Volume 1 Color Images

Volume 1
Fundamentals
Chapter 4
Finite Element Methods
Susanne C. Brenner1 and Carsten Carstensen2

1
University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
2
Humboldt-Universitat zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
101
|e|1,2
Z,A
Z,M 0.14
100 R,R 0.12
/|u |1,2 resp. |e |1,2 /|u |1,2
R,E
L 0.1
RC 0.08
EQ
101 0.06
0.04
0.02
0
102 1 1
0.33 0.5
0.5
0 0
1
0.5 0.5
1 1
103 1
10 102 103 104 105
N Figure 22. Discrete solution of u = 1 with homogeneous
Dirichlet boundary data based on the triangulation of Figure 21.
Figure 11. Experimental results for the benchmark problem (115)
with meshes T1 , . . . , T6 . The relative error |e|1,2 /|u|1,2 and various
estimators /|u|1,2 are plotted as functions of the number of
degrees of freedom N. Both axes are in a logarithmic scaling such
that an algebraic curve N is visible as a straight line with slope
. A triangle with slope 0.33 is displayed for comparison.
2 Color Plates
Chapter 5
The p -version of the Finite Element Method
Barna Szabo1, Alexander Duster2 and Ernst Rank2

1
Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA
2
Lehrstuhl fur Bauinformatik, Technische Universitat Munchen, Munich, Germany
p =1 p =2 p =3 p =4 h=1 h = 1/2 h = 1/3 h = 1/4
p =5 p =6 p =7 p =8 h = 1/ 5 h = 1/6 h = 1/ 7 h = 1/8
Figure 14. p-version solution uF E (x) based on one element with Figure 15. h-version solution uF E (x) based on a uniform refined
p = 1, 2, 3, . . . , 8. mesh with p = 1.
Chapter 7
Adaptive Wavelet Techniques in Numerical
Simulation
Albert Cohen1, Wolfgang Dahmen2 and Ronald DeVore3

1
Universite Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France
2
RWTH Aachen, Germany
3
University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
Color Plates 3
0 1 0 1 0 1
Figure 2. Different levels of resolution of f .
Figure 1. Piecewise constant approximation.
(a) (b)
Figure 3. (a) Primal wavelet (b) Dual wavelet.
Figure 8. The surface mesh and the evaluation points xi of the potential.
4 Color Plates
Chapter 8
Plates and Shells: Asymptotic Expansions and
Hierarchic Models
Monique Dauge1, Erwan Faou2 and Zohar Yosibash3

1
IRMAR, Universite de Rennes 1, Campus de Beaulieu, Rennes, France
2
INRIA Rennes, Campus de Beaulieu, Rennes, France
3
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Ben-Gurion University, Beer Sheva, Israel
1.E + 00
Y Y Y 1.E 01
X X Z
Z Z X
1.E 02
(a) (b) (c)
||e||
1.E 03 RM, thick = 1

Figure 4. p-FE mesh for 2 = 1, 0.1 for RM model and 2 = 1 Model 2,thick = 1
for 3-D model. 1.E 04 Model 3,thick = 1
Model 4,thick = 1
RM, thick = 0.01
1.E 05 Model 2, thick = 0.01
Model 3, thick = 0.01
1.E+ 00 Model 4, thick = 0.01
1.E 06
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
1.E 01 Polynomial order
Figure 6. Relative error versus polynomial degree for 2 = 1 and

||e||
1.E 02 0.01 for the first 4 hierarchical models.

Thickness = 1
Thickness = 0.1
1.E 03 Thickness = 0.01
Thickness = 0.001
Thickness = 0.0001
Thickness = 0.00001
1.E 04
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Polynomial order
Figure 5. Discretization error versus polynomial degree p for

RM plates of various thicknesses .
Color Plates 5
Z X Y Z Z
Y X
YX
(a) (b) (c)
Figure 8. Shell models (a), (b) and (c) for = 0.04.
StressCheck V6.2.0u StressCheck V6.2.0u StressCheck V6.2.0u

