Egpws - Taws - VP

Enhanced Ground Proximity
Warning System
21/10/08 1
1. FOREWARNING
The information contained in this presentation

is a general presentation of EGPWS also
called Terrain awareness and warning system
(TAWS);
It does not replace information contained in
Flight Crew Operating Manuals relatives to
each type.
21/10/08 2
2. INTRODUCTION
The original GPWS concept relied on
information from the air data system and radio
altimeter;
The GPWS just see below the aircraft;
It is unable to see ahead of the aircraft.
Radio
Altitude
21/10/08 3
EGPWS Training Programme

1
2. INTRODUCTION
What is EGPWS?
EGPWS is a Terrain Awareness and Warning

System (TAWS) providing basic GPWS
functions plus additional enhanced terrain
alerting and display features;
The EGPWS uses aircraft inputs including:
o Geographic position,
o Attitude,
o Altitude,
o Airspeed, and
o Glide slope deviation.
21/10/08 4
2. INTRODUCTION
What is EGPWS? (Cont.)
The EGPWS incorporates several enhanced
features:
o Terrain Alerting and Display (TAD);
o Peaks function;
o Obstacles alerting function;
o A process feature called Envelope Modulation; and
o A Terrain Clearance Floor (TCF) function.
21/10/08 5
2. INTRODUCTION
Terrain Alerting and Display (TAD):
Provides a graphic display of the surrounding
terrain on the Weather Radar Indicator, EFIS,
or a dedicated display;
Based on the aircrafts GPS (or FMS) position
and the internal database, the terrain
topography (within the display range selected)
that is above or within 2000 feet below the
aircraft altitude is presented on the system
display.
21/10/08 6

2
2. INTRODUCTION
Peaks function:
It is a TAD supplemental feature providing
additional terrain display features for enhanced
situational awareness, independent of the
altitude of the aircraft;
This includes digital elevations for the highest
and lowest displayed terrain, additional
elevation (colour) bands, and a unique
representation of sea level (0 feet MSL).
21/10/08 7
2. INTRODUCTION
Obstacles alerting function:
It is a feature utilizing an obstacle database for
obstacle conflict alerting and display;
EGPWS visual and audio alerts are provided
when a conflict is detected; and
Additionally, when TAD is enabled, Obstacles
are graphically displayed similar to terrain.
21/10/08 8
2. INTRODUCTION
Envelope Modulation:
It is a process feature which utilizes the
internal database to tailor EGPWS alerts at
certain geographic locations to reduce
nuisance alerts and provide added protection.
21/10/08 9

3
2. INTRODUCTION
Terrain Clearance Floor (TCF):
This function adds an additional element of
protection by alerting the pilot of possible
premature descent;
This is intended for non-precision approach
and is based on the current aircraft position
relative to the nearest runway in the database;
This feature is enabled with the TAD function.
21/10/08 10
3. SYSTEM DESCRIPTION
Functions of the basic Ground Proximity Warning

System (GPWS):
Mode 1
Mode 2
Excessive Descente Rate
Excessive Terrain Closure Rate
Sink Rate
TerrainTerrain Pull Up
Pull Up
Mode 3 Mode 4
Altitude Loss After Take-Off Unsafe Terrain Clearance
DONT SINK Too Low Terrain
Pull Up Too Low Gear or Flaps
Mode 5 Mode 6
Excessive Deviation below Advisory Callouts
Glide Slope Bank Angle
Glide Slope Minimums
21/10/08 11
Additional functions of the basic Ground Proximity

Warning System (GPWS):
In addition to previous functions, Windshear
Protection (Mode 7 ) is provided on some aircraft types.
Mode 7
Windshear Protection
Caution Windshear
Windshear, Windshear
21/10/08 12

4
Additional functions of the Enhanced Ground

Proximity Warning System (EGPWS):
The EGPWS adds to these 6 basic functions

the ability to compare the aircraft position to
an internal database and provide additional
alerting and display capabilities for enhanced
situational awareness and safety (hence the
term Enhanced GPWS).
21/10/08 13
Data Base:
The EGPWS internal database consists of four
subsets:
Terrain data of varying degrees of resolution;
Catalogued obstacles 100 feet or greater in height
located within North America, portions of Europe and
portions of Asia (expanding as data is obtained);
Airport runway data containing information on all
runways 2000 feet or longer in length; and
An Envelope Modulation database to reduce
localized threshold of alarm triggering.
21/10/08 14
Basic functions:
Mode 1: Excessive descent rate
Mode 1 provides alerts for excessive descent rates
with respect to altitude AGL and is active for all
phases of flight;
This mode has inner and outer alert boundaries.
21/10/08 15

