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i) Review of the fundamentals of thermodynamics which form the framework for heat transfer.
2.1 INTRODUCTION
Unlike temperature, heat transfer has a direction as well as a magnitude -> Thus it is a vector
quantity.
We must specify both direction and magnitude in order to describe heat transfer
The driving force for any form of heat transfer is the temperature difference, the larger the
temperature difference the greater the rate of heat transfer.
In order to determine local heat transfer rate, thermal expansion and thermal stress- we need
to determine the temperature distribution or how the temperature varies throughout a
medium.
This can be done by specifying a point in the medium using a suitable coordinate system-
such as rectangular, cylindrical or spherical coordinates.
The location of a point is specified as:
Rectangular (x,y,z)
Cylindrical (r, ,z)
Spherical (r, ,)
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In special cases (lumped systems)- heat transfer varies with time but not position-ie. the
temperature of the medium changes uniformly with time. Such a system is a thermocouple
junction or a thin copper wire.
Most heat transfer problems are transient in nature- eg. Heat transfer through walls and
ceiling of a house is never steady since the outdoor conditions- such as temperature, speed
and direction of wind, changes constantly. But in order to analyse the system we are
interested in the heat loss under the worst conditions for an extended period of time, ie.
During steady state operature under the worst conditions.
The rate of heat conduction through a medium in a specified direction, is proportional to the
temperature difference across the medium and area normal to the direction of heat transfer,
but inversely proportional to the distance in that direction.
This is expressed in the differential form by Fouriers Law of Heat conduction:
FOURIERS LAW (1D) :
= -kA units: W
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INSERT NOTES ON DERIVATION
Note that although we can determine the amount of heat transfer for any system using
thermodynamic analysis alone- the thermodynamics is concerned with the amount of heat
transfer from one equilibrium state to another- and does not tell us how long the process will
take. It simply tells us how much heat MUST be transfreered to realise a specific change of
state in order to satisfy the conservation of energy principle (Eout=Ein)
Thus thermodynamics deals with equilibrium states and changes from one equilibrium state
to another.
Heat transfer deals with systems that lack thermal equilibrium-> thus nonequilibrium
phenomenon.
1st Law of Thermodynamics requires the rate of energy transfer into a system to be equal to
the rate of increase of energy of that system
2nd Law states that the heat is transferred in the direction of decreasing temperature.
The basic requirements for heat transfer is a temperature difference. There can be no heat
transfer between 2 bodies that are at the same temperature.
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The temperature difference is the driving force for heat transfer, just as the voltage difference
is the driving force for an electrical current, and pressure difference is the driving force for fluid
flow.
The rate of heat transfer in a certain direction depends on the temperature gradient- which is
the tmeperautre difference per unit length in that direction.
Heat transfer problems in engineering processes can be considered as: rating and sizing
problems
Rating: is concerned with determination of heat transfer rate for an existing system at
a specified temperature difference
Sizing: determination of the size of a system in order to transfer heat at a specified rate
for a specified temperature difference.
Best practice in engineering is often a compromise between the two- by reducing the
choices to just a few by analysis, and verifying the findings experimentally
ii) Relationship of heat to other forms of energy and review the energy balance
iii) Introduce the 3 basic mechanisms of heat transfer: conduction, convection and radiation.
iv)
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4 TRANSIENT HEAT CONDUCTION
5 NUMERICAL METHODS IN HEAT CONDUCTION
6 FUNDAMENTALS OF CONVECTION
7 EXTERNAL FORCED CONVECTION
8 INTERNAL FORCED CONVECTION
9 NATURAL CONVECTION
10 BOILING AND CONDENSATION
11 HEAT EXCHANGERS
12 FUNDAMENTALS OF THERMAL RADIATION
13 RADIATION HEAT TRANSFER
14 MASS TRANSFER
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