CHAPTER 6

MECHANICAL

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Item No Title Page No

6.01 SCOPE................................................................................................................. 1

6.02 PURPOSE............................................................................................................ 1

6.03 DESIGN CONCEPT............................................................................................. 2

6.04 DESIGN CRITERIA.............................................................................................. 4

6.05 REGULARITY REQUIREMENTS ........................................................................ 4

6.06 REFERENCES MENTIONED IN THIS DOCUMENT .......................................... 6

6.07 SAFETY ............................................................................................................... 7

6.08 ENVIRONMENTAL .............................................................................................. 9

6.09 ENERGY SAVING CRITERIA........................................................................... 13

6.10 LIFE CYCLE COST............................................................................................ 14

6.11 MATERIALS SELECTION ................................................................................. 15

6.12 EQUIPMENT SELECTION ................................................................................ 16

6.13 MATERIALS AND EQUIPMENT ENGINEERING ............................................. 16

6.14 MECHANICAL SYSTEMS ................................................................................. 18

6.15 REDUNDANCY.................................................................................................. 18

6.16 MECHANICAL AND SERVICE SPACE REQUIREMENTS............................... 20

6.17 HEATING, VENTILATING AND AIR CONDITIONING (HVAC)......................... 25

6.18 VENTILATION DESIGN CRITERIA................................................................... 33

6.19 HVAC APPLICATIONS ...................................................................................... 36

6.20 VENTILATION APPLICATIONS ........................................................................ 40

6.21 HVAC EQUIPMENT SELECTION ..................................................................... 44

6.22 DUCT WORK AND SPACE AIR DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS

COMPONENTS ................................................................................................. 50

6.23 CONTROL SYSTEMS ....................................................................................... 56

6.24 INSTRUMENTATION......................................................................................... 59

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TABLE OF CONTENTS (Contd.)

Item No Title Page No

6.25 MECHANICAL PLANT INSTALLATION AND GENERAL ARRANGEMENT .... 60

6.26 MISCELLANEOUS............................................................................................. 61

6.27 MECHANICAL PIPING SYSTEMS .................................................................... 63

6.28 NOISE AND VIBRATION ................................................................................... 70

6.29 NOISE CONTROL ............................................................................................. 70

6.30 VIBRATION CONTROL ..................................................................................... 73

6.31 PROTECTION FOR MECHANICAL SYSTEMS ................................................ 76

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6.01 SCOPE

A. These criteria provide mandatory, minimally acceptable requirements for the Royal
Commission new and retrofit projects.

B. These criteria provide the basis on which the mechanical system and services shall
be programmed, designed and installed.

C. These criteria provide planning, design, construction, sustainment, restoration, and

modernization criteria for mechanical activities.

D. This document contains policy and technical criteria to be used in the programming,
design and documentation of the Royal Commission projects.

E. The provisions of this document are not intended to prohibit the use of alternative
systems, methods or devices not specifically prescribed by this document, provided
the Royal Commission has approved such alternatives.

F. Project conditions may dictate the need for design that exceeds these minimum
requirements.

G. Any conflict between these criteria and other Division 15 specifications shall be
resolved at the discretion of the Royal Commission.

6.02 PURPOSE

A. This Design Criteria establishes the uniform criteria and standards to enable quality,
cost-effective and energy-efficient buildings and facilities that meet the needs and
expectations of their users.

B. Design criteria are the explicit goals that a project must achieve in order to be
successful.

C. All the Royal Commission projects shall be evaluated in terms of meeting the design
criteria.

D. The following objectives shall be reflected in project programming and design:

1. Design Quality

a) The Royal Commission is committed to excellence in the design and

development of its sites and buildings. This means an integrated
approach that achieves the highest quality of the work in meeting the
design criteria of the job and accomplishing the mission of the Royal
Commission, while at the same time delivering a cost effective system to
maintain throughout its useful life.

2. Flexibility and Adaptability

a) The flexibility to accommodate future continual modifying, developments

and expanding.

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3. Sustainability

a) The essential principles of sustainable design and development for the

Royal Commission address:
1) Energy
(a) Minimize non-renewable energy consumption.
2) Materials
(a) Use environmentally preferable products (Environment
friendly).
3) Water
(a) Protect and conserve water.
4) Indoor Environmental Quality
(a) Enhance indoor environmental quality.
5) Operations and Maintenance
(a) Optimize operational and maintenance practices.

b) These principles shall serve as the basis for planning, programming,

budgeting, construction, commissioning, operation, maintenance,
decommissioning of all new Royal Commission Projects; and for major
renovation and alteration of existing buildings and facilities.

c) Sustainable design shall seek to design, construct and operate

mechanical tasks to reduce negative impact on the environment and the
consumption of natural resources.

d) Sustainable design shall improve mechanical tasks performance while

keeping in mind the health of building occupants.

6.03 DESIGN CONCEPT

A. All mechanical systems shall adhere to applicable Standards/Codes.

B. Codes and Standards mentioned under Section 6.05 constitute an essential

integrated part of this document.

C. All mechanical systems shall be designed to provide the following features:

1. A design arrangement that allows minimum interruption to the system during

maintenance of a part of the system.

2. Design consideration for the system expansion.

3. Economy, considering overall plant cost as well as mechanical system cost.

4. System and equipment reliability, availability, and maintainability in order to

obtain an optimum combination of operating and maintenance costs.

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5. Special attention shall be placed on material and equipment selection in order

to obtain reasonably trouble free operation and economical life expectancy,
especially for equipment located outdoors.

6. Equipment and material installation shall be designed to provide adequate

clearance area to facilitate service, maintenance, and repair or replacement of
components.

7. In addition, mechanical systems designs shall be compatible with other

systems and shall present well integrated functional facilities.

8. The design shall be as simple as possible.

9. Designs shall require that systems and equipment be installed in a manner

making them easily accessible and highly maintainable.

10. To the maximum extent possible, designs shall incorporate all practical energy
sources and design features that conserve natural resources and are
environmentally friendly. This emphasis has recently become known as
sustainable designs.

D. Costs and Energy Performance

1. The Royal Commission is committed to incorporating principles of sustainable

design and energy efficiency into all of its job projects. Energy-efficient design
shall be consistent with the project budget.

2. The Royal Commission jobs shall be designed with the objective of achieving
lowest life cycle cost.

3. See Section 6.10, Life Cycle Cost.

E. Operations and Maintenance

1. Systems and materials should be selected on the basis of long-term

operations and maintenance costs as those costs will be significantly higher
over time than first costs.

2. The design of the facility operating systems shall ensure ease and efficiency of
operation and allow for easy and cost effective maintenance and repair during
the job useful life.

F. Corrosion

1. Special consideration of corrosion problems shall be made for any mechanical

equipment that is to be installed within 20 km of the Arabian Gulf, Red Sea or
other salt water body.

2. Mechanical equipment located near the coast or exposed to corrosive

environment shall be provided with corrosion protection. Condenser coils shall
have a factory anti-corrosion coating. Anti-corrosion coating shall be
immersion applied, baked phenolic or other approved coating. Field applied
coatings are not acceptable.

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3. Provide manufacturer's optional louvered covers or hail guards for outdoor

coils to provide protection against vandalism, debris or hail.

G. Warranties

1. Special emphasis shall be placed on all mechanical equipment and systems

design warranties.

6.04 DESIGN CRITERIA

A. Ambient Conditions

1. The mechanical system shall be designed to satisfactorily operate under the

following ambient conditions:

a) Temperature: 0C to peaks of 50C.

b) Humidity: 10 to 100% RH.

c) Sun Exposure: About 300 days per year.

d) Frequent high wind gusts, often of long duration and well in excess of
18 m/s, produce humid, salty, dusty and sandy atmosphere.

6.05 REGULARITY REQUIREMENTS

A. General

1. The referred codes and standards are intended to provide an acceptable level
of quality for materials, equipment and methodologies.

2. The latest revision of the following codes and standards shall be used
wherever applicable.

3. Where equipment, component or material is specified to conform to the

requirements of a standard or code, the design, fabrication, installation and
testing of the system shall conform to this code.

4. These codes and standards constitute an essential integrated part of this

document.

5. In case of conflict between these standards and this document, the more
rigorous text shall govern.

B. Royal Commission

1. All applicable updated regulations and requirements.

C. ABMA American Boiler Manufacturers Association

D. ADC Air Diffusion Council

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E. AGA American Gas Association

F. AGC Associated General Contractors of America

G. AIHA American Industrial Hygiene Association

H. AMCA Air Movement and Control Association

I. ANSI American National Standards Institute

J. ARI Air Conditioning and Refrigeration Institute

K. API American Petroleum Institute

L. ASA Acoustical Society of America

M. ASHRAE American Society of Heating, Refrigeration, and Air Conditioning

Engineers

N. ASSE American Society of Sanitary Engineers

O. ASME American Society of Mechanical Engineers

P. ASTM American Society for Testing and Materials

Q. AWS American Welding Society

R. AWWA American Water Works Association

S. BOCA Building Officials and Code Administrators International

T. CGA Compressed Gas Association

U. CISPI Cast Iron Soil Pipe Institute

V. DEMA Diesel Engine Manufacturers Association

W. EPA Environmental Protection Agency

X. HEI Heat Exchange Institute

Y. HI Hydraulics Institute

Z. HI Hydronics Institute

AA. IAPMO International Association of Plumbing and Mechanical Officials

BB. IBC International Building Code

CC. IEC International Electric Code

DD. IMC International Mechanical Code

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EE. IPC International Plumbing Code

FF. ISA Instrument Society of America

GG. MSS Manufacturers Standardization Society of the Valves and Fittings

Industry

HH. NEBB National Environmental Balancing Bureau

II. NEMA National Electrical Manufacturers Association

JJ. NFPA National Fire Protection Association

KK. NSF National Sanitation Foundation

LL. NWWA National Water Well Association

MM. OSHA Occupational Safety and Health Administration

NN. PDI Plumbing and Drainage Institute

OO. PPFA Plastic Pipe and Fittings Association

PP. SMACNA Sheet Metal and Air Conditioning Contractors National

Association

QQ. SSPC Steel Structures Painting Council

RR. STI Steel Tank Institute

SS. UEC Uniform Electric Code

TT. UL Underwriters Laboratories Incorporated

UU. UMC Uniform Mechanical Code

VV. UPC Uniform Plumbing Code

6.06 REFERENCES MENTIONED IN THIS DOCUMENT

A. ANSI American National Standards Institute

1. ANSI Z358.1 Emergency Eyewash and Shower Equipment

B. ASHRAE American Society of Heating, Refrigeration, and Air Conditioning

Engineers

1. ASHRAE 15 Safety Code for Mechanical Refrigeration

2. ASHRAE 52.2 Method of Testing General Ventilation Air Cleaning

Devices for Removal Efficiency by Particle Size

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3. ASHRAE 62 Ventilation for Acceptable Indoor Air Quality

4. ASHRAE 90.1 Energy Standard for Buildings Except Low-Rise

Residential Buildings

C. ASTM American Society for Testing and Materials

1. ASTM E90 Standard Test Method for Laboratory Measurement

of Airborne Sound Transmission Loss of Building
Partitions and Elements

2. ASTM E413 Classification for Rating Sound Insulation

D. MSS Manufacturers Standardization Society of the Valve and Fittings

Industry, Inc.

1. MSS SP69 Pipe Hangers and Supports-Selection and

Application

E. NFPA National Fire Protection Association

1. NFPA 70 National Electrical Code

2. NFPA 101 Life Safety Code

3. NFPA 110 Emergency and Standby Power Systems

F. UL Underwriters Laboratories Inc.

1. UL 900 Test Performance of Air Filter Units

6.07 SAFETY

A. General

1. Job site safety and worker safety is the responsibility of the Contractor.

2. Mechanical systems shall be designed and constructed to augment occupant

safety.

3. This Section shall be read in conjunction with SECTIONS 01330, 01410,

01610, and Chapter 1 of this Manual.

B. Safety Requirements

1. Adhere to the Royal Commission updated regulations and applicable Codes.

2. OSHA Requirements

a) Belt guards, coupling guards, rails, barriers and other protective devices
shall be provided to meet OSHA requirements.

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3. Life Safety

a) Provisions for life safety shall be arranged in accordance with

NFPA 101.

4. Human Factors

a) Follow ergonomic principles.

5. Accident Prevention

a) Include and apply manuals and materials safe handling.

b) The Contractors senior staff shall be familiar with ASME, ANSI, IEC and
other codes and standards which apply to the construction, care, use
and maintenance of equipment.

c) The Contractors staff and workers shall be trained and have knowledge
about the Royal Commission Regulations, AGC, OSHA, and other
codes and standards which apply to jobsite accident problems.

C. Safety Precautions

1. During the Project

a) Participate in all the coordination and safety programs requirements and

initiate any additional safety programs required for a safe project site
and a successful project.

b) Clean up the work each working day.

c) Protect the mechanical work and the work of other trades so that no
damage or delays occur during the project.

2. Materials

a) The materials used shall combine a high degree of mechanical strength

with minimum weight.

b) Materials shall be:

1) Noncombustible or slow burning if made of plastic.
2) Non-irritating to the skin.
3) Corrosion resistant.
4) Capable of withstanding sterilization
5) They shall be used only before or within safe rated limitations
(capacity, pressure, temperature and strength).

c) Comply with refrigerants, paints, oil and other chemicals safety

standards.

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3. Materials Handling

a) Lifting equipment and carriers shall not use its full capacity to handle a
load.

4. Materials Storage

a) Prepare storage area and layouts.

b) Organize racks.

c) Use mechanical lifting.

d) Avoid acute and chronic strain.

e) Storage of hazardous materials shall be kept to minimum quantities.

5. Equipment

a) A Safety Instruction Sheet shall be prepared for each piece of

equipment.

b) Each Safety Instruction Sheet shall include, in addition to tabulated

information, all significant and unusual hazards, recommendations,
unusual inspections and tests relating to the piece of equipment.

c) Operators of transportation and erection equipment shall be trained and

experienced in the correct and safe operation of equipment.

6. Systems Control

a) Consider fail safe and interlocked safe control systems, whenever

applicable.

D. Fire Protection and Prevention

1. Adhere to NFPA Standards.

2. Firestopping of fire rated floor and wall penetrations related to the trades in
Division 15 shall be specified.

6.08 ENVIRONMENTAL

A. General

1. The Contractor shall comply with all the Royal Commission applicable
Codes/Standard, and local laws and regulations controlling pollution of the
environment.

2. These minimum requirements shall be applied in additional to the

requirements mentioned in the Royal Commission Specifications
SECTIONS 01330, 01410, 01810, 15070 and Chapter 2 (Environmental) of

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Design Criteria Documents.

B. Dust Control

1. Provide all means necessary to control dust caused by the Contractor's

operation on and near work.

C. Pollution Control

1. General Considerations

a) Consider all necessary precautions to prevent pollution of ground with

fuel, oil, chemicals or other harmful material.

b) Pollution of streams, lakes, ponds and reservoirs with fuels, oils,

bitumens, chemicals or other harmful materials and pollution of the
atmosphere from particulate and gaseous matter shall be avoided to the
extent practicable.

c) Equipment
1) Equipment, motors and engines shall be maintained such that no
oil or grease deposits will be left on floor slabs.
2) Provide Methylmethacrylate coating over entire mechanical room
floor, including over housekeeping pads under air handling units,
etc.
3) At the medical centers, provide isopropyl alcohol wipe-down at all
air handling equipment prior to installation.

D. Hazardous Materials

1. The Contractor shall be aware of regulations and laws relating to hazardous

materials which may be encountered during construction operations, either
within project limits or at material sites of the project.

2. The health and safety of employees, the general public and the potential of
damage to the overall environment is possible if hazardous materials are not
recognized, reported; and the appropriate action taken to dispose of, remove
from the site or otherwise contain the possible contaminants.

3. Exposure to hazardous materials may result from contact with, but not
necessarily limited to, such items as drums, barrels, other containers, waste
such as cars, batteries and building construction debris.

4. The following items shall be referred to the Royal Commission so that a proper
identification of the materials may be made and disposal procedures initiated
as required.

a) Containers leaking chemicals or liquids.

b) Leaking petroleum products.

c) Batteries leaking acid.

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d) Construction debris which may include asbestos or any other source of

suspected hazardous material found within construction limits.

5. Disposition of the hazardous material or toxic waste shall be made under the
requirements and regulations of the Royal Commission.

