development of that environment, it is important that architectural services are provided by properly qualified
That courses must be accredited/validated/recognized by an independent relevant authority, external to the university
professionals for the adequate protection of the public.
at reasonable time intervals (usually no more than 5-years), and that the UIA, in association with the relevant national
organizations of higher education, develop standards for the content of an architects professional education that
Policy
are academically structured, intellectually coherent, performance-based and outcome-oriented, with procedures
That the UIA promote the registration/licensing/certification of the function of architects in all countries. In the public
that are guided by good practice.
interest, provision for such registration/licensing/certification should be by statute.

Practical Experience/Training/Internship see recommended guidelines on page 29

Procurement see recommended guidelines on page 43

Definition
Definition
Practical experience/training/internship is a directed and structured activity in the practice of architecture during
The process by which architectural services are commissioned.
architectural education and/or following receipt of a professional degree but prior to registration/licensing/certification.
Background
Background
Architects (through their codes of conduct) uphold the interests of their clients and society at large before their
To complement academic preparation in order to protect the public, applicants for registration/licensing/certification
own interests. In order to ensure they have adequate resources to perform their functions to the standards
must integrate their formal education through practical training.
required in the public interest, they are traditionally remunerated in accordance with either mandatory or
recommended professional fee-scales.

18 19
 There are international rules, such as the General Procurement Agreement (WTO) and the EU Services Directive,
that aim to guarantee the objective and fair selection of architects. However, there has been an increasing tendency
recently to select architects, for both public and private work, on the basis of price alone. Price-based selection forces
architects to reduce the services provided to clients, which in turn compromises design quality and therefore the
quality, amenity and social/economic value of the built environment.
Fundamental Requirements of an Architect and in future variations thereof. In the meantime, the UIA must monitor
the developments in continuing professional development for registration renewal, recommend guidelines among all
nations to facilitate reciprocity and continue to develop policy on this subject.

Policy
To ensure the ecologically sustainable development of the built environment and to protect the social, cultural, and
Scope of Practice see recommended guidelines on page 61

economic value of society, governments should apply procurement procedures for the appointment of architects that
are directed to the selection of the most suitable architect for projects. Conditional upon adequate resources being
agreed among the parties, this is best achieved by one of the following methods:
Architectural design competitions conducted in accordance with the principles defined by the
UNESCO-UIA international competitions guidelines and approved by national authorities and/or
architectural professional associations.
A qualification based selection (QBS) procedure as set out in the UIA guidelines;
Direct negotiation based on a complete brief defining the scope and quality of architectural services;
Ethics and Conduct see recommended guidelines on page 55
Definition
This is the provision of design and management services in connection with land-use planning, urban design,
and building projects.
Background
As society has evolved, the creation of the urban and built environment has become more complex. Architects
have to deal with an increasingly wide range of urban, aesthetic, technical, and legal considerations. A coordinated
approach to building design has proved to be necessary to ensure that legal, technical, and practical requirements
are met and that societys needs and demands are satisfied.
Policy
That the UIA encourage and promote the continuing extension of the boundaries of architectural practice, limited only
by the provisions of codes of ethics and conduct, and strive to ensure the corresponding extension of the knowledge
and skills necessary to deal with any extension of boundaries.

Definition
A code of ethics and conduct establishes a professional standard of behavior that guides architects in the conduct
of their practices. Architects should observe and follow the code of ethics and conduct for each jurisdiction in which
they practice.
Form of Practice see recommended guidelines on page 65

Background
Definition
Rules of ethics and conduct have as their primary object the protection of the public, caring for the less powerful and
The legal entity through which the architect provides architectural services.
the general social welfare, as well as the advancement of the interests of the profession of architecture.
Background
Policy
Traditionally, architects have practiced as individuals, or in partnerships or in employment within public or private
The existing UIA International Code of Ethics on Consulting Services remains in force. Member Sections of the UIA
institutions. More recently, the demands of practice have led to various forms of association, for example: limited
are encouraged to introduce into their own codes of ethics and conduct the recommended Accord Guidelines and a
and unlimited liability companies, cooperative practices, university-based project offices, community architecture,
requirement that their members abide by the codes of ethics and conduct in force in the countries and jurisdictions
although not all are allowed in all countries. These forms of association may also include members of other
in which they provide professional services, so long as they are not prohibited by international law or the laws of the
disciplines.
architects own country.
Policy
That architects should be allowed to practice in any form legally acceptable in the country in which the service
is offered, but always subject to prevailing ethical and conduct requirements. The UIA, as it deems necessary,
Continuing Professional Development see recommended guidelines on page 59 will develop and modify its policies and standards to take account of alternative forms of practice and varied local
conditions where these alternatives are thought to extend the positive and creative role of the architectural profession
in the interests of society.
Definition
Continuing Professional Development is a lifelong learning process that maintains, enhances, or increases the
knowledge and continuing ability of architects.

Background
Practice in a Host Nation see recommended guidelines on page 71

More and more professional bodies and regulatory authorities require their members to devote time (typically at least
35 hours per year) to maintaining existing skills, broadening knowledge, and exploring new areas. This is increasingly
Definition
important to keep abreast with new technologies, methods of practice, and changing social and ecological conditions.
Practice in a host nation occurs when an individual architect or corporate entity of architects either seeks a
Continuing professional development may be required by professional organizations for renewal and continuation of
commission or has been commissioned to design a project or offer a service in a country other than his/her/its own.
membership.
Background
Policy
There is an interest in increasing the responsible mobility of architects and their ability to provide services in foreign
That UIA urge its member sections to establish regimes of continuing professional development as a duty of
jurisdictions. There is also a need to promote the awareness of local environmental, social, and cultural factors and
membership, in the public interest. Architects must be sure they are capable of providing the services they offer,
ethical and legal standards.
and codes of conduct must oblige architects to maintain a known standard in a variety of areas described under the

20 21
 Policy Building Project Delivery Systems see recommended guidelines on page 85
Architects providing architectural services on a project in a country in which they are not registered shall collaborate
with a local architect to ensure that proper and effective understanding is given to legal, environmental, social,
cultural, and heritage factors. The conditions of the association should be determined by the parties alone in Definition
accordance with UIA ethical standards and local statutes andlaws. Building project delivery systems are defined as the contractual relationships between the project client and the other
parties involved in the design, documentation and construction of the building.

Background
Traditionally building project delivery systems have involved architects in the role of the project clients agent, with
Intellectual Property and Copyright see recommended guidelines on page 75
responsibility for the design, documentation and administration of the building contract agreement.

Under many current and emerging building delivery systems the architect no longer acts as the agent of the project
Definition
client. Therefore it is important that the role, responsibilities and constraints placed on architects in providing their
Intellectual property encompasses the three legal areas of patent, copyright, and trademark. It refers to the right
services under different building project delivery systems are clearly understood.
(sometimes guaranteed under the law of some nation states) of designers, inventors, authors, and producers, to their
ideas, designs, inventions, works of authorship, and the identification of sources of products and services.
Policy
Architects should maintain high standards of professionalism and service under all forms of building project delivery
Background
systems.
While many countries have some legal protection covering the architects design, that protection is often inadequate.
It is not unusual for the architect to discuss ideas and concepts with a prospective client, subsequently not be hired,
and later find that the client has used the architects ideas with no recompense. The intellectual property of architects
is, to some extent, protected by international regulations. In the context of the GATS, this is the agreement on trade-
related aspects of intellectual property rights, including trade in counterfeit goods (TRIPS). The World Copyright
Convention of September 16, 1955 is also of international significance. In Europe, the Revised Berne Agreement
of 1886 is binding in most states.

Policy
That the national law of a UIA member section should entitle an architect to practice his/her profession without
detriment to his/her authority and responsibility, and to retain ownership of the intellectual property and copyright
of his/her work.

Role of Professional Institutes of Architects see recommended guidelines on page 79

Definition
Professions are generally controlled by a governing body that sets standards (e.g. of education, ethical rules, and
professional standards to be observed). The rules and standards are designed for the benefit of the public and not
the private advantage of the members. In some countries, certain types of work are reserved to the profession by
statute, not in order to favor members but because such work should be carried out only by persons with requisite
education, training, standards and discipline, for the protection of the public. Institutes have been established for
the advancement of architecture, promotion of knowledge and--by ensuring that their members perform to a known
standard--protection of the public interest.

Background
Depending on whether a country has protection of title or function, (or both, or neither), the role and responsibilities
of professional institutes varies considerably. In some countries, the statutory bodies also represent the profession;
in others, these functions are separate.
It is customary for members of professional institutes to be expected to maintain a known standard. This is achieved
by adhering to codes of conduct promulgated by the professional institutes, and fulfilling other requirements of
membership, e.g. continuing professional development.

Policy
In countries where professional institutes do not exist, the UIA should encourage members of the architectural
profession to form such institutes in the public interest.
Professional Institutes should seek to ensure that their members adhere to the UIA international standards, the
minimum requirements of the UIA-UNESCO Architectural Education Charter, and UIA International Code of Ethics
and Conduct; keep up to date their knowledge and skills as required by the list of Fundamental Requirements
(both current, and as they evolve in the future); and generally contribute to the development of architectural culture
and knowledge as well as the society they serve.

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 appendix a
RESOLUTION OF ADOPTION (Number 17) OF THE UIA ACCORD ON RECOMMENDED INTERNATIONAL
STANDARDS ON PROFESSIONALISM IN ARCHITECTURAL PRACTICE
Adopted by the XXI UIA Assembly
Beijing, China, July 28, 1999

The Assembly unanimously resolved that it adopts the Second Edition of the UIA Accord on Recommended
International Standards of Professionalism in Architectural Practice as an advisory document intended to be used by
member sections in setting and reviewing their own standards. The Accord and Guidelines will also make it easier
forUIA member sections to negotiate mutual recognition agreements.
The Assembly asks that the Accord be transmitted to all UIA member sections with the request for their cooperation
and participation in the further development of this policy framework for presentation at the XXII UIA Assembly
(Berlin 2002).
The Assembly recognizes the mandate of Council to adopt Accord Policy Guideline documents and commend them
tothe UIA member sections.
The Assembly recognizes that there are differences in the cultures, practices and conditions in different member
sections and encourages the member sections to use the documents as advisory documents intended to be adapted
to local conditions.
The Assembly acknowledges that the sovereignty of each UIA member section must be respected in negotiations
of mutual recognition agreements and notices that the guidelines are intended to allow flexibility for principles
ofequivalency and reciprocity and are structured to allow for the addition of requirements reflecting local conditions
of aUIA member section.
The Assembly authorizes the UIA President and Secretary General to submit the Accord to the World Trade
Organization, to other interested institutions and organizations as the basis for mutual recognition negotiations and
tothe Government of a country on the specific request of the UIA member section of the country in question.
The Assembly requests that the Professional Practice Commission analyze all the comments expressed during
theGeneral Assembly during its meeting in Prague (October 1999) in order to check on whether or not it is opportune
to integrate them in the documents approved by the Beijing Assembly.
The Assembly authorizes the UIA Council to develop a policy to communicate the Accord and Guideline documents
tointerested parties.
The Assembly recommends to UIA member sections that following the use of these Standards, they inform the
Commission Secretariat of their experience, in order that it can be taken into account for the improvement and
evolution of these basic documents.

24 25
 Recommended
guidelines

The first four Accord Policies Practice of Architecture, Architect, Fundamental Requirements of an Architect
and Education - were viewed as being fully developed and therefore did not require the development of supporting
Recommended Guidelines.

26 27
 Recommended Guidelines for the Policy
on Accreditation/Validation/Recognition

Accord Policy on Accreditation/Validation/Recognition

That courses must be accredited/validated/recognized by an independent relevant authoritiy external to the
university at reasonable time intervals (usually no more than five-years), and that the UIA, in association with the
relevant national organizations of higher education, develop standards for the content of an architects professional
education that are academicallystructured, intellectually coherent, performance-based, and outcome-oriented, with
proceduresthat are guided bygood practice.

Introduction
Accreditation of educational programs in architecture, whether sought voluntarily by the educational institution
or exacted by relevant authorities, seeks primarily to ensure, in the public interest, that the standards attained by
succesful graduates of the program are adequate with regard to the design, technical, and professional skills and
ethical formation required for competent architectural practice. The principles in any accreditation policy permit
flexibility of approach while ensuring independent standards for the accrediting body and the pursuit and maintenance
of high standards in educational endeavor and in the accrediting process itself. The critical criteria in a satisfactory
educational program involve thorough assessment in accordance with previously defined and agreed criteria, by a
group of assessors external to the school of architecture who are competent by training and experience to evaluate
architecture programs and make recommendations for their direction or modification. External assessors may
be appointed by the state in which the architectur program is run, by an independent professional architectural
organization, nominated as external examiners by the school of architecture itself, or by some other satisfactory
method. The system of appointing the assessor may vary depending upon whether the educational institution is
publicly or privately run. An independent relevant authoritiy can comprise representatives of a professional body, such
as an institute or chamber of architects, or a nongovernmental organization of architects or schools of architecture;
it can be a national or state government, or its delegated representatives, or an organization of external examiners.
The process of validation of programs will occur periodically, and a satisfactory method of accreditation will involve
the review of the work of all students passing through a school of architecture on at least one occasion during their
educational program. Recognizing the differences between governance of public and private institutions, consistency
must be provided both in the accreditation/recognition/validation process and the end result. Accreditation procedures
vary depending on whether the education programs in question are proposed for establishment, recently set up and
not previously accredited, or the subject of proposed change. In every instance, the assessors will be provided with
documentation in advance of their visit to the school; review examination papers and scripts, studio programs and
studio work; course syllabus and examples of course work; and meet with students and staff. They may also look at
the pedagogic, professional, and research output of the faculty/staff. On conclusion of such review, the assessors will
provide the school with a program report that will make recommendations for accreditation and may make suggestion
for changes in the educational program or impose conditions for accreditation.

1. Criteria for Accreditation Courses, Programs, and Examinations

in Architecture

The core knowledge and skills required of a competent architect, set down by the relevantorganizations for higher
education and recognized in the UIA Accord on RecommendedInternational Standards of Professionalism in
Architectural Practice, are as set down in theFundamental Requirements of an Archtitect from the Accord.
These skills are mastered by the architect through education, training, and experience, andeducational programs in
architecture set out to help the student of architecture acquire suchability, knowledge, unterstanding, and skills to the
extent that these may be required within such aprogram.The UIA advocates that education for architects should be

28 29
 of no less than five years duration,principally delivered on a full-time basis in an accredited architectural program in
anaccredited/validated university, while allowing flexibility for equivalency. In some countries,education is followed
by aperiod of practical experience/training/internship. During thiseducation and training process, the levels of ability
reached by the student of architecture in thefundamental requirements listed will advance in line with the progress
of the students study, andvalidation of the relevant educational program will take account of the varying levels
ofattainment reasonably to be expected at the appropriatemoments.
The knowledge and abilities required of architects have changed and will continue to change toreflect societys
expectations. The UIA will review its Recommended Guidelines for the AccordPolicy on Accreditation/Validation/
Recognition from time to time to ensure its continualrelevance.The relative weighting ascribed to the different
criteria listed and the relative degree of importanceof skill to be attained will vary from country to country and
from time to time. In differentcountries, for reasons of tradition and deliberate choice, educational institutions
may themselvesascribe different weighting to the various criteria, which, in turn, will be influenced by the
precisemissions generally untertaken by architects within that country. In every instance, the educationalprogram
will be based on a syllabus that will incorporate topics and subjects derived from orcomparable to those listed. The
accreditation criteria will include a review of the syllabus. Thesyllabus will vary depending on the stage of studies,
whether at intermediate or final examinationlevel and whether before or after any period of practical training.
2. Methods of Accreditation
Accreditation is carried out by properly constituted authorities that are independent of the institution housing
the program to be accredited. Accrediting authorities must be competent by way of training and experience.
This will indicate that persons untertaking accreditation workhave experience in architectural design, practice,
ethical standards, and training. Frequently an accreditation panel will comprise nominees of more than one of
the types of organizations listed and, in every instance, involves accreditation by established members of the
architecturalprofession. This will help promote both objective evaluation and a broad and inclusive view of
architecture. In every instance, when educational institutions participate in accreditation procedures, theeducational
institiution cannot participate in the procedure for accrediting its own program.Recommended Guidelines for
theAccord Policy
3. Procedures for Accrediting Educational Programs in Architecture
The nature and detail of procedures to be adopted by an accrediting board will vary depending on the culture and
educational practices of the country concerned. They will also vary on whether an educational program is being
considered in advance of its establishment; examined for the first time; has been established for some time and has
previously been accredited; or, having either failed to achieve accreditation or having had a previous accreditation
withdrawn, is presented for accreditation afresh for a further time. Accreditation procedures will also vary depending
on whether one or more stages in the process are to be accredited. In some countries, accreditation procedures
involve a three-stage process: after three and five years respectively in the academic educational program and on
conclusion of an agreed period of practical training. In other countries the process will involve one or twostages.
Accreditation procedures involve the review by the assessors of the content of an educational program and of
the standards achieved within that program. The assessment is made on the basis of information provided by the
educational institution with regard to the program, syllabus, details of studio programs and examination scripts, and
reports of external examiners; a self-appraisal by the educational institution; and, during a visit to the institution,
on meetings with the head of the school program staff and students and inspection of student work and facilities
where an institution is proposing major changes to an existing course or proposing to introduce a new course, it may
be helpful to undertake a preliminary assessment by an independent relevant authority as to whether the content,
structure, and resources of the proposed program are such as to be likely to achieve accreditation of the course and
its graduates. Information that will be useful in such an assessment would include a description of the context of
the proposal, philosophical approach proposed, and proposed academic program. Such a description might include a
course diagram, details of the course framework, requirements to complete the course, and details of lecture syllabi
and contact hours for each subject.
30
4. Documentation and Visiting Methods
Where accreditation is being sought either on an initial or ongoing basis for an already-established educational
program, documentation to be provided by the educational institution to the accrediting authority might include:
brief description of the parent educational institution, with a statement of factors within the national,
A
regional, and urban context that influence the nature of the educational institution;
A brief description of the history of the course;
The philosophical approach, mission, and vision to architectural education;
An indication of any characteristics in the background of students that influence the direction
of courses offered;
A summary of academic staff profile, including nonteaching activities and other duties including research,
publications, professional work, and community involvement;
A statement of physical resources, including studios, teaching space and equipment, laboratory and
workshops, library facilities and resource centers, computers, and information systems;
A note of decision-making networks and management structure;
A complete description of the academic program, including a description of the program framework,
requirements to complete the program, and other requirements for graduation; lecture syllabi; details of studio
programs; and copies of course handbooks;
Statistical information on student enrollment numbers, numbers of graduations, staff numbers, and the staff/
student ratio;
A self-appraisal by the school of its education policy--taking account, where appropriate, of reports provided by
previous accreditation boards and discussing development since any previous accreditation--to cover issues
in external examiners reports, changes in resource provisions, critical evaluaton of course objectives, special
features of the course, and other relevant matters.
The accrediting authority visits the educational institution and reviews the program in situ. During the visit, an
exhibition of work completed by students over a period of at least 12 months prior to the visit will be helpful. Such
exhibition should comprise a range of studio work, with programs attached for each year of the course arranged
as far as possible to show the development of the curriculum throughout the program. A range of the written and
drawn work in each year of the program should be exhibited so that the level of attainment of students in each of
the areas as set out as fundamental requirements for an architect can be assessed. Presented work should include a
representative sample of studio portfolios and examination scripts for the highest, average. and lowest pass grades in
each subject, and these should be complemented by records of examination and assessment results for all years of
the course in all subject areas. When inspecting the educational program in situ, the accrediting authority may wish
to untertake meetings and discussions with the program teachers, including the head of the school or department,
studio and specalist staff, and external examiners. The authority may also talk with students of the program, both
as a body and/or individually. Subject for discussion as part of the assessment process might include methods of
educational assessment; the content of project work and lecture courses; and the relation of lecture courses to
project work, the use of specialist teachers, and future developments.
5. Reporting Procedures
An accrediting authoritiy will provide a written report on the educational program on conclusion of the visit to the
program. Such a report will validate and supplement the written information provided by the educational institution
and convey the accrediting authoritys view of the quality of education in terms of student performance in the
course under review. Procedures might include methods of ensuring such report is free from factual error, is treated
confidentially, and is seen by all relevant parties. An accrediting report will normally recommend accreditation of the
educational program for a fixed period of no more than five years duration.
31
 Recommended Guidelines for the Policy
on Practical Experience/Training/Internship

Accord Policy on Practical Experience/Training/ Internship

That graduates of architecture will be required to have completed at least two years of acceptable
experience/training/internship prior to registration/licensing/certification to practice as anarchitect
(but with the objective of working towards three years) while allowing flexibility forequivalency.