D = SOL,Run = 6,DOF = 995 D = SOL,Run = 6,DOF = 995 D = SOL,Run = 6,DOF = 995
N-Freq. = 2.386e001 N-Freq. = 2.458e 001 N-Freq. = 3.618e001
Mode Shape = 1 (Uz) Mode Shape = 2 (Uz) Mode Shape = 4 (Uz)
Max = 1.193e 002 Max = 2.967e + 000 Max = 3.114e + 000
Min = 4.764e + 000 Min = 2.967e + 000 Min = 3.114e + 000
1.193e 002 2.967e + 000 3.114e + 000
4.656e 001 2.374e + 000 2.491e + 000
9.432e 001 1.780e + 000 1.869e + 000
1.421e + 000 1.187e + 000 1.246e + 000
1.898e + 000 5.935e 001 6.228e 001
2.376e + 000 1.192e 007 2.801e 008
2.853e + 000 5.935e 001 6.229e 001
3.331e + 000 1.187e + 000 1.246e + 000
3.808e + 000 1.780e + 000 1.869e + 000
4.286e + 000 2.374e + 000 2.491e + 000
4.764e + 000 2.967e + 000 3.114e + 000
Z Z Z
X X X
Y Y Y
Figure 9. Model (a). vertical components of eigen-modes 1, 2 and 4 for = 0.08.
0.4
0.35
0.3
0.25
0.2
0.15
1
0.1 2
4
0.05
0
0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12 0.14 0.16
Figure 10. Model (a). Eigen-frequencies versus thickness (2).

6 Color Plates

N-Freq. = 5.640e002 N-Freq. = 6.409e002 N-Freq. = 9.151e002
Mode Shape = 1(Uz) Mode Shape = 3(Uz) Mode Shape = 5 (Uz)
Max = 5.915e + 000 Max = 5.492e + 000 Max = 6.190e + 000
Min = 5.915e + 000 Min = 5.492e + 000 Min = 6.190e + 000
5.915e + 000 5.492e + 000 6.190e + 000
4.732e + 000 4.394e + 000 4.952e + 000
3.549e + 000 3.295e + 000 3.714e + 000
2.366e + 000 2.197e + 000 2.476e + 000
1.183e + 000 1.098e + 000 1.238e + 000
0.000e + 000 1.192e + 007 1.192e + 007
1.183e + 000 1.098e + 000 1.238e + 000
2.366e + 000 2.197e + 000 2.476e + 000
3.549e + 000 3.295e + 000 3.714e + 000
4.732e + 000 4.394e + 000 4.952e + 000
5.915e + 000 5.492e + 000 6.190e + 000
Z Y Y Z Y
Z
X X X

N-Freq. = 1.072e 001 N-Freq. = 1.441e 001 N-Freq. = 1.518e001
Max = 4.053e + 000 Max = 2.613e 004 Max = 6.607e + 004
Min = 6.377e019 Min = 2.418e 004 Min = 6.607e + 000
4.053e + 000 2.613e 004 6.607e + 000
3.648e + 000 2.110e 004 5.286e + 000
3.242e + 000 1.607e 004 3.964e + 000
2.837e + 000 1.104e 004 2.643e + 000
2.432e + 000 6.005e 005 1.321e + 000
2.027e + 000 9.745e 006 4.578e 005
1.621e + 000 4.056e 005 1.321e + 000
1.216e + 000 9.086e 005 2.643e + 000
8.106e 001 1.412e 004 3.964e + 000
4.053e 001 1.915e 004 5.286e + 000
6.377e 019 2.418e 004 6.607e + 000
Z Y Z Y Z Y
X X X
Figure 11. Model (b). Vertical components of modes 1, 3, 5, 7, 8, 9 for = 0.04.
StressCheck V6.2.1f StressCheck V6.2.1f StressCheck V6.2.1f

N-Freq. = 4.477e003 N-Freq. = 5.909e 003 N-Freq. = 9.152e 003
Max = 3.509e + 001 Max = 3.860e + 001 Max = 4.150e + 001
Min = 3.509e + 001 Min = 3.860e + 001 Min = 4.150e + 001
3.509e + 001 3.860e + 001 4.150e + 001
2.807e + 001 3.088e + 001 3.320e + 001
2.105e + 001 2.316e + 001 2.490e + 001
1.403e + 001 1.544e + 001 1.660e + 001
7.017e + 000 7.719e + 000 8.300e + 000
9.537e 007 4.768e 006 2.861e 006
7.017e + 000 7.719e + 000 8.300e + 000
1.403e + 001 1.544e + 001 1.660e + 001
2.105e + 001 2.316e + 001 2.490e + 001
2.807e + 001 3.088e + 001 3.320e + 001
3.509e + 001 3.860e + 001 4.150e + 001
Y Y Z Y Z
Z
X X X
Figure 12. Model (b). Vertical components of modes 1, 3, 5 for = 0.00125.