E. Prohibited Materials

1. The use of the following materials is prohibited on all the Royal Commission
projects:

a) Products containing asbestos.

b) Products containing added urea formaldehyde.

c) Products containing polychlorinated biphenyls.

d) Products containing chlorinated fluorocarbons.

e) Solder or flux containing more than 0.2% lead and domestic water pipe
or pipe fittings containing more that 8% lead.

f) Paint containing lead.

F. Environmental Friendly Materials

1. Select materials of zero or low ODP (Ozone Depletion Potential). The ODP
shall be per the "Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone
Layer," sponsored by the United Nations Environment Program.

2. Select materials of zero or low GWP (Global Warming Potential).

3. Use FM 200 for fire fighting. Do not use Phased-out gases, like Halon.

4. Select air conditioning and refrigeration equipment using Freon 134a or other
friendly modern accepted alternative in replacement of Freon 12.

5. Gasses other than the approved ones shall not be used for testing or purging
pipe system.

G. Indoor Air Quality

1. Indoor air quality shall comply with acceptable standard values. Refer to
ASHRAE Handbook Fundamentals and Systems and Equipment.

2. Select all air filters based on Air Quality Criteria and Air Pollutant Emission
Limits as indicated in Chapter 2 Environmental.

3. Minimize the use of fiberglass liner:

a) Inside ventilation ducts.

b) Do not install liner between the supply fan cooling coil and the terminal

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unit.

c) Minimize liner in the return air duct.

d) Do not use liner in the outside air intake duct.

e) Acceptable exceptions:
1) Duct liner downstream of the terminal box is acceptable to
mitigate cross-talk noise between rooms.
2) Insulate fan powered boxes with fiberglass and a hard, cleanable
surface exposed to the air stream.
3) If sound lining is unavoidable, discuss with the Royal
Commission.

H. Water Quality

1. Select all water and waste filters based on Water Environment Criteria as
indicated by Chapter 2, Environmental.

2. Comply filters final products with Chapter 2, Environmental, and related

Professional Standards.

3. Systems

a) All components of the ventilation system (e.g. fan, duct, insulation,

sound attenuators, terminal boxes, etc.) must be kept clean and dry as
manufactured, delivered, stored and installed before operating the
HVAC system.

b) Carefully seal around gas heaters and kitchen equipment exhaust

system to control smoke leak to occupants.

I. Noise Control and Quiet Operation

1. Systems

a) Analyze mechanical system equipment sound levels to control noise

transmission.

b) Identify and provide acceptable measures required for piping and

ductwork noise control.

c) Reduce fan and air noise by the use of:

1) Sound attenuators.
2) Round or oval ducts, where feasible, instead of rectangular.
3) Select fans at lower RPM.

2. Equipment

a) Select all mechanical equipment to meet the noise criteria (NC)

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requirement of each occupied space. Coordinate required NC levels

with the Royal Commission.

b) Provide acoustic treatment in mechanical room walls and ceilings if

adjacent areas will be affected by noise generated in the mechanical
room.

c) Identify when floating slab is required for acoustical isolation and provide
accordingly.

d) Generator house shall be located away from quiet areas.

e) When generator house is located within quiet areas, the following

precautions shall be taken:
1) A Critical Muffler Type shall be installed for engine exhaust.
2) Insulate generator house walls using approved acoustics
insulation type.
3) Install sound attenuations on intake and exhaust louvers.

6.09 ENERGY SAVING CRITERIA

A. General

1. The Royal Commission is committed to energy-efficient design within the limit

of budget constrains and within the bounds of good practice and conforming to
energy codes.

2. Energy conservation measures can be achieved through using of efficient

mechanical systems, equipment and computer-control measures.

3. All projects except family housing shall comply with ASHRAE Standard 90.1.

4. The design and construction shall meet or exceed the energy efficiency
requirements of ASHRAE 90.1.

5. The purposes of ASHRAE Standard 90.1 include:

a) To set minimum requirements for the energy-efficient design of new

buildings and construction.

b) To provide criteria for energy-efficient design and methodologies for

measuring projects against these criteria.

c) To provide guidance in designing energy-efficient buildings and building

systems.

B. Practicality and Application

1. Occupant comfort and productivity, and other functional requirements of a

building shall not be adversely affected by any energy or water conservation
measure. In the process of satisfying these functional requirements, designs

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shall include all practical energy and water conservation measures determined
to be life cycle cost effective.

C. Proposed Energy Systems

1. Determine the economic feasibility of incorporating the following:

a) Solar energy.

b) Use of Renewable Energy Systems.

c) Thermal Energy Storage (TES).

d) Variable frequency technologies.

e) Gravity ventilators for storages and alike areas.

B. Energy Calculation Method
1. All energy calculations for any new building that is air conditioned and
exceeds 280 m2 (3000 ft2 ) of gross floor area shall be calculated using a
professionally recognized and proven computer program that integrate
architectural features with air-conditioning, heating, lighting, and other energy
producing or consuming systems. These programs shall be capable of
simulating the features, systems, and thermal loads used in the design.

2. Energy calculation for other buildings may be calculated using a computer

program as defined above or the Simplified Multiple-Measure Methods
described in Chapter entitled, "Energy Estimating Methods" of the ASHRAE
Handbook of Fundamentals.

3. Operating hours shall be those actually anticipated for operation.

6.10 LIFE CYCLE COST

A. As part of the mechanical systems selection, a computerized life cycle cost analysis
shall be required and submitted to the Royal Commission.

B. Systems and equipment shall be selected from among functionally equivalent

alternatives on the basis of lowest life cycle cost.

C. It is an integrated, synergistic approach, in which all phases of the job lifecycle are
considered to result in an optimal balance of cost, benefits while meeting the mission
and function of the intended infrastructure or superstructure.

D. Life cycle cost analyses shall evaluate first cost, energy cost, recurring (operation
and maintenance) and repair costs, and other costs and benefits attributed to each
alternative.

E. Throughout the design, the designer must make choices regarding materials, sizes,
equipment and systems in order to establish the most cost effective design satisfying
the Royal Commission requirements and these criteria.

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F. The projects design program must comprehensively define reasonable scope and
performance requirements, and must match those needs to an appropriate overall
budget.

G. An ASHRAE based approved programs shall be used.

H. General economic study for each project must be determined individually, to ensure
the cost effectiveness of the study effort itself.

I. Before initiating any studies, the design shall consider the following points:

1. A life cycle cost analysis is likely to be cost effective when, the design feature
or category to be examined is itself life cycle cost intensive relative to the
project being designed. Post-occupancy continuing costs including energy,
maintenance, custodial, and repair costs are especially important.

2. A life cycle cost analysis is likely to be cost effective when, the design
alternatives to be compared are characterized by fundamentally different cash
flows.

3. A life cycle cost analysis is not cost effective when, the cost of the analysis is
likely to exceed any savings that could be achieved.

4. A life cycle cost analysis is not cost effective when the relative economic
rankings of the various alternatives have already been established for similar
design conditions. This consideration encourages the use and/or revision of a
previous study or analysis rather than performing a new complete analysis.
The conditions and results of the previous study should be adapted and
updated to the specific design alternatives being considered.

5. A life cycle cost analysis of a particular design feature should not be initiated
when its cost, added to the cost of life cycle cost analyses already conducted
or planned for other design features of the same project, would cause the total
cost to exceed 1% of the programmed amount.

J. The designer of a building or facility shall obtain from equipment manufacturers full
and part load energy consumption data over the range which all equipment and
supporting auxiliaries are expected to operate, as well as the space requirements for
operation and maintenance for each component. All equipment selections shall be
based on life cycle costs.

6.11 MATERIALS SELECTION

A. All materials used shall meet the requirements of the Contract.

B. All materials used shall be selected to meet applicable system requirements

(temperature, pressure, etc).

C. All material shall be selected in consideration of the environmental conditions.

D. In selecting material, special attention shall be given to corrosion resistance. Either

corrosion resistant material or corrosion resistant plating, coating or painting on

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ordinary material shall be as specified in accordance with Chapter 12, Corrosion

Control.

E. All material shall also be selected in consideration of the ease of shipment,

installation and maintenance.

F. Due to high ground water aggressiveness, all pipes placed underground shall have
external protection by using epoxy coating, or tape wrap.

G. Materials shall be selected using mechanical properties and other specifications in

the latest issue of ASTM Standards Specifications.

6.12 EQUIPMENT SELECTION

A. Life-Cycle Cost Analysis

1. Equipment shall not be selected with the lowest first cost, but based on Life-
cycle cost analysis, an analytical method that calculates costs over the useful
or anticipated life of equipment.

B. Equipment shall be selected to meet environmental conditions requirements. Special

provisions shall be included for equipment installed outdoors.

C. Due to high ground water table, special consideration shall be given to the physical
location of electric motor drives for pumps and valves, in order to protect them from
possible flooding. Consideration shall be given to using vertical assemblies with drive
motors mounted on top.

6.13 MATERIALS AND EQUIPMENT ENGINEERING

A. Material and Equipment Qualifications

1. All materials and equipment shall be standard products of manufacturers

regularly engaged in the manufacture of such products, which are of a similar
material, design and workmanship.

2. Standard products shall have been in satisfactory commercial or industrial use

for 2 years prior to bid opening. The 2-year use shall include applications of
equipment and materials under similar circumstances and of similar size. The
product shall have been for sale on the commercial market through
advertisements, manufacturers' catalogs, or brochures during the 2 year
period.

3. Products having less than a 2-year field service record shall be acceptable if a
certified record of satisfactory field operation for not less than 6000 hours,
exclusive of the manufacturer's factory or laboratory tests, can be shown.

B. Service Support

1. All equipment items shall be supported by service organizations.

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2. Submit a certified list of qualified permanent service organizations for support

of the equipment which includes their addresses and qualifications.

3. These service organizations shall be reasonably convenient to the equipment

installation and able to render satisfactory service to the equipment on a
regular and emergency basis during the warranty period of the Contract.

4. The spare parts shall be guaranteed after the warranty period.

C. Certification of Compliance

1. The Contractor shall provide a Certificate of Compliance for all materials and
equipment that shall be permanently incorporated into the work.

2. Certificates shall also be required for all safety related items. No payment shall
be made for any item until the required certificates have been received.

3. The certificate shall show the following:

a) Date of certification.

b) Description of material supplied.

c) Product trade name.

d) Name of manufacturer and supplier.

e) Name of the Contractor to whom the material is supplied.

f) Project name and number to which the material is consigned.

g) Contract item number and Contract item name.

h) A statement that the material or assemblies provided fully meets the

requirements of the pertinent Contract Specification.

i) Stamp and signature of a person having legal authority to bind the

originator of the certificate.

4. Storage and Handling of Materials and Equipment

a) Materials and equipment shall be stored, handled and transported to

preserve their quality and fitness for the work.

b) Materials and equipment shall be stored to facilitate prompt inspection

and shall be subject to inspection and retesting before incorporation in
the work.

5. Unacceptable Materials and Equipment

a) Materials and equipment not meeting the requirements of the Contract

shall be considered unacceptable and shall be rejected and removed
immediately from the project.

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b) Should the Contractor fail to remove defective materials or equipment

within the time indicated by the Royal Commission in writing, the Royal
Commission will remove the materials at the Contractor's expense.

6.14 MECHANICAL SYSTEMS

A. Proposed mechanical systems and equipment using advanced technology shall be

highly appreciated by the Royal Commission; however, the Royal Commission does
not allow use of experimental, unproven, or proprietary equipment or systems.
Documented proof of historical capability and adaptability of all equipment and
systems proposed for a project shall be made available to the Royal Commission.

B. The design of the mechanical systems and other building components shall all
combine together to satisfy the projects design criteria.

C. Mechanical systems must be coordinated and integrated with all other building
systems and features.

D. Mechanical systems shall be adapted to support all performance objectives, typically

involving sustainability, workplace performance (productivity and efficiency), fire,
safety and improved operations and maintenance.

E. Mechanical systems shall generally be designed to exceed the minimum

performance requirements of the ASHRAE Standard 90.1 and incorporate cost
effective energy conservation measures that do not compromise building
performance or occupant comfort.

F. Maintainability and reliability are paramount to the operation of the buildings/facilities.

As such, the design and installation of all mechanical systems and equipment shall
allow for removal and replacement, including major components such as chillers,
cooling towers, boilers, pumps, air-handling equipment and power generators.

6.15 REDUNDANCY

A. General

1. Because of cost control, redundancy is mandated only in the case of critical

systems and/or equipment.

2. When a system failure would result in unusually high repair costs or

replacement of process equipment, or when activities are disrupted that is vital
to an application, redundant systems or units are recommended.

B. Redundancy Requirements

1. Regardless of the system redundancy requirements of the program document,

the design shall provide for redundancy in the following items of mechanical
equipment. There is nothing in this document that prevents any equipment
redundancy dictated by particular system requirements.

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a) Sewage Pumps
1) Incorporate duplex or triple pumping with automatic alternators
and level alarms.
2) The design shall be such that design flows will be handled by a
single pump, with 33% run time.
3) This equipment shall be powered from the emergency generator,
if an emergency generator is part of the project. It is not the intent
of this provision to create a requirement for an emergency
generator.

b) Chilled Water Pumps

1) In single chiller applications, a second, full sized pump/motor
assembly shall be designed.

c) Primary Chilled Water Pumps

1) In multiple chiller/dedicated pump applications, one spare primary
chilled water pump motor shall be specified.

d) Secondary Chilled Water Pumps

1) Where used, secondary chilled pumps shall typically be a single
pump, VFD controlled.
2) Unless 2 pumps are needed to handle design flow, a second,
standby secondary pump is required, with a dedicated VFD.

e) Condenser Water Pumps

1) In single chiller/tower applications, a second condenser water
pump, full size shall be designed.

f) Condensate (Steam) Return Units

1) Duplex pumps with automatic alternators are required. The design
shall be such that design flows will be handled by a single pump
with 33% run time. This equipment shall be powered from the
emergency generator, if an emergency generator is part of the
project.

g) Primary Hot Water Pumps

1) In single boiler applications, a second, full sized pump/motor
assembly shall be designed.

h) Control Air Compressors

1) A single tank is acceptable.
2) The design shall incorporate duplex air compressors/motors with
automatic alternator.
3) The design shall be predicated on one-third run time for one
compressor, with the second compressor designed as a full
standby.

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2. Standby Air Conditioning Capacity

a) All critical HVAC systems shall be provided with standby units.

b) If the maximum design capacity of the system is supplied by 2 or more

normally operating units, the capacity of the standby unit(s) shall be at
least 50% of the system's maximum design capacity.

c) In case the maximum system demand is satisfied by one operating unit

only, the capacity of the standby unit shall be equal to the capacity of
the operating unit.

6.16 MECHANICAL AND SERVICE SPACE REQUIREMENTS

A. General

1. The mechanical design shall be cognizant of the necessity to provide for the
replacement of major equipment over the life of the building and shall insure
that provisions are made to remove and replace, without damage to the
structure, the largest and heaviest component that cannot be further broken
down.

2. Mechanical equipment rooms shall be designed with maintenance

requirements in mind.

3. HVAC mechanical equipment rooms shall be designed in accordance with the

requirements of ASHRAE Standard 15.

4. Mechanical rooms shall not be used as return air, outdoor air or mixing
plenums.

B. Minimum Floor Area

1. Space requirements of mechanical and electrical equipment rooms shall be

based upon the layout of required equipment within each room.

2. A minimum of 4% of each floors gross floor area shall be provided on that

floor for air-handling equipment. Where additional equipment is required,
additional space on that floor shall be provided as needed.

3. A minimum of 1% of the buildings gross area shall be provided for the central
cooling or heating plant (location to be agreed upon during preparation of
concept submission).

4. All mechanical equipment rooms shall be a minimum of 3.7 m (12 ft.) in height.

C. Accessibility

1. Equipment must be fully accessible to allow for proper servicing, including

adequate space to disassemble all pumps, motors and chillers.

2. Chillers shall be placed to permit pulling of tubes from all units.

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3. Provide access for all required trap primers.

4. Access doors or panels shall be provided in ventilation equipment, ductwork

and plenums as required for in-site inspection and cleaning.

5. The mechanical rooms shall have adequate doorways or areaways and

staging areas to permit the replacement and removal of equipment without the
need to demolish walls or relocate other equipment.

6. Sufficient service access space areas as noted by outlining manufacturers

recommendations and in compliance with applicable code requirements for
routine maintenance and removal of mechanical system components shall be
provided.