Guidelines
1. Period of practical experience/training/internship
The experience set out below should be demonstrated prior to applying forregistration/licensing/certification and
should be gained over the period defined in the AccordPolicy. At least half of that period should occur following the
basic academic prerequisites and inany case should not imply a reduction of the academic period referred to under
the AccordEducation Policy.

2. Objectives of the period of practical experience/training/internship

The objectives of the period of practical experience/training/internship (here after referred to as internship) are:

T o provide interns with the opportunity to acquire basic knowledge and skill in the practice of architecture;
To ensure the practices, activities, and experience of interns is recorded by a standard method;
To enable interns to attain a broad range of experience in the practice of architecture.

3. Categories of experience
An intern should receive practical experience and training under the direction of an architect in at
least half of the areas of experience nominated under each of the following four categories:

3.1 Project and Office Management

Meeting with clients
Discussions with clients of the brief and the preliminary drawings
Formulation of client requirements
Pre-contract project management
Determination of contract conditions
Drafting of correspondence
Coordination of the work of consultants Office and project accounting systems
Personnel issues

3.2 Design and Design Documentation

Site investigation and evaluation
Meetings with relevant authorities
Assessment of the implications of relevant regulations
Preparation of schematic and design development drawings
Checking design proposals against statutory requirements
Preparation of budgets, estimates, cost plans, and feasibility studies

32 33
 3.3 Construction Documents 6.4 Project Services and Systems
Preparation of working drawings and specifications Coordinating the design and documentation of project services and systems into the project design and
M onitoring the documentation process against time and cost plans documentation process
Checking of documents for compliance with statutory requirements
Coordination of subcontractors documentation 6.5 Schematic Design
Coordination of contract drawings and specifications Analyzing the client brief and producing potential project design solutions through a process of hypothesis,
evaluation, and reappraisal
3.4 Contract Administration Graphically representing alternative project designs
Site meetings Presenting and agreeing preliminary design proposals with clients and other interested parties
Inspection of works
Issuing instructions, notices, and certificates to the contractor 6.6 Design Development and Design Documentation
Client reports Investigating and establishing the specific spatial, organization and circulation requirements within and
Administration of variations and monetary allowances around a project
Considering and deciding upon the disposition of construction and project services systems, materials,
and components
4. Record of practical experience/training/internship Developing drawings and documents to fully describe the developed design proposal fort he approval of the
Interns should maintain a written record, in a standard form or a logbook, of all periods of training, experience, and client and other interested parties
supplementary education received during the internship period. This record should be set out under the areas of Analyzing possible effects on the context, users, etc.
training nominated in Part 2 above. It should describe the nature and duration of activities undertaken, and each
of these should be signed by the supervisor architect as a true record of the experience gained by the intern. The 6.7 Construction Documentation
standard form or logbook is to be presented to the registering/licensing authority on request, as evidence that the Researching, analyzing, and selecting appropriate materials and systems for a project
required practical experience/ training/ internship is being undertaken or has been completed. Preparing accurate consistent and complete construction drawings, specifications, and schedules that
describe the extent and location of construction elements, components, finishes, fittings, and systems

5. Supervisors 6.8 Contract Administration

Interns should gain their experience under supervision. Supervisors are to be registered or licensed architects in the Preparing documents to invite bids or tenders
jurisdiction in which the internship is undertaken, and will either be the employer or the architect to whom the intern Evaluating and making recommendations in respect of bids or tenders received
reports during each recorded period of experience. Finalizing project contracts
Administering project contracts
Monitoring compliance with contract conditions and the requirements of relevant authorities
6. Core knowledge and ability requirements Inspecting and evaluating construction works to ensure that they comply with the requirements of the
At the completion of the period of practical experience/training/internship, the intern should have demonstrated or be contract documents
able to demonstrate knowledge and/or ability in the following:

6.1 The Practice of Architecture

An overview of the architectural profession in the national and international community
A knowledge and appreciation of ethical standards
Knowledge of the local architectural association
An overview of the local construction industry and construction law
Direction and coordination of consultants
Office management and systems
Legal aspects of practice
Liability, risk management, and insurance

6.2 Project Management

Establishing and managing client agreements
Scheduling of project activities and tasks
Assessing codes, regulations, and legislation
Project financing and cost control
Project procurement and contractual systems
Dispute resolution
Management of subcontractors
Project administration and monitoring systems

6.3 Pre-design and Site Analysis

Establishing, analyzing, and recording environmental issues relevant to the project
Establishing and clearly defining a design brief
Establishing, analyzing, and recording site conditions

34 35
 Recommended Guidelines for the Policy
on Demonstration ofProfessional Knowledge and Ability

Accord Policy on Professional Knowledge and Ability

That the acquired knowledge and ability of an architect have to be proven by providing adequate evidence.
This evidence must include the successful completion of at least one examination at the end of the practical experi-
ence/training/internship. Necessary components of professional practice knowledge and ability that are not subject
to an examination have to be proven by other adequate evidence. These include such subjects as business administra-
tion and relevant legal requirements.

Introduction
Professional learning involves both study in an academic institution at university level and structured, monitored
and assessed experience in the workplace. The demonstration of professional knowledge and ability may require
collaboration between education and practice, and between the academic institute and qualified practicing architects.
The broad list of knowledge and abilities is published in the UIA/UNESCO Charter on Education and in other
Guidelines. Levels of learning vary, from an awareness, to an understanding to an ability to do a particular
professional task. Some subject areas are usually learned in the university environment, while others are often learned
while working in an architects office or in other areas of the built environment.
Methods of assessment of knowledge and ability vary. University courses may be examined by a critical assessment
of project work, written documents, multiple choice or essay examinations, and in other ways. Experience in aspects
of professional practice may be examined through the evaluation of case studies, the assessment of learning
experience recorded in a record of professional practice (logbook), in written and design examinations, and/or in a
professional interview with experienced members of the profession. The appropriate mix of techniques will vary from
country to county based on institutional structures and other cultural differences. However, it is important that the
title architect is only conferred upon individuals who can demonstrate the successful completion of a university
level academic program and a period of assessed practical training or the equivalent.
There is a view that architecture is an holistic discipline. The ability to assess and integrate a range of knowledge
and skills is often assessed through the design studio. The aim of the studio is both to develop skills in producing
an appropriate and attractive design and also to learn and demonstrate skills, for example, of critical reasoning and
architectural professional judgment.

The UIA Recommended Model

1. Academic Professional Education
Candidates for registration as architects should complete an academic professional education at university level as
recommended in the UIA/UNESCO Charter on Education. The precise form for the assessment of knowledge and
ability is usually left to the provider of the program, and in most cases this is the university. Standards of academic
assessment should be ensured through the application of the policies recommended in the Commission Guideline
on Accreditation/Validation /Recognition.

2. Internship/Professional Experience
Accord policy identifies the need for a period of monitored and assessed professional experience prior to registration
Techniques for the examination of professional experience vary widely among jurisdictions. In many countries it
takes the form of recording the time spent in an office under the supervision of an architect. In some jurisdictions
the emphasis is now shifting to systems which assess and record learning outcomes, rather than just time spent.
Techniques for recording learning may include monitored and assessed logs of candidate activity, critical case studies
of paradigm projects, case studies of projects undertaken by the candidate, examinations of professional practice
knowledge and ability, and/or interviews with experienced professional practice examiners.

36 37
 3. The Final Professional Examination/Assessment
In some jurisdictions an assessment of knowledge and ability takes place in the form of a centrally administered
written paper, examination, specific design exercises and/or an interview with professional practice examiners.
Professional experience should be assessed to determine learning outcomes in accordance with UIA
recommendations. Centrally administered assessment systems should avoid imposing unnecessarily complex or
redundant systems on students. In countries which have validated and broadly compatible academic professional
programs, the UIA favors a final examination/assessment providing its scope is restricted to areas which have not
already been assessed through other means, whether prior to the award of a recognized academic qualification
in architecture, or through assessed professional experience. In countries which have a broad range of academic
courses which may not be externally validated by the profession, the UIA favors a comprehensive final professional
examination/assessment which tests core knowledge and ability as well as professional maturity. All candidates
for registration must submit to an assessment of professional knowledge and ability or be able to demonstrate the
equivalent of a qualification achieved in their home jurisdiction.
8. Monitoring the Changing Requirements for Architectural Education and Training
Architectural education and professional training must undergo continuous change and review if it is to keep
pace with the changing nature of practice and expectations of the public. Concern with sustainability, health and
safety, and access for the disabled are all examples of education and practice, which have changed significantly
in a decade. The scope and method of demonstrating competency must be reviewed regularly if it is not to risk
stagnating development within the profession. Overly prescriptive competence guidelines which are not reviewed
regularly run the risk of discouraging vitality and innovation in architectural education. Overly vague guidelines
provide little in the way of consumer protection in determining the scope or level of competence that the public
may expect from a practicing architect.
The UIA recommends that in order to ensure contemporary relevance a comprehensive review of the criteria and
procedures for accreditation/validation of architectural education and professional training should take place about
every 5 years.

4. Learning Outcomes
Competency relates mainly to knowledge and ability which are relevant irrespective of where or when an
architect practices, as reflected in the adoption of the UIA/UNESCO Charter on Education. However, there are
differences in the knowledge base, which is required for competent practice at a particular time or location. For
example, while an awareness of the existence of contract law may be globally relevant to architects in practice,
the knowledge of a particular countrys legal system may by domain specific; while an understanding of lateral
stability is global in its relevance, knowledge of geo-technical conditions and methods for design against
earthquakes may be domain specific.
The UIA believes that the demonstration of professional competence should focus on the development of general and
transferable knowledge and skills, for these are the learning outcomes which remain relevant to the professional over
time and irrespective of the location of practice. The need for continuing professional development is acknowledged
by the UIA and the architects code of conduct usually requires that architects should only undertake commissions
where the required knowledge and ability are present. The UIA does not favor the re-examination of knowledge and
ability, which have already been examined.

5. Examination/Assessment Requirements Should Be Competency Based

The UIA opposes restrictions on Examination/Assessment, which are not competency based.

6. Incremental Assessment Versus Repeat Examinations

While acknowledging that architecture is in a sense an holistic discipline involving complex professional judgments,
the UIA believes that examination can be undertaken at planned stages in the students development. It is usual that
these stages are:

uring and at the end of the period of academic professional study, marked by the award of
D
academic degrees;
At the end of the professional experience period; and/or
Through a final examination which, depending on the character of previous assessments, may
be of a general nature or restricted to domain specific knowledge.

7. Demonstrating Competence to a Relevant Authority

The relevant authority will need to be satisfied that the required standards have been met before allowing registration
of title, function and/or membership of the professional institute. This will require the authority to:

dopt standards for competency, such as those recommended by the UIA, other multinational
A
documents, or an internationally compatible national standard;
Assess standards of competency of academic achievement in architecture, internship/
professional experience, and domain specific knowledge, either through participation in or
through the receipt of recommendations from an independent accreditation/validation agency.

The scope and standard of competency at all stages of an architects education and professional training should be
subject to regular accreditation/validation by an objective panel which can sanction programs and report its findings to
registration bodies/professional institutes.

38 39
 Recommended Guidelines for the Policy
on Registration/Licensing/Certification
of the Practice of Architecture

Accord Policy on Registration/Licensing/Certification of the Practice

of Architecture

That the UIA promote the registration/licensing/certification of the function of architects in all countries. In the public
interest, provision for such registration/licensing/certification should be by statute.

Introduction
Registration/Licensing

Certification Registration/licensing/certification is the official legal recognition of an individuals qualification allowing

her or him to practice as an independent architect, associated with regulations preventing unqualified persons from
performing certain functions. Given the public interest in a high-quality, sustainable built environment and the dangers
and consequences associated with the construction industry, it is important that architectural services are provided
by properly qualified professionals in order to provide adequate protection for the public. Registration/licensing/
certification is based on minimum standards of competency relative to education, experience, and examination to
ensure that the public interest is served. Occupational licensure is an exercise of the states inherent police power
to protect the health, safety, and welfare of its citizens. Five generally accepted criteria indicate when licensure is
appropriate:

1) unregulated practice of the occupation poses a serious risk to a consumers life, health, safety, or economic
w ell-being and the potential for harm is recognizable and likely to occur;

2) the practice of the occupation requires a high degree of skill, knowledge, and training;

3) the functions and responsibilities of the practitioner require independent judgment and the members of the
o ccupational group practice independently;

4) the scope-of-practice of the occupation is distinguishable from other licensed and unlicensed occupations;

5) the economic and cultural impact on the public of regulating this occupational group is justified. The practice of
a rchitecture meets these classic criteria.

Practice Regulation vs. Title Registration

Practice regulation i.e. regulation of the practice of a profession, means that only those individuals who meet
specific legislated criteria (of education, training, and testing) may perform the services of a profession.
Practice regulation or licensure--because of its cost to the state and consumers and because it limits entry into a
profession-is traditionally reserved for professions and occupations that if unregulated pose a serious threat to public
health, safety, and welfare. In evaluating whether a profession should be regulated by practice regulation, most states
apply a set of objective criteria, which include: Is the public being harmed by lack of regulation and can such harm be
documented? Are there alternatives to state regulation? Is the public protected by existing laws, codes, or standards,
and would strengthening such laws solve the problem? What is the cost to the state and the public of regulating the
profession and will the public benefit from such regulation?

40 41
 Title registration means individuals must still meet specific qualifications criteria, but only the use of the title is
controlled. Individuals who do not have the title may continue to perform the services. Title registration should confer
only a protected title. A title bill should not affect the scope of that groups practice or permit those individuals to do
anything they were not already legally entitled to do. (NOTE: Title registration is called certification in most states.
The word licensing, though often used as an umbrella term for state regulation, is used by most states to
mean practice regulation.) Title registration is intended to provide a means that the public can use for distinguishing
trained/qualified practitioners or providers of a service from untrained or unqualified individuals. Title registration
does not prevent other less qualified individuals from providing the services; it simply establishes a measuring stick
against which their qualifications can be judged. Title registration is considered appropriate when no serious threat to
the public is involved, but consumers may be confused and misled about providers qualifications. Title registration
achieves the goal of enabling the public and consumers of services to differentiate, with minimal cost to the state
and consumers, trained, qualified individuals from those who are untrained. With title registration, those individuals
who do not meet the registration requirements are not deprived of their livelihoods. These individuals can continue to
provide services; they are simply constrained from using a protected title.
2. Regulation of Conduct of Registrants
2.1 Authorization
Clearly the authorization of an architectural registration agency to adopt rules or regulations governing the conduct
of architects should be covered by statute. Rule-making power coupled with a power of revocation or suspension
of registration based on misconduct implicitly requires further description by the rule-making process of what will
constitute misconduct.
2.2 Rules of Conduct
The statute should authorize the architectural registration agency to promulgate, as part of its regulatory function,
rules of conduct governing the practice of registered architects. The statute should contain standards for the scope
and content of such rules. The statute should also provide that violation of the rules of conduct promulgated by the
architectural registration agency is one of the enumerated grounds for revocation or suspension of registration or for
the imposition of a civil fine.

Proposed Legislative Guidelines

3. Qualification for Registration
The International Union of Architects recommends that legislation or statutes regulating the profession of architecture
should be based on regulation of the practice of architecture. The following guidelines reflect that recommendation Qualification criteria for registration should be objective and transparent. For the purpose of a registration statute,
and set forth provisions to deal with a limited number of problem areas of state regulation that have implications care should be taken to assure that the statute appropriately reflects the UIA Accord on Recommended International
beyond the boundaries of an individual state. For the sake of brevity, the term registration is used throughout the Standards of Professionalism in Architectural Practice policies and guidelines on fundamental requirements of
guideline to denote registration/ licensing/certification. It should be noted that in any mutual recognition agreement an architect, education, accreditation/validation/recognition, practical experience/ training/internship, and practical
between national and international jurisdictions, the UIA takes the position that only registered architects (whether examination/demonstration of professional knowledge and ability. It is not appropriate that statutes contain
with practice registration or title registration) are recognized. Guidelines rather than draft statutory language are requirements for citizenship or residency to enter into the profession.
recommended because the laws of states represented by the member sections of the UIA contain language,
organization, and provisions reflecting the unique political and cultural characteristics of those states. It would
undoubtedly be disruptive and confusing to try to suggest exact statutory language on an international basis. 3.1 Degree
An applicant for registration should be required to hold an accredited professional degree in architecture. The UIA
recommends that the UIA/UNESCO Charter for Architectural Education be established as the minimum criteria for
architectural education.
1. Definition
3.2 Practical Training
1.1 Practice of Architecture
The UIA recommends that an applicant for registration have such practical training as set out in the Accord Policy.
For the purpose of a registration statute, the definition of the practice of architecture should be the definition adopted
by the UIA in the Accord on Recommended International Standards of Professionalism in Architectural Practice: The
practice of architecture consists of the provision of professional services in connection with town planning and the
3.3 Examination
design, construction, enlargement, conservation, restoration, or alteration of a building or group of buildings. These
To be registered, the applicant should be required to pass examinations covering such subjects and graded on such
professional services include, but are not limited to planning; strategic and land-use planning; urban design; provision
basis as the registration agency shall, by regulations, decide.
of preliminary studies, designs, models, drawings, specifications, and technical documentation; coordination of
technical documentation prepared by others as appropriate and without limitation (consulting engineers, landscape
architects, and other specialist consultants); construction economics; contract administration; monitoring of
3.4 Personal Interview
construction (referred to as supervision in some countries); and project management.
Registration agencies may require a personal interview with a candidate for registration.
This definition of the practice of architecture covers the wide variety of services that architects normally furnish and
for which they are specifically trained and in which they are required to demonstrate professional competency. In
some jurisdictions where the education and training and competency standards are more narrowly drawn, the UIA
3.5 Moral Character
Accord definition may need to be amended to reflect these narrower standards. No person should be permitted to
If the state wishes to invest its registration agency with discretion to reject an applicant who is not of good moral
engage in the practice of architecture unless registered or otherwise permitted to practice under the registration
character, the statute should specify only the aspects of the applicants background germane to the inquiry, such as:
statute. No person should be permitted to use the title architect or otherwise represent to the public that he or she
is an architect unless he or she is registered to practice architecture. In some instances, state statutes may exempt
onviction for commission of a felony;
C
various categories of related design professionals from the purview of the statute to the extent that the exercise of
Misstatement or misrepresentation of fact by the applicant in connection with his or her application;
their profession may incidentally involve them in the practice of architecture. It is important that these exemptions
Violation of any of the rules of conduct required of registrants and set forth in the statutes or regulations;
be carefully thought out to serve as a means for setting off other legitimate design activities from the practice of
Practicing architecture without being registered in violation of registration laws of the jurisdiction in which the
architecture. In many jurisdictions, engineering registration laws permit the engineer to design structures as well as
practice took place.
a multitude of other projects. The architectural profession is often restricted by law to designing only buildings and
ancillary facilities for human habitation. The UIA advocates that statutes regulating the profession of architecture
I f the applicants background includes any of the foregoing, the registration agency should be allowed,
should not unduly narrow the scope of practice and should recognize that architects, through their practices, express
notwithstanding, to register the applicant on the basis of suitable evidence of reform.
the roots of a societys cultural and aesthetic values through the architecture they design.