Color Plates 7
0.2
0.18
0.16
0.14
0.12
0.1
0.08
1
0.06 2
4
0.04 6
8
0.02 10
Torsion
0
0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12 0.14 0.16
Figure 13. Model (b). Eigen-frequencies versus thickness (2).

N-Freq. = 1.054e 003 N-Freq. = 2.319e003 N-Freq. = 4.306e003
Max = 3.488e + 000 Max = 1.846e + 000 Max = 8.326e + 000
Min = 3.488e + 000 Min = 9.987e + 000 Min = 8.326e + 000
3.488e + 000 1.846e + 000 8.326e + 000
2.790e + 000 6.626e 001 6.661e + 000
2.093e + 000 5.207e 001 4.996e + 000
1.395e + 000 1.704e + 000 3.330e + 000
6.976e 001 2.887e + 000 1.665e + 000
1.192e 007 4.070e + 000 1.192e 007
6.976e 001 5.254e + 000 1.665e + 000
1.395e + 000 6.437e + 000 3.330e + 000
2.093e + 000 7.620e + 000 4.996e + 000
2.790e + 000 8.803e + 000 6.661e + 000
3.488e + 000 9.987e + 000 8.326e + 000
Z Z Z
Y Y Y
X X X

N-Freq. = 6.612e003 N-Freq. = 9.559e 003 N-Freq. = 1.284e002
Max = 6.918e + 000 Max = 7.517e + 000 Max = 6.616e + 000
Min = 8.212e + 000 Min = 7.517e + 000 Min = 9.213e + 000
6.918e + 000 7.517e + 000 6.616e + 000
5.405e + 000 6.014e + 000 5.033e + 000
3.892e + 000 4.510e + 000 3.450e + 000
2.379e + 000 3.007e + 000 1.867e + 000
8.658e 001 1.503e + 000 2.845e 001
6.472e 001 4.768e 007 1.298e + 000
2.160e + 000 1.503e + 000 2.881e + 000
3.673e + 000 3.007e + 000 4.464e + 000
5.186e + 000 4.510e + 000 6.047e + 000
6.699e + 000 6.014e + 000 7.630e + 000
8.212e + 000 7.517e + 000 9.213e + 000
Z Z Z
Y Y Y
X X X
Figure 14. Model (c). Vertical components of modes 1, 2, 5, 6, 9 and 10 for = 0.0025.

Max = 1.542e + 001 Max = 1.449e + 001 Max = 1.328e + 001
Min = 1.542e + 001 Min = 1.449e + 001 Min = 1.328e + 001
1.542e + 001 1.449e + 001 1.328e + 001
1.234e + 001 1.159e + 001 1.063e + 001
9.253e + 000 8.695e + 000 7.970e + 000
6.168e + 000 5.796e + 000 5.313e + 000
3.084e + 000 2.898e + 000 2.657e + 000
2.146e 006 4.768e 007 4.768e 007
3.084e + 000 2.898e + 000 2.657e + 000
6.168e + 000 5.796e + 000 5.313e + 000
9.253e + 000 8.695e + 000 7.970e + 000
1.234e + 001 1.159e + 001 1.063e + 001
1.542e + 001 1.449e + 001 1.328e + 001
Z Z Z
Y Y Y
X X X
Figure 15. Model (c). Vertical components modes 3, 4 and 7 for = 0.0025.
8 Color Plates
0.1
0.02
0.01
0.002 Constant flexural modes

Linear flexural modes
0.001 eps/4
0.0025 0.01 0.04 0.16
Figure 16. Model (c). Eigen-frequencies versus in log log

scale.

Max = 6.988e + 000 Max = 2.588e + 000 Max = 3.426e + 000
Min = 1.090e + 001 Min = 4.579e + 000 Min = 2.680e + 000
6.988e + 000 2.588e + 000 3.426e + 000
5.200e + 000 1.871e + 000 2.816e + 000
3.411e + 000 1.155e + 000 2.205e + 000
1.623e + 000 4.380e + 001 1.595e + 000
1.657e 001 2.788e 001 9.840e 001
1.954e + 000 9.955e 001 3.734e 001
3.743e + 000 1.712e + 000 2.372e 001
5.531e + 000 2.429e + 000 8.478e + 001
7.320e + 000 3.146e + 000 1.458e + 000
9.108e + 000 3.862e + 000 2.069e + 000
1.090e + 001 4.579e + 000 2.680e + 000
Z Z Z
Y Y Y
X X X
Figure 17. Model (c). First nonflexural modes for = 0.01 and = 0.04.
Chapter 10
Meshfree Methods
Antonio Huerta2 , Ted Belytschko1, Sonia Fernandez-Mendez2

and Timon Rabczuk1
1
Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
2
Universitat Politecnica de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain
Color Plates 9
NI (N I )x (NI )xx
1
10
0.8
5
0.6
Linear FE Dirac delta