7. Equipment access doors or panels shall be readily operable and sized to allow
full access.

8. In multi-stories building and to facilitate equipment access, maintenance,

removal and replacement, a freight elevator stop can be provided to serve
floors housing heavy equipment.

9. Where stairs are required, they must allow for safe transport of equipment and
components. Ships ladders are not permitted for access and maintenance of
any equipment.

10. Catwalks with stairways shall be provided for all equipment that cannot be
maintained from floor level.

11. Where maintenance requires the lifting of heavy parts 45 kg (100 lb) or more,
hoists and hatchways shall be installed.

12. The arrangement shall consider the future removal and replacement of all
equipment.

D. Clearance

1. Horizontal Clearances

a) Mechanical rooms shall be configured with clear circulation aisles and

adequate access to all equipment. Required clearance shall be in
accordance to manufacturer written instructions.

2. Vertical Clearances

a) Mechanical equipment rooms shall have clear ceiling heights of not less
than 3.7 m (12 ft.) or as per manufacturer recommendation, whichever is
greater.

3. Ceiling Clearances

a) Provide adequate clearance and access for building systems installed

between ceiling and structure above.

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E. Location

1. General

a) Mechanical rooms shall be normally located at grade level.

b) Large central equipment shall be situated to facilitate its replacement.

2. Roof Mounted Equipment

a) When roof mounted equipment is specified, they shall be considered

and coordinated in the roof structural early design phase.

b) Provide clearance and access as per manufacturer recommendation.

c) Access to roof-mounted equipment shall be by permanent stairs, not by

ships ladders.

d) If door is provided, it shall be of enough size to allow equipment

replacement.

e) Air conditioning condensate lines shall be discharged to roof drains.

Dumping of water on roofs shall be avoided.

3. Below Grade Equipment

a) Below grade equipment shall be generally avoided.

b) Below grade equipment requires vehicular ramp, special provision to

prevent rain flooding and additional ventilations, which have adverse
impact on cost control.

c) Exception of submersible pumps installations.

F. Drain Provision

1. Mechanical rooms shall have floor drains in proximity to the equipment they
serve to reduce water streaks or drain lines extending into aisles.

2. Provide at least 1 floor drain for every 13.4 m (144 ft2) of each equipment
room.

3. Locate drains away from walking areas, but not beneath equipment.

4. Slope floor to drain. Provide siphoned connection.

5. Air handling units shall be drained considering air gap above the floor/area
drain.

6. Provide access for all required trap primers.

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G. Ventilation

1. Provide positive ventilation and exhaust in all equipment rooms in accordance

with most recent edition of ASHRAE 62 and 15.

H. Housekeeping Pads

1. Housekeeping pads shall be at least 152 mm (6 in.) wider on all sides than the
equipment they support and shall be 152 mm (6 in.) thick minimum.

2. As a rule of thumb, the mass of the concrete pad shall be 1.5 to 2 times the
weight of equipment it carries.

I. Acoustical

1. Walls of equipment rooms, when located on occupied floors, shall be sound

proof and return air passages shall utilize sound attenuation boxes.

J. Dedicated Equipment Room

1. Air Handling Room

a) Each component of an air handling system shall be spaced so there is

ample room on all sides for inspection and maintenance (filter removal,
bearing replacement, coil replacement, cleaning, etc.).

b) Suspended air handlers shall be provided with permanent platforms for

maintenance including appropriate access to platforms where required.

2. Chiller Equipment Rooms

a) All rooms for refrigerant units shall be constructed and equipped to

comply with ASHRAE Standard 15, Safety Code for Mechanical
Refrigeration.

b) Chiller staging controls shall be capable of DDC communication to the

central Building Management System.

3. Electrical Equipment Rooms

a) No water lines shall be permitted in electrical rooms, except for fire

sprinkler piping.

b) Sprinkler piping lines must not be located directly above any electrical
equipment.

c) Water lines shall not be located above motor control centers or

disconnect switches and shall comply with requirements of NFPA 70
Chapter 1.

K. Communications Closets

1. Communications closets shall be cooled. Closets which house critical

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communications components shall be provided with dedicated air-conditioning

systems that shall be connected to the emergency power distribution system.

L. Elevator Machine Rooms

1. Elevator machines, including controls shall be specified to sustain ambient

conditions, otherwise a dedicated cooling system shall be provided to maintain
room mechanical conditions required by equipment specifications.

M. Emergency Generator Rooms

1. The environmental systems shall meet the requirements of NFPA Standard

110 Emergency and Standby Power Systems, and the combustion air
requirements of the equipment.

2. Rooms must be ventilated sufficiently to remove heat gain from equipment

operation.

3. The supply and exhaust louvers shall be located to prevent short circuiting.

4. Generator exhaust shall be as per manufacturers installation guidelines or

carried up to roof level.

5. Horizontal exhaust through the building wall shall be avoided.

6. Acoustical enclosures shall be provided to maintain NC level to acceptable

ASHRAE Fundamentals and ASHRAE Applications levels.

N. UPS Battery Rooms

1. Battery rooms shall be equipped with emergency eyewash and shower

equipment as per ANSI Standard Z358.1( Emergency Eyewash and Shower
Equipment).

2. Floor drains required at the emergency shower, within the battery room acid
containment curb, shall extend with acid waste piping to an acid neutralization
tank prior to discharge to the sanitary sewer or building drain.

3. The battery room must be ventilated/exhausted directly to the outdoors at a

rate calculated to be in compliance with code requirements and manufacturers
recommendations; and the exhaust system must be connected to the
emergency power distribution system.

4. Fans shall be spark-resistant, explosion proof, with motor outdoor the air
stream, ductwork to be negative pressure system of corrosion resistant
material, with exhaust directly to outdoors in a dedicated system.

O. Loading Docks

1. The entrances and exits at loading docks and service entrances shall be
maintained at negative pressure relative to the rest of the building with a
means to reduce infiltration and outdoor debris.

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6.17 HEATING, VENTILATING AND AIR CONDITIONING (HVAC)

A. Objectives

1. The goal of HVAC system design is to meet occupant needs through the most
efficient and environmentally positive means at the lowest initial and life-cycle
costs.

2. All HVAC concepts shall comply with ASHRAE Handbook and Standards.

3. HVAC systems shall attain the following main objectives:

a) Occupant comfort.

b) Indoor air quality.

c) Acceptable noise levels.

d) Energy efficiency.

e) Reliable operation.

f) Ease of maintenance.

4. HVAC systems shall be specifically designed to function at the full load and
part load conditions that are associated with the projected occupancies and
modes of operations.

5. The air conditioning system shall provide comfort conditions in all rooms
throughout the operating period.

6. HVAC for heavy or contaminated industrial applications may require

specialized design considerations in dealing with the nature of a particular
problem.

7. HVAC shall interface with fire detection system.

B. Heating and Air Conditioning Design Criteria

1. The Royal Commission Design Criteria, ASHRAE Handbook and ASHRAE

Standards along with this document shall constitute the Royal Commission
HVAC Design Criteria.

2. Outdoor Design Criteria

a) The following ambient conditions shall be used when computing the

heating and cooling load requirements for HVAC systems:
1) Summer
(a) Dry bulb: 46C DB.
(b) Wet bulb: 30C DB.
(c) Daily Range: 13C.
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(d) Wind Velocity: 16 km/h.

2) Winter
(a) Temperature: 5C.
(b) Wind Velocity: 24 km/h.

b) However, in order to assure adequate air conditioning capacity for

critical facilities such as hospitals, computer centers, and sensitive
installations, the summer ambient conditions shall be 49C DB and 32C
WB.

c) In the absence of local meteorological weather data, summer and winter

design conditions shall be based on ASHRAE Handbook of
Fundamentals.

3. Indoor Design Criteria

a) Indoor design temperatures and relative humidity requirements in

different applications shall be as stated in ASHRAE Applications
Handbook.

b) The space condition general datum shall comprise of the following

nominal comfort conditions representative for residences and offices:
1) Summer
(a) 24C + 1C.
(b) 45% Relative Humidity.
2) Winter
(a) 21C.

4. Indoor Air Quality (IAQ)

a) The Royal Commission recognizes the importance of adequate

ventilation to maintain indoor air quality.

b) The outdoor air ventilation rates of ASHRAE Standard 62 shall be the

minimum acceptable in the Royal Commission buildings.

c) Dilution with outside air is the primary method of maintaining acceptable

indoor air quality.

d) The site shall be surveyed to determine if there are airborne sources of

contaminants that may be unacceptable for use indoors with respect to
odor and sensory irritation.

e) Where aspects of energy use and air quality are in conflict, air quality
shall take precedence.

f) See Section 6.18, Ventilation Design Criteria.

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C. HVAC Loads Calculations

1. General Requirements

a) HVAC loads calculations shall be performed with a computer-based

program using the latest ASHRAE Handbook of Fundamentals and
ASHRAE Load Calculation Toolkit; Heat Balance Method (HB), Radiant
time Series (RTS) Method, or any ASHRAE future developed computer
program.

b) The HVAC loads calculations report shall include all input and output
used in the heating and cooling calculation program, and shall include
zone peak heating and cooling loads results, and whole building block
loads, air-handling unit coil selections, and psychrometric process
charts.

c) Cooling load shall be calculated for all HVAC Systems with the Summer
Design Dry Bulb and Mean Coincident Wet Bulb temperatures and the
supply air requirements shall be determined at these temperatures. Also
see Section 4.17 H, Specialized Criteria for Air-Conditioned Facilities in
Humid Areas.

d) HVAC systems which have more than 20% outside air make-up; cooling
load shall also be calculated at the Design Wet Bulb and coincident Dry
Bulb temperatures in addition to the calculations performed in paragraph
above, to determine which set of conditions results in larger HVAC
system capacity. This will determine the cooling capacity of the
refrigeration system, while the air-side capacity would have been
determined from paragraph above.

e) Residential method shall only be used for residential application.

2. Loads Calculations Computer-Based Program

a) Load and energy software programs shall be created specifically for the
HVAC system design.

b) The program shall be capable of calculating each zones peak heating

and cooling load as well as the whole-building block loads. Each zone,
room and portion of room with different load profile, orientation or
sensible load shall be calculated. A separate block load for each air
handling system shall also be calculated.

c) The program shall, at a minimum, calculate:

1) solar gains through fenestration, internal gains from occupants
including latent heat for cooling purposes, internal gains from
lighting and equipment, outside air loads (sensible and latent)
from ventilation and infiltration, and heat gains or losses through
fenestration, walls, floors and roofs.

d) Software Program Features

1) Store all necessary database in addition to provision for editing.

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2) Calculates from manually entered data or directly from floor plans.

3) Automatically admits correction factors necessary for computing
loads.
4) Analyzes up to 12 months per calculation.
5) Calculates 24 hours per design day.
6) Links with energy program software.
7) Transfers data to energy analysis programs.
8) Calculates in both metric and English units.
9) Allows for roof and wall color effects.
10) Allows varying indoor conditions within a project.
11) Proper handling of return air plenum loads.
12) Accounts for people diversity in total building load.
13) Automates compliance with ASHRAE Standard 62.
14) Allows different summer and winter air rates.
15) Allows simultaneous infiltration and ventilation (where applicable).
16) Computes supply fan horsepower and heat gains.
17) Accounts for both draw-thru and blow-thru fans.
18) Computes supply and return duct gains and losses.
19) Lighting and equipment watts along with no. of people can be
entered directly or on a per square foot basis.
20) Leaving coil conditions can be specified with a desired dry bulb
temperature or a relative humidity.
21) Allows heating and cooling safety factors.
22) Calculates reheat requirements, if necessary.
23) Provision for both VAV and constant volume systems.
24) Performs complete psychrometric analysis.
25) Computes CFM air quantities with psychrometrics.
26) Allows specification of minimum supply air quantities.
27) Selects equipment from ARI databases.
28) Calculates runout and main trunk duct sizes.
29) Allows an unlimited number of zones which can be grouped into
as many as 100 air handling systems.
30) Calculates chilled and hot water coil flow rates.
31) Printable comprehensive reports list the general project data,
detailed zone loads, air handler summary loads, outside air loads,
total building loads, building envelope analysis, tonnage
requirements, CFM air quantities, chilled water flow rates (if
applicable), and complete psychrometric data with entering and
leaving coil conditions.

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3. Cooling Loads

a) During load calculations, all sensible and latent heat sources shall be
considered.

b) Sensible cooling load shall be calculated for building envelope, people,

lights, equipment, outside air that is introduced into the system by air
make-up or by infiltration and duct heat loss/gain.

c) Latent cooling load shall be calculated for people, outside air and any
process in which moisture is given up to the air.

4. Heating Loads

a) Loads shall include heat losses from outside surfaces (roofs, walls,
windows, raised floors); interior non-conditioned spaces (partitions,
ceilings, floors); make up air and infiltration; duct and plenum losses.

b) The heating load calculations shall be done without credit for occupants
and internal gains.

D. Energy Calculations

1. A building energy analysis shall be performed to demonstrate that the building

design meets or exceeds the energy performance goals established for the
project.

2. The building energy analysis shall be performed using the ASHRAE

Standard 90.1 Energy Cost Budget methodology, and must demonstrate
compliance with the latest editions of ASHRAE Standard 90.1 and/or 90.2. The
analysis shall be included in each design submission.

3. The analysis shall evaluate the energy performance of the building design
including the proposed building envelope, HVAC systems and components,
the lighting systems, and domestic hot water systems, as well as the proposed
control strategies for these building systems.

4. The analysis shall be based on actual parameters and values found in the
proposed building design and not simply on defaults assigned by the
simulation program.

5. The analysis shall be performed using a simulation program.

6. The simulation program shall be a computer-based program for the analysis of

energy in buildings.

7. Simulation programs shall be capable of simulating:

a) 8,760-hours per year, hourly variations in occupancy, lighting power,

miscellaneous equipment power, thermostat setpoints, and HVAC
system operation defined separately for each day of the week and
holidays, thermal mass effects, the number of required HVAC zones,
partload performance curves for mechanical equipment, capacity and

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efficiency correction curves for mechanical equipment, air-side and

water-side economizers, and temperature controls.

8. The building energy analysis report shall include all input and output used in
the simulation programs, including:

a) Established energy goals for the project, detailed descriptions of the

budget and proposed building models, actual local utility rates,
descriptions of any and all energy conservation measures, an analysis
of results with final conclusions and recommendations.

E. Limitation of Supply Air Temperature

1. Low temperature supply air HVAC systems shall not be permitted.

F. System Considerations

1. Zoning

a) In buildings which have separate interior and perimeter rooms, each

room or group of rooms with a distinctive load profile shall have
individual temperature control.

b) Exemption
1) Residential buildings and unoccupied rooms.

2. Air System Design

a) Air Distribution Systems shall be designed in accordance with ASHRAE

Fundamentals Handbook, Duct Design Chapter and SMACNA standard.

b) Ducting shall be designed using computer software program.

G. HVAC System Selection Criteria

1. The following primary criteria shall be considered when selected HVAC system
that achieve the functional requirements associated with the goal and perform
as design intent:

a) Temperature, humidity and space pressure requirements.

b) Capacity requirements.

c) Spatial requirements.

d) First cost.

e) Operating cost.

f) Maintenance cost.

g) Redundancy.

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h) Reliability.

i) Flexibility.

j) Life cycle analysis.

2. HVAC system selection shall be as per ASHRAE Systems and Equipment

Handbook, Chapter entitled HVAC System Analysis and Selection.

3. System selections shall conform to the life cycle cost criteria and energy
targets. The design shall evaluate all energy conservation items that appear to
have potential for savings, such as heat recovery for HVAC and service water
heating, economizer cycles, thermal energy storage, etc., and include those
items in the design that are life cycle cost effective.