5
Mode 1 : Excessive rate of descent

25 2450 ft
Radio Altitude x 100 ft
20
1
15
Sink Rate
10
2 Pull Up
5
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
16
Descent Rate 1000 ft/mn
Basic functions:
Mode 2: Excessive Closure to Terrain
Mode 2A is active during climb-out, cruise, and initial
approach (flaps not in the landing configuration and
the aircraft not on glideslope centreline);
Mode 2B is automatically selected with flaps in the
landing configuration (landing flaps or flap Override
selected) or when making an ILS approach with
Glideslope and Localizer deviation less than 2 dots.
21/10/08 17
Basic functions:
Mode 2A: Excessive Closure to Terrain
Terrain Terrain Pull Up
21/10/08 18

6
Basic functions:
Mode 2A: Excessive Closure to Terrain
2000
Gear UP, Flaps UP
From 2450 FT AGL
Level flight, Rising terrain
Radio Altitude (FT)
ALERT AREA > 310 KTS)

2000
1000
0
2000 4000 6000 8000 10 000
Terrain Closure Rate (FPM)
21/10/08 19
Basic functions:
Mode 2B: Excessive Closure to Terrain
Terrain Terrain
Radio Altitude (FT)
Pull Up
1000 Terrain Terrain
Pull Up
0
2000 8000
Terrain Closure Rate (FT/MN)

20
21/10/08
Basic functions:
Mode 3: Altitude loss after take-off
DONT SINK
Radio Altitude (FT)
1500
1000
DONT SINK
500
0
0 100 200 300
Altitude Loss (FT)
21/10/08 21

7
Basic functions:
Mode 4: Unsafe terrain clearance
Mode 4A is active during cruise and approach with
gear and flaps up. This provides alerting during
cruise for inadvertent flight into terrain where terrain
is not rising significantly, or the aircraft is not
descending excessively;
Below 1000 FT and with a speed above 190 KTS,
the aural alert is TOO LOW TERRAIN; and
Below 500 FT and 190 KTS the aural alert is TOO
LOW GEAR.
21/10/08 22
Basic functions:
Mode 4A: Unsafe terrain clearance
Minimum Terrain Clearance (FT)
Aircraft slowed to less

than 190 KTS
1500
1000
TOO
500
TOO LOW LOW
TOO LOW TERRAIN TOO LOW GEAR GEAR TERRAIN
0
0 100 200 300
Computed Airspeed (KTS)
21/10/08 23
Basic functions:
Mode 4: Unsafe terrain clearance (Cont.)
Mode 4B is active during cruise and approach with the
gear in the landing configuration and flaps not in the
landing configuration:
Below 750 FT and with a speed above 150 KTS, the
aural alert is TOO LOW TERRAIN; and
Below 200 FT and 150 KTS the aural alert is TOO
LOW FLAPS.
21/10/08 24

8
Basic functions:
Mode 4B: Unsafe terrain clearance (Cont.)
TOO LOW
Radio Altitude (FT)
1500
TERRAIN Aircraft slowed to less
than 159 KTS
Gear down
1000
500 TOO
TOO LOW TERRAIN TOO LOW FLAPS LOW
TOO LOW
FLAPS TERRAIN
0
0 100 200 300
Computed Airspeed (KTS)

21/10/08 25
Basic functions:
Mode 4: Unsafe terrain clearance (Cont.)
Mode 4C alert is intended to prevent inadvertent
controlled flight into the ground during takeoff climb
into terrain that produces insufficient closure rate for
a Mode 2 alert;
Mode 4C is based on an EGPWS computed MTC
floor, that increases with Radio Altitude. It is active
after takeoff when the gear or flaps are not in the
landing configuration;
It is also active during a low altitude go-around if the
aircraft has descended below 245* feet AGL.
21/10/08 26
Basic functions:
Mode 4C: Unsafe terrain clearance (Cont.)
Minimum Terrain Clearance (FT)
TOO LOW
TERRAIN 1500
1000
Warning Area
(> 250 KTS)
500
TOO LOW TERRAIN Warning Area
(< 190 KTS)
0
0 800 1600 2400
Radio Altitude (FT)