0.4 0
functions
0.2
5
0
10
0.2
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
1 3 30
0.8 20
2
10
0.6 1
EFG, /h = 3.2 0
P(x ) = {1, x }T 0.4 0 10
20
0.2 1
30
0 2
40
0.2 3 50
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
1 8 100
6
0.8 50
4
0.6
2 0
EFG, /h = 3.2
0.4 0
P(x ) = {1, x, x 2}T 50
2
0.2
4
100
0 6
0.2 8 150
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
Figure 6. Shape function and derivatives for linear finite elements and the EFG approximation.
NI (N I)x (N I)xx
0.4 1 10
0
0.2 0
10
0 1 20
1 1 1
1 1 1
0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5
y 0 0 x y 0 0 x y 0 0 x
(N I)y (N I)yy
1 10
0
0
10
1 20
1 1
1 1
0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5
y 0 0 x y 0 0 x
Figure 7. Distribution of particles, EFG approximation function and derivatives, with / h 2.2 with circular supported cubic spline
and linear consistency.
10 Color Plates
0.03
0.02
0.01
0.00
(a) (b)
Figure 24. Coarse finite element mesh (Q1 elements) with its corresponding equivalent inelastic strain (b) and mixed interpolation with
its equivalent inelastic strain distribution (a).
Color Plates 11
Chapter 11
Discrete Element Methods
Nenad Bicanic
University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland
(a)
ph (kPa) ph (kPa) ph (kPa) ph (kPa)

0 0 0 0
50 50 50 50
100 100 100 100
150 150 150 150
200 200 200 200
250 250 250 250
300 300 300 300
350 350 350 350
400 400 400 400
450 450 450 450
500 500 500 500
(b) 550 550 550 550
600 600 600 600
650 650 650 650
(c) (d)
Figure 2. Typical discrete element applications 3-D Hopper flow (a) and development of Silo wall pressures (b) during filling and
discharge (after Lazarevic D and Dvornik J. Selective time steps in predictor corrector methods applied to discrete dynamic models of
Granular materials. In ICADD-4, 4th Conference on Analysis of Discontinuous Deformation, Bicanic N (ed.). University of Glasgow,
2001), milling simulation (c) (after Cleary, 2002), 3-D masonary arches (d) (after Lemos JV. Assessment of the ultimate load of masonry
arch using discrete elements. In Comp Meth in Struct Masonry 3, Middleton J and Pande G (eds). Books and Journals International,
1995).
12 Color Plates
s = ks
ks F3
c
kn ma
rt F1
rc
nn = kn t
xc xt F4
F2 F4
(a) (b)
(c)
Figure 6. (a) Discrete element bodies (particles) in contact, giving rise to axial and tangential contact forces. Force magnitudes related
to the relative normal and tangential velocity and to relative normal and tangential velocity at the contact point. (b) Arbitrary particle
shapes as assemblies of clustered particles of simple shapes. (c) Contact of clustered particles, including liquid bridge forces to simulate
wet particles (Groger T, Tuzun U and Heyes D. Shearing of wet particle systems discrete element simulations. In 1st International PFC
Symposium, Itasca, 2002).
J=j Cell (i, j )
0 h I=i x
I
Cell location for each body

i = (int) [(xm /h ) + 1], j = (int) [(ym /k ) + 1]
xm, ym coordinates body centroid
Figure 7. Basis of the hashing or binning algorithm for simple particle shapes and clustered particles.
Color Plates 13
i, j
i
K11 K12 M 1m D1 f1 Di j
K21 K22 K 2m D2 f2 Dj
=
K m1 K m 2 mm Dm fm Dk
K D = f k
Figure 20. Assembly process in DDA analysis.
N2 N2
N1 N1
N
Remeshing with Remeshing with