H. Specialized Criteria for Air-Conditioned Facilities in Humid Areas

1. Mechanical Criteria

a) Calculations
1) In addition to calculating the cooling load at maximum design
temperature, cooling load calculations or thermal simulations shall
also be made for low temperature, high humidity conditions to
determine the greatest dehumidification load that may be
encountered.

b) Cooling load and equipment selection shall be based on cooling and

dehumidification service.

c) Latent Heat Gain

1) Latent heat gain due to water vapor flow through roofs and walls
shall be included in the cooling load analysis when the ambient
design dew point exceeds the room design dew point by more
than 11.1C (20F).

d) Latent Cooling Load

1) The 1% wet bulb temperature from the approved weather data
source of subparagraph above shall be used in calculating the
latent cooling load and for equipment sizing.

e) Chilled Water Systems

1) The cooling capacity of chilled water systems of 350 kW
(100 tons) and over shall be divided between 2 or more chillers to
ensure reliability and constant chilled water supply without
temperature fluctuations, to prevent short cycling, and to minimize
hot gas by-pass.
2) The combined capacity of the chillers shall not exceed the total
requirement, including diversity.
3) The selection of the number of chillers shall be based on the
analysis of part load operating hours for extended periods of low

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load conditions.

f) Packaged Units
1) Packaged unitary units with multiple reciprocating compressors
(not to exceed 8) shall be used for systems between 123 and
750 kW (35 and 200 tons).
2) Each compressor shall have separate, independent, refrigerant
circuits and cycles to provide multiple steps of capacity control.
3) For systems up to 123 kW (35 tons), single compressors with a
minimum of 3-step capacity unloading may be used.

2. Rejected Systems

a) HVAC system concepts noted for poor humidity control at part load
conditions are subject to rejection. Such systems include, but are not
limited to:
1) Systems which allow outside (ventilation) air to pass over inactive
cooling coil surfaces.
2) Capacity control schemes which allow cooling coil temperatures
to rise above that required for dehumidification.
3) Systems which do not continuously dehumidify all ventilation
(outside) air.

3. Architectural Criteria

a) Insulation
1) Building insulation shall be of sufficient thickness to maintain the
exterior surface temperature above the ambient dew point
temperature.

b) Building Materials
1) When selecting building materials, careful consideration shall be
given to paints, vapor barriers, and other finishes with respect to
vapor flow through the roofs and walls to preclude moisture
accumulations and condensation within the building structure,
reduction of thermal performance, and increased latent cooling
loads in the space.
2) Materials used on the exterior of buildings shall have higher vapor
resistance than the materials used on the inside of the buildings.

c) Infiltration
1) Infiltration through the building envelope shall be minimized by
carefully detailing all cracks, joints, openings and penetrations
through roofs and walls to ensure proper caulking and sealing.
Where appropriate, air infiltration barriers shall be used to further
reduce infiltration.

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d) Floor Heights
1) Floor-to-floor height determination shall be based on space
requirements for the installation of ducted air-conditioning
systems.

e) Suspended Ceilings
1) When suspended ceilings are used, exterior walls above the
ceilings shall be sealed to preclude infiltration of moist air.

f) Louvered Doors
1) Bathrooms and closets shall be provided with louvered doors to
permit equalization of vapor pressure through moisture diffusion.
Where louvered doors are prohibited by fire regulations or
architectural design, other means shall be employed to ventilate
the bathroom or closet to minimize moisture build-up.

6.18 VENTILATION DESIGN CRITERIA

A. General

1. Ventilation shall be in accordance with ASHRAE Standard 62 and ASHRAE

Handbooks.

2. All ventilation systems shall be mechanically operated, and natural ventilation

shall be employed only to supplement the mechanical ventilation.

3. Design air distribution systems for central HVAC systems to maintain a slightly
positive pressure within the area served in order to reduce or eliminate
infiltration unless there is a valid need to maintain a negative pressure in that
area.

B. HVAC Design Analysis

1. Provide a complete ventilation analysis in each HVAC design analysis.

2. The ventilation analysis shall consist of a room-by-room breakdown of the

anticipated number of occupants, the amount of ventilation air required, and
any applicable adjustments such as multiple spaces factor, intermittent or
variable occupancy factor, flow reduction factor, and ventilation effectiveness
factor.

3. Where these adjustments are significant, explore design alternatives to reduce

life cycle costs.

4. Ventilation for variable air volume systems shall ensure proper ventilation rates
at low and high system airflow.

a) Instrumentation and controls shall be provided to assure outdoor air

intake rates are maintained during occupied hours.

b) The placement and location of outdoor air intakes are critical to the

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safety of the occupants inside a building and must be in compliance with

the security requirements of the building.

c) Fresh air intakes shall be designed and located to minimize dust

intrusion.

d) A minimum separation distances between ventilation air intakes and

other building features shall be kept as per ASHRAE Handbook.

C. Applications

1. Ventilation shall be provided where necessary, and the quantity of air supplied
shall be just adequate for the application.

a) For supply of outside air and removal of vitiated air in areas having high
occupancy level (e.g., auditoriums, assembly halls and cafeterias).

b) For processes giving off noxious or hazardous fumes, dust, or vapor

resulting in unsafe or unhygienic conditions (e.g., paint spray booths,
electroplating areas, welding booths, and other similar applications).

c) For spaces containing fumes and vapor with specific gravity higher than
air, such as garages and some refrigeration rooms. In these cases
exhaust intakes at floor level shall be provided.

d) For electronic or electrical equipment installed in confined spaces where

operating temperatures of the equipment may exceed the safe limit.

e) For spaces having explosive vapors or dust, explosion proof ventilation

equipment irrespective of the concentration of explosive substances
shall be used.

f) Janitorial storage, storage areas, stairwells and utility rooms shall be

supplied with conditioned air and exhausted at a rate that would ensure
proper ventilation.

g) For odors to be removed from toilet rooms.

D. Air Filter Criteria

1. All re-circulating and outside air systems shall be provided with air filters.

2. Comply with the latest edition of ASHRAE Handbooks and ASHRAE

Standards guidance for selecting and specifying filters.

3. Filter type and efficiency shall be based on the required cleanliness of the
supply air, to meet the objectives of the conditioned space.

4. Air filtration shall be provided in every air-handling system.

5. Built-up central HVAC systems shall be provided with pre-filters and final
filters.

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6. The filter media shall be rated in accordance with ASHRAE Standard 52.2.

7. The pre-filters shall have a Minimum Efficiency Reporting Value (MERV) of 8

(30 to 35% efficient with a maximum allowable particle size of 10 micron),
while the final filters shall have a MERV of 13 (80 to 90% efficient with a
maximum particle size of 1 micron), as determined by the dust spot test
specified in ASHRAE Standard 52.

8. Filter racks shall be designed to minimize the bypass of air around the filter
media with a maximum bypass leakage of 0.5%.

9. Differential pressure gages shall be provided across the filter assemblies.

10. Where occupancy requirements are likely to generate high levels of airborne
particles, special air filtration shall be provided on the return air system, or
dedicated and localized exhaust systems shall be utilized to contain airborne
particulates.

11. Where practical, provide separate filtration or other means to clean the outdoor
air, typically equivalent to that used for the combined air stream, prior to mixing
it with the return air. Separate filtration for the outdoor air will reduce the
contaminants in the outdoors from entering the primary air stream.

12. Even in areas where the outdoor air is seemingly clean, low levels of auto
emissions, pollen, dust, etc., can accumulate on the interior of ductwork and
plenums and later cause inadequate air quality problems.

13. Due to the decrease in system airflow as the pressure drop across the filter
increases, size fans for the dirty filter condition. This will ensure that each fan
has adequate capacity to deliver the design airflow as the filter becomes
loaded.

14. Safety Considerations

a) Combustible filtering media shall not be permitted.

b) All filters shall conform to UL 900 Class 2 for combustibility and smoke
generation. Systems serving areas carrying flammable gases shall have
the additional fire resistance of Class 1 filters, where specified.

15. Refer to ASHRAE Systems and Equipment Handbook, Chapter entitled Air
Cleaners for Particulate Contaminants.

E. Outdoor Air Intakes

1. Locate outdoor air intakes in areas where the potential for air contamination is
lowest. Basic guidelines include the following:

a) Maximize distance between intakes and cooling towers, plumbing vents,

loading docks, traffic, etc.

b) Maintain a minimum distance of 10 m (30 ft.) between intakes and

exhausts, more if possible.

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c) Locate intakes and exhausts on different building faces.

2. In commercial buildings and similar, where practical, locate photocopiers and

laser printers in a separate room or group them together and provide local
exhaust. Maintain the separate room at a negative pressure relative to
adjacent areas by transferring air from these adjacent areas to the separate
room. Do not add the air exhausted from the separate room or local exhaust to
the return air or transfer it to any other areas.

F. Ventilation Air Control

1. Ventilation systems for assembly type areas shall be provided with controls to
permit variable ventilation rates corresponding to occupancy.

2. All mechanical ventilation systems, supply and exhaust shall be equipped with
means for volume reduction and/or shut-off when ventilation is not required; for
example, during unoccupied periods and for morning load pickup.

6.19 HVAC APPLICATIONS

A. Residential Applications

1. General

a) HVAC systems consist of complete DX cooling units, electric resistance

heating units, and individual air handling units for each dwelling.

2. Systems Considerations

a) HVAC system considerations for residential buildings shall be as

follows:
1) Residential HVAC equipment requiring maintenance and servicing
shall be located in an area that is accessible from the outside so
as to avoid infringing on the privacy of the dwelling. Equipment
contained within this area shall include, but not be limited to air
handlers, evaporators, and filters.
2) Air handling systems shall supply conditioned air to the air
conditioned areas by means of ductwork and diffusing devices. Air
handling systems shall consist of outside air sand trap louver
intake ducts, return air ducts, filters with a 30% efficiency, cooling
coils, and centrifugal cabinets fans.
3) Return air systems shall be installed in all cooled spaces, and
shall consist of ductwork and air return devices.
4) Detached residences shall have a minimum of one temperature
control zone. All individual family units of attached houses,
apartment units, and efficiency units shall have separate
temperature control zones. Common spaces for efficiency
apartments shall be divided into temperature control zones based
on exposure and use.
5) Exhaust systems for bathrooms with an individual exhaust, such

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as in single family dwellings, shall be connected to the light

switch. Exhaust systems which combine exhaust from more than
one toilet, such as in apartment buildings, shall have continuously
running fans.

B. Educational Facility Applications

1. Systems

a) The recommended systems for kindergarten and elementary schools

are packaged self-contained air conditioning units.

b) The recommended system for intermediate and secondary schools

consist of central chilled water plant with separate air handlers located
close to service areas.

c) For areas not served by fan coil units, heating shall be provided by
reheat coils in the air distribution systems.

d) Air systems shall consist of fresh air intakes with dust or sand trap
louvers, air ducts and filters with 45% efficiency, chilled water cooling
coils, and centrifugal cabinet fans.

2. Considerations

a) HVAC system considerations for educational facilities shall be as

follows:
1) Where controlled humidity is called for (e.g., for libraries) booster
chilled water coils, humidifiers, and electric reheat coils shall be
installed in the ductwork which supplies air to these areas.
2) Return air systems shall be installed in spaces, as required, and
shall consist of centrifugal fans, duct work, and return air
devices.
3) Fan coil units shall be installed, as required, to re-circulate chilled
water. These units shall have electric reheat coils for temperature
control and 20% efficient filters backed by screens. Except for
classrooms, these units shall contribute 85% of the total cooling
load for the areas.
4) Chilled water supply and return piping shall be installed from the
central mechanical rooms to the various areas where cooling coils
are located. This piping system shall consist of valves, strainers,
and all other appurtenances usually associated with the transport
of chilled water.

C. Hospital Applications

1. General

a) HVAC systems shall consist of central chilled water units for cooling,
and or electrical heating with air handling units serving individual
spaces.

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b) All critical rooms (O.R., recovery, neonatal I.C.U., nursery, I.C.U.,

coronary care, isolations) shall employ low velocity constant volume
variable temperature, box with absolute filter bank and reheat.

c) Patient rooms shall use induction system zoned with electric reheat.
Offices and other general areas should have a variable volume terminal
reheat system. Air systems shall supply conditioned air to spaces
through duct work and diffusing devices.

d) Air systems shall consist of inertia, separators and prefilters, outside air
intake ducts supply and return ducts filters with 50% efficiency, chilled
water cooling coils, and centrifugal cabinet fans.

e) Food preparation areas and laundries shall have 80% efficiency filters
while patient care, treatment, diagnostic and related areas shall have
99.7% high efficiency filters.

2. System Considerations

a) HVAC system considerations for hospital applications shall be as

follows:
1) All outside air intake ducts shall have electric preheat coils. These
coils shall be protected by 50% efficient filters.
2) Return air systems shall consist of centrifugal fans, duct work and
return air devices.
3) Throughout the hospital/clinic, a steam supply and condensate
return system shall be installed, including steam traps, control
valves, condensate pumps, pressure reducing stations, and other
appurtenance usually connected with the transport of steam.
Pressure shall be determined by the fixtures to which the pipes
are connected.
4) High pressure steam shall be produced in the central power plant
of the hospital complex and reduced to medium pressure for
kitchen appliances, sterilizers, and similar equipment, and to low
pressure for coils, humidifiers, and heat exchangers.
5) When humidification and/or dehumidification of areas served by
the system is called for, oversized cooling coils, reheat coils, and
steam humidifiers shall be used in the air handling units.
6) For areas where isolated humidity control is called for (e.g.,
libraries and certain health suites), booster chilled water coils,
steam humidifiers, and reheat coils shall be installed in the duct
work supplying air to these areas.
7) Chilled water supply and return piping shall be installed from the
central power plant to the various areas where cooling coils and
booster cooling coils are located. This piping system shall consist
of valves, strainers, and all other appurtenances usually
connected with the transport of chilled water. Chilled water shall
be produced in a central power plant.
8) Special exhaust systems shall be provided where specified (e.g.,
hoods for kitchens, where toxic or odorous fumes may be
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produced. at vapor-producing sterilizers, paint booths and wood

working areas).
9) Exhaust air from the morgue must be discharged above the roof
and no less than 15 m from any window.
10) Air supplied to operating, delivery rooms and nurseries must enter
at ceiling level, exhaust air must be removed near floor level.
11) Laboratory hoods shall have an average face velocity of not less
than 0.38 m/s, and shall be connected to an exhaust system
which is separate from the building exhaust system. The exhaust
fans shall be located at the discharge end of the system and the
exhaust duct system shall be of non-combustible corrosion
resistant material.
12) Each laboratory hood which processes infectious or radioactive
materials shall have a minimum face velocity of 0.5 m/s, shall be
connected to an independent exhaust system, shall have filters
with a 99.97% efficiency (based on the DOP, Dioctylphthalate test
method) in the exhaust stream, and shall be designed and
equipped to permit the safe removal disposal and replacement of
contaminated filters.
13) Duct systems serving hoods in which radioactive and strong
oxidizing agents (e.g. perchloric acid) are used shall be
constructed of stainless steel for a minimum distance of 3.05 m
from the hood and shall be equipped with washdown facilities.
14) Horizontal ducts, serving hoods over cooking ranges should have
cleanout openings every 6 m. Ducts serving hoods over cooking
or dishwashing areas must have leak proof joints and condensate
drains.
15) Maintenance points of HVAC equipment must be accessible
through areas other than patient occupied or aseptic areas.
16) Emergency shut-off switches for laboratory HVAC equipment shall
be provided outside of the laboratories.
17) Re-circulating fan coil units shall be installed at all doors
connecting outside to the interior of the building.
18) All space heating shall be electric type.
19) The HVAC system shall be central type employing chilled water
and shall have at least 50% standby capacity in pumps and
chillers.
20) Low pressure gas (LPG) cannot be used for heating the boilers
and steam generators. The steam generating system shall have
two generators each having 60% capacity.
21) HVAC design for female medical staff housing shall be based on
using direct expansion roof tops or split type system.
22) All exhaust shall be mechanical type and natural ventilation shall
not be used.
23) No space above a ceiling may be used as a fresh air or return air
plenum.

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D. Community Facilities Applications

1. General.

a) HVAC systems shall consist of outside air sand traps and intake ducts,
return air ducts, filters, cooling coils, and centrifugal cabinet fans. The
cooling coils shall be protected by filters having a minimum of 30%
efficiency, and shall be either a DX type or chilled water type.

2. Systems Considerations

a) HVAC system considerations shall be as follows:

1) When humidification and or dehumidification are called for,
oversized cooling coils, reheat coils, and steam humidifiers shall
be used in the air handling units.
2) For areas where isolated humidity control is called for, such as in
libraries and museums, booster cooling coils, humidifiers, and
reheat coils shall be installed in the duct work supplying air to
these specific areas.
3) The chilled water fan coil unit shall be the re-circulating type and
shall have an electric reheat coil for temperature control. The unit
shall be supplied with 20% efficient filter backed by a lint screen.
These units must meet 85% of the total cooling load for the area
in which they are installed.
4) The self-contained fan coil unit shall have built-in compressor,
condenser, a reheat coil, 20% efficient filter with a back up lint
screen, and a through-the-wall outside air intake with sand trap
louver.

