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I
NEWATEC
II
Preface
NEWATEC as a network of German companies providing advanced technologies in the water
sector was officially created in 2011 after a relatively short preparation period. The NEWATEC
companies decided to combine their efforts in getting access to the water sector of India, one of
the fastest growing and, thus, most interesting markets in Asia. The German Federal Ministry of
Economics and Technology is supporting this initiative.
A few of the NEWATEC companies have already a strong market presence in India; others are
completely new in this region of the world. So an introduction to Indias water sector and the
market opportunities for German technology providers was required. Hence, it was decided to
elaborate this study. It was decided to concentrate this study on one federal state of this huge
country only, because to cover the entire country was seen as too difficult. So Karnataka was
selected as an example. It was Karnataka because this state has a very good cooperation already
with the Free State of Bavaria since 2007 (and even longer) in the field of environment and in
the water sector, apart from other fields like scientific collaborations between universities and
other educational institutions and in economics and culture.
In 2008 a two-days water conference was organised jointly by the Karnataka State Pollution
Control Board (KSPCB), the Indo-German Environment Programme ASEM (operated by the
German International Cooperation Deutsche Gesellschaft fuer Internationale Zusammenarbeit
(GIZ) GmbH) and the Bavarian State Ministry of Environment and Health (through its
Environment Protection Agency - Landesamt fuer Umweltschutz LfU). Subsequently several
expert missions from Bavaria came to Karnataka and worked in the public and private sector in
planning and implementation of training, hands-on consultancy and study preparation.
The idea for this company network and project was born in India itself among actors who are
now the organisers of NEWATEC: the Environment Cluster Bavaria (UmweltCluster Bayern), the
Bavarian-Indian Centre BayIND, the LfU top management and the team of GIZ-ASEM in
Bangalore.
Karnataka can be considered as model state in India, the capital Bangalore is one of the fastest
growing cities in Asia. It is not heavily industrialised but faces all typical problems that
characterise the water sector in India: water scarcity, outdated equipment, heavy pollution of all
water bodies and types, growing urban population, etc. This tremendous growth creates
challenges for the environment and the natural resources that have to be met by measures
initiated by the government and implemented by both, the public and the private sector.
With concern to the water sector, the improvement of infrastructure in terms of water supply
and wastewater discharge (planning and implementation of projects) is a huge task that
requires efforts from all sides. This study shows possible methodologies to start with this and to
reach certain goals at least mid-term because of the immense size of the sector mostly in
examples. The opportunities German technology providers will have in this context are
numerous and promising. They are outlined in a technically oriented manner and in general
terms of market opportunities.
The authors of this study being members of the GIZ-ASEM team in Bangalore were using a
selection of manifold existing market studies published in recent years, different papers and
studies of the last five years resulting among others out of the close cooperation between KSPCB,
other authorities and organisations of the state, GIZ-ASEM and the private sector. A complete list
of all literature and sources used together with proposals for further reading are listed in the
annex.
Of course Indian and other expert colleagues contributed directly and indirectly to this report.
The authors want to express their full gratitude to everybody. Mr M N Thippeswamy, retired
Chief Engineer of the Bangalore water authority and the most estimated water expert in the
III
state needs to be mentioned as one of the major contributors to this paper, we owe him our
heartiest thanks.
Bangalore, March 2012
Dr Juergen Porst
(Senior Advisor)
IV
List of Contents
Preface ..................................................................................................................................................................................III
List of Figures .................................................................................................................................................................... IX
List of Tables ...................................................................................................................................................................... IX
Executive Summary...........................................................................................................................................................X
1. Introduction.....................................................................................................................................................................1
2. Water Sector Analysis .................................................................................................................................................1
2.1. Current Environmental Status ........................................................................................................................1
2.1.1. Rivers.................................................................................................................................................................1
2.1.2. Groundwater ..................................................................................................................................................1
2.1.3. Water Demand...............................................................................................................................................2
2.1.4. Pollution of Water Resources ..................................................................................................................3
2.1.5. Pressures .........................................................................................................................................................7
2.1.6. Trends ...............................................................................................................................................................7
2.2. Current Market Status...................................................................................................................................... 11
2.2.1. Karnataka Industrial Areas ................................................................................................................... 11
2.2.2. Water Demand and Supply Management in Bangalore city .................................................... 12
2.2.3. Water and Wastewater Treatment .................................................................................................... 17
2.2.4. Market Potential of Industrial and Municipal Water Management ...................................... 19
2.3. Environmental Policy and Regulatory Framework ............................................................................. 19
2.4. Market Participants .......................................................................................................................................... 24
2.4.1. Municipalities and Commissioners .................................................................................................... 24
2.4.2. Investors ....................................................................................................................................................... 25
2.4.3. End Users ...................................................................................................................................................... 25
2.4.4. Public Sector ................................................................................................................................................ 26
2.4.5. Decision Makers and Key players ....................................................................................................... 27
2.4.6. Potential Private Sector Partner Companies for NEWATEC Members ............................... 27
2.5. Competitive Conditions ................................................................................................................................... 32
2.5.1. Competitors in the Indian Market ...................................................................................................... 33
2.6. Market Entry ........................................................................................................................................................ 33
2.6.1. Strategies for Market Entry ................................................................................................................... 33
2.6.2. Operational Models .................................................................................................................................. 37
2.6.3. Government Subsidies ............................................................................................................................ 38
V
2.6.4. Tendering and Procurement Procedures ........................................................................................ 39
2.6.5. Fairs, Exhibitions and Conferences .................................................................................................... 45
2.7. Tax System ............................................................................................................................................................ 47
2.7.1. Direct Taxation ........................................................................................................................................... 47
2.7.2. Indirect Taxation ....................................................................................................................................... 48
2.8. Import and Export Policy ............................................................................................................................... 48
2.8.1. Trade Barriers ............................................................................................................................................ 48
2.8.2. Latest Development.................................................................................................................................. 49
2.9. After-Sales Issues ............................................................................................................................................... 50
2.9.1. Educational Level of Operational Staff ............................................................................................. 50
2.9.2. Training Needs ........................................................................................................................................... 52
2.10. Limitations and Shortcomings of the Water Sector .......................................................................... 52
2.11. Trends and Opportunities ........................................................................................................................... 53
2.11.1. Policy Trends in Karnataka ................................................................................................................ 54
2.11.2. Opportunities for NEWATEC Companies ..................................................................................... 55
2.11.3. Insights of the Indian water market ............................................................................................... 57
2.12. Future Projects ................................................................................................................................................. 58
3. Technological Assessment ...................................................................................................................................... 58
3.1. Existing Technical Standards and Minimum Requirements ............................................................ 59
3.2. Water and Wastewater Technologies ....................................................................................................... 59
3.3. Monitoring and Control Technologies Applied ..................................................................................... 60
3.4. Possibilities of using Remote Control and Online Measurement ................................................... 61
4. Assessment ................................................................................................................................................................... 61
4.1. SWOT Analysis .................................................................................................................................................... 61
4.2. TOWS Analysis (internal) ............................................................................................................................... 62
4.3. Identification Resolution Matrix.................................................................................................................. 63
4.4. PESTILE Analysis ............................................................................................................................................... 68
4.5. Exemplified Strategies ..................................................................................................................................... 71
4.6. Recommendations ............................................................................................................................................. 71
4.6.1. Water Management in Bangalore City .............................................................................................. 71
4.6.2. Contacts at Public Institutions ............................................................................................................. 72
Annex I ................................................................................................................................................................................ XII
Draft National Water Policy 2012 Extract (GOI) ......................................................................................... XIX
VI
Legislation on Rainwater Harvesting............................................................................................................... XXI
Abbreviations ................................................................................................................................................................... LX
Bibliography ................................................................................................................................................................... LXII
Annex II.................................................................................................................................................................................CD
Folder 1: Sources
Wassertechnik und Wassermanagement in Indien 2007 (Bundesagentur fr
Auenwirtschaft)
India- EU: Creating Market Alliances: Building Access for Waste-Water Manage-
ment Companies 2011 (European Business and Technology Centre)
State of Environment Report Karnataka 2010 (Environmental Management & Policy
Research Institute)
Environmental Compliance and Enforcement in India: Rapid Assessment 2006 (OECD)
Karnataka Industrial Policy 2009-14 (Department of Industries and Commerce)
Karnataka - A Vision for Development 2008 (Karnataka State Planning Board)
Market Structure of Environmental Technology in India 2008 (Swedish Trade Council)
Folder 2: Acts & Regulations
The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974 (Central Pollution
Control Board)
Central Board for the Preventaion and Control of Water Pollution (Procedure for
Transaction of Business) Rules, 1975 (CPCB)
The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Cess Act, 1977 (CPCB)
The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Cess Rules, 1978 (CPCB)
The Enviroment (Protection Act), 1986 (CSPB)
Pollution Control Acts, Rules and Notifications issued thereunder (CPCB)
Draft National Water Policy 2012 (Ministry of Water Resources)
The Karnataka Ground Water (Regulation and Control of Development and Management)
Bill 2009 (Government of Karnataka)
State Water Policy 2002 (Karnataka Water Resources Department)
Folder 3: Technical Standards
Manual on water supply and treatment 1999 (CPHEEO)
Folder 4: Tender Procedures
Orders/ Notifications/ Circulars regarding Karnataka Transparency in Public
Procurements Act 1999 and Rules 2000 and Procurement Reforms (Government of
Karnataka)
Tender Bulletin 2011 (Water Resource Department)
The Karnataka Transparency in Public Procurements Act, 1999 (Government of
Karnataka)
VII
Folder 5: Press Clippings
Folder 6: Further Reading
Final Report on Water Management in Bangalore 2008 (LFU Bavaria)
Action Plan for the Water Sector Measures 2008 (Goverment of Karntaka)
India Vision 2020 (Planning Commission Government of India)
Karnataka Vision 2025 (Confederation of Indian Industries, CII / Indian Institute of
Management-Bangalore IIM-B)
Mission Report on Water Management in Bangalore 2008 (LFU Bavaria)
Status of Water Supply, Sanitation and Solid Waste Management in Urban Areas
2005 (National Institute of Urban Affairs)
VIII
List of Figures
List of Tables
The currency exchange rate used in this study is: Indian Rupee (INR) 65 = 1 .
IX
Executive Summary
This study describes the essentials of the Indian water sector focussing on the current status
with respect to availability of water for the population and industrial production, water qualities
and pollution and also concentrating on the expected development. The market situation and
conditions for foreign companies offering technologies in this sector is analysed and evaluated.