42 43
 4. Reciprocity Procedure he person having the practice of architecture in her or his charge is herself or himself a general partner,
T
if a partnership; a director, if a limited liability company; or a director, if a corporation, and registered to
The statute should make provision for registering nonresident applicants in addition to the provisions outlined in the practice in that jurisdiction. The statute should empower the registration agency to require, by regulations,
section 3, Qualifications for Registration, and to any provisions in the statute providing other forms of reciprocity. any partnership, limited liability or unlimited company, or corporation practicing architecture in that state
to file information concerning its officers, directors, managers, beneficial owners, and other aspects of its
4.1 Nonresident Applicant Seeking to Practice business organization on such forms as the agency prescribes.
Every nonresident applicant seeking to practice architecture in a jurisdiction should be registered, if the applicant:

olds a current and valid registration issued by a registration authority recognized by mutual recognition
H 5.2 Firm Name
agreement by the jurisdiction; A firm otherwise qualified to practice in a state or country should be permitted to practice in that state or country
Files an application with the jurisdiction, on a form prescribed by the jurisdiction, containing such information under a name that does not include the names of every director, if a corporation; every manager, if a limited liability
satisfactory to the jurisdiction concerning the applicant as the jurisdiction considers pertinent. company; or every general partner, if apartnership, registered in any state or country to practice architecture,
provided the firm complies with reasonable regulations of the registration agency requiring the firm to file the names,
addresses, and other pertinent information concerning the directors, managers, or general partners of the firm.
4.2 Nonresident Applicant Seeking a Commission
A nonresident applicant seeking an architectural commission in a jurisdiction in which he or she is not registered
should be admitted to the jurisdiction for the purpose of offering to render architectural services and for that purpose
only without having first been registered by the jurisdiction, if the applicant:
6. Engagement of an Architect During Construction of a Project
olds a current and valid registration issued by a registration authority recognized by mutual recognition
H
Construction administration services, including periodic site visits, shop drawing review, and reporting violations of
agreement by the jurisdiction;
codes or substantial deviations from the contract documents constitute an important responsibility of the architect
Notifies the board of the jurisdiction in writing that (a) he or she holds a current valid registration issued
and assure the public health, safety, and welfare. The following guidelines are intended to ensure that at least the
by a registration authority recognized by mutual recognition agreement by the jurisdiction but is not
minimum of construction services are provided by the design architect:
currently registered in the jurisdiction and will be present in the jurisdiction for the purpose of offering to
render architectural services, (b) he or she will deliver a copy of the notice referred to in (a) to every potential
.1 An owner who proceeds to have constructed a project having as its principal purpose human occupancy
6
client to whom the applicant offers to render architectural services, and (c) he or she shall apply immediately
or habitation shall be deemed to be engaged herself or himself in the practice of architecture unless she or he
to the board for registration if selected as the architect for a project in the jurisdiction. The applicant should be
has employed an architect to perform at least minimum construction administration services, including
prohibited from actually rendering architectural services until he or she has been registered.
periodic site visits, shop drawing review, and reporting to the owner and building official any violations of
codes or substantial deviations from the contract documents that the architect observed.
4.3 Design Competition 6 .2 It shall be the project design architects obligation to report to the registration jurisdiction and to the
A person seeking an architectural commission by participating in an architectural design competition for a project in a building official if he or she is not engaged to provide construction administration services described in
jurisdiction in which he or she is not registered should be permitted to participate in the competition, if the person: Paragraph 1, above.
6 .3 A registration jurisdiction may waive these requirements with respect to a particular project or class
olds a current and valid registration issued by a registration authority recognized by mutual recognition
H
of projects if it determines that the public is adequately protected without the necessity of an architect
agreement by the jurisdiction;
performing the services described in Paragraph 6.1.
Notifies the jurisdiction in writing that he or she is participating in the competition and holds a current and valid
registration issued by a registration authority recognized by mutual
recognition agreement by the jurisdiction;
Undertakes to apply to the jurisdiction for registration immediately on being chosen as an architect
for the project. 7. Regulation of Unregistered Persons Practicing Architecture
The unregistered practice of architecture can endanger the public health, safety and welfare.
The following guidelines provide a basis and means for enforcing the statute:
5. Form of Practice .1 Although violation of the architectural registration statute by unregistered persons should be a crime,
7
the registration agency should also be authorized, after a hearing, to impose civil fines of up to a stated
If architectural services are provided by corporate entities, they should be required to be under the effective control
amount and to issue orders to cease against unregistered persons and persons aiding and abetting
of architects and required to conform to and maintain the same professional standards of service, work, and conduct
unregistered persons. The registration agency as well as the governments attorney general and other
as individual architects. A majority of member sections responding to the UIA Professional Practice Commission
local law enforcement authorities, should be authorized to seek injunctions against practice by unregistered
questionnaire indicated that their states permitted the practice of architecture in partnerships and conventional
persons and the aiding or abetting of such practice, and judicial enforcement of civil fines imposed by the
corporate forms. The restrictions placed on corporate practice and the newer limitedliability company are often
registration agency.
onerous. The great variety of these restrictions suggest that a guideline is needed to seek a reasonable, international
provision respecting firm practice while assuring the public of the integrity of architectural services performed. .2 All plans, specifications, and other technical submissions prepared in the course of practicing architecture
7
( as defined in Guideline 1) required to be filed with the state of local building or public safety officials should
5.1 Practice Structure be sealed by an architect. If state law provides certain exceptions to the general requirement that technical
The UIA guidelines recommend that statutes provide that a partnership (including a registered limited liability submissions be sealed, then the person filing the technical submissions should specify on them the state law
partnership), a limited liability company, or a corporation should be admitted to practice architecture in a jurisdiction if: exempting the preparation of those technical submissions. Any permit issued on the basis of technical
submissions not complying with these requirements shall be invalid.
A t least two-thirds of the general partners, if a partnership; or two-thirds of the directors, if a limited liability
company or a corporation, are registered under the laws of any state or country to practice architecture;

44 45
 Recommended Guidelines for the Policy
on Qualification Based Selection

Foreword
The UIA Policy on the procurement of architectural services states:
To ensure the ecologically sustainable development of the built environment and to protect the social, cultural and
economic value of society, governments should apply procurement procedures for the appointment of architects
that are directed to the selection of the most suitable architect for projects. This is best achieved by one of the
following methods:

Architectural design competitions conducted in accordance with the principles defined by the UNESCO-
UIA international competitions guidelines and approved by national authorities and/or architectural
professional associations;
A qualification based selection (QBS) procedure as set out in the UIA guidelines;
Direct negotiation based on a complete brief defining the scope of architectural services.

Guidelines for architectural competitions are available from the UIA directly or from UIA member sections.
This is the Guideline document that provides clients with a tried and tested method of selecting an architect for those
projects on which an architectural competition is not to be held.
This method enables the selection of the best available architect, at the right price.
Architects are selected by many methods that range from international competitions to chance meetings at social
functions.
This Guide provides a tried and tested method that will enable a client to appoint an architect confident in the
knowledge that they have selected the best available consultant at the right price.
Qualification Based Selection (QBS) was developed originally in the United States of America following federal
government legislation (known as the Brooks Bill) requiring that architects and engineers be selected on the basis
of qualification and capability rather than price.

The importance of good design

All clients, whether individuals, municipalities, private companies or institutions, and the architects with whom they
contract seek the same resultsatisfaction in a job well done. Following an organised process for selecting and
procuring professional architectural services can help both parties achieve satisfaction.
Qualification Based Selection (QBS) is a process that enables the client to obtain the services of a highly qualified
architect at a fair and reasonable cost, an investment in quality which is aimed at achieving substantial savings over
the life cycle of the project.
The purpose of this Guide is to provide guidance on selecting architects and establishing the framework for a
successful project. This Guide presents suggested procedures for conducting a qualification based selection process,
defining a scope of services which adequately addresses the needs of a specific project, negotiating fair fees
commensurate with services (in circumstances where fees are not set by a mandatory system) and preparing a legal
agreement. Whatever the clients experience is in selecting architects and procuring professional services, these
procedures can help clarify and smooth the selection and negotiation process.
Clients who follow these procedures gain confidence that they are procuring services which represent the greatest
value to their project. Architects who study this Guide can better organise and prepare to participate in the selection
process. A well conducted selection and negotiation process sets the tone for an efficiently managed projectwith
scope and responsibilities clearly defined, both client and architect can join in a common goal towards successful
project completion.

46 47
 Selection of an architect
In appointing an architect, a client should be guided by one primary considerationthe qualifications of the firm for
the specific project to be undertaken. In short, selecting an architect should be by the same criteria that apply to
choosing a physician or other reputable professionalmost importantly skill, reputation, rapport, past performance,
technical competence and commitment to the clients interests. The selection of the architect will have a major
bearing on the quality of the resultant project. A quality project can be defined as one that meets or exceeds the
needs and expectations of the client.
Why use qualification based selection?
Every problem or project is unique, with its own technical challenges. At the outset of most projects, it is sometimes
difficult for the client to fully grasp the complexities of the project or the variety of professional services that may be
required to develop a solution. The qualified architect fills these needs for the client.
The architect serves as the agent of the client, representing the clients interest in day-to-day dealings with contractors,
suppliers, equipment manufacturers and others providing goods and services for the project. For this reason it is vital
that the client and the architect share a relationship characterised by trust, respect and effective communication.
QBS fosters this type of relationship by bringing the client and the architect together as a team, a key ingredient to
quality, enabling them to define the project in detail and agree upon the services that will be required to make the
project a reality. Qualification Based Selection is a three step process that can easily be adapted to any project, large
or small. It is a process that gives the client a partner with whom to define the project in detail and then agree on all
the professional services that will be required for the completion of the project.
The qualification based selection process
The client should involve the services of the architect as early as possible in planning the project. The architect can
take the clients available information and ideas to create workable plans with options which allow the client to make
sound decisions on what should be implemented.
The sooner the architect is selected, the sooner they become a vital member of the project team. With adequate and
proper planning, another key ingredient to quality early in the project, expensive mistakes and duplication of efforts
can be minimised. One of the most beneficial aspects of QBS is the joint development of the Scope of Services
during the negotiation process.
Clients should consider the QBS process as an educational experience. They can learn from the firms submitting
information, and especially from those being interviewed. Clients are not committed to any financial obligations until
a selection is made and an agreement is entered into, but they should be prepared to pay for any preliminary studies,
designs or sketches that they ask the architect to provide.
The QBS process usually includes all or part of the following three steps:
Step 1 Selection
(a) The client identifies their objectives, critical issues and program.
(b) The selection time frame and project brief are established.
(c) Proposals setting out qualifications and capability are invited.
(d) Proposals are evaluated and a short list determined.
(e) A tour of the site and/or facility may be arranged for the short listed firms.
(f) Interviews are conducted and the short listed firms ranked in order of preference.
Step 2 Definition
(a) The top ranked firm is invited to participate in further discussion to develop a fuller understanding of the
project requirements.
(b) The scope of service required for the project is agreed and fees negotiated.
(c) If agreement cannot be reached with the top ranked firm, negotiations are broken off and commenced with
the second ranked firm and so on until agreement is reached.
Step 3 Appointment
(a) An agreement covering the above negotiated arrangement is executed.
(b) All firms involved are advised of the outcome of the selection process.
(c) A report is prepared setting out the reasons for the final selection.
48
Step 1 Selection
Introduction
The objective in Step 1 is to create a short list of three to five firms or individuals most qualified to perform the
work, based on a preliminary scope of work and project specific evaluation criteria and then, to determine the firm
most qualified under the specific proposed project circumstances with which negotiations will then be conducted to
establish a contractual arrangement. This step enables the client to communicate to the architect what is expected
from them and what is to be accomplished. It also enables the architect to respond accordingly, with focused
Statements of Qualifications. These qualifications are evaluated and ranked by the clients selection committee, with
the goal of selecting the firm or individual most qualified for the project.
Identifying the General Scope of Work
To begin the selection process, the client must briefly identify the general scope and the particular needs of the
project. Just as the client needs information about the qualifications and competence of the architect, so too the
architect needs to know the project requirements. A properly defined and communicated scope of work saves time,
money and effort for both the client and the architect. The firm has information upon which to base a decision to
pursue the project and is able to tailor their statement of qualifications directly to the project requirements, providing
the client with a more uniform basis for evaluating the responses.
Items normally included in a general statement of the scope of work for a public project are:
1 lients name and contact person (clearly identified as the only person to contact for information on the project),
C
mailing address, telephone and fax number, as appropriate.
2 Project name (identification) and location.
3 Project outline, including intended size, function, capacity and other general anticipated requirements
( i.e. renovation, modernisation, demolition, additions, new construction, energy, land use and site selection
considerations).
4 Descriptions of completed studies, surveys and/or preliminary feasibility work relevant to the project and
available to the firms which will be responding.
5 Anticipated project target dates, including completion of design work, beginning of construction and planned
project completion date.
6 Requirements for further feasibility studies or program planning prior to design and construction, if appropriate.
7 Description of any other projects in process or planned for the same site or time frame, which may affect the
scope of work.
8 Description of architect selection process.
9 Additional or unique requirements/considerations.
10 Anticipated time line for project completion.
11 Project budget.
As appropriate, other items may be added to provide general guidance to the interested firms and meet the needs of
the client. All services the client wishes the architect to provide, including feasibility studies, program development,
design, construction coordination and budget development, should be generally outlined.
Setting the Selection Time Frame
To keep the process of selecting an architect advancing smoothly, clients should establish a time frame for completion
of the selection process. Establishing the time frame communicates requirements with the firms and prevents
misunderstandings and last minute surprises which might delay the process.
The time frame for each project will differ, depending upon the nature of the project, the concerns of the client and
other factors. The suggested time frame for an average QBS project requires a total of six to ten weeks to allow
proper planning and administration at each step of the selection process. Depending upon the status of the clients
project, adjustments can be made to accommodate the clients needs.
Requesting Statements of Qualifications
After the client has prepared a general scope of work, the next event in the QBS process is to invite qualified firms to
submit professional resumes, or statements of qualifications. At this point, the client must decide whether the invitation
will be made to all interested firms, or whether this information will be solicited from a more select group of firms.
Many government agencies are required to advertise their intent to contract for design services and to permit all
interested firms to submit a statement of qualifications. Other agencies maintain files on architects and offer their
projects only to these firms.
49
 Content of the Request for Statements of Qualifications
Whether the invitation to submit statements of qualifications takes the form of a public advertisement or a letter or
memorandum sent to a limited number of firms, it should include the following:
The general scope of work for the project.
The clients name and the name, address and telephone number of the project contact person.
A list of information each firm should include in its statement of qualifications, such as the names of firm the key architects and other professionals who will be responsible for the work, to these interviews.
owners, number of years in business, the types of services offered, approach to quality, background on key
technical personnel, similar projects designed by the firm, projects underway etc.
Number of copies required.
Relative weight to be given to evaluation factors. (This may be done by including a copy of QBS1 form to be The physical set-up for the interview should be comfortable, with good acoustics and ample room. A separate waiting
used in the selection process.)
A policy that statements of qualifications received after a set deadline will not be considered.
Project budget.
Selection criteria.
Evaluating the Statements to Develop a Short List
The ultimate goal of this evaluation is to narrow the field of qualified firms to a short list of three to five firms. Each
firm should be evaluated on the basis of expertise of its key professional staff, experience on projects of similar
complexity its physical equipment and facilities, references and other factors of importance to the client.
This evaluation can be conducted by one individual or a committee appointed by the client. Government agencies
often have specific rules or policies regarding the make-up of architect selection committees. It is up to the client
to ensure that the selection committee is composed of competent individuals able to make an intelligent selection
decision based on factual information, and that the members of the selection committee evaluate each statement of
qualifications. The selection committee should document the proceedings and decisions in the event questions arise
about any decisions made.
A sample tally sheet such as is normally used in the evaluation of the statements of qualifications is provided in the
appendix (Form QBS1). Frequently, a client will attach more importance to certain qualifications than others (for
instance, experience on similar projects might be most important). This form can be tailored to meet those concerns
simply by assigning a higher arithmetic weight to those factors that are of greatest concern to the client.
Before meeting to perform the evaluations, the client should check the references of each firm under consideration.
This check should not be limited to the references supplied by the firms. The client should ask the listed referees
for other sources of information about the architects capabilities. Some of the matters that might be checked with
referees are listed in form QBS5 in the appendix.
Based upon the evaluation of the statements of qualifications and reference checks, lesser-qualified firms can be
disqualified, leaving a short-list of three to five firms for further consideration. For smaller projects, it is recommended
that three firms be short listed. For a very large project, sometimes a short list of four or five is desired.
All firms that submit a statement of qualifications make a significant commitment of time and expense when they
do so. As a courtesy, the client should notify the firms not selected for further consideration, as well as those
who are short listed.
Tours of the Project Site
Providing the short-listed firms with a tour of the project site can be one of the most important parts of the selection
process. A tour of the project site gives these firms the opportunity to obtain first-hand information about the
proposed project and the clients specific needs. In some cases, a tour may not be necessary; such determinations
should be made on a case-by-case basis.
Evaluating and Ranking the Short-Listed Firms
Each short-listed firm could then be asked to produce a technical proposal which describes in detail the firms
technical approach to the project; its plan for managing and performing the required work; the personnel to be
assigned to the project; the proposed work schedule; the firms current workload; the office in which the work
will be performed; and other project-specific information. This technical proposal can be used as a forerunner to
the interviews, in conjunction with, or as a substitute for them. Technical proposals should be required only when
the project is well defined, and if the significance of the project justifies the expense and time to the short-listed
firms and the client.
The process of utilising technical proposals will add several weeks, and commensurate cost, to the preparation
time for the short-listed firms. The client also will require technically-experienced staff, as well as additional time to
adequately review the technical proposals.
50
The client may also decide to interview representatives of each short-listed firm. Technical proposals may not
be needed if interviews are held. These interviews give the client the opportunity to compare the firms creative
approaches to the design process, as well as their interpretation and understanding of the project.
Almost as important, interviews give the client an important insight into each firms management style and
communications abilities. For this reason, the client should require that all short-listed firms send principals, as well as
Interview Room Set-Up
area should be provided for other firms to be interviewed. Equipment such as white boards, flips charts and audio-
visual screens probably will be useful if available, although most firms will bring the equipment they need. Since
equipment set-up time may cause some delays, two rooms should be used, if possible. While one firm is being
interviewed in the first room, another firm can set up in the second room. This ensures that important interview time
is not spent checking equipment.
Interviews are usually held in closed sessions unless applicable statutes or regulations require an open public
meeting. In such cases, the firms should be notified of this in advanced.
Some Interviewing Guidelines
The following are suggested guidelines for setting up and conducting the interviews:
Interview only those firms short-listed to ensure that all interviewed firms have had equal opportunity to
prepare presentations.
Adequate time should be scheduled for each presentation, usually 45 minutes. A 45 minute interview is
fair, reasonable and informative for most project selections, with more time being allowed for unusual or
complex projects. For example, five minutes for introductions and preliminary remarks by the interview chair;
20 minutes for the presentation of the qualifications; 15 minutes for questions and answers; and five minutes
for a closing summary by the consultant. Schedule adequate time between interviews for the committee to
discuss the presentation privately before beginning the next interview.
Schedule all interviews on the same day, if possible. This permits the committee to compare all of the
interviewed firms while information is fresh in their minds, and ensures consistent interview scoring. Using
4 5 minute interviews, a client can easily schedule the three to five short-listed firms in one day, including
committee rating, discussion and decision time. Overnight delays tend to influence judgements.
The evaluation criteria for the interview scoring system should be sent to all firms as an attachment to the
memo requesting qualifications.
While it is appropriate to question firms about their approach to the design of a project, clients should not
ask for an actual design solution during the interview. Appropriate and responsive designs require considerably
more interaction between client and architect than is possible during the selection phase. Preconceived
design solutions brought to the table by either the architect or client rarely address the true needs of the
clients program. Considerable time and effort, however, may be expended trying to salvage preconceived
ideas to make them fit the program. This actually impedes progress and prevents the exploration of more
responsive solutions to identified design issues.
Clients may want to ask firms how they plan to develop an appropriate level of fees for their professional
services. However, fees are best negotiated in detailed discussions with the firm finally selected, and only
after there is a comprehensive and mutual understanding of the actual scope of services. Good, open
communication is essential to avoid misunderstandings at a later date and to ensure that the firm has included
in its scope of services the clients expectations for the project as well as all detailed requirements.
Team building should begin in the interview process. The ability of the interviewed firms personnel to interact
with the client is an important factor in determining future success of the proposed project.
Let all firms know when the decision will be made and when they will receive communication regarding
their status. It is recommended that, if possible, the committees decision be made on the same date as the
interviews, after the committee has had ample time to evaluate all firms.
Ranking of Short-Listed Firms
The evaluation form, which includes a weight and a score for each criteria/question, is a useful instrument for
evaluating, ranking and ultimately selecting a compatible and qualified firm. A sample copy of an evaluation form is
included in the appendix of this Guide (Form QBS1).
All firms should be evaluated separately by each member of the selection committee.
The chairperson of the selection committee will compile the individual score sheets when all the short-listed firms
51
 have been evaluated (Form QBS2). This system provides a documented record of the selection process as support
for the committees actions, which is important.
The selection committee should take time to achieve the ranking and selection by consensus rather than just by majority
vote. One reviewer, however, should not be permitted to unduly influence the outcome of the selection process.
After the ranking of firms is completed, a memo should be prepared and mailed to all firms who participated in
the interview process. The memo should list in alphabetical order all short-listed firms and the order in which the
committee ranked them. It is customary for clients to provide this information as a courtesy to the firms.
Step 2 Definition
Introduction
The top ranked firm from Step 1 is then invited to participate in Step 2 of the process (use Forms QBS3 and QBS4).
The objective of Step 2 is to understand the clients needs and expectations and to jointly define the scope of the
project, the services required and the contract form. During this phase, the client will be able to explain the needs and
objectives of the project more fully. The architect will be able to respond and make suggestions, based on experience
and gain a better understanding of the clients needs and expectations.
Additionally, this phase gives access to the advice and expertise of the top-ranked firm in developing the most
appropriate scope of the proposed work. This phase also provides the next chance to evaluate if the top-ranked
firm will make a good team member. If the client is unable to reach agreement with this firm as to the scope of the
project, they may move back to the beginning of Step 2 with the next highest ranked firm on the list.
Developing the Scope of Services and Agreement
From this point on, the client and the highest ranked firm can begin working together as a team. They begin by sitting
down together to discuss the project in detail and to gain a better understanding of one another. The client expresses
the goals for the project and the architect obtains as much specific information as possible about those goals. This
exchange, which can take several days on a major project, leads to the development of the detailed scope of services,
which is the foundation of an agreement between the two parties.
When the detailed scope of services is agreed upon, the architect is in a position to develop and submit a detailed
fee proposal to the client. If the proposed fee is more than the client has budgeted, the two work together to modify
the scope of services, so that the client is fully aware of limitations or problems that might result. Such a working
relationship greatly enhances the odds for a quality project.
If an agreement on the scope of services and fees cannot be reached, discussions with the first-ranked firm should
be terminated, and the client should initiate talks with the second-ranked firm. However, it is not normally difficult to
reach an agreement, since by its very nature, the QBS process fosters excellent communication and understanding
between the client and architect, another key ingredient to quality.
This approach ensures that the client has the peace of mind of knowing that the most suitable architect has been
selected at the right price.
Step 3 Appointment
Introduction
In circumstances where fees are not determined by law or some other mandatory system, Step 3 is one of the major benefits
of the QBS process, for it is here that the client is able to appoint the architect on the basis of an acceptable fee.
Given the important nature of the services and growth of litigation, the client and the architect should enter into a
written agreement. The parties may wish to use the standard forms of agreement that have been developed by the
local or national professional association of architects.
Architects Fees
The selected architect is both a professional and a business person in providing design services. An architect not only
provides highly technical services and acts as the clients agent, but must also recover all costs and earn a fair profit to
remain in business. The common law of business balance prohibits paying a little and receiving a lot. The purpose of
this section is to explain how the architect charges, so clients will be fully informed when they enter into negotiations
to establish a fair and reasonable price for professional services.
52
After the most qualified firm has been selected and a detailed scope of services has been agreed upon, an acceptable
fee should be negotiated. To assist in this process, set out below are several different methods that architects use for
charging fees.
Percentage Fees
This is a very common method of charging fees. The architect charges a percentage of the cost of the building
(usually the cost on completion). The advantage of a percentage fee basis is that a fee agreement can be reached
at the earliest possible time, even before the value or extent of the building work is known. It is normal for the fee
to change with the cost of the work so if, for example, the client increases the size of the job, the architects fee will
increase proportionately.
Similarly, if the final cost of the building is less than the estimate, the architects fee would be reduced. It should be
noted, however, that if the architect has completed design work to the clients instructions and they then reduce the
size of the project, the client may be charged additional fees for redesign work.
Lump Sum Fees
This is also a common method of setting fees. The architect agrees on a fixed sum of money for an agreed scope
of work. Normally the fee will not change if the cost of the building changes. This has the advantage that the client
always knows exactly how much the architects fee will be. However, it is not always easy to calculate a fixed lump
sum fee at the outset of a project, especially if the client is unsure of his or her requirements and so sometimes
architects will quote a percentage fee which will later be converted to fixed lump sum when the scope of work is
actually known.
Time Charge Fees
This is not a common method of charging for architects services, particularly for design work on a specific building.
Nevertheless, should this method be used, the architect will charge for his/her work on an agreed hourly/daily/
weekly rate. It is useful when a client wishes to seek advice on a project. In these instances, lump sum fees are also
common. The disadvantage of time based fees is that there is no certainty at the outset of how much the fees will
amount to, although this disadvantage can partially be overcome by setting an upper limit which cannot be exceeded
without approval.
How Much Does an Architect Charge?
The cost of an architects services depends on a number of factors, some of which relate to the architects
experience, reputation or method or operation.
Time charges, for example, will vary considerably. Clearly the rate for a recent graduate will be considerably less
than that of a very experienced practitioner. Likewise, a well known architect will most probably be able to command
higher fees than an unknown architect. An architect who operates a small practice from home will obviously have
lower overheads than a large city practice and may therefore be able to charge less. Hourly rates normally include all
normal office overheads such as office rental, secretarial staff, printing, telephone calls, etc.
As indicated above, each architectural practice sets its own fees and charges so, depending on the nature of the
project and the service, hourly charges will vary.
Percentage charges may also vary according to the type and complexity of a job. For example, it is clearly much
easier to design a garage than an entire house and it is similarly easier to design a new building on a virgin site than it
is to alter and extend an existing dwelling. The more complex the job, the more time the architect will have to spend
and therefore the more fees will have to be charged. Percentage charges for full architectural services on small and/or
complex projects could be in the order of 15% of the cost of the works and would progressively reduce for large and
less complex projects.
Are There Any Other Costs Involved?
Usually the architect will seek reimbursement for items outside normal architectural services, such as:
specialist sub-consultants (e.g. structural engineers, cost consultants, landscape architects);
travelling expenses where the site is more than 30 km from the architects office;
models or perspectives; and
fees for authorities application, etc.
53
 Form QBS1 Form QBS2
Qualifications evaluation form Qualifications evaluation summary form