E. Special Application

1. Special applications cover facilities such as process control rooms, electrical

equipment rooms, and motor control center rooms. HVAC systems shall
consist of outside air intake ducts and sand trap louvers, return, air ducts,
filters, cooling coils, and centrifugal cabinet fans.

2. The cooling coils shall be protected by filters having a minimum of 30%

efficiency, and shall be either DX type or chilled water type.

6.20 VENTILATION APPLICATIONS

A. Ventilation for Human Occupancy Areas

1. Primary Areas

a) In order to assure adequate air movement for the removal of body odors
and proper distribution of outdoor air in primary areas with continuous
human occupancy, the total air circulation (mixture of room air and
outside air) shall be not less than 6 air changes per hour at maximum
design conditions.

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2. Secondary Areas

a) In secondary areas such as storage rooms which are likely to be used

for human occupancy in the future, a total air circulation shall be not less
than 4 air changes per hour at maximum design conditions.

3. High Ceiling Areas

a) In areas having high ceilings, total circulation shall be based on effective

room volume taking the height of the occupancy zone as the height of
the air supply devices above the floor.

B. Ventilation for Toilets and Related Areas

1. Toilet areas, service or janitor closets, and garbage rooms shall be exhausted
mechanically.

2. All toilets shall also have a direct supply of ducted cooling air. No transfer air
shall be used.

3. Each toilet stall shall have a separate exhaust register, and exhaust from
several toilets shall not be combined in one register.

4. The exhaust system for toilets and related areas shall not be connected to any
other ventilating system in the building.

5. These areas shall always be maintained under negative pressure to prevent

withdrawal of air into the adjacent occupied areas. To achieve this, makeup air
shall be drawn from the adjacent areas through door underducts or grilles, wall
or ceiling mounted transfer grilles, and transfer ducts where necessary.

6. Where mechanical ventilation systems are provided for makeup air, the supply
air quantity shall be somewhat less than exhaust air quantity and a minimum of
10%.

7. For transfer grilles and ducts, precautions shall be taken against transfer of
noise to and from adjoining areas.

C. Ventilation for Commercial Kitchens, Dining Rooms and Related Areas

1. Cooking Appliances

a) Cooking appliances, such as ranges, deep fat fryers, broilers and

roasting ovens that present a fire hazard due to grease vapor emission
shall be provided with exhaust hoods, exhaust ducts, and exhaust fans.

b) Hoods shall be grease extracting types that use the centrifugal force
principle to extract grease and other contaminants from the exhaust air.

c) Except for residential applications the hood shall be provided with an

automatic fire extinguishing system.

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2. Hood Exhaust System

a) The hood exhaust system shall not be connected to any other building
exhaust system. Air flow through the hood face area shall be at a
minimum rate of 500 L/s/m2 for canopy hoods and 625 L/s/m2 for island
hoods. Exhaust ducts shall be sized to provide an air velocity between
8 and 9 m/s. The exhaust fan motor shall be separated or protected
from the exhaust air stream. Volume control dampers shall not be
provided in ducts used to exhaust air containing grease vapors.

b) A temperature limit thermostat shall be provided in the exhaust hood to

protect the hood exhaust system against grease fires. The thermostat
shall be a fixed temperature device with a setting of 175C. The
thermostat shall be connected to stop the exhaust fan, close the fire
damper, and actuate the fire extinguishing system. A manual switch,
easily identifiable and accessible, shall also be provided for initiating
these actions.

3. Dining Room

a) Outdoor air supplied to the dining area shall be exhausted through the
kitchen ventilation system. If the kitchen exhaust air volume exceeds the
outdoor air requirements of the dining area, the additional air required
shall be supplied directly into the kitchen. Outdoor air supplied directly
into the kitchen shall be filtered, conditioned and introduced horizontally
at or near the ceiling, so that it will diffuse without causing drafts at the
cooking level or on kitchen personnel. Outside air shall be supplied in
such a manner that the greater part of the air exhausted through the
hood is unconditioned air.

b) Outdoor air introduced into the dining rooms shall be filtered and
conditioned. It shall be transferred to the kitchen through transfer grilles,
and shall be considered as part of the kitchen ventilation. This will
prevent transfer of food odor from the kitchen into the dining area.

4. Dishwashing Room

a) Dishwashing rooms shall be provided with general ventilation at a

minimum rate of 5 air changes per hour. Automatic conveyor type
dishwashers shall be provided with an exhaust hood having a minimum
of 0.51 m/s velocity across its face at each end. In no case shall
combined-general ventilation and hood exhaust air quantity be less than
30 air changes per hour.

b) Makeup air for the dishwashing room shall be drawn from other heated
spaces in the building where outdoor air is introduced. If makeup air
must be supplied directly to the dishwashing room, it shall be filtered
and heated.

D. Ventilation for Bakeries

1. Makeup Air

a) Makeup air for all areas in bakeries shall be filtered.

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b) The building shall be kept under a slight positive pressure by supplying

makeup air in excess of exhaust air.

2. Pastry and Bread Storage Rooms

a) Pastry and bread storage rooms in which hot baked products are cooled
shall be supplied with filtered outside air and shall have a mechanical
exhaust system.

b) Exhaust fans shall be controlled from outside the cooling rooms and
shall be provided with an indicating pilot light.

c) Makeup air may be drawn from interior spaces of the bakery if the air is
not ventilated, but it shall be filtered before entering the cooling room.

3. Mechanical Air Supply

a) Where space or other factors either limit the supply or prevent the use of
air from interior spaces, a mechanical air supply system shall be
installed.

b) Where a mechanical supply system is used, the volume of air exhausted

from the cooling room shall exceed the intake volume, to compensate
for the difference caused by a temperature rise through the cooling room
and to produce a slight negative pressure to prevent hot air leakage into
adjoining rooms.

c) An exhaust air quantity of 110 to 130% of the makeup air is usually

sufficient.

d) Regardless of the method used to supply air, all cooling rooms shall
have airtight exterior doors to ensure that makeup air is admitted only
through the filters.

E. Ventilation for Industrial Processes

1. Facilities housing industrial processes and systems provided to control toxic,

noxious, irritating or explosive gases, vapors, fumes, or dust from these
processes, shall meet the requirements of OSHA Occupational Safety and
Health Administration.

2. Hood exhaust air containing contaminants, which collect inside the ductwork
and exhaust fans and present serious maintenance problems and/or safety
hazards, shall be filtered out before the inlet connection to the hood. The type
of filtering media will depend on the nature of the process.

3. For processes involving explosive or inflammable substances, explosion proof

ventilation equipment shall be provided. Process areas shall be maintained
under slightly negative pressure, to avoid contamination of adjoining areas.

4. For paint shops, mechanical exhaust systems for year-round operation, and
with an air velocity of not less than 0.6 m/s across the face of spray booths,
shall be provided. All equipment shall be explosion proof. Makeup air shall be

Rev 0 6 - 43
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filtered and, if necessary heated.

F. Ventilation for Heat Removal from High Temperature Spaces

1. Spaces having equipment that releases enough heat to raise the ambient
temperature above safe or comfortable levels shall be provided either with
natural or mechanical ventilating systems.

2. The necessary quantity of ventilation air shall be based on heat dissipation of

the equipment and the difference between the anticipated maximum outdoor
temperature and the permitted maximum indoor temperature.

3. Air shall be brought in near the floor level from the shady or cool side of the
building. Removal of heated air shall be at ceiling levels.

4. Exhaust inlets shall be located as near the source of heat as possible to

reduce dissipation of heat into the surrounding space.

5. Ventilation for foundries shall provide 20 to 40 air changes per hour.

6. Ventilation for laundries shall provide a minimum of 30 air changes per hour.

7. Ventilation for projection booths shall provide a minimum of 30 air changes per
hour if the booth is not air conditioned. If the booth is air conditioned,
ventilation through the lamp housing of the manufacturer's recommended rate
by means of a direct flue connection shall be provided. All exhaust air shall be
discharged outdoors.

8. Spot cooling for operators working near heat sources such as furnaces,
melting pots and other similar industrial applications shall be provided.

9. Ventilation for mechanical equipment rooms shall provide 10 air changes per
hour. Fans shall be controlled by a thermostat set at 40C.

G. Ventilation for Garages

1. Mechanical ventilation system shall be provided for all enclosed commercial,

institutional, public, and other multi-car garages, driveways, and loading
platforms. Approximately two-thirds of the air quantity exhausted shall be taken
out at the ceiling, and one-third near the floor or below the loading platform.

2. Residential garages shall receive natural ventilation except when located

underground and used for multi-car application.

6.21 HVAC EQUIPMENT SELECTION

A. Heating Equipment

1. The selection of heating equipment shall be based on the study of heating and
ventilation requirements, nature of occupancy, appearance, availability of a
central heating source, building structure and any other factor peculiar to the
job.

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2. Unit Heaters

a) Heat sources for unit heaters may be steam, hot water, or electricity.
Unit heaters shall be used in shops, hangars, garages, gymnasiums,
bakeries, laundries, and industrial buildings.

b) The suspended heaters may have either vertical or horizontal air flow,
and may have propeller or centrifugal fans for circulation of air.

c) The output air temperature of unit heaters shall be 10 to 20C higher

than the entering air temperature (room air temperature). The system
may be designed for higher leaving air, but in any case the temperature
of leaving air shall never be so high that the delivered air rises up before
reaching its intended distance of flow. High final air temperature will be
accompanied by reduced air circulation and will result in undesirable
stratification and excessive heat loss at ceiling.

d) Unit heaters shall be selected for heat emission 25% greater than the
calculated heat loss of the structure to allow for quick pick up.

e) Duct work when used, shall be connected to the unit heater by means of
a flexible connector. Air velocity in the duct shall be limited to the air
velocity developed when the duct cross-sectional area is made equal to
the face area of the unit heater. Air filters may be used when required to
reduce concentration of air-borne particles or where necessary for the
protection of the heating element. The fan shall be selected to develop
the necessary pressure for moving the air delivery quantities of the
heater through the system.

f) Direct-fired unit heaters are best suited for industrial buildings and
locations where a central source of heat is not available or is impractical
to extend, or where construction of a single heating plant is not
warranted.

g) Firing shall be controlled automatically according to the load. The

products of combustion shall be discharged outside the building through
a flue pipe or a chimney, except that products of combustion of the gas-
fired infrared heaters may be retained within the building when used for
industrial areas in which the ventilation is sufficient to maintain CO2
concentration within acceptable tolerances.

h) Adequate outside air ventilation shall be provided for combustion air for
direct-fired unit heater. Where unit heaters are installed within confined
spaces, the minimum size of outdoor air intake for combustion air shall
be (2,220 mm2/kW) of heater capacity.

i) Unit heaters used to handle outside air and re-circulated room air are
commonly termed heating and ventilating units. Heating and ventilating
units may be connected to duct systems to distribute warm air or may
have a stub discharge or a directional nozzle in case the unit is installed
within the space to be heated. Since the discharge arrangement of
the unit is usually flexible, it may be mounted on floor or wall, or
suspended from the ceiling.

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j) Coils are used for air heating, tempering ventilation air, preheating,
reheating, or as boosters.

k) The heating capacity of a coil increases with the increase in face

velocity of air through it, and increase in average water temperature, or
an increase in steam supply pressure. An increase in face velocity will
also raise the air frictional drop through the coil. An economic limit of air
velocity is usually between 2.5 to 3.3 m/s.

l) The heat transfer from hot water coils shall be by counterflow principle;
that is, heating water shall enter on air-leaving side of a coil and shall
leave on air-entering side. Because of resultant high heat transfer
efficiency, the coils may be selected for the expected actual steam
pressure near the coil, allowing for 50 to 75% pressure drop through the
steam control valve.

B. Air Cooling Equipment

1. The load on air cooling equipment depends on 3 factors; quantity of air to be

cooled, condition of air before entering cooling equipment, and condition of air
after leaving cooling equipment.

2. The total cooling capacity of cooling equipment increases with the increase in
air velocity through it, but dehumidification capacity is decreased and the
possibility of moisture carry-over is increased. For this reason, the face velocity
of air passing through the cooling equipment shall not exceed 3 m/s.

3. Cooling capacity shall include, all thermal losses in chilled water piping
system, supply and return, chilled water temperature rise by pumping, air
leakage losses in supply duct work, thermal gains in supply and return air duct
work and plenums, temperature gains from fan drive and motor inefficiencies.
A 15% safety factor shall also be added due to equipment deterioration.

4. Increasing the depth of cooling media (number of rows for finned-type coils)
affects the total cooling capacity and the dehumidification effect.

5. The difference between leaving air wet bulb temperature and entering
temperature of cooling medium is reduced.

6. The cooling capacity of cooling equipment is increased with counterflow

arrangement, whereby the cooling medium is supplied on the air-leaving side
and is returned on the air-entering side.

7. With given air entering and leaving conditions, the total cooling capacity of
cooling equipment increases as the average temperature of cooling medium is
reduced. At the same time, the cooling capacity of a compressor of given
speed decreases when evaporator temperature is reduced.

C. Major Types of Cooling System Equipment

1. Finned Cooling Coils-Chilled Water Type

a) The face velocity of air through cooling coils shall not be less than 2 m/s
and not more than 3 m/s. Face velocities higher than 3 m/s increase
Rev 0 6 - 46
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moisture carryover, while velocities lower than 2 m/s increase the

dehumidification effect and cost of the coil.

b) Coil rows shall be even and shall be selected from the manufacturers
data to give the required cooling capacity and sensible heat ratio.

c) The maximum number of fins per inch in cooling coils shall be limited to
10 fins.

d) Where more than two sections are required, coils with the maximum
tubes across the face shall be selected to reduce the number of sections
and piping cost.

e) Coils using any other cooling medium (brine or well water) except clean
water shall have cleanout plugs at both ends of every tube on the
headers, to permit cleaning at regular intervals.

2. Finned Cooling Coils-Direct Expansion Type

a) When selecting cooling coils of the direct expansion type, there are
factors of performance, size, and design which must be considered in
relation to intended use. These are as follows:
1) The face velocity of air through a cooling coil shall not be less
than 2 m/s and no more than 3 m/s. Face velocities, in the higher
range increase moisture carryover, while in the lower range they
increase the dehumidification effect and cost of the coil.
2) The number of rows selected shall be based on consideration of
evaporating temperature to give required cooling capacity and
sensible heat ratio. For a given coil performance, reducing the
number of rows will necessitate lower evaporating temperature.
3) An even number of rows shall be provided so that inlet and outlet
connections shall be on the same end of the coil. No more than
10 fins/in. shall be used.
4) Cooling coils shall be selected so that a coil and compressor
combination will have the required cooling capacity at their
respective suction pressures. The system will then balance at the
designed suction pressure.
5) The suction pressure or the corresponding evaporator
temperature shall depend on the sensible heat ratio of space to
be conditioned, and shall be determined from the manufacturer's
data.
6) In order to find balancing suction pressure curves, the capacity
versus suction pressure shall be plotted for a compressor and
coil. If the curves are not available from the manufacturer, they
shall be developed from manufacturer's equipment data.
7) When compressors are provided with step capacity regulation,
cooling coils shall be divided into a number of sections so that
each section will be equal to a compressor capacity step. Where
an installation has more than one compressor, the minimum
number of cooling coil sections and the cooling capacity of each

Rev 0 6 - 47
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MECHANICAL

shall be the same as that of the compressors. This arrangement

will provide a positive method of dividing the load among the
compressors and will also permit step capacity regulation. Each
coil section shall be provided with its own expansion valve and
distribution header.
8) Both fins and tubes shall be made from copper to prevent
corrosion on condenser coils, and evaporator coils shall be
seamless copper tubing with copper fins or aluminum fins treated
with special epoxy baked-on phenolic (heresite) coating for
corrosion resistance. Phenolic shall be applied at a dry film
thickness of 75 microns.
9) When using packaged air conditioning units, the selected units
shall meet both sensible and total heat loads. The unit
manufacturer standard rated air quantity shall be used for sizing
the fan motor, ductwork and related appurtenance.