In regard of the sheer size of the country, focus is laid on the state of Karnataka in the south with
its capital Bangalore. Both can be considered as a model for the entire country with all
challenges and opportunities existing and to be expected in the near future. The objective of this
study is to give German companies insight in the structures of the market as a whole, the major
players and their roles and limitations. It lists areas of technical and infrastructural
shortcomings and limitations and shows where gaps and deficiencies are obvious or will become
evident in future and it hints to regional challenges in the state and with respect to urban water
management, because it is there, where the big and severe problems are erasing already now.
Being one of the most important emerging economies in Asia and in future worldwide and
comparable in its economic strength and capabilities with similar countries such as Brazil,
Russia, China and South Africa, India will play a major role geo-politically and economically in
the next two decades. However, huge challenges can be easily identified when one has a closer
look at the existing infrastructure of this country. There are major complications that have to be
overcome now and in the near future. Among others this has to do with access to and supply
with sufficient quantities of water with the required qualities for all parts of the population
along with satisfying the demand of industry and agriculture. The water sector will play a major
role in the list of infrastructure troubles that also implies the power and transport sector and the
education of a huge population of young people.
The country is now in the focus of many technology and equipment suppliers of western and
advances economies; after China, India is one of the most interesting Asian emerging countries
that promise stability and fast growth.
The study chapters show how German companies active in the water sector offering advanced
technologies could enter this market and find customers on a huge and diverse market with
technologies in use that are somewhat out-dated. India always was said to be difficult,
however, once being accepted in the market and with proven capabilities and high quality of
equipment and concepts Made in Germany one can be accepted and a leading player in India in
a sustainable manner.
From the legal background of the water sector with clear and also stringent acts and regulations
to the relevant principles in tendering and commissioning, it is shown how German companies
could get in touch with public and private customers for their technologies. Procedures of
tendering for projects are described and fields for offering the specific technologies of the
NEWATEC companies are shown. Potential Indian clients are listed in particular in the public
sector, but also in the semi-private and private sectors business partners are numerous, some of
them are mentioned.
With respect to create partnerships and networks some Indian companies have expressed
already their willingness for cooperation. So lists with selected opportunities for NEWATEC are
given. From technical view the currently applied treatment schemes and process systems are
referred and discussed. Since NEWATEC companies cover a broad variety of technology supply
(from laboratory testing through equipment supply to holistic planning) it is not easy to cover all
market interests evenly. However, the possibilities in this emerging market in India are simply
so manifold and numerous that it would be a miracle if not all the NEWATEC members would
find fields of business contacts and opportunities to sell their products.
Efficient, new and advanced technologies in all fields of water technologies, in the entire water
sector are currently needed in India, the existing structures and plants are outdated and simply
not sufficient or in most cases not existing at all. Companies and authorities more frequently
X
are asking for latest techniques, equipment and conceptions and in particular ask deliberately
for German experience in these fields.
An assessment in the end shows how the market opportunities can be evaluated taking into
consideration all relevant conditions in this specific country.
XI
1. Introduction
India, with a population over 1.2 billion (B) and a Gross Domestic Product (GDP) growth of
7.3%, has become one of the worlds preferred investment destinations owing to its vibrant do-
mestic market, technological capabilities, and cost advantage. India presents a host of opportuni-
ties to nations looking to expand and increase profitability especially when markets in regions
such as Europe are stagnating and corporate profits are plummeting.
India is also witnessing a shift in focus towards Green Technologies in the wake of increased
public awareness, environmental pressures, legal requirements and conscious government sup-
port. The water sector is an area of focus due to diminishing water resources and increasing
population pressure. Water and wastewater treatment market in India is currently worth
approx. 954 M and is expected to grow at about 13% in the next 3-4 years. Out of the total
wastewater generated roughly 65% goes untreated, requiring imminent need for effective
wastewater management.1
2.1.1. Rivers
Surface water represents the most important water sources of Karnataka as it is endowed with a
river system comprising 7 rivers and several tributaries which form a catchment of area of
1,91,773 km. The state accounts for about 6 %of India's surface water resources of which about
40 %is available from east flowing rivers and the remaining 60% from west flowing rivers. The
usable water in these river basins is highly uneven. The annual availability of water from these
river basins is estimated to be about 7,663 thousand million cubic feet (TMC).3
2.1.2. Groundwater
Groundwater becomes very important water sources with limited availability of surface water
for various economic needs in the state. The increasing thrust on ground water is highly preva-
lent with state has already reached stage of development of 70% whereas; average ground wa-
ter draft is 58% in the country. The ground water draft or exploitation is 10.71 billion cubic me-
ter (BCM), out of which 9.75 (91 %) is exploited for irrigation needs and 0.97 (9 %) for domestic
and industrial needs (Figure 1 and Table 1). This shows that there is a considerable pressure
on ground water for irrigation needs in the state and there is little scope for further tapping this
scare resource.4
1 Dewan 2011, p. 5.
2 SoER 2010, p. 75.
3 op. cit., p. 76.
1
Figure 1: Availability and Utilization of Ground Water in Karnataka
2
economy, agriculture sector continues to suck predominant portion of water owing to its sus-
tained importance to the states economy. At the same time, there is persistent growth in de-
mand from other sectors. Domestic demand for water even though is only a small portion of the
total annual water withdrawals however; access to adequate water and sanitation remains un-
satisfactory both in rural and urban areas.7
2.1.3.1. Industry
Demand for water for industrial use was progressively mounting with fast expansion of econ-
omy under the aegis of economic globalization. Industrial use of water in the process of manu-
facturing of products includes fabricating, processing, washing, diluting, cooling, transporting a
product etc. Karnataka is ranked as one of the industrialized states in terms of having high den-
sity of industries of different categories. In recent time, growing industrial use of both surface
and ground water has created potential conflict among different users. In addition to the use of
water by industries, pollution of water bodies through industrial discharge of wastewater has
constrained availability of water for productive use. Industrial withdrawal of water is estimated
about 3.6% of total water utilization. Even though industries demand about 47.57 TMC of water
currently the demand will be increased to 125 TMC by 2025 with expansion of industrial base
along with increase quantity of production. The industrial growth inflict high burden on ground
water especially under uncertainty or limited availability of surface water as ground water use
has increased.8
3
includes damages to land, biodiversity, agricultural corps, industrial damage and these have
enormous impact in terms of loss of livelihood, incurring health costs, incurring defensive ex-
penditure etc. However, despite increasing environmental and economic costs of water pollu-
tion, reliable estimates are not available. Therefore, implementation of water pollution preven-
tion policies by the state has not really been a success.10
4
Areas which are focal points for water pollution and show problems with water quality are
numerous in the state of Karnataka. A list of those locations and problems only can be like a
snapshot and will not be complete. The following lists and maps give an impression on the mani-
fold issues and different locations. The focus is on urban water management, rural water prob-
lems are not considered.
A basin wise presentation of water pollution sites in Karnataka is set out in Table 14, in the An-
nex I.
As per 2011 census, Karnataka's six largest cities sorted in order of decreasing population were:
Table 2: Karnataka's Largest Cities (rounded figures)
Nr City Population
1 Bangalore 9.600.000
2 Belgaum 4.800.000
3 Mysore 3.000.000
4 Tumkur 2.700.000
5 Gulbarga 2.600.000
6 Bellary 2.500.000
7 Bijapur 2.200.000
8 Dakshina Kannada 2.100.00013
The biggest water pollution sites in Karnataka are the biggest cities listed in Table 2, on the
right, and smaller cities such as Ramanagara, Mandya, Chitradurga, Davangere.
2.1.4.2. Groundwater
About 25 of the 234 watersheds have serious water quality problems in the state as per the re-
cent analysis of ground water samples by the Department of Mines and Geology. Ground water is
highly polluted with excess concentration of fluoride, arsenic, iron, nitrate and salinity due to
both anthropogenic and geogenic factors. Of the total 56,820 habitations of the study in the state,
about 21,008 or 37% of habitations suffer from ground water contaminations including excess
fluoride (10.30%), brackishness (7.87%), excess nitrate (7.19%) and excess Iron (11.70%).14
5
Figure 2: Water Pollution Areas in Karnataka
15
6
2.1.5. Pressures
2.1.5.1. Agriculture
Water resources of the state are under great pressure as a consequence of depletion and degra-
dation. Irrigation efficiency of the state is comparatively low. Increasing use of agro-chemicals
and pesticides for reaping higher yields has significantly affected fertility of the soil, land surface
and ground water quality. Bellary and Raichur districts are severely affected by salinity and Chi-
tradurga and Bijapura are afflict with alkalinity, Raichur and Mysore are badly troubled by water
logging in command areas of Tungabhadra and Kabini reservoirs, and Mangalore and Kodagu
districts face severe soil acidity problem. Further, the pollution of land and water is caused by
injudicious use of agro-chemicals and pesticides, especially in the irrigated ecosystem. Applica-
tion of fertilizer, in recent years, has shown increasing trend in the state with an estimated 150
kg per hectare in 2008-09 against 110 kg per hectare in 2006-07, exceeding national average.16
2.1.5.2. Industries
Rapid industrialisation and improper treatment of wastewater has caused surface and ground
water pollution, rendering it unfit for consumption in many parts of the state. Water pollution
caused by effluents is substantial though this sector accounts for only 2% of annual water con-
sumption. The state had 11,688 registered industries in 2009, of which 160 industries are classi-
fied under the 17 category of highly polluting industries. It is found that many industries have
failed to comply with water pollution standards such as end-ofpipe treatment or Common Ef-
fluent Treatment Plant (CETP) prescribed by KSPCB. Wastewater is dumped into adjoining river,
streams or lakes without proper treatment of hazardous persistent organic pollutants (POPs),
toxic metals and other pollutants. Coal and iron ore extraction, mining and other industrial ac-
tivities often discharge wastewater contaminated with toxic organic and inorganic substances
which have caused widespread land, surface and ground water pollution in Bellary and Kem-
manu Gundi and other places in the state.
High concentration of heavy and small scale industries around cities such as Bangalore, Manga-
lore, Mysore, etc. were the cause of more than 50% of the urban organic load. In several loca-
tions of Bangalore ground water is contaminated with heavy metals (such as Cr-VI) and other
substances from industries rendering ground water unfit for drinking. Of the total water pollut-
ing large-scale industries in the state only 62% of them have water pollution control system
whereas, 57 of the small scale industries are compliant and continue to pollute the surrounding
water bodies.17
2.1.6. Trends
There is also increasing demand for ground water from industry and domestic sectors in the
coming years. Heavy and small scale industries represent growing demand with concomitant
scarcity of water. Hence, industries will have to switch to water efficient technologies and also
16 cf. SoER 2010, p. 87.
17 op. cit.
18 op. cit.