To the following model, the client should add or delete questions as appropriate for the clients specific situation. It To be used by the selection committee chairman to compile the evaluation results of all statements of qualifications.
is suggested that the weights and values assigned be on the same scale as those used for interviewing short-listed Note: Enter the grand total for each firms qualifications (from the respective evaluation sheets for comparative
firms, which the client will do later. purposes) to select three to five most qualified firms to be interviewed.
Highest number = most value
Rating column = 15 points
Firms 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Weight column = 110 points
Form QBS2, on the following page, is provided for the person in charge of the selection committee to summarise the Reviewer 1
results of the process, narrow the number of firms that submitted qualifications down to the number desired for a
short list (firms to be interviewed). Reviewer 2

Reviewer 3
Qualifications evaluation
Reviewer 4
Client ______________________________________________________________________________________
Contact Person ______________________________________________________________________________ Reviewer 5
Project Description __________________________________________________________________________
Architect _______________________________________________ Evaluation ID No ______________________ Reviewer ___
Address ___________________________________________________________________________________
Suburb _____________________________________________ State _________ Postcode _________________ Reviewer ___
Telephone ( ____ )___________________________ Facsimile ( ____ ) ____________________________________
Grand Totals
Rating Weight
(15) (110) Total
1 Firms history and resource capability to perform required services x = List the top-ranked firms as the short-listed firms to be interviewed.
2 Evaluation of assigned personnel x =
3 Related experience (as appropriate):
a. Design services x =
b. Technical documentation x =
c. Contract administration x =
d. Studies x =
e. Other x =
4 Project methodology x =
5 Approach to quality management x =
6 Familiarity with local area geography and facilities x =
7 Ability to relate to project requirements x =
8 Analysis of subjective statements (one page) applicable to the
project as required on the request for qualifications x =
9 Reference check (evaluation transfer from reference check form) x =

GRAND TOTAL______________

Reviewer Name _________________________________________________________

Reviewer Number _______________________________________________________

54 55
 Form QBS3 Form QBS4
The interview: issues and score sheets Group interview evaluation form

Client ________________________________________ Project _____________________________________ For use by person in charge of the interviews to compile all scores of architectural firms participating in the interview
process.
Firms invited to an interview for the above project should be prepared to speak to the following issues during the Note: Enter the grand total for each firm as recorded by each interviewer on the interview score sheet.
course of their interview. Questions can be expanded as appropriate. The interviewer should determine the number of
possible points to be awarded in each category.
Combined Group Totals

1 Categories Possible Points

Firm A Firm B Firm C Firm D Firm E
Points Awarded
1 Grasp of Project Requirements
Interviewer 1
(Client may evaluate firms analysis, preparation and level of interest.)
2 Design Approach/Methodology
Interviewer 2
(Client may evaluate firm or individuals creativity and problem solving ability.)

3 ey Personnel and Roles
K
Interviewer 3
(Client may evaluate personal qualifications and professional skills of key

individuals.)
Interviewer 4
4 Pertinent Experience, Firm

(Client may evaluate related projects presented as previous work of the firm.)
Interviewer 5
5 Pertinent Experience, Individual
(Client may evaluate related projects presented as previous work of the key
personnel.) Interviewer _______

6 Consultant/In-House Resources
(Client may evaluate firms abilities and importance of consultant or in-house Interviewer _______
support services.)
7 Technical Project Management Grand Totals
(Client may evaluate firms abilities related to technical functions such as project
cost controls, construction observation, time scheduled, etc.)
Divide by number of interviewers
8 Responsiveness to Clients Concerns
(Client may evaluate firms ability to form successful working relationships and
Average Score
communications with the client.)
9 Approach to Quality
(Client may evaluate firms methods of developing a quality project.)
10 Method of Charging
(Client may evaluate firms method of determining fees. Compensation
statements or fee bids are NOT required.)
11 Other Relevant Issues
(Client may evaluate importance of other relevant issues presented by the firm.)
12 Reference Check

Interviewer _________________________________ Firm ___________________________

56 57
 Form QBS5
Possible questions for referees for whom the architect has completed projects
Recommended Guidelines for the Policy
on Ethics and Conduct
How many projects have you done with this architect?
Was the design of the finished job what you expected? If not, was it better or worse?
Did your architect listen to what you said?
How important was your budget? Was it more important than:
finishing on time? Accord Policy on Ethics and Conduct
the quality of the job?
Did the job come in on budget? If it exceeded the budget do you believe that the architect bore any The existing UIA International Code of Ethics on Consulting Services remains in force. Member Sections of the UIA
responsibility? are encouraged to introduce into their own codes of ethics and conduct the recommended Accord Guidelines and a
Did the architect perform on time? If not, in what respect did the architect fail? requirement that their members abide by the codes of ethics and conduct in force in the countries and jurisdictions
in which they provide professional services, so long as they are not prohibited by international law or the laws of the
If the architect administered the building contract: architects own country.
Did the builder perform on time? If not, could the architect have done any more to obtain timely performance?
Was the quality of the builders work acceptable? If not, could the architect have done any more to obtain
good quality work?
Did the architect have a good businesslike relationship with you?
Did the architect have a good businesslike relationship with other members of the project team and with
Introduction
authorities controlling the building?
At the meeting of the commission in Washington in December, 1998, there was broad agreement that the amended
Did you feel you could trust the architects:
code evolving from the Barcelona meeting should be put to the Assembly in Beijing for adoption as the Accord
honesty?
Guidelines for Ethics and Conduct for subsequent adoption by member sections within their own codes. The drafting
judgement?
panel, drawing on principles and policies articulated in the accord and the codes of ethics and conduct from member
If not, why?
sections around the world, recommend to the council and assembly the following:

Preamble
Members of the architectural profession are dedicated to the highest standards of professionalism, integrity, and
competence, and to the highest possible quality of their output, and thereby bring to society special and unique
knowledge, skills, and aptitudes essential to the development of the built environment of their societies and cultures.
The following are principles for the conduct of architects in fulfilling those obligations when undertaking a consulting
service. They apply to all professional activities, wherever they occur. They address responsibilities to the public,
which the profession serves and enriches; to the clients and users of architecture and the building industries, who
help to shape the built environment; and to the art and science of architecture, that continuum of knowledge and
creation which is the heritage and legacy of the profession and of society.

Principle 1. General Obligations

Architects possess a systematic body of knowledge and theory of the arts, science, and business of architecture
developed through education, training, and experience. The process of architectural education, training, and
examination is structured to assure the public that, when an architect is appointed to perform professional services,
that architect has met acceptable standards enabling proper performance of those services. Architects have a
general obligation to maintain and advance their knowledge of the art and science of architecture, respect the body
of architectural. Accomplishment and contribute to its growth, and give precedence to learned and uncompromised
professional judgement over any other motive in the pursuit of the art, science, and business of architecture.

1.1 Standard: Architects shall strive to continually improve their professional knowledge and skill in areas
relevant to their practices.

1.2 Standard: Architects shall continually seek to raise the standards of aesthetic excellence, architectural
education, research, training, and practice.

1.3 Standard: Architects shall, as appropriate, promote the allied arts and contribute to the
knowledge and capability of the building industries.

58 59
 1.4 Standard: Architects shall ensure that their practices have appropriate and effective internal procedures, 3.6 Standard: Architects shall not undertake professional work unless the parties have clearly agreed in
including monitoring and review procedures, and sufficient qualified and supervised staff such as to enable them riting to the terms of the appointment, notably:
w
to function efficiently. Scope of work;
Allocation of responsibilities;
1.5 Standard: Where work is carried out on behalf of an architect by an employee or by anyone else acting Any limitation of responsibilities;
under an architects direct control, the architect is responsible for ensuring that that person is competent to Fee or method of calculating it;
perform the task and, if necessary, is adequately supervised. Any provision for termination.

3.7 Standard: Architects shall be remunerated solely by the fees and benefits specified in the written
agreement of engagement or employment.
Principle 2. Obligations to the Public 3.8 Standard: Architects shall not offer any inducements to procure an appointment.
Architects have obligations to the public to embrace the spirit and letter of the laws governing their professional
3.9 Standard: Architects shall observe the confidentiality of their clients affairs and should not disclose
affairs, and should thoughtfully consider the social and environmental impact of their professional activities.
confidential information without the prior consent of the client or other lawful authority; for example, when
disclosure is required by order of a court of law.
2.1 Standard: Architects shall respect and help conserve the systems of values and the natural and cultural
heritage of the community in which they are creating architecture. They shall strive to improve the environment
3.10 Standard: Architects shall disclose to clients, owners, or contractors significant circumstances known
and the quality of the life and habitat within it in a sustainable manner, being fully mindful of the effect of their
to them that could be construed as creating a conflict of interest, and should ensure that such conflict does
work on the widest interests of all those who may reasonably be expected to use or enjoy the product of
not compromise the legitimate interests of such persons or interfere with the architects duty to render impartial
theirwork.
judgement of contract performance by others.
2.2 Standard: Architects shall neither communicate nor promote themselves or their professional services in
false, misleading or deceptive manners.

2.3 Standard: An architectural firm shall not represent itself in a misleading fashion.
2.4 Standard: Architects shall uphold the law in the conduct of their professional activities.
2.5 Standard: Architects shall abide by the codes of ethics and conduct and laws in force in the countries and
jurisdictions in which they provide or intend to provide professionalservices.
Principle 4. Obligations to the Profession
Architects have an obligation to uphold the integrity and dignity of the profession, and shall in every circumstance
conduct themselves in a manner that respects the legitimate rights and interests of others.
Architects shall pursue their professional activities with honesty and fairness.

2.6 Standard: Architects shall as appropriate involve themselves in civic activities, as citizens and 4.2 Standard: An architect shall not take as a partner and shall not act as a co-director with an unsuitable
professionals, and promote public awareness of architectural issues. person, such as a person whose name has been removed from any register of architects otherwise than at
his own request or a person disqualified from membership of a recognised body of architects.

4.3 Standard: Architects shall strive, through their actions, to promote the dignity and integrity of the
rofession, and to ensure that their representatives and employees conform their conduct to this standard, so
p
Principle 3. Obligations to the Client that no action or conduct is likely to undermines the confidence of those for and with whom they work and so
that members of the public dealing with architects are protected against misrepresentation, fraud, and deceit.
Architects have obligations to their clients to carry out their professional work faithfully, conscientiously, competently,
and in a professional manner, and should exercise unprejudiced and unbiased judgement with due regard to the
4.4 Standard: Architects shall, to the best of their ability, strive to contribute to the development of
relevant technical and professional standards when performing all professional services. Learned and professional
architectural knowledge, culture, and education.
judgement should take precedence over any other motive in the pursuit of the art, science, and business of
architecture.

3.1 Standard: Architects shall only undertake professional work where they can ensure that they possess
adequate knowledge and abilities and where adequate financial and technical resources will be provided in Principle 5. Obligations to Colleagues
order to fulfil their commitments in every respect to their clients, for any one commission.
Architects should respect their rights and acknowledge the professional aspirations and contributions of their
3.2 Standard: Architects shall perform their professional work with due skill care and diligence. colleagues and the contribution made to their works by others.