3. Air Handling Units Having Finned Cooling Coils

a) Air duct connections to coils shall be arranged to produce uniform air

velocity across the entire face of the coil. The slope of connecting duct
work shall not be more than 15.

b) Air flow on the entering side shall be normal to the coil for a distance of
not less than 1.5 times the width of coil; otherwise, baffles shall be
provided to equalize air flow.

c) Preheat coils, if used, shall be as large as the cooling coils; but if they
are not the same size, the slope of duct work from preheat coil to
cooling coil shall be not more than 15 with a line perpendicular to the
coil face.

d) The slope of connecting duct work for single inlet fans shall not be more
than 30.

e) Where double inlet fans are used, the distance between casing and fan
inlet shall not be smaller than 1.25 times the diameter of fan inlet. On
pull-through systems, the distance between the back of the fan and
cooling coil shall not be less than the fan width.

f) On the blow-through systems requiring a perforated plate for air

distribution across the coil, a minimum of wheel diameter between fan
and perforated plate shall be used.

g) One side of the air handling unit shall have enough free space for
withdrawal of the complete coil for service.

h) Field fabricated units shall have access doors and space of at least
750 mm on both sides of the coil for inspection.

i) As far as possible, air flow through the coil shall be horizontal, to

facilitate condensate removal. Vertical air flow shall be used only when
space restrictions make it absolutely necessary.

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j) Cooling coils installed in tiers of two or more sections shall have drip
through for each section, to collect moisture so that it will not drip from
the higher to the lower section and thus splash into the air stream.

k) Moisture eliminators shall be used when cooling coils are followed by

reheat coils and both work simultaneously, and when cooling coils are
provided with water sprays.

4. Dehumidification Equipment

a) Dehumidification shall be provided where control of room humidity or

removal of moisture is the main consideration; for example, in
dehumidified warehouses used for preservation and long term storage
of materials. Dehumidified storage has the advantage that materials
may be removed, replaced, or refurnished without disturbance of other
stores, and the added advantage that materials stored are immediately
available for their normal function without the necessity of preparation or
conversion.

b) The dehumidifiers to be used for warehouse dehumidification shall be a

dual bed, dry desiccant type.

c) The total installed capacity shall be 1.5 to 2 times the calculated normal
operating load, in order to provide capacity for initial pulldown and some
standby capacity after pulldown. The lower factor of 1.5 shall be used
where the space has two or more machines, and the higher factor of 2
shall be used when the operating load requires only one machine.

5. Ventilation Equipment

a) The type of fans used shall be determined by their application shall be

as follows:
1) Propeller fans shall not be used with duct systems.
2) Either axial-flow or centrifugal fans may be used in duct systems,
but the fan noise level shall be compatible with the function of the
building.
3) Centrifugal non-overloading fans shall be used wherever the
noise level must be kept to a minimum. However, axial-flow fans
may be used in place of centrifugal or in-line centrifugal fans, if
the resulting noise levels in occupied spaces meet specified
criteria.
4) Fans with motor and drive arrangement isolated or protected from
the air-stream shall be used for handling hot gas, vapor, or dust
detrimental to the motor. Fan motors shall not be located in ducts
handling flammable vapors or combustible dusts.
5) Filters
(a) Outdoor air supplied by ventilation systems shall be filtered
to remove dust. In some applications, exhaust air is also
filtered.
(b) Filters shall be accessible from within the building and

Rev 0 6 - 49
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adequate space shall be provided for inspection and

removal.
(c) All filters shall be the non-combustible type and shall
always preceded by inertia separators or sand trap louvers.

6.22 DUCT WORK AND SPACE AIR DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS COMPONENTS

A. Duct Design Considerations

1. Duct work design is classified in accordance with its working pressure as

follows:

a) Low Pressure: Below 500 Pa.

b) Medium Pressure: 500 to 2500 Pa.

c) High Pressure: Above 2500 Pa.

2. Ductwork shall be sized using equal friction or static regain methods. The
equal friction method shall be based on a pressure drop of 0.65 Pa per meter
for supply, return, and exhaust ducts.

3. Duct air velocity shall be limited as shown in Tables 6A, 6B and 6C in order to
limit noise to acceptable levels.

TABLE 6A: MAIN DUCT AIR VELOCITIES IN SHAFT OR ABOVE WALL CEILING

RECTANGULAR DUCT ROUND DUCT

Round Over or in Preferred Max Duct Preferred Max Duct

which Duct will run Duct Vel (m/s) Vel (m/s) Duct Vel (m/s) Vel (m/s)

Conference Rooms 8 10 10 12
Teleconference Rooms 6.5 7 8 10
Training Rooms 8 10 10 12
Auditoriums 8 10 10 12
Hospital/Clinic Rooms 8 10 10 12
Private Offices 8 10 10 12
Open Plan Offices 9 10 10 14
Corridors and Lobbies 10 12 12 14
Mosque 8 10 10 12

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TABLE 6B: MAIN DUCT AIR VELOCITIES ABOVE SUSPENDED ACOUSTICAL CEILING

RECTANGULAR DUCT ROUND DUCT

Round Over or in Preferred Max.Duct Preferred Max Duct

which Duct will run Duct Vel (m/s) Vel (m/s) Duct Vel (m/s) Vel (m/s)

Conference Rooms 7.5 8.9 12.7 15.2

Teleconference Rooms 4.7 6.1 7.7 10.2
Training Rooms 7.5 8.9 12.7 15.2
Auditoriums 7.5 8.9 12.7 15.2
Hospital/Clinic Rooms 7.5 8.9 12.7 15.2
Private Offices 7.5 8.9 12.7 15.2
Open Plan Offices 8.9 10.8 15.2 19.1
Corridors and Lobbies 8.9 10.8 15.2 19.1
Mosque 7.5 8.9 12.7 15.2

TABLE 6C: MAIN DUCT AIR VELOCITIES LOCATED WITHIN OCCUPIED SPACE

RECTANGULAR DUCT ROUND DUCT

Round Over or in Preferred Max Duct Preferred Max Duct

which Duct will run Duct Vel (m/s) Vel (m/s) Duct Vel (m/s) Vel (m/s)

Conference Rooms 6.1 7.4 10.9 13.2

Teleconference Rooms 3.5 4.8 6.3 8.6
Training Rooms 6.1 7.4 10.9 13.2
Auditoriums 6.1 7.4 10.9 13.2
Hospital/Clinic Rooms 6.1 7.4 10.9 13.2
Private Offices 6.1 7.4 10.9 13.2
Open Plan Offices 7.4 8.8 13.2 16.5
Corridors and Lobbies 8.8 10.2 16.5 19.8
Mosque 6.1 7.4 10.9 13.2
B. Duct Design

1. Duct design shall be in accordance with the following:

a) All exposed supply and return ducts shall be lined with 25 mm thick
fiberglass insulation and shall have a "Z" type nosing at fan discharge.

b) All galvanized sheet metal ducts and plenums which are not wrapped
with insulation shall be field coated with epoxy.

c) Round ducts shall be used as much as possible.

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d) Aspect ratios shall not be more than 6:1, unless space consideration is a
governing factor.

e) Reduction in area due to obstructions shall not be more than 20%.

Obstructions inside ducts shall be streamlined.

f) Where duct work is connected to any fittings or equipment such as

heating coils, cooling coils or filters, the transitions shall be as smooth
as possible. The slope of transition on the upstream side shall be 15
and on the downstream side not more than 30.

g) Increments in duct work sizes preferably shall be in one dimension only

and shall not be less than 50 mm.

h) Smooth elbows shall be used as much as possible. If a smooth elbow is

not available, 3-piece elbow for velocity below 9 m/s and 5-piece elbow
for velocity above 9 m/s shall be used. In all cases, the throat radius
shall not be less than of the duct diameter.

i) Long conical tee shall be used for systems having a velocity above
8 m/s and a 45 tee for systems having a velocity below 8 m/s.

j) Access doors or panels shall be provided in duct work for maintenance

and service of the following equipment:
1) Filters.
2) Cooling coil.
3) Heaters.
4) Sound absorbers.
5) Volume and splitter dampers.
6) Fire dampers.

C. Dampers

1. Dampers in duct work shall be used wherever necessary to obtain proper

control, balancing, and distribution of air.

2. Dampers shall be used as follows:

a) Volume dampers shall be used in branch ducts only when splitter

dampers cannot be used or when branches are taken from the air
plenum.

b) Splitter dampers shall be provided at all throats at duct branches.

c) Automatic parallel-blade dampers shall be used for requiring two

position control. Use opposed blade dampers applications requiring
modulating control.

d) Self-closing gravity operated louvers shall be used for applications when

backflow of air is to be stopped.

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e) No damper shall be larger than 1200 mm. For ducts wider than
1200 mm, dampers shall be provided in equal sections as required.
Dampers for ducts less than 350 mm high shall have a single leaf. For
ducts 350 mm and higher, multi-leaf dampers shall be used.

f) The length of splitter damper shall not be smaller than the width of
branch throat served. Adjusting rods shall be connected to the leading
edge of damper leafs, and shall protrude through duct faces. Adjustment
shall be made through lock screw fittings. One adjustment rod shall be
provided for every 350 mm increment in duct height.

g) Blades of automatic dampers shall be no wider than 225 mm and shall

have overlapping and interlocking edges lined with felt to prevent
leakage of air.

D. Air Outlets and Inlets

1. The direction of air flow into a room shall be toward the faces of the occupants.
Air flow from the side may be acceptable under extenuating circumstances.
Under no circumstances shall there be air flow toward the backs of occupants.

2. Air distribution shall be as uniform as possible. In no case shall temperature

variation in the air conditioned space exceed 2.

3. Minimum room air movement shall be 0.1 m/s. Air outlets shall be provided
proper throw, drop and spread at or above the 0.1 m/s.

4. The air conditioning system sound generation shall be compatible with

architectural acoustic design.

5. Location of air distribution devices shall be coordinated with the architectural

features of the space, such as columns, doors and windows.

6. Air circulation and positioning of ducts shall be as outlined below:

a) For uniformly distributed loads, supply outlets shall be distributed

uniformly within range of their blow.

b) Where heating loads are of the concentrated type, supply outlets shall
be located near the source. Air around high heat load equipment shall
be returned through grilles located near the equipment, to avoid mixing
with room air.

c) Supply and return outlets shall be located to obtain complete coverage

of the entire space. There shall be no shorting between supply and
return outlets.

d) Where separate radiation for winter heating is not provided below

windows or cold walls, systems shall have warm air supply at low level
below glass, to offset window down drafts.

e) Where both heating and cooling operations are performed by the same
system, return intakes shall be located at low level.

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E. Piping Systems Components

1. Water velocity in HVAC piping shall not exceed the values shown in Table 6D
in order to limit noise levels.

TABLE 6D: RECOMMENDED MAXIMUM WATER VELOCITY IN HVAC PIPING

SERVICE MAXIMUM VELOCITY IN M/SEC

Hot Water
50 mm Pipe and Under 1.2
Above 50 mm Pipe 1.8
Cold Water
100 mm Pipe and Under 2.4
Above 100 mm Pipe 2.4
Pump Suction without Head 1.2
Drain Line 1.2
F. Piping Design

1. Piping design shall be in accordance with the following:

a) Water flow, especially through heat transfer equipment, shall be in

direction to permit natural air venting.

b) Pipe friction loss for general applications shall not be more than 30 kPa
per 30 mm length of pipe.

c) Reverse return piping arrangements shall be used only on closed

systems, provided all the units or parallel circuits have equal resistance.
Reverse return piping shall not be used either on open systems or on
once-through systems.

d) For refrigerant piping for use with either Refrigerant 12 or 22 or, friction
pressure drop in the liquid line shall not exceed pressure differential
corresponding to 1C change at saturation pressure. Refrigerant velocity
shall not exceed 1.5 m/s.

e) In case of long refrigerant lines or lines with static lift, piping shall be
sized for low friction loss. Also, adequate means of sub-cooling shall be
provided to prevent flashing. As an alternative, evaporators shall be
provided with flash tanks and float controls. Refrigerant transfer pumps
shall be provided where static lift is excessive.

f) Pressure drop of refrigerant suction lines shall not exceed pressure

differential corresponding to 1C change at suction pressures.

g) Friction pressure drop in hot gas lines shall not exceed pressure
differential corresponding to 10C change in condensing pressure. Hot
gas velocity shall be sufficient to carry oil through the systems and
prevent oil accumulation in the line.
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G. Systems Components

1. Components for piping systems shall be as follows:

a) Long radius elbows shall be used wherever possible. For offsets, 45

elbows instead of 90 elbows shall be used.

b) Unions shall be provided for screwed pipes, where equipment and

piping accessories have to be disconnected for service.

c) Flanges shall be provided for welded pipes, where equipment and piping
accessories have to be disconnected for service.

d) Globe valves shall be used for throttling services. 10 mm globe valves

shall be provided as bypass valves for all globe valves above 200 mm.

e) Recommended piping and fitting materials shall be as shown in

Table 6E.
TABLE 6E: RECOMMENDED PIPE AND FITTING MATERIALS FOR VARIOUS
SERVICES

SERVICE PIPE FITTINGS

Refrigerants 12, Hard copper tubing, Type L Wrought copper,

22 and 500 wrought brass tinned
cast brass

Suction Line Steel pipe, standard wall. 1030 kPa welding or

threaded malleable iron.
Lap welded or seamless for
sizes larger than 50 mm.

Liquid Line Hard copper tubing, Type L. Wrought copper,

wrought brass or tinned
cast brass.

Steel pipe: Extra strong wall for 2060 kPa welding or

size 40 mm and smaller; threaded malleable iron.
Standard wall for sizes larger
than 40 mm; Lap welded or
seamless for sizes larger than
50 mm.

Hot Gas Line Hard copper tubing, Type L. Wrought copper,

wrought brass or tinned
cast brass.

Steel pipe, standard wall. Lap 2060 kPa welding or

welded or seamless for sizes threaded malleable iron.
larger than 50 mm.

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SERVICE PIPE FITTINGS

Chilled Water Black steel pipe Welding, cast, malleable

or black iron

Hard copper tubing Cast brass, wrought

copper or wrought brass

Condenser or Galvanized steel pipe Welding, galvanized,

Make-Up Water cast or malleable iron.

Hard copper tubing Cast brass, wrought

copper or wrought brass

Drain or Galvanized steel pipe Galvanized, cast or

Condensate malleable iron
Lines
Hard copper tubing Cast brass, wrought
copper or wrought brass

Steam or Black steel pipe Wrought or cast iron

Condensate
Hard copper tubing Cast brass, wrought
copper or wrought brass

Hot Water Black steel pipe Welding or cast iron

Hard copper tubing Cast brass, wrought

copper or wrought brass

6.23 CONTROL SYSTEMS

A. Functions

1. HVAC control systems shall accomplish the following functions:

a) The capacity of equipment shall be controlled automatically according to

the load, to give desired room conditions.

b) The control system shall anticipate demand and provide automatic

compensation, so that system capacity will change according to load.

c) Overcooling and overheating will cause unnecessary consumption of

power. Therefore, control systems shall be arranged to reduce operating
expenses.

d) Limit controls shall be provided to prevent freeze ups or overheating of

systems.

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B. Control Methods

1. Semi-automatic or automatic control methods shall be used as follows:

a) Systems shall be designed for semi-automatic operation; that is, for

manual start with automatic capacity control.

b) Control system for completely automatic operation shall be designed

only where equipment is to operate on a 24-hour basis without any
supervision.

C. Types of Control

1. Two-position or modulating type of control may be used.

a) Two-position control shall be used in the following cases:

1) Small and simple systems which cannot be adapted for
modulating type control; for example, small room units, unit
heaters.
2) Systems having a slow rate of variation in load, so that the
controlled equipment will not cycle too frequently.
3) Systems where control of only one variable is desired; for
example, dry bulb temperature, relative humidity, pressure.
4) Limit or safety control.

2. Modulating control shall be used under the following conditions:

a) Where simultaneous control of more than one variable is desired.

b) Where the control process produces immediate response in room

conditions.

c) Where the equipment capacity is to be varied in proportion to the load

change.

D. Control Power

1. There are three types of control power. These are listed below along with the
use of each type of control:

a) Electric power controls may be used for two-position or modulating type

controls. However, for modulating type controls, selection of the control
power shall be based on an economic analysis of estimated cost of
installation based on electric, pneumatic, or electronic controls.

b) As the number of modulating controls in a system is increased, it will be

found that the pneumatic or the electronic controls will tend to be more
economical than electric controls. A combination of electronic sensing
devices with pneumatic actuators may result in a most economical
arrangement.

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c) Hydraulic power shall be used for control operation where pressures,

considerably higher than normally used by pneumatic systems, are
required for actuator operation.