Fracture orientation through-element fracture inter-element fracture
Figure 12. DFR representation of a 3-D object with holes (cour-

tesy of Williams, MIT, IESL, and OConnor (1999)).
3-D fracture plane
DiT = u, v, , x, y , xy a0 Figure 22. Element- and node-based local remeshing algorithm

u, v,
b0 in 2-D and 3-D context (after Munjiza A, Owen DRJ and
a1 Bicanic N. A combined finite/discrete element method in tran-
b1 sient dynamics of fracturing solids. Engineering with Computers
a2 1995; 12:145174; Owen et al, 1999), based on a weighted local
u, v, u 1 0 x 0 y 0 x 2 0 xy 0 y 2 0
= b2 = Ti Di residual strength concept.
v 0 1 0 x 0 y 0 x 2 0 xy 0 y 2
a3
xx, yy, xy
b3
a4
b4
a5
b5
Figure 19. Deformation variables for the first- and second-order

polynomial approximation in discontinuous deformation analysis.
Figure 24. Fracturing of notched concrete beam modeled by

jointed particulate assembly, with normal contact bond of limited
strength (Itasca PFC 2D).
14 Color Plates
Chapter 14
Arbitrary LagrangianEulerian Methods
Jean Donea1, Antonio Huerta2, J.-Ph. Ponthot1 and

A. Rodrguez-Ferran2
1
Universite de Liege, Liege, Belgium
2
Universitat Politecnica de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain
y High-pressure
AC3D13
(a) (b) (c)
Diaphragm # 3
Figure 5. Use of the ALE formulation as an r-adaptive technique.
Diaphragm # 2
The yield-line pattern is not properly captured with (a) a coarse
fixed mesh. Either (b) a fine fixed mesh or (c) a coarse ALE mesh z
is required.
Diaphragm # 1
High-pressure
(a)
Figure 8. Explosions in a 3-D labyrinth. Problem statement.
(b)
Figure 6. Flow around a rectangle. Pressure fields at two different

instants.
Color Plates 15
t=0
t = 25 ms
t = 50 ms
2.50E + 04
5.00E + 04
7.50E + 04
1.00E + 05
1.25E + 05
1.50E + 05
1.75E + 05
2.00E + 05
2.25E + 05
2.50E + 05
2.75E + 05
3.00E + 05
Fluid 3.25E + 05
(a) pressure 3.50E + 05
Fluid 2.50E + 04
pressure 5.00E + 04
7.50E + 04
1.00E + 05
1.25E + 05
1.50E + 05
1.75E + 05
2.00E + 05
2.25E + 05
2.50E + 05
2.75E + 05
3.00E + 05
t=0 t = 25 ms t = 50 ms 3.25E + 05
(b) 3.50E + 05
Fluid 2.50E + 04
pressure 5.00E + 04
7.50E + 04
1.00E + 05
1.25E + 05
1.50E + 05
1.75E + 05
2.00E + 05
2.25E + 05
2.50E + 05
2.75E + 05
3.00E + 05
3.25E + 05
3.50E + 05
(c) t=0 t = 25 ms t = 50 ms
Figure 9. Explosions in a 3-D labyrinth. Deformation in structure and pressure in fluid are properly captured with ALE fluidstructure
interaction: (a) whole model; (b) zoom of diaphragm #1; (c) zoom of diaphragms #2 and #3.
16 Color Plates
Lagrangian formulation
Zoom
(a)
ALE formulation
Zoom
(b) 0.40 0.42 0.44 0.46 0.48 0.50 0.52 0.54 0.56 0.58
Figure 11. Final relative density after the bottom punch compaction of a flanged component: (a) Lagrangian approach leads to severe
mesh distortion; (b) ALE approach avoids distortion.
d t = 16 mm d b = 16 mm d t = 8 mm d b = 8 mm
0.50
0.53
0.56
0.59
0.62
0.65
0.68
0.71
0.74
0.77
Figure 12. Final relative density of a multilevel component. From left to right: top, bottom and double compaction.
Color Plates 17
Chapter 16
Geometric Modeling of Complex Shapes and
Engineering Artifacts
F.-E. Wolter, N. Peinecke and M. Reuter
University of Hannover, Hannover, Germany
User interface
High-level operation layer
Low-level operation layer
Hardware level interfaces

(OpenGL, DirectX)
Hardware related level
Figure 1. Software levels of a modeling system.
Figure 2. Voxel representation of a full sphere.
Figure 3. A quadtree for a triangle.
Figure 4. Resulting quadtree for the triangle.

18 Color Plates
Figure 5. Result of a marching cubes conversion.
Figure 8. Triangulated object.
Figure 6. Geometric interior of polygons.
Figure 9. Parameterization of a planar ring.
Figure 7. Polygon with inner loops.

Color Plates 19
Figure 11. Wrench composed of B-spline patches.
Figure 12. Trimming of a surface patch.
Figure 19. An object composed of CSG primitives.