.3 Standard: Architects shall carry out their professional work without undue delay and, so far as it is within
3 5.1 Standard: Architects shall not discriminate on grounds of race, religion, disability, marital status, or gender.
their powers, within an agreed reasonable time limit.
5.2 Standard: Architects shall not appropriate the intellectual property of nor unduly take advantage of the
.4 Standard: Architects shall keep their client informed of the progress of work undertaken on the clients
3 ideas of another architect without express authority from the originating architect.
behalf and of any issues that may affect its quality or cost.
5.3 Standard: Architects shall not, when offering services as independent consultants, quote a fee without
.5 Standard: Architects shall accept responsibility for the independent advice provided by them to their
3 receiving an invitation to do so. The must have sufficient information on the nature and the scope of the project
clients, and undertake to perform professional services only when they, together with those whom they may to enable a fee proposal to be prepared that clearly indicates the service covered by the fee in order to protect
engage as consultants, are qualified by education, training, or experience in the specific areas involved. the client and society from unscrupulous under-resourcing by an architect.

60 61


5.4 Standard: Architects shall not, when offering services as independent consultants, revise a fee quotation
to take account of the fee quoted by another architect for the same service in order to protect the client and
Recommended Guidelines for the Policy
society from unscrupulous under-resourcing by an architect.
on Continuing Professional Development
5.5 Standard: The architect shall not attempt to supplant another architect from an appointment.

5.6 Standard: Architects shall not enter any architectural competitions that the UIA or their member sections
have declared to be unacceptable.
Accord Policy on Continuing Professional Development
5.7 Standard: Architects shall not when appointed as competition assessors subsequently act in any other
capacity for the work. The UIA encourages its member sections to advocate continuing professional development as a duty of membership
in the public interest. Architects must be sure they are capable of providing theservices they offer, and codes of
5.8 Standard: Architects shall not maliciously or unfairly criticise or attempt to discredit another architectswork. conduct must oblige architects to maintain a known standard in avariety of areas described under the Fundamental
Requirements of an Architect and in futurevariations thereof. In the meantime, the UIA must monitor the
5.9 Standard: The architect shall, on being approached to undertake a project or other professional work upon development in continuingprofessional development for registration renewal, recommend guidelines among all
which he/she knows or can ascertain by reasonable inquiry that another architect has a current appointment with nations tofacilitate reciprocity, and continue to develop policy on this subject.
the same client for the same project or professional work, notify the other architect.

.10 Standard: Architects shall, when appointed to give an opinion on the work of another architect, notify the
5
other architect, unless it can be shown to be prejudicial to prospective or actual litigation to do so.
Recommended Guidelines for the Accord Policy on Continuing
5.11 Standard: Architects shall provide their associates and employees with a suitable working environment, Professional Development
compensate them fairly, and facilitate their professional development.
Continuing professional development does not refer to formal education leading to a moreadvanced degree, but to
5.12 Standard: Architects shall ensure that their personal and professional finances are managed legally a life-long learning process that maintains, enhances, or increases theknowledge and skills of architects to ensure
and prudently. their knowledge and ability relevant to the needs ofsociety.The policy of the UIA encourages its member sections
to advocate continuing professionaldevelopment as the responsibility of each individual architect. Continuing
.13 Standard: Architects shall build their professional reputation on the merits of their own service and
5 professionaldevelopment for architects is also in the public interest.The UIA continuing professional development
performance and should recognise and give credit to others for professional work performed. guidelines are intended to provide UIA membersections with a set of standards by which they can judge their
existing professional developmentpolicies. This will ensure compatibility of polices and will provide for reciprocity and
portabilityof professional development credits across member sections in the future.One of the initial goals of the
UIA continuing professional development guidelines will be toprovide a framework for interrecognition of continuing
professional development credits amongthe UIA member sections.

Key elements of a UIA member section continuing professional development system should include:
Recommended procedures for identifying, screening, and evaluating continuing professional development
services and courses;
Recommended program criteria covering both self-study programs and registered continuing professional
development providers programs;
Recommended criteria for incorporating research and needs assessments into the design and delivery of
continuing professional development programs;
Recommended procedures to assure that emphasis of the learning is placed on the learner and knowledge
gained, including incentives for learning activities that increase interaction between the participant and the
provider, e.g., interactive programs may give more credit for the same amount of time spent than that given
for noninteractive programs;
Recommended program quality levels and standards as a tool to assess the actual learning that occurs during
a program and as an incentive to providers and participants to increase interaction that takes place and to
involve the participants in the learning; participants should earn credits based on the educational quality of a
program as well as the length of the program (seat time);
Recommended procedures by which providers will give feedback to users and collect course evaluations to
monitor the effectiveness of the activity
A recommended record-keeping system that is timely and accurate for both providers and users that provides
proven portability of continuing professional development credits and reporting to permit worldwide program
availability to architects by registered providers and a credible basis for meeting the demands of registration
agencies and professional societies that require continuing professional development credits for maintaining
registration or membership;
Recommendations for requirements of number of learning units to be earned each calendar year;
Recommendations for minimum requirements of continuing professional development credits in subjects
related to the protection of public health, safety, and welfare. The UIA continuing professional development
system should set high-quality educational standards for participating UIA member sections with a large
number of registered providers contributing their knowledge, skills, and research to a successful endeavor.

62 63
 Recommended Guideline for the Accord Policy
on the Scope of Practice

Accord policy on scope of practice

That the UIA encourage and promote the continuing extension of the boundaries of architectural practice, limited only
by the provisions of codes of ethics and conduct, and strive to ensure the corresponding extension of the knowledge
and skills necessary to deal with any extension of boundaries.

Recommended guideline for the accord policy on scope of practice

Introduction
In most jurisdictions, architects already offer architectural services based on a core scope of practic e that has evolved
over the years. Documentation on the core scope of practice varies quite widely among many jurisdictions some are
quite detailed and cover every single aspect of the work process from inception to completion and handing over of the
project to the owner, as well as other services that can be provided by an architect. Furthermore, some jurisdictions
have either regulatory bodies or their respective professional institutes that outline in detail the core scope of services
as well as the other services. Some jurisdictions have neither. The UIA has an interest in maintaining the architects
responsibility in the core scope of practice as well as their ability to perform such other services that they may have
developed in their own jurisdiction. The UIA also recognizes a need to promote the awareness among the public and
government administrators of such scope of practice by architects in their own jurisdiction. Furthermore, the UIA
recognizes that such scope of practice should take into consideration the local environmental, social, and cultural
factors and ethical and legal standards prevailing in each jurisdiction. Although the Accord and related Policy
Guidelines are intended to define such scope of practice as well as the extension or other services that can be
performed by an architect, they are also intended to promote such aspirations of the profession lacking in some
jurisdictions through corresponding acquisition of such knowledge and skills necessary to equip the architects
ultimately. The Accord acknowledges that although there are many jurisdictions that may not have the administrative
means and/or educational facilities to promote and/or regulate the core scope of practice or the other services
with which an architect should be conversant, due to differing standards, practice and conditions that reflect the
diversity of cultures of such jurisdictions, the Accord represents only a first step in an effort by representatives of the
international community of architects to reach consensus on the scope of practice toward which an architect should
aspire and offer to serve community interests. The UIA recognizes that bilateral and multilateral mutual recognition
agreements between and among registration/licensing agencies of the UIA member sections will take substantial
time to negotiate and bring into operation, and there is a need to provide guidelines and protocol for conditions where
mutual recognition agreements do not yet exist. The Accord Policy on Scope of Practice is intended to lay down the
core services that an architect should be able to provide competently. The Accord Policy also recognizes that there are
many other services and disciplines that for such jurisdictions to promote and attain over a period of time.

Guidelines for scope of practice core scope of services

Architects generally provide the following core seven units of professional service essential to the
creation of the built environment.

A. Project Management
Formation and management of project team
chedule planning and control
S
Project cost control
Client approval processing
Governmental approval procedure
Coordination with consultants and engineers
Post occupancy evaluation

64 65
 B. Research and Planning E. Bid, Negotiation and Award of Contract Phase
S ite analysis Based on construction documents prepared, the architect prepares contract documents for selection of a contractor.
Identification of objectives and conditions The architect assists the client in the selection of the contractor to be awarded the project. The architect arranges a
Conceptual planning formal agreement between the contractor and theclient.

C. Construction Cost Control F. Construction Phase

onstruction cost estimation
C To assure quality of the project documented in the contract document, the architect clarifies design
Evaluation of construction cost proposed intention and observes site works done by the Contractor, clarifies design intention, issues
Evaluation of value engineering instructions, authorizes payments to the contractor.
Cost control in construction phase
G. Handover Phase
D. Design With completion of the project, the architect inspects final quality of the project for conformity
C onfirmation of requirements and conditions with the contract document and checks to confirm that all statutory approvals have been obtained.
Design and production of construction documents The architect arranges a formal handover of the project from the contractor to the client.
Design presentation for clients approval
H. Post Construction Phase
E. Procurement In the post-construction phase, the architect provides professional services to ensure that the
S election of construction procurement contractors obligations to remedy defects are fulfilled.
Processing of construction procurement
Assist of construction contract award I. Other Services
The services listed below are not necessarily excluded from the core services. Some jurisdictions
F. Contract Administration accept some of these services as core services, taking into consideration that the architects are
upport to construction administration
S appropriately qualified to perform these services for clients and the public.
Clarification of design intents and review of quality control
Observation, inspection and report of site work i ) Feasibility Studies
Change order and field order ii) Preparation of design requirements (program)
iii) Building survey (inspection)
G. Maintenance and Operation Planning iv) Negotiations (e.g. land-use/zoning conversions)
S upport for property management v ) Delay and protracted Services
Support for maintenance of building vi) Special presentations for sales and advertisement brochures
Post occupancy inspection vii) Life cycle planning
viii) Land-use/town planning
An architects services are not limited to the above listed core services. UIA recognizes that there are various services ix) Urban design
in the different jurisdictions - such as urban planning, historical restoration, renewal of existing buildings and many x) Facilities management
other services wherever architects are capable to carry out these services based on appropriate education, training xi) Landscape design
and experience. xii) Interior design
xiii) Graphics and signage design
xiv) Acoustic design
xv) Lighting design
xvi) Specialist detailing (e.g. curtain walling)
Project flow xvii) Building energy studies
xviii) Cost consultancy services
With various participants in a project, any type or size of the project proceeds by following basic phases described
xix) Building codes services
below while solving complex problem of the Project. Every project has different conditions. Project flow presented
x x) Materials/equipment services
here is merely the benchmark for the individual project to identify the various deviations within the essential flow of
x xi) Environmental studies
the project.
x xii) Construction management services
x xiii) Support for art works
A. Pre -Design Phase
x xiv) Project management services
The architect assists the client to identify requirements and limitations for the proje ct and to finalize a project brief.
x xv) Accessibility services
x xvi) Dispute resolution (Mediation, Arbitration, Expert Witness)
B. Concept Design Phase
x xvii) Historical restoration
Based on the requirements and limitations of the project brief, the architect examines major variables in codes and
x xviii) Renewal of existing building
regulations, building technology, schedule and cost of the project and then proceeds to prepare a concept design for
x xix) Post occupancy evaluation
the project.

C. Design Development Phase

Upon the clients approval of the concept design, the architect prepares a developed design of the building.

D. Construction Document Phase

Upon the clients approval of the developed design, the architect prepares technical documents suitable for the
construction.

66 67
 Recommended Guideline for the Accord Policy
on Forms of Practice

Accord Policy on Forms of Practice

That architects should be allowed to practice in any form legally acceptable in the country in which the service
is offered, but always subject to prevailing ethical and conduct requirements. The UIA, as it deems necessary,
will develop and modify its policies and standards to take account of alternative forms of practice and varied local
conditions where these alternatives are thought to extend the positive and creative role of architectural profession in
the interests of society.

Recommended Guideline for the Accord Policy on Forms of Practice

Introduction
In most jurisdictions, architects have been practicing within the basic forms of practice evolved over the years, e.g.
Sole-Proprietorship and Partnership. Some jurisdictions have either regulatory bodies or their respective professional
institutes that outline in detail the legal parameters and conditions under which architects can practice. A majority of
member sections responding to the UIA Professional Practice Commission questionnaire indicated that their states
permitted the practice of architecture in partnership and conventional corporate forms. The restrictions placed on
corporate practice and the newer limited liability companies are often onerous. The great variety of these restrictions
suggests that a guideline is needed to define forms of practice which, in the public interest, enable the maintenance
of acceptable standards of architectural practice.

This set of guidelines defines practices by the forms of legal entity. Issues relating to forms of practices defined by
the scope of services it offers is addressed in the Recommended Guideline on Scope of Practice.

The great variety of legal forms together with the growing trend of multi-disciplinary practices brings about the issue
of ownership, control of the practice and liability. The UIA has an interest in ensuring that the offering of architectural
services in the various forms of practice, regardless of ownership, is under the effective control of architects and
that they are required to conform to and maintain the same professional standards of service, work and conduct
as individual architects. In order to have ethical and conduct requirements prevail, it is essential to ensure that the
publics interests, as well as the integrity of architectural services performed, are maintained.

The UIA also recognizes a need to promote to the public as well as government administrators the awareness of
such forms of practice by architects in their own jurisdictions. Furthermore, the UIA also recognizes that such forms
of practice should take into consideration the local environmental, social and cultural factors, and ethical and legal
standards prevailing in each jurisdiction.

The Accord acknowledges that there are many jurisdictions that may not have the administrative and legal means
to promote or regulate the various forms of practice, due to differing standards, practices and conditions that
reflect the diversity of cultures of such jurisdiction. While the UIA advocates proper regulation of architectural
practices by a process of registration, the Accord guideline represents the first step in an effort by representatives
of the international community of architects to reach consensus on the acceptable forms of practice in which
architects can operate and perform their services without infringing on the legal boundaries. As such, the
Guideline is intended to define forms and structure of practice which ensure the maintenance of appropriate
standards of architectural practice.

Forms of Practice can be categorized by several approaches. Essentially, we can define Forms of Practice by the
following approaches:
Ownership
Control of practice
Liability

68 69
 The following list categorizes several major Forms of Practice prevailing at the present moment. Less common forms A.4. Limited Company
of practice are classified as Specialized Forms of Practice and non-profit making organizations are classified as A legal entity formed by incorporation in the local jurisdiction, and may be either having the liability of its
Other Forms of Practice members limited by the memorandum to the amount, if any, unpaid on the shares respectively held by them
( company limited by shares) or having the liability of its members limited by the memorandum to such amount
A) Basic Major Forms of Practice that the members may respectively thereby undertake to contribute to the assets of the company in the event
Sole Proprietorship of its being wound up (a company limited by guarantee). This includes also corporations where stocks are
Unlimited Partnership offered by the general public and listed on the stock exchange. The following guidelines shall prevail:
Unlimited Company That a certain amount of authorized capital of the corporation/company amount, determined appropriately
Limited Partnership by the local jurisdiction, is paid up.
Limited Company That the articles of association of the corporation/company provide that the chairman and the majority of
the directors of the corporation/company shall be registered architects or associated professionals and
A) Specialized Forms of Practice ordinarily resident of the local jurisdiction.
Group Practice That the business of the corporation/company shall be under the control and the management of a director
Collaborative Practice of the corporation/company who is a registered architect ordinarily resident in the local jurisdiction.
Consortium
Community Practice A.5. Limited Partnership
University Based Project Office Partnerships consisting of certain members who are liable for the firms debts only to the extent of the capital
Subsidiaries / Affiliates of Corporation contributed or agree to be contributed, but such members are prohibited from taking part in the management
Multi-Disciplinary Practice of the firm. The requirement is the same as Partnership, except there should not be any restriction on the
professional background of the limited partners.
A) Other Forms of Practice
Government otwithstanding the above provision, the following conditions shall apply regardless of the form mentioned
N
Quasi-governmental bodies / Institutional Bodies above:

n unlimited/limited corporation/company shall have the same rights and shall be subject to the same
A
obligations in respect of the fiduciary, confidential and ethical relationships with each client of the
corporation/company that exist at law between a registered architect and his/her client.
Current Form of Practice A registered architect who has the control and management of the business of a unlimited / limited
corporation/company or a licensed partnership shall be subject to the same standards of professional
The UIA Guideline recommends that local jurisdictions should strive to promote, as well as obtain their respective
conduct and competence in respect of such services as if he / she was personally supplying the
regulatory bodys endorsement of, the principles described below. Further that their local statutes should incorporate
architectural services.
the following principles for the various forms of practice. The following are descriptions for recommended principles
for various form of practice.
B. Specialized Forms of Practice
A. Basic Forms of Practice
B.1. Group Practice
A.1. Sole Proprietorship
Any group practice may consist of any combination of the basic forms of practice stated in (A).
Practices owned solely by a registered architect with sole responsibility for the standard of professional services
In any relation among a group practice, an agreement covering all aspects of legal issues, auditing, work
and financial performance of the practice.
apportionment, conduct, sharing of employees, etc. shall be prepared and agreed under the terms and
conditions prevailing in the local jurisdiction.
A.2. Unlimited Partnership
Any entity in a group practice shall also abide by the respective laws, code of conduct and other prevailing
Practices formed should be a group of registered architects who are jointly responsible and liable for the service
conditions as set out by the regulatory bodies of the local jurisdiction.
provided by the practice. The partners share in agreed proportions profits and losses according to the amount
of work and expertise they each apply to the business, and the amount of money they have each invested.
B.2. Collaborative Practice
There is personal and unrestricted liability of each partner for the debts and obligations of the firm, and there is
Any collaborative practice may consist of any combination of the basic forms of practice as stated in (A)
also the right of each partner to participate in the management of the firm and act as an agent of it in entering
except that the entities involved shall state clearly their respective job description and responsibilities at the
into legal transactions on its behalf.
onset.
All other legal relationships as well as the rules and conditions governing the entities shall remain
A.3. Unlimited Company
unchanged as for the group practice.
A legal entity formed by incorporation in the local jurisdiction, without specifying any limit of liability of its
members. The following guidelines shall prevail:
B.3. Consortiums
The article of association of the unlimited corporation/company provides that no person other than a
Two or more practices acting together for a single project or group of projects. Consortia can be architectural only
registered architect or an associated professional shall be a director of the corporation/company.
or multi-disciplinary. A Consortium can be constituted as a partnership of companies.
That the articles of association provide that all shareholders in the corporation/company shall be architects.
Consortiums may consist of any combination of the basic forms of practice as stated in (A) for the purpose
That the business of the corporation/company shall be under the control and management of a director of
of providing architectural services. Multi-disciplinary consortiums may consist of other allied disciplines, e.g.
the corporation/company who is a registered architect, and is a member or a registered owner of at least 1
engineering consultants, cost consultants, specialized servicesetc.
share of the corporation/company.
Likewise, the relationships and responsibilities amongst the entities shall be defined and agreed. The
architectural entity shall ensure that all responsibilities, liabilities, work appointment, conduct, etc. with
the other disciplines be clearly agreed and defined under the prevailing conditions in the local jurisdiction.

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 Appropriate professional indemnity insurance should be secured for the particular circumstances of the In the event where architects within governmental bodies are required to perform and provide architectural
consortium. services as a separate entity, the prevailing laws and conditions governing the various forms of practice shall be
The entities of a consortium shall also abide by the prevailing conditions and other legal aspects of abided by accordingly.
government in the local jurisdiction where a consortium is formed.

