Family- Echinostomatidae

Genus- Echinostoma revolutum

Location and Host- Adult parasites are occurs in the rectum and caeca of the duck,
goose and other aquatic birds, the pigeon and the fowl as well as in man.

Morphology- It is 10-22mm long and up to 2-2.5mm wide. The head collar bears 37
spines of which five are on either side and form a group of corner spines. The tegument
is spiny in the anterior region. The position of testes is tandem and is large, elongated,
oval or slightly lobed, situated behind the middle. The ovary is situated anterior to the
testes. The cirrus sac lies between the bifurcations of the intestinal caeca. The ventral
sucker is also situated below the cirrus sac. The sizes of eggs are 90-126m by 59-71m
in diameter.

Life Cycle- The eggs hatch after developing under favorable conditions in about three
weeks and the Miracidium penetrates into an intermediate host belonging to the genera
Lymnaea, Planorbi, Stagnicola, Physa etc. Cercariae are produced in two or three weeks
and they either encyst in the snail or escape and enter into another snail of the same or a
different species. The final host becomes infected by ingesting these snails and the
worms become adult after 15-19 days.

Pathogenicity and Symptoms- This parasite has generally been regarded as fairly
harmful, but in heavy infections it may cause severe enteritis, emaciation and
hemorrhages, catarrhal enteritis etc.

Diagnosis- This is made by finding the eggs of the worm in the fecal examination.

Treatment Brotianide-75mg/kg. b.wt. man and animals.

Oxyclozanide- 15-30mg/kg. b.wt. single dose
Praziquantel- 10mg/kg. b.wt single dose
Refozanide-7.5-10mg/kg b.wt. single dose.

Swagat Nepal, 2010