7
adopt technology for recycling wastewater generated by them. Excessive draft of groundwater is
associated with falling water tables, ecological disturbance and water pollution such as excess
fluoride, iron, brackishness, iron etc., thereby making ground water unfit for productive pur-
poses. It is estimated that over 21,000 habitations are severely affected by major water quality
problems (about 5,838 inhabitations by excess fluoride, 4,460 inhabitations by brackishness and
about 6,633 with high iron). The projected demand and available ground water data are given in
Table 5.19
20
21
(R = rural; U = urban)
8
Many water shortages originate from the widespread failure to value waters true worth.
Growing scarcity of drinking water in metropolitan cities is reflected in increasing economic
value of water resources.22 However, governments have largely failed to recognise the
importance of economic aspects of water supply in the major policy frameworks. Demand for
water is estimated based on projections and normative requirements of water for the growing
population, but the effect of price on the demand for water has not been properly evaluated. The
quantity of water demanded is significantly affected by the price of water and other socio-
economic factors. Demand for water is inversely related to its price and positively with
individual income with the exception that some level of water is demanded regardless of price.
However, the supply enhancement of water is given high priority compared to demand
management of water by policy resulting in the emergence of low-level-equilibrium-trap.23
Whenever the demand for water exceeds supply, urban water utilities quickly design water
supply strategies giving little importance to demand control or management.
22 Zerah 2000.
23 cf. Reddy 1999, pp. 89-124.
9
Figure 3: Inter-linkages of Drivers, Pressures and Impacts of Water Resources
24
10
2.2. Current Market Status
2.2.1. Karnataka Industrial Areas
Karnataka has a large number of industrial estates which mostly have organisational structures:
the industries are organised in a specific industries association. Many of them can be regarded in
many cases as a group of polluters and thus can be potential customers for NEWATEC. The
following paragraphs will give an overview of Karnatakas Industries while describing the
Karnataka Industrial Areas Development Board (KIADB).
KIADB is one of the infrastructure agencies of Government of Karnataka. It provides expeditious
acquisition of lands for industrial and infrastructure purposes. KIADB, besides forming layouts
with all infrastructure facilities for promotion of industries, also acquires lands in favour of
various State and Central Government Departments and Organizations and Single Unit
Complexes, for setting up their projects on standalone basis.25 (www.kiadb.in;
kiodb@moil.kar.nic.in)
A list of all KIADB industrial areas in Karnataka plus a list of all zonal offices with address can be
found as Table 15 in the Annex I.
Special Economic Zones (SEZ) in Karnataka are specifically delineated duty free enclaves
deemed to be foreign territory for the purpose of trade operations, duties and tariff. The KIADB
has set up or is about to set up sector specific SEZs in the following places:
Textile SEZ at Hassan.
Pharmaceutical SEZ at Hassan.
Food Processing and Agro based SEZ at Hassan.
Information Technology (IT) SEZ at Mangalore.
Aerospace SEZ at Bangalore26
11
2. Mundargi Bellary
3. Karur Davanagere
Agro Tech and Food 1. Bagalkot Bagalkot
Parks 2. Malur Kolar
3. Jewargi Gulburga
4. Hiriyur Chitradurga27
28
12
Cities. 2007-08 it was considered as a Class-A1 city, and now it is a metropolitan centre soon
crossing the 10 M population limit. Information technology growth increased the migration rate
of Bangalore tremendously. The population of 2007 was 7.0 M and reached 9.5 M by 2011. Due
to the high growth in population and less availability of water the city is facing tremendous wa-
ter scarcity, which needs to be attempted by the following institutions:
The Bangalore Development Authority (BDA) is the Planning Authority for Bangalore Metro-
politan Area. As a Planning Authority, BDA has to prepare the Comprehensive Development Plan
(CDP) for Bangalore Metropolitan Area. The total jurisdiction of BDA as per Revised CDP is 1279
km2 area. The Bruhat Bengaluru Mahanagara Palike (BBMP) (Greater Bangalore City Cor-
poration) area is 800 km including spotted development. BDA has now taken up re-revision of
CDP, which is under progress. BBMP (or the Corporation as it is called) is forming also the city
government with a lord mayor and the city council. The third Urban Authority in Bangalore is
the Bangalore Metropolitan Region Development Authority (BMRDA). All these three authori-
ties form the municipality of Bangalore. It is not difficult to imagine that mismatch of compe-
tencies and difficulties in management and organisation of projects and day-to-day activities
represent one of the biggest challenges, to name only a few issues.
The Bangalore Water Supply and Sewerage Board (BWSSB) is the water authority for entire
Bangalore city which was constituted under an act of the Karnataka state legislature in the year
1964, and has the primary responsibility to supply drinking water to its consumers and provide
adequate sanitary systems with the BDA area. For the rest of the state the Karnataka State Wa-
ter Supply and Sewerage Development Board (KSWSDB) is the relevant authority, closely col-
laborating with BWSSB and having similar competences. KSWSDB is working with municipali-
ties of Karnataka and the relevant Urban Local Bodies (ULB).
Another important institution in this respect is the Karnataka Urban infrastructure develop-
ment and Finance Corporation (KUIDFC). They are financing or administering financing of
large infrastructure projects supported by the State, the Central Government or internationally.
This state authority is acting as the body that is implementing all the international and national
programme schemes under e.g. Worldbank, Asian Development Bank, Kreditanstalt fr Wied-
eraufbau (KfW)-Bankengruppe, JNNURM, etc.
2.2.2.1. Population
As the growth of Bangalore now is considered to be outside the city as attributed to the
planned development such as Electronic City, the IT/ICT parks in Whitefield and in the North
due to the new international airport there, the Core Area (BMP Area) population is also expected
to maintain a certain moderate to high trend in growth, as the effect of the peripheral growth
would also percolate within the city.
The above population data includes slum population. The slum population as per the Karna-
taka Slum Clearance Boards (KSCB) assessment done during 1999 indicates that the Core Area
has a slum population of about 550,000. It works out to about 10% of the total population of the
Core Area. KSCB have also considered rehabilitation of the slum area, while upgrading some of
them from their original condition to better living conditions with suitable amenities provided to
them. Therefore, it was considered that the slum population would be a diminishing %of the to-
tal population in the Core Area as given below.
The growth of the city in the peripheral areas is due to new settlements coming up there in
terms of smaller units (single family homes, etc.) but also in form of huge residential blocks of
sometimes several thousand families in one or several structures.
This kind of new ad upcoming residential areas is numerous and occurring in all directions,
mainly to the north and east of the city. It creates another serious threat to water management
in terms of supply and discharge, since these new huge blocks are not connected to any sewer-
age system, nor do they have proper water supply schemes in a manner that could be called sus-
13
tainable. The solutions applied at present is apart from water harvesting schemes (for gardening
use or other secondary purposes) a certain approach in some cases using partial reuse of treated
wastewater as grey water for minor use such as toilet flush or similar purposes.
All these approaches need decentralised water supply and wastewater treatment systems,
all developers building these kinds of residencies are cooperating with water engineering com-
panies and equipment suppliers who offer suitable solutions. The developing companies are
among the biggest companies in this field in India and Asia. They are maintaining entire sections
for water supply and discharge systems for their compounds since they normally keep service
and maintenance of these decentralised plants for one or two years after finalising the housing
blocks.
2.2.2.3. Demand
Water demand is categorized as follows:
1. Domestic demand - Population residing in houses with consumer service connections -
Slum population is receiving water through public taps. Domestic demand is 150 LPCD
as per Central Public Health and Environmental Engineering Organisation (CPHEEO)
manual for Mega/Metro cities excluding UFW (>unaccounted for water< = water losses
in the distribution net) and bulk demand.
2. Non-domestic demand, comprising of all demand other than domestic including com-
mercial demand, industrial demand, institutional demand, parks and gardens; on
assessment based on experience in other Indian cities and observations made within
Bangalore, it is assumed that the non-domestic demand would be of the order of about
10% of the domestic demand.
3. Other Allowances - Fire demand - Allowance for Leakage: As per the norms of the
CPHEEO, a demand at the rate of 100*[SQRT (P)], where P is the total population in
thousands and demand in kilolitres per day, was assumed for fire demand. CPHEEO
guidelines indicate limiting the unaccounted for water (UFW) to 15% of the Gross De-
mand.
29 BWSSB website
14
In 2001 BWSSB is serving only 225 km2 which is 73% of the total demand. Actual Deficit
is 490 MLD.
In 2007 BWSSB is serving only 300 km2, the actual demand served is approximately 65%
of the total demand. Actual Deficit is 110 MLD.
Completion of Stage IV, Phase 2 Project brings 135 MLD from Reuse of Water by 2013.
It can be concluded that after the implementation of Phase 2 project 1,348 MLD can be made
available for the city. Unless the Cleaned Water Scheme with recycling and re-use of treated
wastewater is implemented, or there is groundwater made available with appropriate treatment
there will be a huge gap between demand and supply the Bangalore city.
This implies BWSSB is unable to meet the demand of the whole city of (800 km 2). However
BWSSB was supplying water to the core area (225 km2) and some adjacent areas (76 km2) till
2008. Due to the increase in city municipal boundary the supply area to 800 km2 it can be seen
that the supply is not able to meet the demand of the city. Since the present water loss due
to leakages is 37% in the whole system. The actual deficit is more than the projected values.
Since the Cauvery and Arkavati schemes are unable to meet the demand of the whole city
BWSSB constructed borewells to meet some of the demands. According to BWSSB records, there
are approx. 6,000 borewells maintained by the Board and 50,000 are residential borewells in the
record. Till now there is no restriction or permission required for constructing residential bore
wells by the public.
As a result, the ground water table is dropping rapidly. Also there is little place for ground wa-
ter to get recharged within the City limits.
15
sure Zero Test (PZT). After establishing the DMAs the UFW reduction is done by the methods
mentioned below: - Minimum Night Flow (MNF) Approach - Mobile Tanker and Pump Approach
- Metering Illegal Consumption - Metering Error - Replacing Inaccurate and Damaged Consumer
Meters - Metering Public Taps - Network Modelling - Public Awareness.
After the target leakage level is reached the same is maintained in the future. Successful imple-
mentation of UFW projects minimizes water loss and more demand can be served with the same
supply.30
30 Farley 2008, p.
16
2.2.2.9. Rainwater harvesting for bore well recharging and ground water recharging
There are no restrictions for constructing residential borewells till now. For that reason the
ground water table is going down rapidly in the city. So ground water recharge is required to
maintain the ground water table. Borewells can always be recharged and kept alive. Those hav-
ing open wells too can adopt this system. By directing the filtered rainwater to the open wells,
their water tables could be improved. Ground water recharging in urban areas is done by collect-
ing the rainwater from the rooftops and the portico of the house and by making it easily ab-
sorbed within the veranda space.3132
17
world. Experts estimate that, by the year 2050, half of India's population will be living in urban
areas and therefore face acute water shortages.34
The rapid pace of industrialisation and the greater emphasis on agricultural growth for overall
development have brought in a host of environmental problems in recent years. Financial and
technological constraints have led to inefficient conversion processes, thereby leading to
generate larger quantities of waste and resulting pollution. The concentration of industries in
certain pockets and the skewed distribution of rainfall have further compounded the scenario.