B.4. Community Practice

Refers to practices working directly with the community. It may take any form of practice as mentioned in (A),
and the objectives may not necessarily be profit making, although it may function similarly to any other forms of
Recommended Forms of Practice
business association. The owner of the practice is normally the community itself with the management function
Architects are a regulated profession and thus are given the right by the public through legislation that in essence
conducted by registered architects and associated professionals. Sometimes the registered architects will
says that architects as professionals are trained and entrusted by the public to provide services to the public. The
have ownership as well. It is suggested that the professional liability should rest with the registered architects,
recommended forms of practice should be defined by extension of the individuals professionalism. The structure
whereas commercial risk should rest with the practice, which includes a fair share by the community.
of the recommended forms of practice is to maintain the same character as that of an individual architect. There are
basic conditions for entities to maintain the character of individual practice and to avoid a conflict of interest, and
B.5. University Based Project Office
the possibility that architects autonomy may be impaired. Each condition of the following criteria in Table 1 is the
Refers to a unit within a university, which offers professional advice in specialty areas such as energy
recommended standard to maintain such character.
conservationetc, which also give students hands on experience. The form and ownership shall follow the
guidelines set by the local jurisdiction as well as the university within which it is set up. The ownership should
1. Ownership
be held jointly by the University and registered architects ordinarily resident in the local jurisdiction. Professional
2. Composition of board of directors
liability should be the responsibility of the registered architects, while commercial liability should rest with the
3. The most responsible person in charge of management
University, or as agreed between the University and the registered architects. Due to the relatively specialized
4. The most responsible person in charge of practice
nature, educational benefits, and in many instances profit making not being the sole objective, it is appropriate
5. A person who is responsible for civil matters
for such practices to define their scope of services in more specific terms and secure appropriate professional
6. A person who is responsible for criminal matters
indemnity against commercial risks.
7. A person who is a responsible for administrative matters
8. Other things related to conflict of interest and the possibility that
B.6. Subsidiaries/Affiliates of Corporation
architects autonomy is impaired.
A company, which is solely owned by another corporation.
A subsidiary/affiliate practice may consist of any form, or combination of the basic forms of practice as
Although architects are allowed to practice in any form legally acceptable in the country in which their services are
stated in (A) for the purpose of providing architectural services.
offered, these conditions should be disclosed to clients in any case other than the forms represented in Table 1.
The relationships and responsibilities of the practice in relation to the Holding Corporation, as well
as among all other affiliates within the same Holding Corporation shall be defined and agreed. The
architectural subsidiary/affiliate shall ensure that all responsibilities, liabilities, work appointment, conduct,
etc. with the Holding Corporation and other affiliates are clearly agreed and defined under those prevailing
conditions in the local jurisdiction. Appropriate professional indemnity insurance should be secured for the
particular circumstances of the architectural entity.
The entities of subsidiaries/affiliates shall also abide by the prevailing conditions and other legal aspects of
government in the local jurisdiction where a consortium is formed.

B.7. Multi-disciplinary Practice

A practice which offers architectural as well as other building related services and may not necessarily be under
the management of registered architects.
A multi-disciplinary practice may consist of any form, or combination of the basic forms of practice as
stated in (A) for the purpose of providing architectural or other building related services.
The offer of the architectural services in a multi-disciplinary practice shall be under the effective control of a
registered architect ordinarily resident in the local jurisdiction.
The practice shall also abide by the prevailing conditions and other legal aspects of government in the local
jurisdiction where the multi-disciplinary practice is formed.

C. Other Forms of Practice

C.1. Government
Organizations within the government rendering architectural services using public funding for the use of the
general public. This will include organizations such as the public works department, local authorities, or the like.

C.2. Quasi-Government Bodies

Institutions formed by the government with the state as the sole or majority shareholder. Where architects are
employed in the above, and are required to provide architectural services, the prevailing conditions governing
code of conduct, etc, as set out by the regulatory body of the local jurisdiction shall be abided by except that any
liability shall be undertaken by the respective governmental body.

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 TABLE 1
Recommended Standards of Form of Practice
Recommended Guidelines for Policy
on Practice in a Host Nation
Basic Form of Ownership Composition Responsibility Responsibility for professional errors and
Practice of Board of omission
Directors

For For A person who is A person A person

management practice responsible who is who is Accord Policy on Practice in a Host Nation
for criminal responsible responsible
matters for civil matters for Architects providing architectural services on a project in a country in which they are not registered shall collaborate
administrative with a local architect to ensure that proper and effective understanding is given to legal, environmental, social, cultural,
matters and heritage factors. The conditions of the association should be determined by the parties alone in accordance with
UIA ethical standards and local statutes and laws.
Sole Proprietor Registered Registered Registered Registered Registered Registered Registered
Architect Architect Architect Architect Architect Architect Architect

Unlimited Registered Registered Registered Registered Registered All Unlimited Registered

Partnership Architect Architect Architect Architect Architect Partners Architect
as as as as as as
Recommended Guidelines for the Accord Policy on Practice in a Host Nation
Unlimited Unlimited Unlimited Unlimited Unlimited Partner Unlimited
Preamble
Partner Partner Partner Partner Partner
The UIA is committed to the encouragement of bilateral and multilateral recognition agreements within the context
Unlimited Registered Registered Registered Registered Registered All Unlimited Registered of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), The General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS) and the
Company Architect as Architect as Architect as Architect as Architect as Company Architect as World Trade Organization (WTO). Experience in the development of mutual recognition and/or free trade agreements
Unlimited Unlimited Unlimited Unlimited Unlimited Members Unlimited for the architectural profession suggests that the process requires identification of gaps between the elements of
Company Company Company Company Company Company the foreign professional qualifications standards and those of the local qualification standards, and the negotiation of
Member Member Member Member Member Member means to bridge these gaps through establishment of equivalencies. It is a process that must recognize the sovereign
right of each jurisdiction to establish its professional standards at whatever level it deems appropriate for the
Limited The majority The majority Registered Registered The registered The registered The registered
environmental, social, cultural, public health, safety, and welfare interests of its citizens. The Accord acknowledges
Corporation of shares are of the board architect architect architect in architect in architect in
that there are differences in the standards, practices and conditions reflecting the diversity of cultures of the countries
Limited desired to of directors charge of the charge of the charge of the
of UIA member sections and that the Accord represents a first step in an effort by representatives of the international
Partnership be owned by are desired to project. project. project.
community of architects to reach consensus on standards and practices that will best serve community interests.
Limited registered be registered
The UIA recognizes that bilateral and multilateral mutual recognition and/or free trade agreements may take time to
Company architects. architects. The most The most The most
negotiate and bring into operation, and therefore there is a need to provide sector specific guidelines and protocols
responsible responsible responsible
for conditions where mutual recognition and/or free trade agreements do not yet exist. The Accord Policy on Practice
person in charge person in person in
in a Host Nation is intended to include equal standing between the associated architects and provide a bridge to the
of practice. charge of charge of
time when mutual recognition and/or free trade agreements are prevalent rather than a rarity, as is now the case. The
practice. practice.
following guideline suggests provisions for a protocol recommended for adoption by UIA member sections seeking to
The most
provide an appropriate mechanism for recognizing practice in a host nation by a foreign architect.
responsible The most The most
person in charge responsible responsible
of person in person in
Introduction
management/ charge of charge of
In most jurisdictions architects must be registered, licensed, or certified in order to practice architecture. Practice
Corporation management/ management/
in a Host Nation covers the situation when individual architects or corporate entities of architects have been
manmanagement/ Corporation Corporation
commissioned to design projects in a country in which they are not registered, licensed, or certified. The UIA
Corporation
recognizes the need for the responsible mobility of architects and their ability to provide services in foreign
jurisdictions. It is the goal of the UIA that an architect recognized by the relevant authority of the nation/state in any
UIA member section should be recognized as being able to be registered, licensed, or certified through bilateral or
multilateral agreements and be able to establish in those nation/states as an architect by the relevant authorities
in the nations/states of all UIA member sections. The UIA also recognizes a need to promote the awareness of
local environmental, social, and cultural factors and ethical and legal standards. To this end, the UIA Assembly has
approved the Second Edition of the UIA Accord on Recommended International Standards of Professionalism in
Architectural Practice. While the Accord and related Policy Guidelines are intended to define best practice for the
architectural profession and the standards to which the profession aspires, they are also intended to make it easier for
interested parties to negotiate mutual recognition and/or free trade agreements allowing portability of architectural
credentials and/or services. The long established UIA International Code of Ethics on Consulting Services
requires that every consultant from a foreign countryshall associate and work harmoniously with consultants or
professionals of the country where the project is located.

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 Guidelines for Practice in a Host Nation
It is recommended that the member sections or nation/states of the International Union of Architects adopting this
guideline agree that the UIA Accord on Recommended International Standards of Professionalism in Architectural
Practice (referred hereafter as the Accord) establishes a policy framework for the negotiation of agreements under
which local and foreign architects collaborate. While the UIA Accord and related guidelines attempt to establish
standards for the international practice of architecture, it is recognized that there are differences in the traditions and
practices of the UIA member section countries. Architects entering into Practice in a Host Nation agreements should
agree 1) that arrangements affecting professional lia bility, insurance, the jurisdiction of the courts, and similar issues
are covered by local statutes or considered business arrangements and most appropriately negotiated by the local
3
architect, the foreign architect, and the client and should be formalized in the agreements between and among the
parties; 2) that public liability, statutes, and laws affecting the conduct of the architect and the practice of architecture
are matters to be appraised by and the responsibility of both architects; and 3) that the following conditions shall apply
for the practice of architecture by foreign architects in local jurisdictions:
2 .7 A foreign architect should be required to agree to follow the laws, codes of ethics and conduct, building
codes, etc. of the local jurisdiction.
.8 Foreign and local architects forming collaborations should be required to enter into formal, fair and
2
equitable agreements that uphold the ethical standards of the UIA. Numerous model documents and books
have been developed that cover the principles involved and issues to be considered when developing an
agreement between collaborating architects.
. Where a mutual recognition agreement exists between the relevant authorities of two
countries, this guideline is not relevant.

1. In this guideline an architect is a professional recognized and registered/licensed/certified by a relevant

authority in a nation/state. A local architect is the entity registered/licensed/certified and practicing in the nation
where the project is located. A foreign architect is the entity registered/licensed/certified and practicing in a
jurisdiction/country but is not registered/licensed/certified in the jurisdiction where the project is located.

2. Where there is no mutual recognition or free trade agreement between the relevant authorities of the host
country and that of the foreign architects country:

oreign architects registered/licensed/certified by a relevant authority in their own countries but not in
F
the host country should be admitted individually and permitted to practice in association with registered/
licensed/certified local architects, in accordance with local laws and practices.
Foreign architects coming from nation/states that do not have relevant authorities dealing with issues of
registration/licensing/certification should be required to be subjected to the registration/licensing/
certification standards in force in the nation/states where the projects are located.
A foreign architect should not be permitted to enter into an arrangement to provide services in another
jurisdiction without the meaningful and substantial participation and contribution of a local architect in the
provision of the design, documentation and contract administrative services of the project. Foreign
architects entering an international competition in a country where they do not hold a license should be
required to enter into such an arrangement only when they win the competition and are commissioned to
proceed with the project.

.1 Foreign architects should:

2
a Be prepared to demonstrate to the national or international relevant authority that they hold a current
registration/license/certification from a relevant authority of a jurisdiction, which allows them to use
the title architect and to engage in the unlimited practice of architecture in that jurisdiction.
b Provide proof of their qualifications.
c Certify that they are not subject to any criminal/ethical conviction.

.2 Promptly after being selected as architect for a project in which a foreign architect is to be involved, the
2
local architect should be required to provide a document to the relevant authority establishing the local
architects relationship with the foreign architects to include their qualifications, and a description of the
specific project for which this arrangement has been made.

2 .3 Foreign and local architects should make sure that in their collaboration they both have the necessary
expertise and experience to meet the needs of the project.

2 .4 Professional services rendered by the associated architects should jointly and severally be rendered by the
foreign and qualified local architects involved in the project.

2 .5 In any documents and when claiming credit for the project, the local architect and the foreign architect
shall accurately represent their respective responsibilities on the project.

2 .6 Upon request from a local relevant authority, it is expected that the foreign relevant authority of the UIA
member section will agree to confirm the status of the foreign architect as suggested in paragraph 2.1.

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 Recommended Guidelines for the Policy
on Intellectual Property and Copyright

Accord Policy on Intellectual Property and Copyright

That the national law of a UIA member section should entitle an architect to practice his/her profession without
detriment to his/her authority and responsibility, and to retain ownership of the intellectual property and copyright
of his/her work.
The UIA desires to develop and maintain the protection of the intellectual property and copyright of architects in their
works in a manner as effective and uniform as possible. The UIA recognises the profound impact of the development
and convergence of information and communication technologies on the creation and use of artistic works. Moreover
the UIA emphasises the outstanding significance of copyright protection as an incentive to artistic creation, while
recognising the need to maintain a balance between the rights of authors and the larger public interest. The works
mentioned in this Guideline should enjoy protection in all countries of the Union. This protection shall operate for the
benefit of the author and his/her successors in title.

Preamble
Architectural services are characterised by the intellectual capacity of the architect. Qualified architects are capable
of developing creative building solutions by applying their knowledge and skill to a consideration of the clients
requirements. The ideas and concepts created by the intellectual activity of architects are the products, which enables
them to practice as architects. The importance of this creative intellectual endeavour requires that it have strong
protection. Protection of -intellectual property rights guarantee that others cannot exploit the intellectual effort of
architects and other creators of original works. This protection provides an incentive for further creative and innovative
development in architecture for the benefit of clients and the public. This fact is essential for cultural improvement
in architecture, which becomes more and more important in a globalized world in order to allow people to identify
themselves with their built environment. Intellectual Property means the rights resulting from intellectual activity in the
industrial, scientific, literary or artistic fields, such as copyright rights, patent rights and others. As opposed to property
of things, intellectual property covers the intellectual effort. Intellectual property is a general term made further concrete
in patent law, copyright law or trade mark law. Copyright covers specifically the intellectual effort regarding an artistic
creation as opposed to the intellectual effort regarding the development of a pure technical process or object, which can
only be protected under patent law. Copyright protects the interest of authors in relation to their creations and grants
them the exclusive right of using their creations. To provide services successfully in foreign countries architects must
have the assurance that their intellectual property in their creative works are protected. Therefore it is important that
intellectual property is protected in all countries to provide the necessary security for architects to confidently provide
the best service to their clients. In this aspect the UIA Guideline on Practice in a Host Nation plays an important role in
furthering cross-border services while protecting the intellectual property of architects.

Guideline
The following Guideline attempts to define the key concepts, issues and common eventualities relating to intellectual
property rights in the field of architecture. These include definitions of author and the works that are subject to
copyright and issues such as moral rights, protection, ownership and enforcement.

1. Author
1.1 Initial Ownership
The author of a work is the person who created that work, and is presumptively the owner of the copyright in
the work. An author is always a natural person. Corporations, businesses or public entities may, however, own
copyright of a work when the work is made under a consultancy agreements (See 1.2) or if the authors agree to
assign their rights, provided that this is regulated in the relevant national copyright law.

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 1.2 Works made under employment and consultant agreements issue of infringement of copyright only arises, if a unique concept of a building, an extravagant technical detail or an
In the case of works authored by an architect while under an employment arrangement, the employer is extraordinary appearance of a building is copied. The mere influence of existing architectural works on the design of
presumptively the owner of the copyright, however this may be altered by explicit terms in the agreement of new - architectural works does not constitute an infringement of copyright.
employment. In the case of works authored by an architect engaged as consultant, the architect is presumptively
the owner of the copyright. However, if the law permits copyright may be transferred by agreement and with the Droit Moral/ Moral Rights
consent of the author As copyright is a commercial property it is appropriate that payment, in addition to the fees The so-called moral rights include the right of attribution and the right of integrity in the protected works.
paid for architectural services, is made to architects who agree to transferring the ownership of the copyright in These rights provide for recognition of authorship and protection of the works against violations.
their work.
3.1 Right to publish architectural work
1.3 Collective Works Subject to the laws relating to privacy authors of architectural works should enjoy the exclusive right to
Copyright in each separate contribution to a collective work is distinct from copyright in the collective work publish their work. This right applies to architects only in a limited way because in general they have no
as a whole, and vests initially in the author of the contribution. In the absence of an express transfer of the say in the - publication of the building they design for the client. However, the architect should have the power
copyright or of any rights under it, the owner of copyright in the collective work is presumed to have acquired to decide if, when and how plans and pictures of his work are going to be published. In addition designs
only the privilege of reproducing and distributing the contribution as part of that particular collective work, any entered in architectural competitions should only be published and exhibited in accordance with the conditions of
revision of that collective work, and any later collective work in the same series. Copyright in a collective the competition or with the specific approval of the author. Works produced by students in the course
contribution in creating work vests in all authors of the collective work. All authors have the same rights of their studies should only be published and exhibited as required for the purpose of scholarly evaluation and
connected to the copyright. Those rights can only be used collectively regarding the work as a whole. criticism. Students work should not be published for other reasons without the consent of the student. The use
of a copyrighted work for purposes such as criticism, comment, news reporting, teaching, scholarship or
research should not be an infringement of copyright. The use for such purposes is sometimes referred as the
2. Protected works fair use exception to copyright protection. There are reasonable limitations on such fair use; which has the
Copyright protects original works of authorship that are fixed in a tangible form of expression. The fixation need effect of reducing the authors market for the copyrighted work
not be directly perceptible so long as it can be communicated with the aid of a machine or device. No publication
or registration or other action is required to secure copyright. Copyright is secured automatically when the work is 3.2 Recognition of authorship
created for the first time. Authors should have the right to put their name on their work and to have the work attributed to them when it is
published. This recognition is especially important for sketches, plans and other documents, but it applies also
2.1 Architectural works to the built facility. Even though a copyright notice is not a condition of copyright protection, the notice should be
Protected works under this guideline are original architectural works of authorship fixed in any tangible medium displayed, particularly on drawings and other architectural documents, for clarification. In doing so, the author can
of expression, which represent a personal and original intellectual creation. Novelty, ingenuity, or aesthetic avoid a defence of innocent infringement in mitigation of actual or statutory damages. A possible copyright notice
merit are not qualifying criteria for protected works. The necessary standard of originality requires only that could read: Copyright Associated Architects, Inc. 1999.
the work owes its existence to the efforts of the author and is not merely a copy of a pre-existing work.
Copyright protection extends only to documented or built works and not to ideas, procedures, methods of 3.3 Violation of architectural works
operation or mathematical concepts as such, because these works might be protected under the relevant Besides the authors economic rights and even if those rights are transferred someone else the author should
technical protection rights such as patent rights. Copyright protection can cover any kind of architectural work. have the right to claim authorship of the work and to object to plagiarism, distortion, mutilation or other
modification of, or other derogatory action in relation to, the said work, which would be prejudicial to his
2.2 Protection of specific architectural works honour or reputation. This right, sometimes described as the Moral Right to Integrity in created work, should
be maintained even after the death of the author, at least until the expiry of the economic rights, and should be
2.2.1 Documentation of architectural designs. exercisable by the persons or institutions authorised by the legislation of the country where protection is claimed.
Documentation of architectural designs and buildings either in electronic or hardcopy form can be protected
under copyright. Apart from the plans, drawings, schemes, etc. of the object as a copyright protected work, 3.4 Alterations - Balancing the interests of owners and architects when buildings are altered
the object itself can be protected, if realized in three dimensions. This refers also to works of town planning The long duration of a building makes it probable that adaptations, extensions or other changes are necessary.
and urban design. Theclient invested once in that building and must have the possibility to alter it according to his economical
needs. The owner or user of the building must have the right to adapt the building to changing needs or
2.2.2 Expert opinions, specifications and other documents
purposes, which often includes changes in the architectural concept. Also changing public building regulations
The given form of representation of expert opinions, specifications and other documents can be protected
may require the alteration of a building. At the same time the reputation of architects is largely established by
under copyright, if they represent a personal creation. The protection does not cover the content of the
their built works. Alterations to a building therefore have the potential to denigrate the reputation of the architect
document but only the form of representation, in order to distinguish copyright from technical protection rights
who is publicly known to be the author of the building. The alteration must ensure that the architects personal
such as patent right.
interest for consistency of the building is safeguarded and their architectural capabilities are not disparaged or
2.2.3 Buildings devalued in public. The architect is endangered that after unauthorized alteration of his publicized work he is
A building can be protected under copyright, assuming the design fulfils the requirements of a personal still recognized as the architect of that work. In the eyes of the public the author will then be seen as having
creation of originality (See above 2.1). Similarly, parts of buildings or the combination of buildings can be made those new architectural expressions, which can damage his/her image. It is necessary, therefore, to
protected as well as the newly creative assembled combination of already known elements as an ensemble. find a balance between the two interests: Interest of the owner for alteration and the interest of the author for
Style, taste, aesthetic value or fashion are of no importance to the question, if the work has the necessary consistency. In finding that balance one has to take into account that the original architect of a building has more
creative character. Any building or architectural work can be protected under copyright-. insight than anybody else regarding possibilities in developing the building for changing demands. Because of the
original architects profound knowledge about the design, construction and environment of his creation only that
architect is in the best position to develop the necessary solutions while respecting the design of the building and
3. Protection of the authors interests its aesthetic qualities. Consequently it is recommended that the author of a building should have the legal right
The architect as owner of copyright has the exclusive rights to authorise the reproduction of her/his works in copies, to be consulted prior to the building being altered. Such a right would not prohibit owners from proceeding with
as long as they are protected under copyright law. Unauthorised reproduction by others may give -the right to alterations to suit their requirements. However a consultation conducted in good faith provides an opportunity for
the author to initiate legal action. However it must be noted that in the field of architecture many building elements the owner to consider maintaining the integrity of the original design or, if necessary, for the architect to publicly
are already known, such as doors, windows, roofs and walls and hence limit the architectural creation. This is why the dissociate from the altered works.