21/10/08 27

9
Basic functions:
Mode 5: Excessive Deviation Below Glide slope
Mode 5 provides two levels of alerting for when the
aircraft descends below glide slope, resulting in
activation of EGPWS alert lights and aural messages:
The first level alert occurs when below 1000 feet
Radio Altitude and the aircraft is 1.3 dots or greater
below the beam; and
The second level alert occurs when below 300 feet
Radio Altitude with 2 dots or greater glideslope
deviation.
21/10/08 28
Basic functions:
Mode 5: Excessive Deviation Below Glide slope
(Cont.)
Radio Altitude (FT)
1000
Mode 5 Below glideslope alert
Gear down
Soft alert area

500
Glideslope (soft) 300
Area
Hard alert area
Glideslope (hard) 100
Area
0
0 1 2 3 4
Glideslope deviations (dots)

21/10/08 29
Basic functions:
Mode 6: Advisory Callouts
Mode 6 provides EGPWS advisory callouts based on the
menu selected option established at installation. These
callouts consist of predefined Radio Altitude based
altitude and excessive bank angle voice callouts. There
is no visual alerting provided with these callouts.
Radio altimeter callouts (500, 400, 300, 200, 100, 50,
20);
Decision height (minimums);
Bank angle call out.
21/10/08 30

10
Basic functions:
Mode 6: Advisory Callouts (Bank Angle)
BANK ANGLE
BANK ANGLE
Radio Altitude (FT)
150
30
40 40 40 40
Bank angle degrees 31
21/10/08
Enhance functions:
Envelope Modulation:
The EGPWS Envelope Modulation feature provides
improved alert protection and expanded alerting
margins at identified locations throughout the world;
This feature is automatic and requires no flight crew
action;
Modes 4, 5, and 6 are expanded at certain locations
to provide alerting protection consistent with normal
approaches; and
Modes 1, 2, and 4 are desensitized at other locations
to prevent nuisance alerts.
21/10/08 32
Enhance functions:
Terrain Clearance Floor:
The Terrain Clearance Floor (TCF) function (enabled
with TAD) enhances the basic GPWS Modes by
alerting the pilot of descent below a defined Terrain
Clearance Floor regardless of the aircraft
configuration;
The TCF alert is a function of the aircrafts Radio
Altitude and distance (calculated from latitude/
longitude position) relative to the center of the
nearest or destination runway included in the
database.
21/10/08 33

11
Enhance functions:
Terrain Clearance Floor:
TCF Alert Envelope

21/10/08 34
Enhance functions:
Terrain Look Ahead Alerting:
This function provides the possibility to look ahead of
the aircraft and detect terrain or obstacle conflicts
with greater alerting time;
This is based on aircraft position, flight path angle,
track, and speed relative to the terrain database
image forward the aircraft;
Through sophisticated look ahead algorithms, both
caution and warning alerts are generated if terrain or
an obstacle conflict with ribbons projected forward
of the aircraft.
21/10/08 35
Enhance functions:
21/10/08 36

12
Enhance functions:
When a compatible Weather Radar, EFIS, or other
display is available, the EGPWS Terrain Alerting and
Display (TAD) feature can provide an image of the
surrounding terrain represented in various colors and
intensities;
Two types of TAD displays are available:
o Standard TAD when the aircraft is 2000 feet or
less above the terrain; and
o Peaks enhances the display characteristics to
provide a higher degree of terrain awareness
independent of the aircraft altitude.
21/10/08 37
Enhance functions:
Standard TAD
+2000
+1000
Aircraft Elevation
0
-500
-1000
-2000
21/10/08 38
Enhance functions: Standard TAD
21/10/08 39

13
System Inputs:
The EGPWS uses various input signals from other

on-board systems;
Systems providing Altitude, Airspeed, Attitude,
Glideslope, and position are required for basic and
enhanced functions;
Inputs are also required for discrete signal and
control input.
21/10/08 40
System Inputs:
The EGPWS utilizes signals from the following
systems:
o Air Data
o Radio Altitude;
o AHRS, IRS, VG, DG;
o Global Positioning System (GPS);
o VHF Nav Reciever;
o Terrain Display System (EFIS).
o Discretes used for system configuration, signal/
status input, and control input functions. And
o Configuration Module.
21/10/08 41
System Outputs:
The EGPWS provides both audio and visual outputs;
Audio outputs are provided as specific alert phrases
and altitude callouts or tones provided by an EGPWS
speaker and via the cockpit Interphone system for
headset usage;
Visual outputs provide discrete caution and warning
alert and status annunciations.
21/10/08 42