Thus, India encounters water quality problems both on account of water pollution and
overexploitation of groundwater.
Yet, untreated domestic sewage, industrial effluents and runoffs from chemical intensive
agricultural farms are the main contributors to widespread pollution of surface and
groundwater sources.35
The infrastructure for treatment of wastewater is inadequate. Only about 26% of domestic and
60% of industrial wastewater is treated. In 423 class I cities (i.e. cities with a population of more
than 100,000), only 29% of wastewater is treated. Even worse, class II towns (i.e. towns with a
population between 50,000 and 100,000) are able to treat just 4% of wastewater. Even Indias
national capital, New Delhi, treats less than half of the 3,267 million litres of wastewater it
generates every day.
Today, India's drinking water investments constitute about 3% of the national budget. 85% of
the urban and 75% of the rural population has access to public water supplies, and 48% of the
urban and 36% of the rural population to sanitation services. In a developing urban society, the
wastewater generation is usually around 30-70 m per person per year. There is a huge
demand supply gap, since almost 75% of urban wastewater goes untreated compared to
around 40% from Industries.
The growth segments in industrial sector include
Power generation,
Steel manufacturing,
Food and beverages,
Chemicals, and
Pharmaceuticals
In the municipal sector, the growth is expected to come from investments in municipal
wastewater treatment.36
It is estimated that 22,900 MLD of domestic wastewater is generated from urban centres while
13,500 MLD of industrial wastewater is generated. The treatment capacity available for
domestic wastewater is only for 5,900 MLD, against 8,000 MLD of industrial wastewater. Thus,
there is a huge gap in treatment of domestic wastewater.
Indian water treatment equipment industry is reasonably well established and cost-
competitive. Locally fabricated equipment is about 30% cheaper than imported equivalents,
but Indian firms have limited capabilities in designing technologies for larger scale water
treatment plants and do not all follow latest technology trends. The water treatment market is
evolving from chemical treatment and demineralisation technologies to greater use of
membrane technology; thereby enhancing the quality of water available for re-use.37
18
Wastewater treatment plants in Karnataka
33 wastewater treatment plants have been installed in Karnataka over the past few years (15
plants in Bangalore, 3 plants in Mysore, 15 plants in different other municipalities).
In total there are 224 municipalities (cities and towns) in Karnataka of which 18 already have a
treatment plant, meaning that another 206 need to be built plus 12 plants alone in the city of
Bangalore.
Regarding this the Government of India has created an ambitious plan to install the needed 224
plants in Karnataka and many more in other states of the country until 2012 end. Therefore, a
budget of Rs. 1,000 B ( approx. 16 B) is provided for the entire country.
Regarding projects already implemented (with foreign companies involvement) an average
share of 40% of the total investment volume is spent for machinery and technical equipment,
say in a wastewater treatment plant or waterworks. Out of these 40% machinery and equipment
manufactured in India have an average share of 75% versus 25% foreign equipment (mostly
used for measurement, laboratory consultancy, information and communication technologies,
and similar purposes.
3940
19
The market has received the necessary stimulus backed on awareness and impact built by
Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs), stricter Environmental Regulations, 11th Five
Year Plans allocation towards urban sewerage, water and sanitation facilities, and the compul-
sions to treat, recycle, and reuse the industrial effluent back into the process operations.
Over the last three decades India has developed an elaborate Environmental Policy Framework
and enforcement infrastructure. The key pieces of legislation driving Indias wastewater
treatment markets are as follows:
The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974:
The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act was enacted in 1974 to provide for the pre-
vention and control of water pollution, and for maintaining or restoring the wholesomeness of
water in the country. The Act was amended in 1988 to conform closely to the provisions of the
Environment Protection Act (EPA), 1986. It set up the CPCB, which lays down standards for the
prevention and control of water pollution on federal level. As per the act, standards for effluent
treatment plant are based on end-of-pipe treatment. At the State level, the SPCBs function under
the direction of the state governments.
The act can be found in Annex II, in Folder 2, Document (1).
The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) (Procedure for Transaction of Business)
Rules, 1975:
In exercise of the powers conferred by section 63 of the Water (Prevention and Control of Pollu-
tion) Act, 1974 (6 of 1974), the Central Government enacted this after consultation with the Cen-
tral Board for the Prevention and Control of water Pollution.
The act can be found in Annex II, in Folder 2, Document (2).
The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Cess Act, 1977:
The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Cess Act was enacted in 1977, to provide for
the levy and collection of a cess on water consumed by persons operating and carrying on cer-
tain types of industrial activities. This cess is collected with a view to augment the resources of
the Central Board and the State Boards for the prevention and control of water pollution consti-
tuted under the Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974. The Act was last
amended in 2003.
The act can be found in Annex II, in Folder 2, Document (3).
The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Cess Rules, 1978:
A Rule to specify standards of meters to be affixed, specify returns to be furnished, the manner in
which and the time within which the cess collected shall be paid to Central Government, specify
the powers to be exercised by officer or authority, specify authority which may impose penalty,
specify authority to which an appeal may be filed or any other matter which has to be or may be
prescribed in the Water (prevention and Control of Pollution) Cess Act, 1977.
The act can be found in Annex II, in Folder 2, Document (4).
Environment (Protection) Act, 1986:
The Environment (Protection) Act authorises the central Government to protect and improve
environmental quality, control and reduce pollution from all sources, and prohibit or restrict the
setting and / or operation of any industrial facility on environmental grounds.41
The act can be found in Annex II, in Folder 2, Document (5).
20
Draft National Water Policy 2012
The new policy shows the latest development in environmental water policy of the central gov-
ernment. An extract with the most important passages for the NEWATEC Group can be found in
the Annex I. Some of the most promising policy shifts shall be listed here:
Over and above the pre-emptive uses for sustaining life and eco-system, water needs to
be treated as an economic good and therefore, may be priced to promote efficient use
and maximizing value from water. While the practice of administered prices may have to
be continued, economic principles need to increasingly guide the administered
prices
Every State should establish a water tariff system and fix the criteria for water charges,
preferably on volumetric basis, based on the principle that the water charges shall re-
flect the full recovery of the cost of administration, operation and maintenance of
water resources projects taking into account the cross subsidy, if any
The Service Provider role of the state has to be gradually shifted to that of a regula-
tor of services and facilitator for strengthening the institutions responsible for plan-
ning, implementation and management of water resources. The water related services
should be transferred to community and / or private sector with appropriate Public
Private Partnership models
Recycle and reuse of water, after treatment to specified standards, should be encour-
aged through a properly planned tariff system, in which there is a cost for the quantity
withdrawn, a refund for properly treated water returned for reuse, and heavy fines
for returning polluted waters
Improved water supply in rural areas needs to be provided with proper sewerage fa-
cilities
Reuse of urban water effluents from kitchens and bathrooms, after primary treat-
ment, in flush toilets should be encouraged
In urban and industrial areas, de-salinization, wherever techno-economically feasible,
should be encouraged to increase availability of utilizable water
Urban water supply and sewage treatment schemes should be integrated and exe-
cuted simultaneously
Water supply bills should include sewerage charges
Industries in water short regions have an obligation to return treated effluent to a
specified standard back to the hydrologic system
Subsidies and incentives should be implemented to encourage recovery of industrial
pollutants and recycling / reuse.42
The full wording of the policy can be found in Annex II, in Folder 2, Document (DraftNWP).
Bottled water in India is governed by the IS 14543 standards. In April 2003, India notified strin-
gent standards for bottled water, based on the recommendations of the Bureau of Indian Stan-
dards (BIS). The standards included fixing the permissible limit of pesticides residues at 0.0001
mg/L individually and 0.0005 mg/L collectively in line with international standards. Bottled wa-
ter was prescribed tests for 32 pesticides, using internationally established test methods. The
notification also made it mandatory for manufacturers to produce a no objection certificate from
the central or state government ground water authorities before they could be issued a license
to bottle water.
The below mentioned chart highlights the Water Quality Standards as laid out by the Regula-
tory Authorities in India:
21
Table 6: Indian Water Quality Standards
22
44
The Rules for Rainwater Harvesting regarding whole India can be found in the Annex I. Fur-
ther information on rainwater harvesting in Bangalore is given on the following website:
http://www.rainwaterharvesting.org/bangalore/bangalore.html.
Implementation, Enforcement, Compliance, Sanctioning
There are still major defectives and challenges which need to be tackled but it can be observed
that the policies and enforcement is becoming more and more stringent and serious over the
past years. Good indicators of the change are the many legal cases which have been filed against
industries, water boards etc.
A serious limitation is the lack of personnel in SPCBs, which make it difficult to deal effectively
with environmental degradation. Consequently the focus of enforcement actions lies on large in-
dustries, leaving out the small and medium sized companies.45
23
2.4. Market Participants
2.4.1. Municipalities and Commissioners
Because the government of India as well as the governments of federal states and municipalities
are making efforts to improve their performance, demand is predominantly driven by them.
This, however, indirectly includes private households as the main beneficiaries of any municipal
water utility. Indias population is growing, and there are more and more private households in
an increasingly urbanized setting. As a result, the demand for drinking water is growing rapidly.
It is doubtful whether municipal water utilities are capable of supplying sufficient volumes of
usable water, and that free of interruption.
Of the many market segments, the following are likely to drive demand at a particularly large
scale:
Real estate: there is a national norm in India that stipulates no establishment with more
than 50 people can be without a wastewater treatment plant. Suppliers of solutions and
equipment should find a market for themselves wherever hotels, hospitals, software
parks, shopping malls and the likes are planned.
Food and beverages: the Indian processed food output is expected to grow by 44% to
reach a size of around 100 B. This industry produces a lot of wastewater.
Pharmaceutical: This industry has shown an average annual growth rate of 9.9% until
2010. This growth is likely to diminish only slightly to 9.5% until 2015.
Textile: The Indian textile industrys size was estimated to be around 40 B in 2008. It is
expected to reach the size of 88 B by 2012.