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 3.5 Destruction
The right of objecting to the alteration of the work should include also the right to object to its destruction.
Recommended Guideline for the Accord Policy
Contrary to alteration the destruction of the work does not include the danger that the architect will be
recognized as the author of the altered work. However the destruction of the work still violates the moral right
on the Role of Professional Bodies
of integrity in the architects work. The author has an interest in the work continuing to establish and maintain his
or her professional reputation. Therefore the right of the owner to demolish the building conflicts with the moral
right of the architect. Hence the right for destruction of a building must be balanced with the authors right for
consistency.
Accord policy on the role of professional bodies
4. Term of Protection In countries where professional bodies do not exist, the UIA should encourage members of the architectural
The term of copyright protection should extend to fifty years beyond the death of the author of the work. profession to form such bodies in the public interest. Professional bodies should seek to ensure that their members
adhere to the UIA international standards, the minimum requirements of the UNESCO-UIA Charter for Architectural
Education, and the UIA International Code of Ethics and Conduct; keep up to date their knowledge and skills as
5. Enforcement of Copyrights required by the list of Fundamental Requirements (both current, and as they evolve in the future); and generally
The UIA recommends that laws and enforcement procedures are available that permit effective action against any act contribute to the development of architectural culture and knowledge as well as the society they serve.
of infringement of intellectual property rights covered by this Guideline. These procedures should be applied in such
a manner as to avoid the creation of barriers to legitimate trade and to provide for safeguards against their abuse.
Procedures concerning the enforcement of intellectual property rights should be fair and equitable. They should not
be unnecessarily complicated or costly, or entail unreasonable time limits or unwarranted delays.
1. Preamble
Architects, whether self employed or employees, are generally controlled by a regulating body in charge of ensuring
6. Ownership of architectural plans
that laws, decrees, and professional standards are applied and observed by all members of the profession. In many
The legal classification of ownership of architectural plans differs between the common-law countries and the
countries professional bodies have also been established for the advancement of architecture, for the promotion of
countries under the Napoleonic Code. In common-law countries the architects documents are normally treated as
knowledge, and to protect the public interest by ensuring that their members perform to a known standard. In a
instruments of service and the architect retains the ownership while the client enjoys the license, by contract, to
number of countries both the regula tory function and the advancement of architecture are undertaken by the one
use the documents to build the building. In countries under the Napoleonic Code the architects documents become
orga nization. Before defining what an architects professional body should be it is necessary to recall the context
property of the client after termination of the contract. The architect is obliged by contract to hand out the documents
of globalization and the guiding principals of the General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS). The fundamental
to the client. This situation has an effect on the intellectual property: Whereas in the common-law countries the
objectives of GATS are the same as that of the World Trade Organizations (WTO) objectives for goods - to ensure the
architects are both the proprietor of the actual and intellectual property of their documents, the architects in countries
balance of world trade through the liberalization of markets and to build the process of liberalization on solid
under the Napoleonic Code are only proprietor of the intellectual property of the documents, the proprietor of the
foundations. To achieve this, the guiding principles are the following:
actual document is the client.
Trade must take place without discrimination: This implies that all member countries carry out their exchanges
on an equal basis and share the benefits achieved from any measure aimed at removing barriers to trade.
7. Co-operation between UIA member sections
Each UIA member section shall enter, upon request, into consultations with any other UIA member section which
Protective measures must be transparent: The services agreement requires that barriers to market access or
has cause to believe that an intellectual property right owner, who must be a national or domiciliary of the UIA
discriminatory restrictions to operations on overseas markets be clearly identified and listed.
member section being addressed for consultations, is undertaking practices in violation of the requesting UIA
member sections laws and regulations on the subject matter of this Guideline. The UIA member section addressed
A solid foundation for liberalizing trade: This is ensured as countries make schedules of commitments - service
shall accord full and sympathetic consideration to, and shall afford adequate opportunity for, consultations with the
by service - by which they undertake to respect the negotiated reduced levels of protection.
requesting UIA member section. It shall, furthermore, co-operate through supply of publicly available non-confidential
relevant information.
The global free trade logic is to favor free circulation of people, goods and services in a
general environment of deregulation. The WTO rules which apply to member countries have a direct influence on the
professional practice of architecture. Article VI 4 of the GATS agreement reads that:
8. Damages
Jurisdictions should have the authority to order a person who has knowingly infringed copyright to pay adequate
The rules which aim at establishing free circulation shall ensure that national protective steps: Are transparent and
compensation to the copyright holder
based on objective criteria such as professional competence and skills; Are not more burdensome than necessary to
ensure the quality of service; and Licensing procedures, if any, do not restrict service provision.
9. Institutional Arrangements; Final Provisions
The interests of three groups are served by the establishment of professional bodies:
The UIA shall monitor the operation of this Guideline, and in particular UIA member sections compliance with their
obligations hereunder, and shall afford UIA member sections the opportunity of consulting on matters relating to
the aspects of intellectual property rights. It shall carry out such other responsibilities as assigned to it by the UIA
A. Consumer
member sections; and it shall, in particular, provide any assistance requested by them in the context of dispute
It is necessary to guarantee not only the quality of service to the consumer, respecting competition and performance
settlement procedures. UIA member sections agree to co-operate with each other with a view to eliminating
rules, but also the free circulation of professionals without any improper discrimination. Therefore, it is also necessary
international trade in goods infringing intellectual property rights.
to define the structure of bodies which represent the profession of architecture, guaranteeing their capacity to
protect the consumer and the society.

82 83
 The notion of consumer service refers to a concept which is internationally shared, implying both market competition
and the guarantee of objective or certified quality standards.
This consumer oriented logic prevails over notions of public interest, and presents a case for doing away with laws
and regulations which are seen as providing corporate protection and monopoly of privileged practice in favor of
systems of professional selfregulation and common law consumer protection.
B. The Public
Increasing numbers of countries are adopting public architecture policies. They are becoming increasingly aware
that architecture is in the public interest. It contributes to the welfare of individuals and of society, whether in the
social or cultural fields, respect for the environment and heritage. More recently the taking into account of the
concept of sustainable development has a real impact on the living environment. This characteristic of architecture, of
environment, of landscape and living environment, as an expression of culture, implies a special relationship between
the professionals who practice it - the architects - and society. Society includes the State and public authorities, who
have expectations with regard to the built environment, as well as the citizens, as users of consumers of architecture.
As in many countries, it is thus useful and necessary for the profession to be organized in such a way as to meet
the expectations of society and of the citizens. This requires the setting up, or reinforcement where they exist, of
professional bodies focused on architecture but are entrusted with the protection of the public.
C. The Profession
It is important for architects to be able to recognize each other and belong to a body which has established the same
membership rules, whatever their form of professional practice. It is of course in the interest of architects to meet
colleagues with the same training, the same or equivalent degree/diploma/certificate, who respect the same ethics
and who have identical or comparable forms of practice.
If those bodies are to function, they must also be of interest to architects. The professional body shall also be a place
of identity and gathering for professionals practicing architecture This guideline aims at defining the raison detre, the
function and role of those professional bodies.
2. Proposals
The idea is to provide key words for the organization and scope of competence of professional bodies. Although
they play a major social and cultural role, and their action and contribution are indispensable, this guideline does not
address independent trade associations or unions whose vocation and role is to defend the material interests of
voluntary members.
The professional bodies should therefore cover three main functions:
Consumer interest,
Public interest, and
Professional interest - interests of architects.
2.1. Functions
Consumer Interest
To protect the public/consumer society/the users - by monitoring the skills, code of conduct and ethics.
To enable and respect free circulation of architects in all countries in order to promote excha nges between
architects and improve the living environment.
To guarantee free and healthy competition, based on principles of transparency and fairness.
To contribute to, guide and guarantee the content of initial training in architecture and to monitor its
continuous updating.
To define the content of initial and professional training and of qualifications procedures and criteria.
To contribute to improving the knowledge and skills of architects by organizing continuing professional
development.
To draw up a code of ethics and of conduct and to monitor their implementation.
To establish a set of disciplinary sanctions in the event of professionals not respecting the rules established
in the interest of the consumer.
To publish guide documents on topics such as fee-scales (where legally authorized) appointment of the
architect, documents for professional practice, andenvironmental matters.
84
Public Interest
To influence the quality of the built environment by defining quality standards and references, to participate
in the implementation of public policies in the field of architecture.
To promote and facilitate the acquisition of architectural knowledge by competent authorities, as well as by
the public and other professionals, to enhance their ability to assess architecture.
To set up a high authority in architecture at cultural and legal levels.
To guarantee the durability of the function of the architect in its cultural and social dimensions.
To promote research and development of architecture with regard to sustainable development and the
necessary improvement of living standards.
To promote the awareness of architecture
To promote architectural and urban quality by any means and actions.
Professional Interest - Interests of Architects
While respecting their different forms of practice, to gather together architects, and to organize their
representation at local, national and international levels.
To develop the architects fields of intervention on the basis of their specific profile and skills.
To provide the service and assistance expected by architects in social, professional, legal and cultural areas,
in order to improve and guarantee the quality of services supplied by architects.
To promote collaboration and networking with other partners of the living environment such as clients,
town-planners, contractors, engineers, etc. with a view to improving the quality of the built environment.
To guarantee architects intellectual property and respect of their copyrights.
2.2. Roles
Some Models of Architectural Professional Bodies
While there are differing models of professional bodies, there is an existing common form for the two main types,
the professional body and the registration body. Their primary roles are illustrated as follows:
The Professional Body
Status: Self-regulating or established by Charter.
Mission: Advancing architecture, promoting/facilitating the acquisition of knowledge.
Main Responsibilities: Communications/promotion (public, government, clients, members, international
and cultural programs, awards and exhibitions). Education* (influencing standards through the architectural
curriculum). Practice (influencing standards by helping practitioners, e.g. providing model appointment
documents, contracts, etc.).
Justification: Better architects = better architecture.
*In the Anglo-Saxon countries this is often carried out by the professional institute and the registration body,
or Independently by an organization made up of the two. In the codified countries, this task is the
responsibility of one or other of the government departments.
The registration/licensing body
Status: Established by statute (law/decree, etc.).
Mission: Protecting the public.
Main Responsibilities:
Maintaining registration of qualified architects.
Discipline.
Code of conduct.
Justification: Consumer protection.
From the scope of competence and responsibilities, one can establish the minimum
role of these professional bodies:
The training and the competence of architects with a view to guaranteeing consumer protection:
Participate in the elaboration of the content of the initial training.
Regulate the title of architect and maintain a register of qualified architects.
Determine the content of professional training.
Grant and monitor licenses to practice where appropriate.
Involved in the accreditation of architectural courses, qualifications and professional certificates.
Develop a Code of Conduct, monitor its implementation and exercise the disciplinary function
associated with it.
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 Manage relations between professional and academic circles including the organization of practical Disciplinary Body
t raining periods. To avoid the public thinking that disciplinary bodies are partisan in preserving the interests of architects, disciplinary
Involved in the organization and monitoring of continuing professional development. sanctions should be managed by a separate commission made up of architects and judges or possibly by civil courts.
Monitor the forms of professional practice.
Provide different forms of dispute resolution.
Organize architectural competitions and monitor their implementation.
Participate in drafting improved architectural standards.
Establish a learned society - concerned with cultural, economic and legal issues - that allows for the
4. Conclusions
acquisition and improvement of knowledge in the field of architecture.
On the basis of these different principles, it is possible to consider several types of bodies:
Represent the professional before public authorities and international organizations.
Self-regulating professional bodies with voluntary membership, which choose their mission and role. They are
Organize, or participate in, relations with professional partners such as clients, engineers, town-
organized by a Charter drawn up with the authorities who confer the necessary power to carry out its
planners, contractors, etc.
responsibilities. In this case it is often necessary to establish other bodies with compulsory registration with
Promote UIA International Standards.
complementary but limited responsibilities.
Contribute to the promotion of the art and science of architecture.
Registration bodies, such as chambers, orders, or colleges of architects with compulsory registration,
Contribute to the promotion of a sustainable environment, (e.g. exhibitions, seminars, conferences
invested by the public authorities with the necessary authority to organize the role and functions of architects
and taking part in the publication of architectural works.)
defined by law. In this case, it shall be necessary to set up other independent bodies to defend the material
Participate in and promote development programs/projects in the field of architecture.
interests of their voluntary members (unions).
Promote, follow, and monitor the development of legislation and regulations that impact on the
Public administrative bodies (statutory bodies) in charge of controlling, regulating and checking the
professional exercise and the built environment.
implementation of the law.
Promote and advertise the architectural profession and its representative organizations in the media.
Collect members dues and maintain supplementary income through publications, fees, provision of
services, counseling, etc.

The professional interest 5. Appendix

At local, regional and national levels organize meetings and exchange views between architects
through symposia, conventions, conferences and seminars. Analysis of different types of professional bodies
Promote communication between architects by utilizing web sites, E-mail directories, information The following descriptions are theoretical. In most cases, according to the national cultural environment, architects
bulletins, magazines, libraries, etc. fulfill various functions which may feature in more than one of these classifications. There is actually no one reference
Analyze and disseminate the development of the conditions for the employment of architects and model. Various functions can be grouped together in the creation of new professional bodies or in order to help
of their working conditions. existing organizations improve their services to architects and to the public. Different types of organizations or
Bring legal and advisory assistance to architects. professional bodies may be identified and classified according to their functions, objectives, and their independence
Represent the profession via-a-vis public authorities and consumer associations. or control in the following non-exhaustive manner:

A. Self-regulatory Professional Bodies

T hese are architects organizations most commonly found in Anglo-Saxon countries and in countries
strongly influenced by this culture. The architects who set up these professional bodies often did so
3. Governance of the architectural profession to meet the need to organize their profession in countries where the State allows professions a significant
degree of self determination. These professional bodies are often very old and have acquired considerable
The previous sections show that governance of the profession should be based on several principles.
authority because of their extensive social scope, the quality of their organization, and the criteria use for
the selection of members. In many cases there is only on body per country. TheState may delegate to it
Relationship with the Public Authorities
the control of the regulatory framework of professional practice, in particular as to the protection of the
On behalf of the public interest and consumer protection, the professional body must be granted their authority by
title of architect. Their statutes impose a strict code of conduct on members in order to guarantee to the
the competent public authority. This may be a government or parliament and such authority confers the capacity to
public a level of qualification, competence and probity that is necessary for this function. They are often
exercise legal authority over members of the profession. This pre-supposes the existence, or establishment, of a legal
centers of architectural knowledge or learned societies, i.e. reference institutions. They serve as guardians
system governing and regulating the title of architect, the license to practice, professional practice, and the code of
of the culture of architecture, maintain a quality library, monitor education and practical training,
professional conduct.
organize training and continuing professional development, and facilitate cultural development through
conferences, seminars, publication of reference documents and initiate architectural research. Their main
Democratic Representation
characteristic is that they freely determine their Statutes and are independent of the regulatory authorities.
The professional body usually drafts articles, rules, and bylaws which ensure good representation of the architects
T heir membership is subjected to strict rules both from the point of view of qualifications, license to practice,
profession by region, by forms of practice or professional status. It may include in its governing board representatives
professional references, and even sponsorship.
of public authorities, consumers and professional partners. The articles, rules, and bylaws could be confirmed by an
act, decrees or by a charter drawn up jointly with the authorities.
B. Associations , Colleges or Chambers
Associations of architects - sometimes known as colleges or chambers - are often private bodies set up
A Hierarchical Organization According to the Roles Carried Out
by the State through an act or a regulation. Such acts or regulations define their object, role, statutes,
National or federal professional body, bringing together and coordinating regional bodies, that defines professional
organization, membership criteria, relationship with the State and their financial regime. They are commonly
policies, manages the resource center, the accreditation of qualifications and certificates, etc. Local or regional
found in Latin or Germanic countries. Their main objective is the protection of the title of architect. Their role
colleges keeping as close to their geographic area as possible that keep the register of qualified architects, supervise
is to protect the public by having architects abide by the rules defined by the State. Generally, they guarantee
the conformity with the code of conduct, perform initial conciliation and mediation, maintain relations with regional
the architects qualification, are responsible for conduct and discipline, frequently set down by public law, and
authorities and professional organizations, etc. Specific committees allowing for the management of particular issues
are the official partners of the State. Most often they also protect professional practice and sometimes contribute
such as international affairs, training, promotion of architecture, standardization, consumer relations, etc.
to continuing professional development of architects and take part in the promotion of architecture. They are

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generally democratically constituted. Their main characteristic is that they originate from the public interest and
are subjected to strict legal rules. Membership is compulsory for those wishing to use the title and, depending
Recommended Guidelines for the Policy
on the national legislation, to practice.
on Building Project Delivery Systems
C. Independent Associations
In all countries architects gather together to organize and promote their common interest. The vocation of these
bodies may be related to the cultural, professional and even humanitarian aspects of the practice of architecture.
In most case their resources are raised from contributions. Their main characteristic is that membership is
obviously not compulsory and they are only regulated by rules they have freely decided upon in conformity with Accord Policy
national laws governing associations.
Architects should maintain high standards of professionalism and service under all forms of building project delivery
D. Unions or Trade Associations systems.
Originally, according to the country, the role of architects unions or trade associations was to defend the
interests of their members. Membership is voluntary and often entails dedication and militancy. They are the
obvious negotiators with the public authorities for everything related to professional practice. Frequently they
have extended their area of competence to cover the training of architects, the promotion of architecture, the
development of techniques and services for their members. Their main characteristic is that membership is
1. Definitions

voluntary and they defend the professional interests of architects.
The following definitions have been adopted for the purpose of these Guidelines;
E. Other Organizations
Building project delivery systems: The contractual relationships between building owners and the other parties
T here are also other organizations of architects which may bring members together for wider cultural,
involved in the design, documentation and construction buildings.
humanitarian prospects, particularly at the international level. Examples at the international level are
the International Union of Architects (UIA) and the Commonwealth Association of Architects (CAA).
Project client: The party for whom the building is designed and constructed.
E xamples at the regional level would include the Architects Council of Europe (ACE), the Architects
C ouncil of Asia (ARCASIA), Architects Council of Central and Eastern Europe (ACCEE), the Pan-American
Architects client: The party that commissions the architect.
Federationof Architects Associations (FPAA), the Union of African Architects (UAA), and Union of
M
editerranean Architects (UMAR).
Novation: An arrangement under which the rights and obligations of a party to a contract is transferred to a third party.
F. Mixed Structures
Professional adviser: The party appointed by the building owner undertaking a multi-party or alliance building
In certain fields such as education, mixed structures have been established which bring together architects
delivery system. In the case of building projects normally an architect with specialist skills in building or project
associations, professional bodies and public authorities in order to monitor or accredit schools of architecture.
procurement systems.
Examples would include the Joint Validation Panel (Royal Institute of British Architects and Architectural
Registration Board) in the United Kingdom and the National Architectural Accrediting Board (American Institute
of Architects, Association of Collegiate Schools of Architecture and the National Council of Architectural
Registration Boards) in the United States of America.
2. Introduction
The education and training of architects has, until recently, been oriented towards the traditional relationship between
architect, project client and builder, and the lump sum contract. That is, the project client directly commissions
and briefs the architect; the architect prepares contract documents; the builder prices and builds from the contract
documents. During construction the architect acts as the project clients agent and as certifier of quality etc. However,
this traditional method has regularly been challenged, rightly or wrongly, and when other methods are used the role of
the architect may change.

