Cells & Cell Organelles

Doing Lifes Work

LS100
 Examples of Cells
Amoeba Proteus

Plant Stem

Bacteria

Red Blood Cell

Nerve Cell
 Prokaryote vs Eukaryote Cell

Prokaryote no nucleus Eukaryote enclosed

- single loop nucleus
of DNA - DNA in
- few organelles chromosomes
- bacteria - many organelles
- plants, animals
Typical Animal Cell
Typical Plant Cell
 The Jobs of Cells
Cells have 3 main jobs
make energy
ATP need energy for all activities
need to clean up waste produced
Our organelles
while making energy do all these
make proteins jobs!

proteins do all the work in a cell,

so we need lots of them
make more cells
for growth
to replace damaged or diseased cells
 1. Cells need power!
Making energy
to fuel daily life & growth, the cell must
ATP
take in food & digest it
take in oxygen (O2)
make ATP
remove waste
organelles that do this work
cell membrane (controls what enters or leaves
cell, recognizes signals from other cells etc)
lysosomes
vacuoles & vesicles
mitochondria
2. Cells need workers = proteins!
Making proteins
to run daily life & growth, the cell must
read genes (DNA)
build proteins
structural proteins (muscle fibers, hair, skin, claws)
enzymes (speed up chemical reactions)
signals (hormones) & receptors
organelles that do this work
nucleus
ribosomes
endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
Golgi apparatus
3. Cells need to make more cells!
Making more cells
to replace, repair & grow,
the cell must
copy their DNA
make extra organelles
divide the new DNA & new
organelles between 2 new
daughter cells
organelles that do this work
nucleus
centrioles
 Cell Organelles
Organelle= little organ
Organelles do the work
of cells
Found only inside
eukaryotic cells
All the stuff in between
the organelles is
cytosol
Everything in a cell
except the nucleus is
cytoplasm
 Cell Membrane
Outer membrane of cell that controls movement
in and out of the cell
Made of a phospholipid bilayer
Cell Wall
Most commonly found
in plant cells &
bacteria
Rigid, protective
barrier
Located outside of the
cell membrane
Made of cellulose
(fiber)
Supports & protects
cells
Inside the Cell
 Nucleus
Control center of the
cell & directs cell
activities
Contains genetic
material DNA
Surrounded by a
double membrane
Usually the easiest
organelle to see
under a microscope
Usually one per cell
 Nuclear Membrane
Surrounds nucleus
Made of two layers
Openings allow
material to enter and
leave nucleus
Chromosomes
In nucleus
Made of DNA
Contain instructions
for traits &
characteristics
 Nucleolus
Inside nucleus
Contains RNA to build
proteins
 Cytoplasm
jelly-like material holding organelles in
place
Surrounded by cell membrane
Contains hereditary material
 Cytoskeleton
Acts as skeleton and
muscle
Provides shape and
structure
Helps move
organelles around the
cell
Made of three types
of filaments
 Endoplasmic Reticulum
A.k.a. ER
Connected to nuclear
membrane
Highway of the cell
Moves materials around
in cell
Rough ER: studded with
ribosomes; it makes
proteins
Smooth ER: no
ribosomes; it makes
lipids
Smooth ER

Rough ER
 Ribosome
Site of protein
synthesis
Found attached to
rough ER or floating
free in cytosol
Produced in a part of
the nucleus called the
nucleolus
That looks familiarwhat is a
polypeptide?
 Golgi Apparatus
Looks like a stack of plates
Protein 'packaging plant
Stores, modifies and
packages proteins
Molecules transported to
and from the Golgi by
means of vesicles
Move materials within the
cell
Move materials out of the
cell
 Lysosome
Garbage disposal of the
cell
Contain digestive
enzymes that break
down wastes
Transports undigested
material to cell
membrane for removal
Cell breaks down if
lysosome explodes
 Mitochondria
Powerhouse of the cell
Bound by a double membrane
Cellular respiration occurs here to
release energy for the cell to use
Produces energy through
chemical reactions breaking
down fats & carbohydrates
Controls level of water and other
materials in cell
Recycles and decomposes
proteins, fats, and carbohydrates
Has its own strand of DNA
 Mitochondria: found in every cell and found in
large numbers in cells that need a huge amount of
energy: i.e muscle cells, sperm cells

mitochondria line the flagellum of this sperm cell

 Chloroplast
Usually found in plant
cells
Bound by a double
membrane
Contains green
chlorophyll
Where photosynthesis
takes place
Site of food (glucose)
production
 Vacuoles
Membrane-bound
sacs for storage for
water, food, enzymes,
wastes, pigments,
etc, and for digestion,
& waste removal
Contains water
solution
Help plants maintain
shape
Large central vacuole usually in plant cells
Many smaller vacuoles in animal cells
 Centriole
Aids in cell division
Usually found only in
animal cells
Made of microtubules
What clues will tell
you that a cell you
are looking at is a
plant cell?
 Plant Cells
Look for
1)Central vacuole
2)Cell wall
(angular shape)
3)Green
chloroplasts
What clues will tell you
that a cell you are
looking at is an animal
cell?
 Animal Cells
1) No cell walls, central vacuole or chloroplasts
2) A pair of centrioles is present

centrioles

Cheek cells
Review of Eukaryotic Cells