E. Control System Design

1. The control system uses three methods of control as follows:

a) Air control may be used, but shall be restricted because of the following
disadvantages:
1) Only one variable is controlled, either dry bulb temperature or
relative humidity.
2) With variation in air volume, air distribution and arrangement and
noise level change constantly.
3) Outside air ventilation is reduced as supply air volume is reduced.
4) Air volume control may be used advantageously in interior zones
and, in some cases; in the exterior zones (care shall be exercised
to insure sufficient outside air is being supplied to meet
requirements).

b) Face and bypass damper control is to be used only when one variable is
desired. The one variable usually desired is dry bulb temperature. This
control shall not be used for systems having a high percentage of
outside air, unless arrangement is made to dehumidify all the outside air
and bypass the room air only. This control shall be used when diversity
in cooling load is desired.

c) Room temperature may be controlled by reheating supply air in

proportion to reduction of room heat load. This control shall be used
when simultaneous control of dry bulb temperature and relative humidity
is desired.

F. Control Equipments

1. Control of equipment shall involve control of outdoor air dampers, preheating

coils, cooling coils and reheating coils.

a) Outdoor air control shall be as follows:

1) Minimum fixed outside supply shall be used for small systems
where only one fan is used for supply and return air.
2) Wherever economically possible, a variable outdoor air supply
system shall be used to provide cooling requirements during
intermediate seasons.
3) Outdoor air dampers shall be interlocked with supply fans.
4) Dampers shall open only when the supply fan is operating.

b) Preheating of coil shall be provided where ambient temperature is

expected to fall below 5C. Heat supply to the coil shall be available
whether or not the fan is working.

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c) Automatic throttling valve for temperature control shall be provided for

either steam or hot water supply.

d) Leaving-air thermostats shall control cooling coils, when constant

cooling and dehumidification are. Thermostats on the leaving-side of
reheat coils shall control heating. These thermostats shall be reset by a
master instrument sensing the variable elements such as outdoor air
temperature, room temperature, or room humidity. All reheat controls
shall also permit manual adjustment.

6.24 INSTRUMENTATION

A. General

1. Every system shall be equipped with enough measuring instruments to help

the operator in testing, operating, and adjusting of the system.

2. Where instruments are required for initial adjustments only and will not be
essential for normal operation, arrangement shall be provided to connect the
instruments without stopping or draining the system.

3. For example, thermometer wells and gage cocks shall be provided for
checking temperature and pressure respectively.

B. The following instruments shall be provided:

1. A measuring type instrument shall be provided near an automatic control

device (thermostats, humidistat and pressure switch), to facilitate adjustments
and testing of the control device. Such instrument is usually of the indicating
type unless a permanent record of operation is desired.

2. Recording type instruments shall be provided only where permanent records

are required to analyze operating costs or effects on process application.

3. As far as possible, recording and indicating instruments shall be combined with

the control device to measure conditions at the point of control.

4. Multi-point remote indicators shall be used to check temperatures, pressures,

humidity, and other operating conditions of equipment and areas remotely
located from the central control areas. It may be advantageous and
economical, in case of large installations, to provide one multipoint remote
indicator at a central supervisory location instead of having several indicating
type instruments installed at various different areas.

5. All instruments and controls in one area shall be combined on a single control
board and arranged for rapid readout. Control boards shall be located for walk
up access.

6. Indication of variation in operating conditions and self-compensating

instruments are desired characteristics of instrumentation selected. Self-
compensating instruments shall not be affected by external changes in
temperature or pressure.

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7. Instrument range shall be such that, under normal conditions of operation, the
indicating pointer shall remain vertical and operating conditions shall be
displayed within the middle of the range.

8. Pressure gages shall not be affected by any pulsation of pressure in pipelines.

6.25 MECHANICAL PLANT INSTALLATION AND GENERAL ARRANGEMENT

A. Chilled Water Coils

1. All chilled water coils shall have 3 way valves with bypass. Balancing valves
shall be installed on the return and bypass lines.

B. Chillers

1. All chillers shall use constant water flow and chillers shall be installed in
parallel to allow for ease in maintenance.

C. Chilled Water Lines

1. Chilled water coil supply and return lines shall have thermowells, pressure plug
points and a flow meter.

2. A shutoff valve shall be installed on each of the supply and return lines of each
cooling coil to allow for servicing of the coil without tampering with water
balance.

D. Chilled Water Circulating Pumps

1. The chilled water circulating pumps shall be a 100% standby and shall have a
pressure gage at the suction side, a strainer, and gate valve.

2. The discharge side shall have a pressure gage, a check valve and a gate
valve.

3. Since the chilled water systems have constant flow at all times, secondary
pumps shall not be used.

4. However, on extremely long runs, localized booster pumps at air handling units
shall be used.

E. Chemical Feed and Water Make-Up

1. The system shall also have at the suction side of the pump an air separator
and closed type compression tank.

2. The make-up line to the system shall have a double check valve to prevent
cross-connection.

3. A pot feeder having a capacity of no less than 0.1% of system water volume
with two shutoff valves shall be installed between the pump suction and
discharge lines, in parallel with the pump.

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F. Equipment Access

1. Where equipment or valves are situated in a high location, all necessary

operating chains, service platforms and ladders with railing shall be provided.

2. All chilled water plants shall have adequate space for coil or tube pull-out.

3. Access space shall be provided for maintenance in front of motor control

centers and control panels.

6.26 MISCELLANEOUS

A. Elevator Machinery, Electrical Equipment and Diesel Generator Rooms shall be air
conditioned and pressurized to prevent dust and sand infiltration. The temperature
shall be 30C; the pressure shall be verified with the machinery and equipment
manufacturers.

B. Computer Rooms

1. In case of computer rooms and associated spaces, environmental conditions

shall be verified from the computer equipment manufacturers.

C. Stand-By Equipment

1. Stand-by equipment shall be provided in chilled water systems for chillers and
chilled water circulation pumps.

2. Computer room air conditioning equipment shall be installed with 100% stand-
by capacity.

D. Dual Air Conditioning Systems

1. Dual air conditioning systems, where outside air is introduced by separate

system (primary air system) in addition to a re-circulation cooling system, shall
be avoided.

2. Outside air shall be introduced through the main system, where it is filtered
and conditioned.

E. Control Rooms

1. Air conditioning systems for control rooms shall have 100% stand-by
equipment, for maximization of system and facility reliability.

2. The control room space shall be pressurized and maintained at an inside

design criteria of 24C DB and 40% maximum relative humidity.

F. Workshops and General Warehouses

1. These spaces shall be kept at 30C maximum using conditioned air; spot
cooling should be used at working stations.

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2. Sand trap louvers shall be installed at all outside air intakes to prevent the
sand from entering the conditioned space.

G. Kitchens

1. Commercial kitchens without dining areas shall be cooled by a separate air

conditioning unit and the space condition shall be below 30C DB and 50%
maximum relative humidity.

H. Systems Pressure Loss

1. Systems pressure losses shall include all pressure drops in duct work, intake
louvers dampers, filters, cooling and heating coils, plenums, fire dampers,
volume dampers, duct transitions, elbows, tees, other fittings, extractors,
splitter dampers, equalizing grids, opposed blade volume dampers, air outlets,
room overpressure, return inlets and other devices. A minimum margin of 25%
shall be added to the calculated loss.

I. Duct Lining

1. All exposed duct work indoors and outdoors that requires thermal insulation
shall be lined internally.

J. Cooling Plenums

1. Attic or ceiling spaces shall not be used as ceiling supply plenums and use of
attic or ceiling spaces as ceiling return plenums shall be avoided, and shall
only be used after the Royal Commissions approval.

K. Building Vapor Control

1. The adequacy of an air conditioned building's provisions for vapor control shall
be demonstrated to the Royal Commission by analysis. Physical and mass
transfer properties of all materials shall be supported by published data and/or
certified test results by independent laboratories.

L. U Factors

1. All "U" factors shall be calculated and shall contain a 10% safety factor to
account for non-ideal field conditions.

M. Heating Loads

1. All heating loads shall have an allowance of 25% for warm up.

N. HVAC Equipment Motor Sizing

1. A minimum of 25% shall be added to the brake horsepower of pump and fan
motors before making the final selection.

O. Air Intakes

1. All outside air intakes louvers shall be sized using a face velocity not

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exceeding 2 m/s and have dust filters downstream of the louvers.

2. Outside air intakes for packaged and roof-top units shall have sand trap
louvers, sized at 1.25 m/s maximum face velocity.

P. Smoke Detectors

1. Smoke Detectors shall be installed at both the supply and return ductwork and
shall be interlocked with the supply fan as required by NFPA 90A.

6.27 MECHANICAL PIPING SYSTEMS

A. General

1. The mechanical piping systems used in commercial, institutional and industrial

facilities may be the following:

a) Cryogenic Systems.

b) Hydraulic Power Systems.

c) High Temperature Water Systems.

d) Steam Systems.

e) Compressed Air and Gas Systems.

2. Each of the above mechanical piping systems has unique design and material
requirements.

B. Cryogenic Systems

1. Cryogenics are used in many industrial processes where low temperatures are
required.

a) The materials used for low temperature service require specific

characteristics; i.e., retention of ductility and resistance to shock loading
at low temperatures and an improvement to tensile and yield strengths.

b) Materials for low temperature services shall be used as shown in

Table 6F.

TABLE 6F: MATERIALS FOR LOW TEMPERATURE SERVICE

TEMPERATURE RANGE C MATERIAL

-18 to -29 Carbon Steel

-30 to -45 Killed Carbon Steel or Aluminum

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TEMPERATURE RANGE C MATERIAL

-46 to -100 Alloy Steel

-101 to -195 Alloy Steel or Nonferrous

Below -195 Nonferrous

c) Chromium-nickel stainless steels are inherently suitable for service in

the temperature range of - 185 to - 254C.

d) Aluminum alloys have an unusual ability to maintain their strength,

ductility, and resistance to shock loading at extremely low temperatures.
Other properties which make these alloys attractive for low temperatures
are their conductivity and reflectivity, low emissivity, and high strength-
to-weight ratio.

e) Copper and its alloys have high retention of ductility at low

temperatures. With few exceptions, the tensile strength and hardness of
wrought copper and its alloys increase quite markedly below room
temperature down to below the temperature of - 250C.

f) Plastics find their main use in cryogenics as gasketing material between

flanges. Teflon is ductile at low temperatures. Plastics reinforced with
fiberglass improve resistance to temperature shock.

g) Recently developed glasses possess high temperature shock, impact

loading, and strength characteristics.

h) The piping system design for cryogenic plants shall follow these
guidelines:
1) Where possible, all piping shall slope upward in the direction of
flow, to take advantage of the principle of air lift.
2) To eliminate the gas traps, peaks or high pockets in all pipelines
shall be avoided.
3) All possible heat leaks shall be reduced to a minimum.
4) Heavy insulation and metals with low thermal conductivities shall
be used.
5) System instrumentation shall be minimized.
6) The pipe supports or hangers shall be placed so that there will be
a minimum of heat gain by the fluid in the pipe.

i) Wherever possible, joining of pipes in cryogenic work shall be done by

welding.

j) Cryogenic valves shall be of stainless steel or aluminum material. If

cryogenic plant is built inside a cold box, valves shall have extended
bonnets so that the stuffings boxes and handwheels can be extended to
the outside, to facilitate operation and maintenance.

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k) Cryogenic plant shall be insulated by applying insulation to each piece

of equipment separately or by building a cold box around the equipment
and filling the voids with insulation.

C. Hydraulic Power Systems

1. Hydraulic power provides an effective means of producing a moving or holding

force of high magnitude. For this reason, hydraulic power transmission
systems are widely used.

2. Piping material for large hydraulic systems shall be carbon steel. Piping
material for small hydraulic systems may be carbon steel, copper, alloy steel,
or aluminum.

3. The thickness of pipe or tubing required for hydraulic power work shall be
computed by Barlow's formula.

4. Either flare, flareless, welded or brazed type joints shall be used. Joints and
fittings shall be selected to match the wall thickness of pipes and tubing.

5. Piping used for hydraulic fluids shall be pickled and flushed prior to installation.

6. Valves specially designed for hydraulic power system control shall be used.

7. Depending on the system's working temperature, pressure, ambient

temperature, and the type of service, specific grade or oil or water shall be
used as hydraulic fluid.

D. High Temperature Water Systems

1. High temperature water (HTW) systems are those that supply water at
temperatures above 120C and at pressures from 4 to 25 bars.

2. The pressure in any part of a high temperature water system shall always be
above the pressure corresponding to the temperature at saturation in the
system, in order to prevent flashing of the water into steam. Pressurization to
prevent the water in system from flashing into steam shall be accomplished by
steam or an inert gas such as nitrogen.

3. This pressure shall be maintained by employing either of the following

schemes:

a) An automatic pressure pump.

b) Compression tank with inert gas.

c) A steam cushion in the steam arum, the steam space of the boiler, or in
a separate expansion tank.

4. Based on load and design pressures, either water-tube, fire-tube, or scotch-

marine type boiler shall be used.

5. Water-tube boilers usually require external tanks for pressurization, while fire-

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tube boilers, if pressurized by steam, have expansion space within the boiler,
but require a separate tank if pressurized by inert gas.

6. When pressurizing with pump, the pressure control shall be set to operate the
boiler feed pump, which causes feedwater to flow from the makeup tank to the
boiler whenever the pressure falls.

7. Proper distribution of return water and of water flow shall be maintained in all
types of boilers, to prevent tube or tube-sheet failures due to overheating or
unequal expansion of the boiler.

8. Either iron pipe or copper tubing shall be used for high temperature water
systems.

9. Sizing of piping shall take economical considerations of smaller pipe versus

higher pressure drops through the system, and therefore, higher pump
requirements.

10. Control valves shall be sized for 70 to 80% stem travel at full flow. The
pressure drop across the valve shall not result in a downstream pressure
below the saturation pressure at the temperature existing at any point, or
flashing into stream will result.

11. Control valves shall be located in the return lines of heating units, in order to
reduce valve operating temperature.

E. Steam Systems

1. Steam systems are used for heating turbine and boiler leads, and various
industrial processes.

2. Carbon steel or alloy steels shall be used for piping material.

3. Sizing of pipes shall be such as to allow reasonable velocities and friction

losses. The steam velocity shall not create objectionable noise especially for
heating systems in office buildings and dwellings.

4. Sizing of pipes for the exhaust lines from auxiliary turbines and similar services
shall be such as not to produce objectionable noise.

5. Either globe or gate valves shall be used wherever possible, in general gate
valves shall be used in locations where pressure drop through the valve is a
consideration and where the valve will be either wide open or entirely closed.
Globe valves shall be used in water, steam, and air lines for throttling
purposes, as the globe valve permits closer regulation of the flow. A gate valve
shall always be installed preceding a globe valve used for throttling purposes.

6. Check valves shall be used in feed lines close to a boiler to prevent water or
steam blowing back from the boiler, if the feed line ruptures or its pressure
falls. Check valves shall also be used in individual pump or trap discharges
before they join a common header, and where different lines are joined
together to discharge into a common header. In pump discharges where the
header remains under pressure after the pump is shut down, a gate valve shall
be installed in addition to the check valve.
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7. Each boiler shall have at least one safety valve and two or more safety valves,
if it has more than 46.5 m2 of heating surface or if the steam generating
capacity exceeds 1000 kg/h. The safety valve capacity for each boiler shall be
such that all the steam that can be generated shall be discharged without
allowing the pressure to rise more than 3%. The complete range of pressure
settings of all the saturated steam safety valves on a boiler shall not exceed
10% of the highest pressure to which any valve is set.

8. All safety valves shall be of direct spring-loaded pop type. They shall operate
without chattering.

9. Except in the case of small, low-pressure boilers, vents from safety valves
shall be terminated outside of the building at least 1.8 m above the roof. To
reduce the high noise level caused by the discharge, the vent pipe end shall
be fitted with a baffled silencer, or the pipe end shall be cut on a bias to
increase the discharge area and reduce exit velocity.

10. Steam systems piping shall be insulated to reduce heat losses.

F. Refrigeration Systems

1. Refrigeration systems include cold storage and freezer facilities, process

cooling, ice making, and other refrigeration applications for commercial,
institutional and industrial use.

2. Commercial refrigeration systems are associated with freezing food or storing

frozen food in refrigerated warehouses. Food freezing processes are different
for unpackaged food, lightly packaged food and canned food and, therefore a
different refrigeration system shall be designed for each process.

3. Refrigeration may be used directly to cool solids such as ice in skating rinks or
cement in construction work or to cool air or liquids. However, care shall be
exercised to prevent refrigerant leakage.