Auto components: The size of the auto components industry was estimated at a size of
15 B in 2008 - 09, growing at a CAGR of about 23% over the previous five years. The in-
dustry is expected to grow to 31 B by 2016. 46
Another factor with a direct impact on demand is the role which multilateral and bilateral agen-
cies play. Such organisations provide major funding for infrastructure projects in India. The
World Bank currently operates four projects in the supply of water as well as two projects in
sanitation and the improvement of sewage. These projects are worth 550 M. The World Banks
total commitment to Indias water sector amounts to more than US 1 B.
24
Figure 6: Demand for Water Treatment Products in India
47
Decision making process in the field of granting orders to private sector industries (also foreign
ones or consortia including foreign partners) is usually through competitive bidding in govern-
ment and public projects.
2.4.2. Investors
There are public and private investors. Public investors are the Central Government, the State
Governments and their authorities. Financing Institutions are active on central level and State
Level. Municipal water supply and sewerage collection and treatment systems are looked after
by the municipalities (City Corporations) and State Government organisations and authorities.
Private investors are either the relevant industries (see under end users in the following chap-
ter) in the field of effluent treatment, water supply or else or they are private banks and private
investors.
25
Power,
Refineries,
Sugar and distilleries,
Tanneries and textiles.
Commercial establishments include hospitals, hotels and housing units.
The government makes purchase decisions through a standard tendering process. The over-
riding consideration in government purchases is cost. The private sector is increasingly adopt-
ing lifecycle cost analysis for procurement decisions, especially in service-oriented industries
such as healthcare and hotels.
The urban water sector is witnessing the growth of informal water markets. Municipal agen-
cies in many Indian towns and cities are unable to increase their water supply capacities to
match the growth of urban populations. The private provision of domestic water has emerged as
a significant and growing economy in many Indian urban areas in the form of tanker water
markets.
The Indian standards follow international norms and do not constitute a significant challenge
to exports. In sectors where differences exist, India is trying to match national standards with
international norms. No distinctions are made between foreign and domestically produced
goods. Indian water safety standards are, however, in some cases more stringent than interna-
tional norms.
The BIS is the national standards body of India responsible for formulation of Indian standards.
Besides developing Indian Standards, BIS is involved with product certification, quality system
certifications and testing.
26
An analysis of water supply, wastewater generation, collection and treatment during the last
four decades indicates that wastewater generation nearly quadrupled between 1978-79 and
2005-06. Despite the fact that treatment capacity has increased by two and a half times, the gap
of untreated volume has increased drastically. As per the assessment made by the CPCB, around
29 MLD of wastewater was generated in 2005-06 in class I cities and class II towns which to-
gether constitute nearly 70% of the urban population. Wastewater treatment capacity is around
6,190 MLD which accounts for a mere 21% of the wastewater generated.
Many companies in India have capabilities of designing and executing the project for treatment,
disposal and reuse of different types of industrial wastewater. Also the technologies are avail-
able for treatment of sewage and its recycling. However, the capabilities are lacking for treat-
ment and restoration of large water bodies, like rivers and lakes. Some of the modern treatment
technologies like Membrane Bio-reactors are also not very popular in India, considering the
higher cost.
Considering Indias much cited economic growth, rise in disposable income and growth of
wealth, it comes as no surprise that the market for water treatment products is estimated to be
worth almost 834 M, growing at about 18% each year.48
27
Table 8: Private Sector Companies as Potential Clients or (in Some Cases Partners) for NEWATEC Group
28
Potential Private Sector Companies for NEWATEC Group
http://spml.co.in
VA TECH WABAG Limited
5 Va Tech Wa- Wabagh is active in the Indian market since 1996 holds a big market share in the Indian
11, Murray's Gate Road, Al-
bagh water technology market.
warpet,
Its performance ranges from: Chennai 600018. India
Drinking water treatment
Tel: +91 44 42232323
Industrial water treatment
Fax: +91 44 42232324
Desalination
Email: wabag@wabag.in
Water Reuse
Municipal wastewater treatment http://www.wabag.com
Industrial wastewater treatment
Sludge treatment
Operations to
29
Potential Private Sector Companies for NEWATEC Group
www.doshion.com
MWH India Pvt. Ltd., #168,
7 MWH India Pvt. MWH is a global, full-service consulting, engineering and construction company. MWH is
Udyog Bhavan, Sonawala
Ltd. active since more than 150 years and delivers innovative environmental planning and
Road, Goregaon (East), Mum-
management services, handled the clean up and closure of industrial sites and military
bai 400 063, India
bases; selected routes for major pipelines, power lines, telecommunications and highways;
prepared sites in industrial, urban and suburban areas; and managed environmental
Tel: +91 022 42467100
wastewater treatment plants and networks.
Fax: +91 022 40967133
MWH offers water-related projects and programs from water supply, treatment and stor-
age, dams, water management for the natural resources industry and coastal restoration to http://www.mwhglobal.com/
renewable power and environmental services. Their water and wastewater engineering
and construction services reach from the planning phase through to start-up of water and
wastewater treatment facilities, as well as facility upgrades.
MWH has globally designed and/or constructed close to 500 water treatment plants, 800
wastewater treatment plants, 200 reservoirs, 1,000 pumping stations and thousands of
miles of pipeline.
Sakchi Boulevard Road,
8 JUSCO The Jamshedpur Utilities and Services Company (JUSCO) was founded by Tata Steel from
Northern Town, Bistupur Jam-
its Town Services Division in 2004. Its a comprehensive urban infrastructure service pro-
30
Potential Private Sector Companies for NEWATEC Group
31
2.5. Competitive Conditions
Wastewater Management in India has become an extremely important area of focus due to in-
creasing health awareness and population pressure. The water and wastewater treatment
Industry in India is well diversified and has made rapid strides in technological capabilities,
both on its own and through strategic partnerships with overseas firms. Wastewater sector was
witnessing major growth in the last decade due to increasing government support and private
participation. India's wastewater market is expected to grow at a rate of 15-20%. Techniques
such as watershed management, rainwater harvesting, desalination, filtration, river-interlinking,
effluent treatment and sewage treatment are finding huge importance in major cities, which are
the major contributors to water pollution in India.
Global Water companies have established a presence in India across 20 cities, with some 70 pro-
jects started or underway, worth several billion Euros. Large global and Indian players have
operations in India that include: Veolia Water, Suez de Lyonnaise (Degremont) and VA Tech
Wabag, Nalco and GE Betz-Dearborn.
Multilateral and bilateral agencies provide major funding for infrastructure projects in India.
The World Bank currently operates four projects in water supply and two in sanitation and sew-
age improvement, worth 571 M. The World Banks total commitment to Indias water sector
amounts to more than 1.1 B.
The Indian Wastewater sector has large number of companies across the value chain, from
Technology Providers, Engineering, Procurement and Construction Companies, Consultants to
other solution providers. The graphical snapshot highlights some of the companies across the
Indian Wastewater Sector value chain:
Access to/ supply of clean water for operational process by companies such as Cadbury
Other and Technocraft
Solution
Providers
Support EPC and Consultants by providing ancillary products and services. Ensto offers
these services
End Users
49
32
2.5.1. Competitors in the Indian Market
The wastewater management sector in India is highly competitive, with a healthy mix of In-
dian and Overseas firms.
There are no network linkages between private companies in the water sector. A few big play-
ers are active as well as a large number of small and medium sized firms. Some are active in the
entire environmental area such as waste and water management, industries development, large
and medium scale estate development, ports management, etc. and also beyond. They are doing
planning, concepts, developing, constructing, operating and may more activities relevant for pro-
ject development and implementation even full financing. For each tender they will try to find
new or known partners, depending on the technical specifications given.
The major players and their water and wastewater technologies applied can be found in An-
nex I, Table 16. This Table is a crucial part of this study and gives a comprehensive overview
on national and international water companies in India.
33
The following Table provides a Comparative Analysis of the various entry options available
and the formalities / procedures to be adhered to.
Prior approval of Re- Yes Yes, except SEZs (Ex- Government of India
serve Bank of India empted on fulfilment (GOI) / Foreign In-
(RBI) for Setting up of certain conditions) vestment Promotion
Board (FIPB) Ap-
proval (Not for auto-
motive route) and
thereafter compliance
with post facto filings
required
34
Particulars Liaison Office Project Office/ Subsidiary / Joint
Branch Office Venture
Company Approval
Prospective EU companies can enter Indian markets through the following routes:
As an Indian Company: A foreign company can commence operations in India by incorporating
a company under the Companies Act, 1956 through
Joint Ventures
Wholly Owned Subsidiaries
As a Foreign Company:
Liaison Office / Representative Office
Project Office
Branch Office
Such offices can undertake any permitted activities. Companies have to register themselves with
Registrar of Companies (ROC) within 30 days of setting up a place of business in India.
A Foreign Company is expected to select one of the above mentioned modes of entry in the In-
dia Market depending on its scale, financial capability, and Project / Business requirement.
Regulatory Authorities concerned with establishing new business set-ups:
Secretariat for Industrial Assistance (SIA)
Department of Industrial Policy and Promotion in the Ministry of Industry (GOI) has set
up SIA. It provides a single window for entrepreneurial assistance, investor facilitation,
processing all applications that require Government approval, assisting entrepreneurs
and investors in setting up projects and in monitoring the implementation of projects
Foreign Investment Promotion Board (FIPB)
The FIPB is a government body that offers a single window clearance for proposals on
FDI in India that are not allowed access through the automatic route.
(http://www.fipbindia.com/)
35
Project Approval Board (PAB)
PAB takes applications for approval of foreign technology transfer and payment of roy-
alty.
Reserve Bank of India
The RBI regulates Bank Notes and controls reserves, looking at securing monetary sta-
bility in India and generally operates the currency and credit system of the country. RBI
is also concerned with collecting the required security deposit for tenders.
(http://www.rbi.org.in)
Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI)
The SEBI basic functions is states "...to protect the interests of investors in securities
and to promote the development of, and to regulate the securities market and for mat-
ters connected therewith or incidental thereto"
(http://www.sebi.gov.in)
Registrar of Companies (ROC)
The ROC covers the various States and Union Territories with the primary duty of regis-
tering companies floated in the respective states and the Union Territories and ensur-
ing that such companies comply with statutory requirements under the law and act.
These offices function as registry of records, relating to the companies registered with
them, which are available for inspection by members of public on payment of the pre-
scribed fee. The Central Government exercises administrative control over these offices
through the respective Regional Directors. (www.mca.gov.in/Ministry/roc.html )52
Government has laid down a systematic procedure for setting up a company in India.