20 Color Plates
U U
Figure 22. Medial axis of a domain.
Figure 20. CSG tree for the bird object.
Figure 23. Maximal discs defining a shape.
(a)
(b) Figure 24. Assembled shape.
(c)
Figure 21. A CSG wrench model. Figure 25. Continuous deformation of an object.
Color Plates 21
Center of curvature Center of curvature
Figure 26. Nonhomeomorphic deformation of a medial axis.
Figure 29. Construction of the envelope.
Figure 27. Tangential contact of envelopes.

Figure 30. A medial patch inside its associated solid.
Figure 28. Self-intersection of envelopes. Figure 31. The 2-D case.

22 Color Plates
(a) (b)
Figure 34. Meshes obtained from a medial axis representation.
Figure 33. Medial axis of a solid.
Figure 35. Photometric marble texture.
Chapter 17
Mesh Generation and Mesh Adaptivity
P. L. George1, H. Borouchaki2, P. J. Frey1 , P. Laug1 and E. Saltel1

1
INRIA, Projet Gamma, Domaine de Voluceau, Rocquencourt, Le Chesnay Cedex, France
2
Universite de Technologie de Troyes, Troyes Cedex, France
Color Plates 23
Figure 5. Regular mesh of a DNA molecule.

(a) (b)
Figure 4. Uniform mesh of a car seat (a) and its flattening map
(b); data courtesy of LECTRA.
Figure 8. Transonic flow around a Naca0012 wing, (initial and adapted) meshes and isodensities.
24 Color Plates
Figure 9. Transonic flow around a wing in three dimensions, cut through the tet mesh and isodensities (initial and adapted meshes).
Color Plates 25
Figure 10. Initial dense meshes of a brain, a cranian bone and a scalp and corresponding simplified meshes (Hausdorff distance).
Figure 11. Simplified meshes of Lucy statue and corresponding enlargements.

26 Color Plates
Chapter 18
Computational Visualization
William J. Schroeder1 and Mark S. Shephard2

1
Kitware, Inc., Clifton Park, NY, USA
2
Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, USA
Figure 1. Visualization of computational analysis. Here, flow

over a rotating blade is shown. (Courtesy SCOREC/Rensselaer.)
Figure 3. Color mapping can produce dramatically different
results depending on the choice of lookup table (or transfer
function). Visualization must necessarily consider the human per-
ceptual system. As a result, the computational scientist must
carefully consider the effect of perceptual factors on the target
audience. (Courtesy of Kitware, Inc. Taken from the book The
Visualization Toolkit An Object-Oriented Approach to 3-D Graph-
(a)
ics Third Edition ISBN-1-930934-07-6.)
(b)
Figure 2. Gouraud (b) versus flat shading (a). (Courtesy of

Kitware, Inc. Taken from the book The Visualization Toolkit An
Object-Oriented Approach to 3-D Graphics Third Edition ISBN-
1-930934-07-6.)
Color Plates 27
Figure 6. A displacement map of a beam in vibration. (Courtesy Figure 13. Example of hyperstreamlines. The four hyperstream-
of Kitware, Inc. Taken from the book The Visualization Toolkit An lines shown are integrated along the minor principal stress axis.
Object-Oriented Approach to 3-D Graphics Third Edition ISBN- A plane (colored with a different lookup table) is also shown.
1-930934-07-6.) (Courtesy of Kitware, Inc. Taken from the book The Visualiza-
tion Toolkit An Object-Oriented Approach to 3-D Graphics Third
Edition ISBN-1-930934-07-6.)
Figure 14. Glyphs used to indicate x-y location in the plane.

Superquadrics are modified according to coordinate value. (Cour-
tesy of Kitware, Inc. Taken from the book The Visualization
Toolkit An Object-Oriented Approach to 3-D Graphics Third Edi-
Figure 11. Tensor ellipsoids. (Courtesy of Kitware, Inc. Taken tion ISBN-1-930934-07-6.)
from the book The Visualization Toolkit An Object-Oriented
Approach to 3-D Graphics Third Edition ISBN-1-930934-07-6.)
28 Color Plates
Figure 15. Volume rendering. (image courtesy of VolView vol-