14
GPWS O
I ALGORITHMS
CONTROL/ U
N FLIGHT DECK
DISCRETS T SPEAKERS AND
P AURAL
INPUTS
CALLOUTS P INTERPHONE
U
U
T TERRAIN
AWARENESS &
T
P OBSTACLE
ALERTING AND P ALERT LAMPS
R DISPLAY OR EFIS
AIRCRAFT R
O ALGORITMS DISPLAY
SENSORS O
AND C TERRAIN C
SYSTEMS E CLEARANCE
E
S FLOOR
ALGORITMS S EFIS NAV.
S
S DISPLAY OR Wx
I WINDSHEAR RADAR
I
N DETECTION INDICATOR
AND ALERTING N
G
ALGORITMS G
21/10/08 EGPWC 43
4. OPERATIONAL PROCEDURES
System Constraints:
If terrain data is unavailable for a particular area,
then Terrain and Obstacle alerting is not available for
that area;
The display of terrain and obstacle does not provide
the accuracy and/or fidelity to be the sole source for
deciding terrain or obstacle avoidance;
If there is no source of aircraft position data meeting
the accuracy requirements for the TAD and TCF
functions, these enhanced functions are
automatically inhibited.
21/10/08 44
System Constraints (Cont.):
TAD/TCF functions should be manually inhibited

when within 15 NM and on approach to an airport or
runway that is not in the airport database to avoid
unwanted alerts;
The EGPWS terrain/obstacle database is not all-
inclusive and newer, smaller, or unknown
obstructions could be encountered.
21/10/08 45

15
Normal Procedures:
The EGPWS provides visual and/or audio alerts for
detected:
o Potentially dangerous terrain conditions (modes 1
4, TCF, TAD),
o Below glideslope conditions (mode 5),
o Descent below predefined altitudes or excessive
bank angle (mode 6),
These consist of warning, caution, and advisory
alerts based on the detection alert threshold
penetration.
21/10/08 46
Normal Procedures (Cont.):
Caution Alerts:
1. Stop any descent and climb as necessary to
eliminate the alert. Analyze all available
instruments and information to determine best
course of action; and
2. Advise ATC of situation as necessary.
21/10/08 47
Warning Alert:
1. Aggressively position throttles for maximum rated
thrust;
2. If engaged, disengage the autopilot and
smoothly but aggressively increase pitch to
obtain maximum climb performance;
3. Continue climbing until the warning is eliminated
and safe flight is assured; and
4. Advise ATC of situation.
21/10/08 48

16
Warning Alert:
1. Aggressively position throttles for maximum rated
thrust;
2. If engaged, disengage the autopilot and
smoothly but aggressively increase pitch to
obtain maximum climb performance;
3. Continue climbing until the warning is eliminated
and safe flight is assured; and
4. Advise ATC of situation.
21/10/08 49
Thank you for

your ATTENTION
21/10/08 50

17

Egpws - Taws - VP

Transféré par

Informations du document

Titre original

Copyright

Formats disponibles

Partager ce document

Partager ou intégrer le document

Options de partage

Avez-vous trouvé ce document utile ?

Ce contenu est-il inapproprié ?

Droits d'auteur :

Formats disponibles

Egpws - Taws - VP

Transféré par

Droits d'auteur :

Formats disponibles

Enhanced Ground Proximity

The information contained in this presentation

EGPWS Training Programme

EGPWS is a Terrain Awareness and Warning

EGPWS Training Programme

EGPWS Training Programme

Functions of the basic Ground Proximity Warning

Additional functions of the basic Ground Proximity

EGPWS Training Programme

Additional functions of the Enhanced Ground

The EGPWS adds to these 6 basic functions

EGPWS Training Programme

Mode 1 : Excessive rate of descent

Terrain Terrain Pull Up

EGPWS Training Programme

ALERT AREA > 310 KTS)

Terrain Closure Rate (FT/MN)

EGPWS Training Programme

Aircraft slowed to less

EGPWS Training Programme

0 100 200 300

Computed Airspeed (KTS)

Radio Altitude (FT)

EGPWS Training Programme

Soft alert area

Glideslope deviations (dots)

EGPWS Training Programme

Radio Altitude (FT)

EGPWS Training Programme

TCF Alert Envelope

EGPWS Training Programme

EGPWS Training Programme

The EGPWS uses various input signals from other

EGPWS Training Programme

TAD/TCF functions should be manually inhibited

EGPWS Training Programme

EGPWS Training Programme

Thank you for

EGPWS Training Programme

Vous aimerez peut-être aussi