Obtaining approval for the proposed name of the company from the ROC
Obtain a certificate of commencement of business from the ROC in case of a public company
53
36
2.6.2. Operational Models
In addition to starting an own company, a direct participation in Indian companies or a partici-
pation in public-private-partnership projects is a good market entry strategy. PPPs are usually
carried out in the following forms:
Build Operate Own Transfer (BOOT) and Design Build Own Operate Transfer (DBOOT)
In this contract, the company shall install the plant at its own cost, operate and maintain it over a
stipulated contact period; including all spares and consumables (e.g. including resin and mem-
brane replacement) form part of the scope. At the end of the contract period, the property will
be transferred to the customer at a price equivalent to the book value of the plant. Being immov-
able property, civil works unless otherwise specified and mutually agreed will form part of
customers scope. The customer shall be charged at the basis of unit rate of water produced.
37
2.6.2.7. Service Contracts
These contracts mostly relate to administrative services such as the reading of water meters, the
billing and taking over the claims management from the local provider.
38
2. Initiating Waste Management Programs: Government has set up Jawaharlal Nehru Na-
tional Urban Renewal Mission (JNNURM) program to fund cities for developing urban infra-
structure and services. In recent past, funds allocated for JNNURM increased by 87% for
2009-10 to 2 B, which is attracting global players to enter the Indian market. As of May
2009, government had sanctioned 463 projects requiring an investment of approx. 7.5 B,
mainly for basic urban services like water supply, sewerage and storm-water drainage.
3. Budget Expansion: Plan outlay for the Ministry of New and Renewable Energy has in-
creased by 61%, from 99 M in 2009- 10 to 160 M in 2010-11
4. Encouraging Public-Private Partnerships: Through economic incentives, both the central
and state governments are promoting PPPs for the development of infrastructure for envi-
ronmental services
5. Other Incentives
Scrap / waste / remnants / unutilised materials / surplus or obsolete capital goods may be
exported or sold in the deferred tax assets on payment of duties
Liberalised foreign investment approval regime is enabled to facilitate foreign investment and
transfer of technology through joint ventures.55
39
Plant Manager dominant criteria buying environmental
technology56
During the initial examination the following factors shall be considered, namely:
1. Whether the tenderer meets the eligibility criteria laid down in the tender documents.
2. Whether the crucial documents have been duly signed.
3. Public tenders require all tenders to pay an earnest money deposit (amount required
to be deposited by a tenderer along with his tender indicating his willingness to imple-
ment to contractor):
o Deposit needs to be paid at the rates as per the departmental rules by means of a
demand draft, bankers, cheque, specified small savings instruments or where the
procuring entity deems fit, irrevocable bank guarantee in a specified form of the
department
Any tender submitted without the earnest money deposit be summarily rejected
4. Pre-qualification (process by which the tenders are first secured for their capability
and resources to implement the contract before they are permitted to offer their ten-
ders) of tenders shall be checked on the basis of:
o Experience and past performance in the execution of similar contracts testing
of samples where required tender is substantially responsive to the technical
specifications set out in the bidding documents
o Capabilities of the tenderer with respect to personnel, equipment and construc-
tion or manufacturing facilities
o Financial status and capacity
Only the tenders of pre-qualified tenders shall be considered for evaluation as a guar-
antee of the tenderers performance of the contract, a security deposit has to be taken
from the successful tenderer as per departmental rules
Tenderer payment of liquidated damages and penalty payable by the tenderer in the
event of non-fulfilment of any of the terms or whole of the contract
40
oCapabilities with respect to personnel, equipment and construction or manufac-
turing facilities.
o Financial status and capacity.
o Any other information considered relevant.
2. The second cover shall contain the prices quoted by the tenderer.
The tender inviting authority shall cause the first cover to be opened just and evaluate
the tenderers capacity on the basis of criteria specified in the tender document and on
this basis, prepare a list of qualified tenders.
Thereafter, the second cover containing the price quotations of only those tenders
found qualified shall be opened by the tender inviting authority.57
41
2.6.4.2. Randomized Tender Example
The following Box gives a randomized example of a public tender from the Government of Kar-
nataka, Water Resources Department, with all its requirements and regulations.
42
9. All the original documents shall be produced at the time of opening of tenders for
verification. The bidders who does not produce original documents at the time of
opening is liable for rejection
10. Latest copies of Income Tax and Sales Tax clearance certificate issued by the
competent authority shall be enclosed.
11. Employee provident fund (EPF) registration certificate shall be enclosed, or the
contribution will be recovered from bill as per Govt. directions.
12. The requisite Earnest Money Deposit (EMD) shall be paid:
a. The contractor should pay INR 100,000 the earnest money deposit (EMD) using
any of the payment modes such as (a) Credit card (b) Direct Debit (c) National
Electronic Fund Transfer (NEFT) (d) Over the Counter (OTC). This will be
maintained in the Government central pooling account at axis bank until the
contract is closed. The EMD amount submitted by the contractor should govern
the following conditions.
i. Each tenderer must pay specified full earnest money of INR 50,000 in the e-
proc platform only through any of the payment modes such as Credit
Card/Debit Card/NEFT/OTC/for the works for which the amount put to
tender is below INR 5M.
ii. Each tenderer must pay an Earnest Money of up to INR 50,000 in the e-proc
platform through any of the payment modes such as Credit card/Debit
card/NEFT/OTC/: and the remaining balance EMD through Bank Guarantee
issued by Nationalised/schedule Banks for the works for which the amount
put to tender is in between INR 5M up to INR10M.
iii. Each tenderer must pay an Earnest Money of up to INR 100,000 in the e-
proc platform through any of the payment modes such as Credit Card/Debit
Card/NEFT/OTC/; and the remaining balance EMD through Bank Guarantee
issued by Nationalised/Schedule Banks for the works for which the amount
put to tender is more than INR 10M.
(II) MODE OF PAYMENT:
The stipulated cost of blank pre qualification / tender documents for tendering should be in
the form of Electronic cash only.( Non- refundable)
The financial bid documents for the above work comprises of financial bid to indicate the
amount offered by the bidder for completion of the work based on contract specifications,
Schedule A and Schedule B of the contractor form. The contractor should neither make any
alteration in the conditions of contract nor stipulate any condition of his own in the first
section of the financial bid documents.
The Executive Engineer shall have the right to reject any or all the tenders without assigning
any reason whatsoever.
The intending contractor should note that, if any of the lands (either in part / parts or in
whole) required for the work is not yet acquired by the Water Resources Department, it shall
be the responsibility of the contractor to take possession of such land and start the work by
consent of the owners before commencement of work at no extra cost to the Water Resources
Department and no claims whatsoever relating to non-availability of land would be
entertained, in future.
Sd/-
EXECUTIVE ENGINEER, WRD
58
43
2.6.4.3. Winning Strategy and how to Become Short-listed in a Tender Procedure
NEWATEC and their potential local partners should provide consultancy and advisory assis-
tance to the offices, institutions, local bodies, etc. in the major cities Mumbai, Kolkata, Banga-
lore, Chennai, Hyderabad, or New Delhi which are preparing the tender documents, laying down
the technical minimum requirements and defining the technological systems to be applied. Thus,
the new and sophisticated technologies NEWATEC companies are offering (alone, as network
or with German partners or abroad) will be introduced and promoted in a first step, The next
step would be to show the technical possibilities of the systems and prove the capabilities
through certificates and recommendation letters of clients (in Germany and abroad). The ulti-
mate step would be to set up at least one (better a handful) complete systems in India as a pilot
and demonstration plants.
If new, improved (and custom tailored) water technologies were considered in the tendering
documents and procurement guidelines NEWATEC has better chances to compete with local and
international bidders.
A promising strategy for NEWATEC to win tenders according to a senior and experienced local
expert is to invite and address: (1) The leading consultants, (2) The project executers (3) The
registered contractors.
And inform them about the NEWATEC network, its capabilities, unique technical solutions and
innovations in an informal round. Such meetings initiate a first exchange of information with the
key players and establish greater chances to be listed in coming tenders.
44
2.6.5. Fairs, Exhibitions and Conferences
Conferences, exhibitions and fairs are a good chance for market newcomers to present their company, services and products and to get to know the
competitors in the water sector. Such events can be used to analyse the product and service range from the other exhibitors. Such events provide more-
over information on upcoming projects by the government, the municipalities and private companies. Furthermore offer fairs a good overview on the
current market situation/ trends and are suitable for the initiation of first business contacts with industries and decision makers.
45
4 Aquatech India 25 27 April Pragati Maidan Exhibi- Nick Mouthaan http://www.aquatechtrade.com/
2012 2012 tion Centre in New Delhi T.:+31 20 549 2299
n.mouthaan@rai.nl
5 Watertech Expo 28-30 Sep- Bangalore Exhiference Media Pvt Limited http://www.watertechindia.com/
2012 tember 2012 B-2 Basement, Kalyan Tower, Nr.Vastrapur
6 Watertech Expo 02-04 No- Gujarat University Exhi- Lake, Ahmedabad-380015, Gujarat. India
2012 vember 2012 bition Hall Tel: +91-079-40039444, 40039431-32 |
Ahmedabad, Gujarat, In- Fax: +91-079-40039431
dia Email: marketing@exhiferencemedia.com
Website: www.exhiferencemedia.com
7 WaterEx World 15 18 Janu- Bombay Exhibition Cen- Chemtech Secretariat http://www.chemtech-
Expo ary 2013 tre, NSE Complex, Gore- 26, Maker Chambers VI, online.com/events/waterex/chem
gaon, Mumbai, India Nariman Point, tech_history.html
Mumbai - 400 021, India.
Tel: +91-22-40373737
Fax: +91-22-22870502
For Enquiries regarding Exhibition
and Sales and Marketing write to:
Email: sales@jasubhai.com
For Enquiries regarding Conferences write:
Email: conferences@jasubhai.com
8 Water India 2013 15 -17 Febru- Pragati Maidan, Announcement only /
ary 2013 Delhi
46
2.7. Tax System
Corporates are subject to Direct and Indirect Taxes as the case may be. India has a well-
developed tax structure, with the authority to levy taxes divided between the Central Govern-
ment and the State Governments. The Central Government levies direct taxes such as personal
income tax and corporate tax and indirect taxes such as customs duty, excise duty, CST and ser-
vice tax. The States are empowered to levy professional tax and state sales tax apart from vari-
ous other local taxes like Entry Tax, Octroi, etc.
S. Domestic Foreign
No. Company Company
1 Regular Tax
Where total Income is more than INR 10 11.3% of the book 10.6% of book profits
M ( 0.2 M) profits
Where the total income is equal to or 10.3% of book profits 10.3% of book profits
less than INR 10 M ( 0.2 M)
Withholding Tax Rates for payments made to Non-residents are determined by the Finance Act
passed by the Parliament for various years. The current rates are:
Interest: 20% of Gross Amount
Royalties: 20%
Technical Services: 10%
Any other Services:
o Individuals: 30% of net income
o Companies / Corporates: 40% of net income60
The above rates are general and in respect of the countries with which India does not have a
DTAA.