ume rendering system from Kitware, Inc.)
Figure 16. Typical data flow network as implemented in the OpenDX system. Courtesy of Kitware, Inc. Taken from the book The
Visualization Toolkit An Object-Oriented Approach to 3-D Graphics Third Edition ISBN-1-930934-07-6.
Color Plates 29
Chapter 21
Panel Clustering Techniques and Hierarchical
Matrices for BEM and FEM
Wolfgang Hackbusch
Max-Planck-Institut fur Mathematik in den Naturwissenschaften, Inselstr., Leipzig, Germany
1000
750
60 500
250
0
40
20
20
40
60
Figure 5. Subdomain 1 of = [0, 1]2 .
Chapter 24
Adaptive Computational Methods for Parabolic
Problems
K. Eriksson, C. Johnson and A. Logg
Chalmers University of Technology, Goteborg, Sweden
30 Color Plates
0.5
1
0.45
0.4
0.8
0.35
0.3 0.6
(t )
U(t )
0.25
0.2 0.4
0.15
0.2
0.1
0.05 0
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180
t t
3.5
2.5
Sc(T )
1.5
0.5
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180
T
300
250
200
Sq(T )
150
100
50
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180
T
Figure 2. The AkzoNobel problem: solution, dual solution, stability factor Sc (T , ), and stability factor Sq (T , ).
Color Plates 31
1016
1014
1012
1010
Sq(T )
108
106
104
102
100
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
T
Figure 4. The growth of the stability factor Sq (T ) for the Lorenz problem.
1 1
0.8 0.8
0.6 0.6
U(t )
U(t )
0.4 0.4
0.2 0.2
0 0
0 2 4 6 8 10 0 2 4 6 8 10
t t 103
100
k(t )
102
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
t
Figure 5. Solution and time step sequence for equation (14), /0 1/310.
32 Color Plates
1 1
0.8 0.8
0.6 0.6
U(t )
U(t )
0.4 0.4
0.2 0.2
0 0
0 2 4 6 8 10 0 0.05 0.1
t t
100
k(t )
102
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
t
1 1
0.8 0.8
0.6 0.6
U(t )
U(t )
0.4 0.4
0.2 0.2
0 0
0 100 200 300 0 1 2 3 4 5
t t
100 100
101 101
k(t )
k(t )
102 102
0 100 200 300 130 132 134 136 138 140

t t
Color Plates 33
104
10
0.4
8
6
U (t )
U(t)
0.2
4
2
0 0
0 50 100 150 0 1 2 3 4 5
t t
100
k (t )
101
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180

t
Figure 8. Solution and time step sequence for the AkzoNobel problem, /0 1/9.
2
1.998 104
U1(t )
0
1.994 1
0 2 4 6 8 10 2
3
U2(t )
t
4
104 5
0 6
2
U2(t )
7
4
6 1.994 1.998 2
8 U1(t )
0 0.05 0.1
t
102
k (t )
104
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45 0.5
t
34 Color Plates
t=0 t = 37 T = 100
1 1
0.5 0.5 0.5

0 0
0.5 0.5 0
1 1
1 1 1
1 1 1
0.5 0.5 0.5
x2 0.5 x2 0.5 x2 0.5
0 x1 0 x1 x1
0 0 0 0
101
||e (,t )||L2()
102
103
104
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
101
||e (,t )||L2()
102
103
104
90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100
0.05
0.04
0.03
k (t )
0.02
0.01
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
0.05
0.04
0.03
k (t )
0.02
0.01
0
90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100
t
Figure 12. Heat equation: solution, error, and adaptive time steps.
t=0 t=5 t = 10
1 1 1
0.8 0.8 0.8
0.6 0.6 0.6
0.4 0.4 0.4
0.2 0.2 0.2
0 0 0
1 1 1
1 1 1
0.5 0.5 0.5
0.5 x2 0.5 x2 0.5
x2
x1
0 x1 x1
0 0 0 0 0
Figure 13. The logistics problem: solution at three different times.

Color Plates 35
t=0 t = 9.5 t = 10
8 8 8
7 7 7
6 6 6
5 5 5
4 4 4
3 3 3
2 2 2
1 1 1
0 0 0
1 1 1
1 1 1
0.5 0.5 0.5
x2 0.5 x2 0.5 x2 0.5
x1 x1 x1
0 0 0 0 0 0
4.5
3.5
3
Sc (T,)
2.5
1.5
0.5
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
T
Figure 14. The logistics problem: dual solution and stability factor Sc (T , ).
t=0 t = 50 t = 100
1 1 1
0.8 0.8 0.8
U1(x,t )
0.6 0.6 0.6

0.4 0.4 0.4
0.2 0.2 0.2
1 1 1
0 0 0
0.5 0.5 0.5
0.2 0.2 0.2
0 0 0 0 0 0
t=0 t = 50 t = 100
1 1 1
0.8 0.8 0.8
U2(x,t )
0.6 0.6 0.6