4. A dual refrigeration system employing both primary refrigerant and secondary

coolant (brine) which transmits refrigeration from one location to another may
be more convenient for food processing and similar applications.

5. However, care shall be exercised in controlling corrosion since some brines

are highly corrosive.

6. Design Criteria

a) Refrigeration systems shall be designed with safety reliability, availability

and maintainability in mind.

b) Equipment such as compressors shall be well isolated, to limit noise and

vibration.

c) Refrigerant and discharge piping shall be designed to minimize

compressor capacity losses. Section piping thermal losses shall be
minimized by proper insulation.

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d) Heat removal systems employing air reclaimed water, or seawater from

the cooling canal shall be used in preference to cooling towers
employing potable water.

7. Component Balancing

a) All refrigeration system components, such as compressor, condenser,

evaporator, refrigerant flow control devices fans motors and controls
shall be designed to provide a balanced, well integrated efficient and
reliable system.

b) Since the evaporator transfers heat from the fluid being cooled to the
refrigerant, its heat transfer capacity in BTUs shall match that of the
cooling load including losses.

c) The compressor shall raise the pressure of the refrigerant gas from the
evaporator pressure (less pressure loss between evaporator and
compressor suction) to the condensing pressure (plus pressure loss
between the compressor discharge and the condenser) sufficiently to
move the heated refrigerant to the condenser which in turn shall transfer
all the rejected heat to an available heat sink.

d) A refrigerant flow control device shall control the rate of flow of

refrigerant liquid between condenser and evaporator and shall regulate
the rate of flow of refrigerant into the evaporator to match the rate of
evaporation which corresponds to the actual removal of heat load.

8. Refrigerant Load

a) When calculating refrigeration load heat gain components such as

transmission heat gain; warm air leaking into refrigerated space; heat
gain associated with people working in the refrigerated space plus lights,
electric motors and other internal heat sources shall be included.

b) In designing efficient food processing facilities, both cooling and freezing

times of food shall be estimated by applying standard analytical
techniques.

9. Refrigerants

a) Refrigerants are the vital working fluids in refrigeration systems. In

selecting refrigerant-absorbent pairs the application shall be studied in
detail. For example both ammonia-water and water-lithium bromide
pairs are extensively used in industry. However, ammonia cannot be
used inside a dwelling. Water-lithium bromide refrigerant turns to ice at
0C and therefore it cannot be used for low temperature refrigeration.

b) The freezing point of refrigerants must be lower than the required

refrigeration temperature.

c) The boiling point of refrigerants indicates the general temperature level

where a refrigerant can be used.

d) Once the refrigerant is selected; care shall be exercised in selecting

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piping material.

e) Most common metals such as steel, cast iron brass, copper, thin, lead,
and aluminum can be used satisfactorily with the halogenated
refrigerants. However, methyl chloride shall not be used with aluminum
since its reaction forms a highly flammable gas, thus presenting, a great
explosion hazard. Magnesium, zinc, and aluminum alloys containing
more than 2% magnesium shall not be used with halogenated
refrigerants containing even trace amounts of water.

G. Secondary Coolants (Brines)

1. In some refrigeration applications such as food processing and freezing,

secondary coolants (brines) are used. The selection of secondary coolants
shall be carefully analyzed for each application. For example, for freezing
unpackaged fish and other foods calcium chloride cannot be tolerated. Instead,
ordinary salt (sodium chloride) brine may be used.

2. Table 6G provides guidance for typical brine systems applications.

TABLE 6G: TYPICAL BRINE SYSTEMS APPLICATIONS

Application Sodium Calcium Ethyle- Propy- Metha- Ethanol Chlorinated Or

Chloride Chloride ne lene nol Water Flourinated
Glycol Water Hydrocarbons

Chemical X X X X X X
Plant

Dairies X X X

Food Freezing X X X X

Meat Packing X X

Preheat Coils X
(AC Systems)

Skating Rings X X X

Low X X X
Temperature
Systems

Ice Cream X X X

3. In selecting brine, toxicity, flash point, specific heat, density, stability, viscosity,
freezing point, vapor pressure, water solubility, and foaming shall be
considered.

4. Sizing of brine piping systems shall be such that brine velocity is sufficiently
low as to prevent erosion of piping by entrained air. To reduce the possibility of
dirt and rust plugging in large salt brine systems, branch lines and valves

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smaller than 25 mm shall not be used.

5. To protect brine piping systems from corrosion, the refrigerating brine shall not
be allowed to turn from all alkaline to an acid solution. Therefore, pH brine
solution shall be kept at 7 or above. Brine pH can be raised by addition of
caustic soda which has been dissolved in warm water. When pH can be
controlled, brass valves and bronze fitted pumps may be used.

6. Steel, iron, or copper piping can be used with most of the brines, except salt
brines where all-iron or steel piping shall be employed. All-iron or steel pumps
and valves shall be employed with calcium chloride brine, in order to prevent
electrolysis in the event of acidity.

6.28 NOISE AND VIBRATION

A. The Royal Commission Sound and Vibration Criteria

1. Sound and Vibration are best defined, represented, detailed and diagrammed
in ASHRAE Handbook.

2. Accordingly, ASHRAE Fundamental, Sound and Vibration chapter and

ASHRAE Application, Sound and Vibration Control chapter; along with this
document shall constitute the Royal Commission noise and vibration control
design criteria.

6.29 NOISE CONTROL

A. Prelude

1. Sound and vibration are created by a source, transmitted along one or more
paths, and reach a receiver.

2. Any sound analysis shall include source-path-receiver chain.

3. Treatments and modifications can be applied to any or all of these elements to

achieve an acceptable acoustical environment.

4. It is most effective and least expensive to reduce noise at the source.

5. Mechanical equipment and systems is one of the major sources of sound and
vibration in a building. Therefore, the sound generated by mechanical
equipment and systems; and its effects on the overall acoustical environment
in a building must be considered.

6. Adequate noise and vibration control in the mechanical systems is best

achieved during the design phase.

7. System Effects

a) The way the HVAC components are assembled into a system affects
the sound level generated by the system and accordingly shall be

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considered in the design.

8. The basic elements of acoustics should be understood and used in order to

work intelligently with SPL (Sound Power Level), PWL (Sound Pressure Level)
and SIL (Sound Intensity Level) data for many types of electrical and
mechanical noise sources, know the effects of distance (both indoors and
outdoors), appreciate the significance of noise criteria, and be able to
manipulate acoustic data in a meaningful and rational way.

B. Acoustical Design Objective

1. The primary objective for the acoustical design of mechanical systems and
equipment is:

a) Ensure that the acoustical environment in a given space meet the

design criteria.

b) Consider practicality and simplicity.

c) Consider total economy.

C. Design Criteria

1. Several background sound rating methods are used to rate indoor sound.

2. They include the A-weighted sound pressure level (dBA) and noise criteria
(NC), the more recent room criteria (RC), balanced noise criteria (NCB) and
the new RC Mark II.

3. Not all methods are equally suitable for the rating of sound in the variety of
applications encountered.

4. The desired noise criterion curves for various indoor areas are published in the
ASHRAE Handbook of Fundamentals and shall be used as the design criteria.

5. Lower values are quieter.

D. Noise Control

1. Source

a) Reduce noise and vibration at the source.

b) Equipment Selection
1) Select quieter equipment. Select manufacturers that involve ANSI,
ISO, ARI, ASHRAE and ASTM standards to set up the equipment
noise specifications and to evaluate acoustical equipment and
products performance in the laboratory and in the field.
2) Normally actual manufacturers productions develop noise levels
fall below the specified.
3) Therefore, any purchased equipment required not to exceed the
estimated values given in Division 15 for that equipment.

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c) Equipment shall be oriented so that maximum sound radiation, such as

from air intake and exhaust, is directed away from points of possible
complaints.

d) Regular maintenance procedures such as tightening of loose parts and

replacement of damaged components shall be enforced.

e) If areas have ambient noise levels exceeding 90 dBA; it shall be

classified as Noise Hazard Areas.

2. Path

a) Prevent noise transmission.

b) Enclosures and Barriers

1) Enclosing a sound source is a common means of controlling
airborne sound transmission.
2) Adequate wall and floor-ceiling constructions shall be designed to
contain the noise and limit its transmission into adjoining areas.
3) Acoustic absorption material shall be used, if needed in either or
both the sound transmitting room and the sound receiving room to
absorb some of the sound energy that bounces around the
room.
4) The sound transmission class (STC) rating of a partition or
assembly is a single number rating used in architecture to classify
sound isolation for speech (ASTM E90, ASTM E413).
5) Transmission loss data shall be used to select various types of
construction materials for the design of noise enclosures.
6) Select partitions and floors on the basis of their one-third octave
or octave band sound transmission loss values rather than single
number ratings, especially when frequencies below 125 Hz are
important.
7) Sound Transmission Class (STC) and Transmission Loss Values
of typical mechanical equipment room wall, floor, and ceiling types
in dB are found in ASHRAE Applications Handbook.

c) Prevent vibration transmission by using vibration isolators. Provide noise

control and vibration isolation so that equipment noise levels within
equipment spaces and the noise transmission to the buildings
environment (including noise transmission to neighboring buildings)
comply with noise ordinances.

d) Noise Control in Duct Systems

1) System sound levels at maximum flow shall be carefully evaluated
to ensure required acoustic levels.
2) The ductwork design shall appropriately consider and address
airborne equipment noise, equipment vibration, ductborne fan
noise, duct breakout noise, airflow generated noise and ductborne
crosstalk noise.

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3) Duct noise control shall be achieved by controlling air velocity.

4) Reduce fan-generated noise immediately outside of any
mechanical room wall by acoustically coating or wrapping the
duct.
5) Use sound attenuators for critical areas.
6) Terminal units shall be selected so that design air volume is
approximately three-quarters of the terminal boxs maximum
capacity.
7) Volume dampers shall be located at least 1.8 m (6 ft.) from the
closest diffuser.

e) Isolation from Exterior Noise Sources

1) Buildings located near airports, highways, rail corridors or other
sources of significant environmental noise levels shall have
exterior wall and window assemblies controlling noise intrusions.

3. Receiver

a) Careful building layout and equipment arrangement.

b) Building layouts shall be modified in an attempt to redistribute noise

sources in a more favorable arrangement.

c) Bring together noisy areas in one part of a building and quiet areas in a
different part of the building (to minimize their reaction on one another),
and use less critical buffer zones to separate noisy and quiet areas.

6.30 VIBRATION CONTROL

A. Prelude

1. A rigidly mounted machine transmits its internal vibratory forces directly to the
supporting structure.

2. By inserting resilient mountings vibration isolators, between the machine and

supporting structure, the magnitude of transmitted vibration can be reduced to
only a fraction of the original.

3. Vibration isolators can also be used to protect sensitive equipment from

disturbing vibrations that may be present in the floor of the building structure.

B. Design Objective

1. All vibrating, reciprocating, or rotating equipment shall be mounted such that it

does not transmit significant levels of vibration into the surrounding or
supporting structure.

2. Provide vibration isolation for all attachments to a vibrating machine, including

structural mounts, cooling or drainage pipe connections, exhaust air ductwork,
and electrical connections, etc.

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3. It is very important that equipment operating frequencies be isolated from

natural frequencies of the building.

4. Ensure that the supporting structure has sufficient stiffness and mass.

5. Where it might be impractical or too expensive to meet the design criteria, then
sound engineering judgement shall be applied to limit noise and vibration
effect on building occupants and to protect the equipment.

C. Vibration Criteria

1. Design Criteria shall be as per ASHRAE Fundamentals and Applications

Handbook, recommended acceptable vibration criteria for vibration in a
building structure.

2. Vibration Isolators Selection

a) Vibration isolators must be selected not only to provide required

isolation efficiency but also to compensate for floor stiffness.

D. Vibration Control

1. General

a) Provisions shall be made to control equipment induced vibration.

b) Refer to and incorporate the basic design techniques as described in

ASHRAE Applications Handbook, Sound and Vibration Control.

c) The use of vibration isolators between equipment and foundations

and/or building structures shall be required to minimize transmitted
vibration.

2. Vibration Isolators

a) Vibration isolation mounts shall be used for the support of mechanical or

vibrating equipment.

b) Isolators shall be specified by type and by deflection, not by isolation

efficiency.

c) See ASHRAE Fundamentals for Selection of Vibration Isolators and

ASHRAE Application Handbook for types and minimum deflections.

d) All vibration isolators shall be selected according to ASHRAE and

manufacturers recommendations.

e) Isolation performance shall be within the responsibility of the equipment

supplier.

3. Rotating Equipment

a) All rotating equipment within the housing of units shall be mounted on

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vibration isolators.

b) Reciprocating compressors shall be vibration isolated from the unit, and

frame shall have vibration isolation (such as a vibration pad) between
equipment and equipment base.

c) All air handling units and fans casing shall be isolated from their ducts
by flexible connections.

4. Ductwork

a) The ductwork design shall appropriately consider and address

equipment vibration.

b) All ductwork connections to equipment having motors or rotating

components shall be made with 150 mm (6 in.) length of flexible
connectors.

c) All ductwork within the mechanical room or serving critical rooms shall
be supported with isolation hangers.

5. Piping Hangers and Isolation

a) Isolation hangers shall be used for all piping in mechanical rooms and
adjacent spaces, up to a 15.2 m (50 ft.) distance from vibrating
equipment.

b) The pipe hangers closest to the equipment shall have the same
deflection characteristics as the equipment isolators.

c) Other hangers shall be spring hangers with 19 mm (0.75 in.) deflection.

Positioning hangers shall be specified for all piping 200 mm (8 in.) and
larger throughout the building.

d) Spring and rubber isolators are recommended for piping 50 mm (2 in.)

and larger hung below noise sensitive spaces.

e) Floor supports for piping may be designed with spring mounts or rubber
pad mounts.

f) For pipes subject to large amounts of thermal movement, plates of

Teflon or graphite shall be installed above the isolator to permit
horizontal sliding.

g) Anchors and guides for vertical pipe risers usually must be attached
rigidly to the structure to control pipe movement.

h) Flexible pipe connectors shall be designed into the piping before it

reaches the riser.

6. Piping Supports

a) Provide channel supports for multiple pipes and heavy duty steel

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trapezes to support multiple pipes.

b) Hanger and support schedule shall have manufacturers number, type

and location.

c) Comply with MSS SP69 for pipe hanger selections.

d) Spring hangers and supports shall be provided in all the mechanical

rooms.

7. Mechanical Equipment Isolation

a) Floating isolation bases shall be considered for major mechanical

equipment located in critical areas.

8. Concrete Inertia Bases

a) Inertia bases shall be provided for reciprocating and centrifugal chillers,

air compressors, all pumps, axial fans above 300 RPM, and centrifugal
fans above 37.3 kW (50 hp).

9. Mechanical Shafts and Chases

a) Mechanical shafts and chases shall be continuous and closed at the top
and bottom.

b) Any piping and ductwork shall be isolated as it enters the shaft to

prevent propagation of vibration to the building structure.

c) All openings for ducts and piping must be sealed.

d) Shafts dedicated to gas piping must be ventilated.

6.31 PROTECTION FOR MECHANICAL SYSTEMS

A. Emergency Shutoff Switch

1. Include an emergency shutoff switch in the control system that immediately

shuts down the heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) system of
inhabited structures.

2. There shall be a minimum of two switches per floor strategically placed based
on building user input.

3. The switch shall be placed in a flush mounted enclosure with a glass brake
front with hammer (or equal anti-tamper enclosure). In addition, a plastic
laminate sign with engraved words shall be placed on the wall beside the
switch that reads, BUILDING VENTILATION SYSTEM EMERGENCY
SHUTOFF SWITCH.

B. Outside Air Intakes

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1. Locate all outside air intakes a minimum of 3 m (10 ft.) above ground
elevation.

C. Openings and Enclosures

1. If walls or other screening devices with more than two sides are placed around
mechanical equipment within the 10 m (33 ft.) wide unobstructed space zone,
the equipment shall be enclosed on all four sides and the top.

2. Openings in screening materials and gaps between the ground and screens or
walls making up the enclosure shall not be greater than 150 mm (6 in.).

3. Any surfaces of the enclosures that can be opened shall be secured so that
unauthorized personnel cannot gain access through them.

D. Equipment

1. Exterior mechanical equipment shall be placed either outside the 10 m (33 ft.)
wide unobstructed space zone or placed in such a manner that there is no
opportunity for the concealment of explosive devices.

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