47
2.7.2. Indirect Taxation
Sales Tax:
CST: CST is 2% on manufactured goods
Value Added Tax (VAT): Where a sale takes place within a state, VAT would be levied.
Such a tax would be governed by the relevant state tax legislation. This normally ranges
from 4% to 12.5%
Excise Duty: Excise duty on most commodities ranges between 0 to 12%
Customs Duty: The peak rate of basic custom duty is 10%. However the aggregate custom du-
ties, including additional duties and the educational cess, are 26.85%. Several products attract
the basic customs duty of 7.5% which works out to an effective duty of 23.89%.
Service Tax: Service tax is levied at 10.3% of the value of taxable services (including the educa-
tion cess and the secondary and higher education cess) on a broad range of services. Service
providers having aggregate value to taxable services up to approx. 17,000 are kept outside
purview of service tax, subject to certain conditions.61
48
ting of projects pose additional legal and regulatory hurdles, i.e. Intellectual Property Right (IPR)
issues.
Market Distortions of Fossil Fuels versus Renewable: Major distortions are lack of account-
ing for externalities (both environmental and socioeconomic) in conventional fossil fuels, price
distortions, uneven subsidies and tax structures, and capital cost accounting versus life-cycle ac-
counting.
Lack of Policy Guidelines for Waste-to-Energy Projects: In waste-to-energy projects, there is
lack of clear policy guidelines from state governments with respect to allotment of land, supply
of garbage, power purchase arrangements, and evacuation facilities.
Lack of Strategic Review of Energy Efficiency at the National and State Levels: In the En-
ergy Efficiency sector, there is a lack of strategic review to assess priorities for initiatives on en-
ergy efficiency development in the future.
Technical Barriers to trade: Primary insights showcase that many Asian countries such as
China, India, Thailand, South Korea etc. are expected to get local certification. In India and South
Korea for example, certificates issued in EU Member States are not accepted. Instead certain
products that have been certified in the EU have to be certified again in India.62
2.8.2. Latest Development
EU is India's largest trading partner in goods and second largest trading partner in services
(after the US). Its also a source of advanced technology and a significant donor. In the last
decade, both countries have come together to increase the trade relationship and thereby be-
come stronger economic allies.
Germany and India have a very good trade relationship and regard each other as crucial part-
ners. The relationship between the two countries is extraordinarily good. Especially the trade
and scientific cooperation is longstanding and successful. In the field of technology and here in
environmental technology and water management and treatment systems, German companies
and their products are considered as advanced, very reliable and of high quality and durability.
Government has implemented various trade liberalization policies to attract overseas compa-
nies to enter the Indian markets. There was a gradually reduction in trade barriers to encour-
age greater participation from various European and North American countries. As Trade
barriers, import substitution and protectionism are being replaced by a more supportive in-
vestment framework in order to reap the full benefits of FDI for growth opportunities in India.
Sectorial FDI restrictions have been eased and overseas ownership caps lifted. Public own-
ership of industries has substantially reduced as many sectors that were previously reserved
are now open to private enterprises, including overseas investment.63
49
Figure 11: EUs Export Partners and Indias Import Partners
64
World Trade Organization (WTO) agreement, that called for "The reduction or elimination of
Tariff and non-Tariff barriers to environmental goods and services, has enabled smooth opera-
tions for all stakeholders. In the Wastewater sector, EU-India Trade has made huge strides in
the recent past with high import of environmental goods in India from EU. Various EU compa-
nies have already entered the Indian market. EU is also becoming a prime destination for In-
dias outward investment in sectors which include Steel, Pharmaceuticals, Automobiles, IT
and Energy. However, a number of barriers continue to thwart the competitiveness of over-
seas companies within the Indian landscape.65
50
4 Karnataka Lingayat Education Society's Master of Technology In Environmental Engi-
College of Engineering Technology neering
Location: Bangalore, Karnataka, India
However, in the non-academic sector trained and educated technical staff is practically not
available. There are no vocational training schemes for technical professions such as mechanics,
electricians, construction workers, etc. Professional profiles such as a waterworks technician or
a sewerage treatment plant technician are totally unknown. Specialised institutes, mostly in the
private sector or sponsored through multinational industries offer training courses for welders,
electricians, mechanics, others. Among those institutions are the Indo-German Chamber of
Commerce, Swiss organisations, huge industries such as Bosch, Siemens, others. However con-
sidering the size of the country and the number of unskilled workers and the huge demand for
51
trained workforce, those initiatives only can be models and demonstration and approaches to
show the right direction and approach.
The Indian central government has of course realised this immense gap between the very high
need for trained personnel and the existing huge numbers of untrained people. Efforts are al-
ready undertaken and enormous funds for improving the national vocational education and
training schemes on federal and state level are available and have started to show first reflec-
tions in form of up-coming training institutes, state education programmes, etc.
With regard to the level of academic and graduated workforce (engineers, scientists) the need of
staff is also high, however, there are of course large numbers of university graduates and experi-
enced technical personnel. Although the education at colleges and universities is not very much
practise oriented. There is clear overshot of theory in the curricula of engineering and scientific
subjects.
52
Lack of Community Involvement due to low awareness levels of waste management
among people
Low Expertise and Exposure to city waste management using modern techniques /
best practices
Shortfall of Funds with ULBs and indifferent attitude of ULBs to levy user charges and
sustainability
Low Price as unorganised segment dominates the Annual Maintenance Contract (AMC)
market; services are offered at low rates by providing cheap labour, low-grade chemicals
and spares
Absence of Segregation of Waste at Source, which highlights that largely, End-of-Pipe
treatment is prevalent in India, unlike Europe, where treatment at source is also empha-
sised. This leads to varying composition of wastewater throughout the geography66
53
tra-purified market (as with pharmaceutical companies) and this segment has business to the
tune of 332 M, growing at 15% annually.
The real growth for the sector will come from the municipal water and wastewater treatment
business, mainly dependent on government allocations and funds from agencies such as Asian
Development Bank, World Bank, JNNURM and Japan Bank of International Cooperation.
Customisation is just one of the many options available that can be selected in view of pressing
factors such as a general space crunch that bothers many industrial and commercial SMEs, while
setting up an effluent plant. The accelerated growth seen in commercial sector (hotels, hospitals,
institutions, shopping malls) and small and medium scale industries (food and beverages, sugar,
chemicals, pharmaceuticals) has imparted thrust into this market.
Due to the pattern of industrial development and the undeniable achievement of the commercial
sector, state governments are drafting specific economic and regulatory policies to attract indus-
trial and Information Technology investments.
The highlights of the wastewater management sector in India are as follows:
Fragmented Market: More than 500 companies, of which around 20 are large and the
rest are small
Unorganised Market: Major part of wastewater treatment and services market in rural
India is unorganised, not regulated and there is little involvement of municipal bodies to
enforce law
Suite of Solutions: Apart from the supply of the equipment, companies are also profiting
themselves by providing consulting and design services to the Indian water industry
Initiatives: Major Initiates are taking-off by GOI / Pvt. Sector, also more and more ULBs
are approaching capital markets
The key trends of the wastewater management sector in India are as follows:
Focus of Govt. and Private Sector
Favourable Economic and Regulatory Policies
Growing health conscious population
Need for customisation
Accelerated growth in Commercial and Small and Medium Enterprises (SME) Sector
Industry moving towards 100% Reuse and Recycle
European MNCs driving market towards environmental compliance
Water requirements of major water-consuming industries has grown by 40 times
Agricultural sector uses 85% of the available fresh water68
54
Industrial water supply schemes will be expedited. Feasibility of desalination plants and
supply of recycled and treated wastewater to industries will be explored to enable better
cost recovery and project feasibility. Government would facilitate implementation of
mega water supply schemes for industries at potential locations through Special Pur-
pose Vehicles (SPVs).
Enterprises are encouraged for recycling of water and treatment of wastewater.
Subsidies for Water harvesting / Conservation Measures for Small and Medium enter-
prises in all Zones.
1. Rain water harvesting: 50% of cost (max. INR 1 lakh)
2. Wastewater recycling: 50% of cost (max. INR 5 lakh)
3. Zero discharge process: 50% of cost (max. INR 5 lakh).69
The paper Karnataka - A Vision for Development, released from the Karnataka State Plan-
ning Board, also states water conservation very clear as high priority goal.
One increased provision of industrial infrastructure is that the industries have to use waste-
water recycling plants.
Focal points of the Bangalore infrastructure provision are adequate availability of water. Since
water could be a limiting factor to Bangalores growth as a city. Steps such as reduction in leak-
ages and unaccounted for water, incentivising / mandating the use of water saving technologies
in industry and households; telescopic pricing to deter abuse etc. will be encouraged.70
55
Since this is a serious and crucial matter, the Government of India as well as relevant State au-
thorities have a vital interest in fostering such urgently needed technologies.
2.11.2.2. Possible applications of analytical services (e.g. for the current drinking water supply in
Bangalore)
Test laboratory services, ad-hoc and periodical monitoring and measuring programmes of
environmental quality, in particular in the field of water quality and wastewater surveillance is a
big market. Accordingly a large number of service providers are active in these fields. Some of
the programmes are undertaken by central and state government laboratories on monthly or
yearly bases and include sampling campaigns on basis of e.g. national monitoring programmes
to collect data on the quality of groundwater resources, water bodies such as lakes, reservoirs,
dams, tanks (small local irrigation dams), rivers, coastal sea waters, etc.
Regular periodic monitoring programmes and ad-hoc measurements of water quality of
industrial effluents (e. g. in the context of consent management), raw water resources for
potable water supply and others are carried out by government laboratories: CPCB and SPCB are
operating more than 150 laboratories in the state capitals and on district levels. Many of these
laboratories are in the process of getting acknowledged by national and private accrediting
bodies. All of them are under quality control surveillance of the CPCB in New Delhi and its 5
zonal offices (ZO) in the different regions of India. The national government accrediting body for
laboratories is the NABL. The National Physics Laboratory (NPL) (a member of the CSIR group
of institutes Centre of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) under the Ministry of Science
and Technology in New Delhi) is the National Metrology Institute, having international contacts
and currently running a project on Metrology in Chemistry (MiC) and improvement of the
national analytical quality control system (AQS) in cooperation with GIZ and Physikalisch-
Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB).
There are large numbers of private test laboratories working as service providers for industries
and the public sector in sampling and analysing water, air and other samples of environmental
concern. Some of them are already accredited by NABL or according to ISO rules or are in the
process to do so. There is a distinct shortage of performance tests (ring tests) carried out by
private or state organisations and a lack of certified reference materials provided for calibration
of methods and equipment.