0.4 0.4 0.4
0.2 0.2 0.2
1 1 1
0 0 0
0.5 0.5 0.5
0.2 0.2 0.2
0 0 0 0 0 0
Figure 15. Reaction front problem: solution for the two components at three different times.
36 Color Plates
t = 100 t = 99 t=0
70 70 70
60 60 60
50 50 50
40 40 40
1(,t )
30 30 30
20 20 20
10 10 10
0 0 0
0.2 0.2 0.2

1 1 1
0.1 0.1 0.1

0.5 0.5 0.5
0 0 0 0 0 0
80
70
60
50
Sc(T, )
40
30
20
10
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
T
Figure 16. Reaction front problem: dual solution and stability factor Sc (T ) as function of T .

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Volume 1

Susanne C. Brenner1 and Carsten Carstensen2

Barna Szabo1, Alexander Duster2 and Ernst Rank2

p =1 p =2 p =3 p =4 h=1 h = 1/2 h = 1/3 h = 1/4

Albert Cohen1, Wolfgang Dahmen2 and Ronald DeVore3

Figure 2. Different levels of resolution of f .

Figure 1. Piecewise constant approximation.

Figure 3. (a) Primal wavelet (b) Dual wavelet.

Monique Dauge1, Erwan Faou2 and Zohar Yosibash3

1.E 03 RM, thick = 1

Figure 6. Relative error versus polynomial degree for 2 = 1 and

1.E 02 0.01 for the first 4 hierarchical models.

Figure 5. Discretization error versus polynomial degree p for

(a) (b) (c)

Figure 8. Shell models (a), (b) and (c) for = 0.04.

StressCheck V6.2.0u StressCheck V6.2.0u StressCheck V6.2.0u

Figure 9. Model (a). vertical components of eigen-modes 1, 2 and 4 for = 0.08.

Figure 10. Model (a). Eigen-frequencies versus thickness (2).

StressCheck V6.2.0u StressCheck V6.2.0u StressCheck V6.2.0u

StressCheck V6.2.0u StressCheck V6.2.0u StressCheck V6.2.0u

Figure 11. Model (b). Vertical components of modes 1, 3, 5, 7, 8, 9 for = 0.04.

StressCheck V6.2.1f StressCheck V6.2.1f StressCheck V6.2.1f

Figure 12. Model (b). Vertical components of modes 1, 3, 5 for = 0.00125.

Figure 13. Model (b). Eigen-frequencies versus thickness (2).

StressCheck V6.2.1f StressCheck V6.2.1f StressCheck V6.2.1f

StressCheck V6.2.1f StressCheck V6.2.1f StressCheck V6.2.1f

StressCheck V6.2.1f StressCheck V6.2.1f StressCheck V6.2.1f

0.002 Constant flexural modes

0.0025 0.01 0.04 0.16

Figure 16. Model (c). Eigen-frequencies versus in log log

StressCheck V6.2.1f StressCheck V6.2.1f StressCheck V6.2.1f

Antonio Huerta2 , Ted Belytschko1, Sonia Fernandez-Mendez2

Linear FE Dirac delta

ph (kPa) ph (kPa) ph (kPa) ph (kPa)

J=j Cell (i, j )

Cell location for each body

Figure 20. Assembly process in DDA analysis.

Remeshing with Remeshing with

Figure 12. DFR representation of a 3-D object with holes (cour-

DiT = u, v, , x, y , xy a0 Figure 22. Element- and node-based local remeshing algorithm

Figure 19. Deformation variables for the first- and second-order

Figure 24. Fracturing of notched concrete beam modeled by

Jean Donea1, Antonio Huerta2, J.-Ph. Ponthot1 and

Figure 6. Flow around a rectangle. Pressure fields at two different

(a) pressure 3.50E + 05

High-level operation layer

Low-level operation layer

Hardware level interfaces

Figure 1. Software levels of a modeling system.

Figure 2. Voxel representation of a full sphere.

Figure 3. A quadtree for a triangle.

Figure 4. Resulting quadtree for the triangle.

Figure 5. Result of a marching cubes conversion.

Figure 8. Triangulated object.

Figure 6. Geometric interior of polygons.

Figure 9. Parameterization of a planar ring.

Figure 7. Polygon with inner loops.

Figure 11. Wrench composed of B-spline patches.

Figure 12. Trimming of a surface patch.

Figure 19. An object composed of CSG primitives.

Figure 22. Medial axis of a domain.

Figure 20. CSG tree for the bird object.

Figure 23. Maximal discs defining a shape.

(b) Figure 24. Assembled shape.