Alternative building project delivery systems have evolved, which can, in some cases have advantages over traditional
methods, and architects are likely to encounter the situation in which:
The clients requests, or the architect perceives the need for, an alternative method in order to fulfill particular
requirements of the project;
The architect is offered a commission within the framework of an alternative method (i.e. with a different
relationship between architect, project client and builder).

In order to maintain an effective professional role, the architect must:

In the first case, be able to clearly advise the clients of the advantages and disadvantages of each of the
alternatives;
In the second, have a full understanding of the organizational structure of the delivery method, clearly defined
responsibilities and a full understanding of the lines of communication; and
In all cases the architect should assess the risks associated with the alternative method in relation to the
commercial position of the practice and the architects role as a professional adviser with expertise in building
design.

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 3. The Alternative Methods 3.3 Design and construct
In design and construct arrangements the project client enters into one contract for the design and construction
Most methods can be categorized into one of the following major groupings: of a building or project with an organization, generally based on a building company which provides both design
variations on the traditional building contract; and building services. A guaranteed price is negotiated between the builder and the project client based on
construction management; the project brief or requirements, previous projects of a similar nature, a risk assessment by both parties and a
design and construct; and building margin. The builders project priorities, minimum cost, minimum time and maximum profit are often in
multi-party contracts conflict with the project clients priorities.
The design team functions as a normal design team, but with the builder effectively acting as the architects client,
3.1 Variations on the traditional building contract interpreting the project clients requirements against the known maximum cost. Both the design and construction will
( a) Negotiated price contract be tailored by the builder to fit within the guaranteed price. In most cases the architects client is the builder and it
The traditional relationship, in which the project client commissions the architect, contract documentation is the architects duty to put the interests of that client (the builder) in front of the interests of the project client.
is substantially or fully completed and a tender is negotiated with one or more selected builders. A contract, This building delivery system lacks independent assessment or monitoring of the works by the architect, who is often
between the project client and the builder, is signed when a satisfactory price is achieved and the architect unable to deal directly with the project client. Except in the case of very simple or repetitive buildings, design and
administers the contract. construct project delivery provides project clients with little assurance that they will receive an end product that fully
satisfies their needs or expectations and unreasonably exposes architects and other design consultants to depressed
( b) Cost-plus contract fees with little or no reduction in liability.
The traditional project client/architect relationship is maintained, contract documentation is substantially or
fully completed and a management fee covering overheads and profit is negotiated with one or more selected
builders. The successful builder builds the project using in-house and sub-contracted labor. A modified 3.4 Multi-party contracts
contract is signed and the architect administers the contract. It is usual for the sub-contract tendering to be These procurement methods are referred to sometimes as Integrated Supply Chain Team Management, Alliancing,
administered by the builder but vetted and approved by the project client and/or the architect. Project Team Partnering or Integrated Project Process Procurement. They involve the formation of a project team
made up of representatives of the project client, the consultants, contractors and key sub-contractors and suppliers.
( c) Two stage tender The project team acts as a virtual company dedicated to achieving the agreed project objectives.
The traditional project client/architect relationship is maintained. The first stage tender is sought using sketch The project client appoints a Project Advisor who assists in developing the project brief, budget and program. A
plans and an outline specification and the selection of the builder is based on the overhead and profit rate, selection panel is appointed to work with the project client and the Project Adviser in selecting and appointing
resources and site and management facilities offered. Documentation is developed with the builder and the Project Team members on the basis of quality and not price. This integrated team then signs a multi-party
principal sub-contractors as part of the design team. The price is built up progressively from elemental sub- partnering contract.
contract prices prepared by the sub-contractors. The design will be tailored throughout the process to meet The multi-party contract defines the roles and responsibilities of team members and mechanisms to ensure Value
the project clients budget and other requirements. The design input from the builder can be valuable, allowing Management and Value Engineering, Risk Management, the fair sharing of rewards and continuous improvement
a thorough analysis of buildability and providing a realistic basis for assessing the cost benefit of various measured against Key Performance Indicators. A key feature of these types of contract is the problem solving and
aspects of the design. dispute provisions which bind the team members to cooperative, rather than adversarial, resolution of issues that
arise on the project.

3.2 Construction management

A construction manager has expertise in both building and management and is contracted to the project client to manage
the construction of the building. The provision of materials and labor is through a series of separate contracts between
individual suppliers and contractors and the project client. The construction management organization acts as the project
4. Aspects critical to the success of alternative methods
clients agent to administer the separate contracts, plan and supervise construction and manage the services provided
It is assumed in this Guideline that different building project delivery systems can be appropriate for many projects,
during construction by the design consultants, including the architect.
but that some detail aspects of the particular systems are critical to the success of the process. The project client
While the construction manager may be engaged when all design and documentation is complete, they are more
should be made aware of these critical aspects when alternative arrangements are being considered.
often engaged during the design or documentation process to assess buildability and to assist, ensuring that the
design is tailored to meet the clients budget and other requirements. As a single overall tender is not necessary
before work begins, an early start on site is possible by completing the documentation, tendering and letting
4.1 Independent assessment
contracts for the early trades while documentation for later trades is still in progress.
The degree of protection of the project clients interests, as opposed to the vested interests of the other parties to the
The construction manager is paid on a fee for service basis and has no vested interest in project finances and can
contract, rely on the facility for independent assessment. This depends on many aspects including:
provide independent advice to the project client as a consultant. The construction manager is not bound by the project
budget and all risks are borne by the project client and the separate contractors.
( a) Method of payment are the fees for professional services separated from or influenced by the builders
The role of the architect and the relationship with the project client and the construction manager may be much the
profitability?
same as in traditional contracts between architect, project client and builder. It is more common, however, for the
construction manager to take over some of the architects traditional roles during construction, such as certification. It
( b) D
esign independence is there a clear hierarchical relationship between the design team, the
is increasingly common for the architect and other design consultants to be novated to the construction manager.
management organization and the building organization?
Construction management may be an advantage for very large projects, where an early start on site is necessary or
where part or all of the project is occupied (i.e. shopping centers).
( c) During construction is there a degree of independence of the design team during the building process?

( d) C
ommunication are there clear lines of communication and does the architect have the capacity to deal
directly with the project client?

( e) Liability is responsibility and liability clearly defined?

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 4.2 Experience and expertise of the management service offered
Organizations offering construction management services must have a proven record, appropriate background and
training, suitably experienced resources and a demonstrable capacity to balance the project clients requirements with
the project budget and brief.
Management should not interfere with the design process, but add to it in a positive way. It should not isolate the
client from the process or the design team, but provide another level of advice and reassurance to the project client.
It should not assume roles better undertaken by other members of the team (i.e. co-ordination), but assist in the
process. Finally, a good construction manager, on the right project, should be part of a team, not the director of it.
4.3 The value of a builder on the design team
One of the principal advantages of the participation of a builder in the design and documentation process is to provide
a continuing buildability assessment of the project and an early warning of design or construction problems. The
participation of an experienced builder on the design team, with an understanding of the design process and the
contribution that can be made, can provide some project client with greater confidence in the outcome.
5. Conclusion
Architects should be able to operate within a variety of client, architect, management and builder relationships in an
effective and professional way, as alternative methods of project design and delivery become established within the
building and construction industry.
It should be understood however, that some project and building delivery methods constrain the ability of architects
to impartially apply their professional knowledge and skill. Under these contractual arrangements architects are
prevented from acting as independent agents and advisers protecting the interest of the project clients and building
owners. Some building delivery systems also make it difficult for architects to fulfill their professional and ethical
obligations to consumers and the general public.
Therefore, in the public interest, these constraints must be recognized and understood by those that use the services
of architects, the communities they serve and the governments that regulate the markets within which architectural
services are provided.

4.4 The risks of an early start

6. Appendices
The most significant risks in an early start on site to reduce overall construction time lie in unrealistically shortened
A Checklist for architects giving advice
design times, hasty design or documentation decisions and the potential for a lack of thorough co-ordination of the
B Checklist for architects considering their own involvement in non-traditional methods
work of the design team before the implications of the total design have been discovered. This can result in the need
C Responsibilities of the parties
for modification to the early works or unfortunate limitations on the later design build in haste; repent at leisure.
D Further reading
These risks are present, to varying degrees, in any fast track method of delivery, but can be minimized through careful
design team co-ordination and monitoring.
Appendix A
Checklist for architects giving advice
4.5 Effectiveness of time and cost control
This can be one of the most important advantages of the alternative methods, as they can allow a thorough analysis
1. What other methods, if any, may serve the project clients interests better?
of the design and documentation as they progress, in relation to time and cost. Independent management resources
2. Are there any cost penalties involved for the project client?
in close monitoring of the design and construction program can:
3. Are there any penalties in terms of quality?
facilitate decision making by all parties including the client in a timely way;
4. Will the project client receive impartial and expert advice during both design and construction?
relate the implication of decisions to time and cost; and
5. Who will certify payments, quality, time and completion?
encourage all parties to contribute to meeting the program.
6. Will the project client be required to enter into multiple contracts?
The same controls can be applied to a fully documented and tendered project with value management.
7. Who will be liable for defects?
8. Who will be liable for failure to meet the program?
9. Will the project client receive the benefit of competitive tendering?
4.6 Extent of documentation
10. Will the project clients decision making process be restricted?
While the nature of documentation under the alternative methods may vary considerably from traditional contract
11. Who will authorize variations and extensions of time?
documentation, it is possible that the final extent of documentation will be greater, particularly with packaged
projects. In other cases, shop drawings will be developed from design sketches and often co-ordination may be more
difficult with fragmented documentation. It is important that the extent and nature of documentation is clear and that
Appendix B
the methodology and responsibility for co-ordination is clearly defined.
Checklist for architects considering their own involvement in non-traditional methods

1. Who will be the client?

2. What will the relationship be with the user?
3. What will the relationship be with the other consultants?
4. Who will be the prime consultant?
5. What is the extent of legal liability?
6. Does the professional indemnity insurance cover the extent of liability?
7. Will the architect be able to impartially apply their professional knowledge and skill, and fulfill their professional as
well as ethical obligations to the society,
8. Who will be responsible for setting and controlling the budget?
9. What are the terms of engagement?
10. Are the design team members to be novated to another party and if so how will this affect their interests and their
liability?
11. What is the fee?
12. Will there be a head contract, a builder and sub-contractors?
13. Who will certify payments for building work?
14. Who will inspect the building work for conformity with design?
15. Who will inspect the work for certification?

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 16. What are the arrangements for agreeing to and carrying out changes to design? Appendix D
17. How will disputes be resolved? Further reading
18. Should there be any limitations to the architects contractual liability?
19. Will the certifier be able to act impartially? 1 Which Contract?
20. Who will instruct the persons performing the building work? Choosing the Appropriate Building Contract - Cox and Clamp
21. Are there any special program requirements? Published by RIBA Enterprises Ltd ISBN 1 85946 042 9
22. Are the program requirements realistic? 1-3 Dufferin Street, London EC1Y 8NA United Kingdom
23. Who will authorize extensions of time?
24. Which form of contract will be used for the works? 2 andbook on Project Delivery
H
Published by American Institute of Architects California Council
1303 J Street, Suite 200, Sacramento, CA 95814 U.S.A.
Appendix C
Responsibilities of the parties 3 A Guide to Integrated Project Procurement
Published by RAIA Practice Services
41 Exhibition Street, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
Building Brief and Schematic Estimate Design Documen- Construction Inspection Certifi-
Delivery Research Design and Cost Develop- tation Management of Work cation of
4 uide to Project Team Partnering
G
Method Plan ment Payment
Published by the Construction Industry Council, ISBN 1898671 2 4, United Kingdom, Tel. 00 44 20 7637 86 92
Traditional Project client Architect, Architect, Architect, Architect, Builder Builder, Architect,
Architect Sub- Sub- Sub- Sub- Architect, Quantity
consultants Consultants, consultants Consultants, Sub- Surveyor
Quantity Quantity consultants
Surveyor Surveyor

Two stage Project client, Architect, Architect, Architect, Architect, Builder Builder, Architect,
tendering Architect Sub- Sub- Sub- Sub- Architect, Quantity
consultants Consultants, consultants, consultants, Sub- Surveyor
Quantity Builder, Quantity consultants
Surveyor Sub- Surveyor
contractors,
Quantity
Surveyor

Construction Project Architect, Architect, Architect, Architect, Construction Construction Construction

Management Client Sub- Sub- Sub- Sub Management Manager, Manager,
Architect consultants Consultants, consultants, consultants, Architect, Quantity
Quantity Builder, Subcontractors Sub- Surveyor
Surveyor Sub- (shop consultants
contractors, drawings)
Quantity
Surveyor

Design & D&C D&C D&C D&C D&C Manager D&C D&C D&C
Construct Manager Manager Manager Manager (Architect Manager Manager Manager
(Project (Architect (Architect Sub-
Client) Sub- Sub- consultants)
consultants) consultants)

Multi-Party Project client Project Project Project Project Project Team Project Project
contracts and Project Team led by Team led Team led by Team led by led by Builder Team led by Team led by
Advisor Architect by Quantity Architect Architect Architect Architect
Surveyor

Project Project Architect Project Architect Architect Builder Builder Project

Manage- client with Manager Architect Manager
ment Project Sub
Manager consultants

NOTE: Brackets indicate that the activity is undertaken by the group outside the brackets, who controls the input of
those within the brackets.

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 other documents
The Commission has developed and the UIA Council has approved the following documents which can be found
at the Commissions web site, www.aia.org/about_uia.

Recommendation on Mutual Recognition Agreements

Use of the UIA Accord with National Governments and Relevant Authorities
Professional Practice Information Notes
Note 1 Computer Practice
Note 2 Building Codes and Standards

96 97
 reference list
PROFESSIONAL PRACTICE COMMISSION Co-Directors 1994-2006
The Architectural Society of China
Zhang Qinnan 1994-1999
Xu Anzhi 1999-2005
Zhuang Weimin 2005-

The American Institute of Architects

James A. Scheeler 1994-2002
Russell V. Keune 2003-

UIA ACCORD DOCUMENTS

UIA Accord on Recommended International Standards of Professionalism in Architectural Practice

First edition adopted by the XX UIA Assembly, Barcelona, Spain, July 1996.
Second edition adopted by the XXI UIA Assembly, Beijing, China, June 1999.
Preamble Adopted by the XXII UIA Assembly, Berlin, Germany, July 2002.
Amended with the addition of the Policy on Building Project Delivery Systems by the XXIII UIA Assembly,
Istanbul, Turkey, July 2005.

GUIDELINE DOCUMENTS
Thirteen guideline documents supporting policies contained in the UIA Accord have been produced
by the Commission and approved by the UIA Council.

Guidelines on Accreditation/Validation/Recognition
Drafting Panel Chair: Tillman Prinz, Germany.
Recommended by the Commission December 1998, Washington, DC.
Adopted June, 1999 by UIA Council. Beijing, China.

Guidelines on Practical Experience/Training/Internship

Drafting Panel Chair: Michael Peck, Australia.
Recommended by the Commission December 1998, Washington, DC.
Adopted June, 1999 by the UIA Council, Beijing, China.

Guidelines on Demonstration of Professional Knowledge and Ability

Drafting Panel Chair: Christopher Colburne, United Kingdom.
Recommended by the Commission December 1998, Washington, DC.
Adopted June, 1999 by the UIA Council, Beijing, China.

Guidelines on Registration/Licensing/Certification
Drafting Panel Chair: James Scheeler, United States of America.
Recommended by the Commission, December 1998, Washington, DC.
Adopted June 1999 by the UIA Council, Beijing, China.

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 Guidelines on Procurement
Drafting Panel Co-Chairs: Michael Peck, Australia and John Wright, United Kingdom.
Recommended by Commission, December 1998, Washington, DC.
Adopted June 1999 by UIA Council, Beijing, China.

Guidelines on Ethics and Conduct

Drafting Panel Chair: John Wright, United Kingdom.
Recommended by the Commission December 1998, Washington, DC.
Adopted June, 1999 by the UIA Council, Beijing, China.

Guidelines on Continuing Professional Development

Drafting Panel Chair: James Scheeler, United States of America.
Recommended by the Commission, December, 1998, Washington, DC.
Adopted July 1999 by the UIA Council, Beijing, China.

Guidelines on Scope of Practice

Drafting Panel Chairs: Edward DSilva, Singapore and Shinjiro Wachi, Japan.
Recommended by the Commission March 2004, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
Adopted May 2004 by UIA Council, Villahermosa, Mexico

Guidelines on Form of Practice

Drafting Panel Chairs: Edward DSilva, Singapore and Shinjiro Wachi, Japan.
Recommended by Commission March 2004, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
Adopted February 2005 by UIA Council, Tokyo, Japan.

Guidelines on Practice in a Host Nation

Drafting Panel Chair: James Scheeler, United States of America.
Recommended by the Commission November 2001, San Jose, Costa Rica.
Adopted February, 2002 by the UIA Council, Barcelona, Spain.
Amended by the Commission March 2004, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
Adopted May 2004 by the UIA Council, Villahermosa, Mexico.

Guidelines on Intellectual Property and Copyright

Drafting Panel Chair: Tillman Prinz, Germany.
Recommended by the Commission November 2001, San Jose, Costa Rica.
Adopted February 2002 by the UIA Council, Barcelona, Spain.

Guidelines on Role of Professional Bodies

Drafting Panel Chairs: Herve Nourissat, France and Claude Bucher, France.
Recommended by Commission, March 2004, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
Adopted May 2004 by UIA Council, Villahermosa, Mexico.

Guidelines on Building Project Delivery Systems

Drafting Panel Co-Chairs: Michael Peck, Australia and John Wright, United Kingdom.
Recommended by Commission, March 2004, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
Adopted February 2005 by UIA Council, Tokyo, Japan.

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 UIA Accord on Recommended International Standards
of Professionalism in Architectural Practice

Third Edition
December 2006

Supervision of the publication

Jordi Farrando, UIA Secretary General
Russell Keune, UIA Professional Practice Commission Co-Director

With the assistance of

Catherine Hayward & Paula Liberato, UIA General Secretariat
Ellen Delage, Director, International Relations, AIA
Anne Hinterlong Dow, Manager, Print and Mail Services, AIA
Fernando Porcel, COAC International Relations

Cover photo
Architect: Saucier + Perrotte architectes
Photographer: Marc Cramer
Project: The Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics
Photo courtesy of the Royal Architectural Institute of Canada

Printing
Balmar Solutions in Print, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA

The publication of this document was supported by The American Institute of Architects.

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UIA General Secretariat
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