There are private international laboratory companies running numerous test laboratories in the
field of consumer goods testing (e. g. leather, textile) and testing for industrial purposes.
International accrediting bodies such as the German TUV are also present and active.
With regard to AQC in state and private sector laboratories India is not yet cooperating
internationally. The MiC project of NPL with GIZ/PTB is aiming at making the relevant Indian
organisations aware of the urgent need to install a nationwide AQC system for the public sector
that would include the private laboratories; the key word is traceability on all levels. Also
capacity building of all actors and on different levels is a significant part of this project.
There is a number of private laboratories who are very well equipped with latest technology
analytical instruments and who have skilled personnel. They would need to get in network
contacts with other laboratories (national and abroad) to improve their efforts in enhancing
reliability of results through accuracy and precision, as well as comparison tests and calibration
of devices and procedures.
Large multinational and national chemical, pharmaceutical and petrochemical industries have
excellent laboratories with excellently skilled manpower, however they will not be active in the
field of water and environmental analytics for third parties.
There are private international laboratory companies running test laboratories in the field of
consumer goods testing (e. g. leather, textile) and testing for industrial purposes. International
accrediting bodies such as the German TUV are also present and active.
56
With regard to AQC in state and private sector laboratories India is not yet cooperating interna-
tionally. The MiC project of NPL with GIZ/PTB is aiming at making the relevant Indian organisa-
tions aware of the urgent need to install a nationwide AQC system for the public sector that
would include the private laboratories; the key word is traceability on all levels. Also capacity
building of all actors and on different levels is a significant part of this project.
There is a number of private laboratories who are very well equipped with latest technology
analytical instruments and who have skilled personnel. They would need to get in network con-
tacts with other laboratories (national and abroad) to improve their efforts in enhancing reli-
ability of results through accuracy and precision, as well as comparison tests and calibration of
devices and procedures.
Large multinational and national chemical, pharmaceutical and petrochemical industries have
excellent laboratories with excellently skilled manpower, however they will not be active in the
field of water and environmental analytics for third parties.
The Indian government has legislations and regulations in place to facilitate growth in this
sector
Bureaucracy in India is an area of prime concern, but the scenario is steadily improving
The custom and excise duties are higher than the European average, but the opportunities
are also immense
European imports seem expensive in front of equipment sourced locally from China
In India, waste is treated at the end rather than at source, unlike in Europe; this leads to
varying composition of wastewater throughout the geography
Unorganised industry offers stiff competition in standard equipment, but niche technolo-
gies have negligible competition with good margins
Corporate taxes are high in India, but less than rates prevalent in UK and Germany
SME's should follow the following route - Knowledge Transfer, Feasibility Study in India,
and then enter into projects
EU companies only share the scale down version with Indian counterparts, due to risks as-
sociated with IPR
First mover advantage still exists in some niche sectors and geographical locations in India
EU companies should voice their common concerns to the concerned European body,
57
which can further discuss it with the Indian counterpart
ROI / IRR increases with project experience and can go up to 15-17% after completion of
2-3 projects71
3. Technological Assessment
The selection of advanced equipment such as reverse osmosis or membrane technologies has in-
creased in the last years due to the greater involvement of local and foreign companies in the
sanitation and water sector. Simultaneously the prices for these products have decreased. Even a
growing standardization in wastewater treatment systems can be observed. According to the
Confederation of Indian Industries (CII) (www.cii.in) the public utilities and companies are in-
creasingly asking for standard solutions, out of cost reasons.
Most Indian waterworks use traditional and conventional methods of water pre-treatment and
wastewater treatment. Most municipal water suppliers use methods such as screening or
sedimentation and flocculation for chemical procedures. In the biological treatment stage mainly
trickling filter and CAS - Conventional Activated Sludge process are used, such as the
anaerobic/aerobic (A/O) or anaerobic/anoxic/aerobic method (A/A/O).
58
In most water treatment plants Indian technology
is used, since local products are available in most
Figure 12: Technology Transfer
technology areas at very low prices. While domes-
tic products meet the requirements in technically
less sophisticated parts of the system, they are still
inferior to foreign products in fields such as meas-
urement technologies or special pumps. These
products are either supplied through imports or
locally produced, using foreign know-how. Certain
technologies have just been introduced to the In-
dian market and not yet standardized. This is a
field where manifold opportunities exist for NE-
WATEC since Indias authorities and officials are
increasingly fostering technology transfer and do-
mestic companies are trying to catch up.
72
The changing policy is creating interesting delivery and investment opportunities for foreign
companies. While introducing new and stricter environmental rules and regulations the gov-
ernment is creating demand in new fields. The demand for wastewater treatment equipment in
the field of coal washing has risen, because plants where only allowed to burn coal treated with
an ash content of 34%.
It seems to be no problem in India that the quality, durability and maintenance requirements of
local facilities often do not meet the international standards. As long as the water sector is
mainly controlled by the public sector, the most important award criterion in the tender will be
the price. This makes it difficult for foreign companies to be competitive in the "low-tech" seg-
ment. Delivery opportunities therefore arise when it comes to major or pilot projects for specific
procedures or treatment plants with high capacity.
The growing demand for wastewater treatment technologies can be traced to the requirements
of water treatment laid down in the "Environmental Protection Act" of 1986. This Act defines
which water treatment methods are supposed to be used. These are however minimum re-
quirements. Technical equipment for wastewater treatment is subject to the specifications and
standards of the BIS.
A list of accredited testing facilities is available on the BIS website (www.bis.org.in). The Na-
tional Accreditation Board for Testing and Calibration Laboratories (NABL) is the only govern-
ment agency that may accredit on behalf of the Department of Science and Technology (DoST)
(www.nabl-india.org).73
59
Indian urban water supply and wastewater management are in transition from unsustainable
centralised model to a sustainable and rational decentralised one. The Goverment is therfore
targeting decentralized treatment plants, which should not exceed 50 MLD .
Indias wastewater sector has developed various indigenous methods in the last few decades,
which have made it extremely productive and efficient. Typically the following effluent and
wastewater/sewerage treatment systems are in use:
Up-flow Anaerobic Sludge Bed (UASB) process and aerated lagoon
Conventional Aerated Sludge Process (ASP)
Cyclic Activated sludge Process
Sequenced Batch Reactor (SBR) Systems
Prominent best practices prevalent in this sector are as follows:
Recycling of Wastewater:
Wastewater was recycled including sewage effluent for aquaculture or for reuse e.g. in the textile
industry. In some states zero-effluent and zero-waste regulations have to be followed and re-
quire higher technology levels for treatment such as membranes, reverse osmosis, etc. The
treated wastewater is then either reused in the factory or for irrigation or other minor applica-
tions.
Water Management at a Household and Residential layout-level: This is followed in Banga-
lore e.g. and involved roofing and plumbing practices, water efficiency and fixtures, rainwater
harvesting, recharge wells and sumps, groundwater use and wastewater treatment, solid waste
management, landscaping and behavioural changes. Rainwater harvesting is made mandatory
now in Bangalore for new building s and industries.
Development of Wastewater Lake into Recreational Area: In Orissa an amusement park was
set up on an area that was previously flooded by wastewater. An Indo-Canadian Agency funded
this project.
Designing Flexible Wastewater Systems: These systems allow efficient and seamless usage of
utilities during peak tourist loadings as well as off-season. Such initiatives have been taken in
various Indian cities.
Municipal Wastewater Recycling and Reuse: USAID offered technical assistance to the Nag-
pur Municipal Corporation (NMC) and Mahagenco to design, develop, and implement highly in-
novative wastewater recycling and reuse project in Nagpur. The project was designed to develop
large scale industrial applications for treated municipal wastewater. It allowed NMC to meet en-
vironmental compliance to treat municipal sewerage and Mahagenco to purchase the treated
water for its power plant operations.74
60
3.4. Possibilities of using Remote Control and Online Measurement
ICT-based methods become more and more important. They will be used for billing and tariff
purposes, for water quality surveillance, e.g. based on GIS. Cities above 1 M inhabitants will have
to run remote supervision systems installed for 4-5 parameters (flow, pH, total dissolved solids,
temperature, selected anions and cations).
4. Assessment
4.1. SWOT Analysis
Strength Weakness
Core: Core:
61
Opportunity Threat
62
Weakness (Internal Factors)
Threat (Ex- Compete with low cost Indian and Chinese technology providers by part-
ternal Fac- nering with local companies. Indigenise technology to achieve higher ROI
tors) o Ride on experience of local partner to successfully bid for municipal
projects
o Employ local partner to overcome bureaucratic hassles
o Customise offerings as per varied climatic / usage considerations
o Proactively protect IPR by scrutinising partners and ensure timely fil-
ing of patents and trademarks76
comprehensive in-
Unavailability of benefits formation
critical informa- Confusion in fil- Contact local em-
tion / miscom- ing tenders bassy and trade fa-
munication
cilitation bodies
Seek approval from Delays in start- Utilise local Liaon-
various regulatory ing operations ing Partner to ex-
bodies Creates confu- pedite approvals
sion
Untimely payment in Hampers work- Can select local
government project ing capital re- partner with suffi-
quirements cient funds
63
Challenge Issues faced by Impact Severity Solution
European Cos
HIGH
of Class A cities
Poor consumer
o Class B cities
awareness dimin-
lacking adequate
ishes value of su-
treatment infra-
perior EU tech-
structures
nology
Tap high potential
regions such as
South India, Ma-
harashtra and arid
and semi arid sec-
tion of North India
Compete in niche
areas, which offer
premium for tech-
nology, after a fea-
sibility check
dressal
ogy
by partner
Increase IPR May get ex- Sign non disclosure
(TRIPSPLUS Protec- ploited by local agreement before
tion): partners and ex- sharing technology
EU companies dont ternal infringers / products etc.
get same level of pro- Concern wrt6 Enter into legally
64
tection in India safeguarding binding contracts
IPR with local partners
Scrutinise partners
credentials
Watermark designs
Procedural delays Frauds File for IPR early
in getting IP regis- Misuse of tech- Use product /
tered, leads to use of nology / design technology com-
unprotected technol- / product mercially only after
ogy patenting
MODERATE
66
Challenge Issues faced by Impact Severity Solution
European Cos
MODERATE
Adopt long term
perspective in India
Offer after-sales
support to encour-
age repeat pur-
chase
Initially bid for
AMCs
revenue through
by-products
Utilise carbon
credit
Trade promotion
bodies
Complex capital Inexperienced Minimise capital
raising criterias: cos. face diffi- expenditure, part-
Complex eligibility culties in raising ner with local firms
for raising capital i.e. capital; impacts to invest
Indian experience / sustainability / Pitch as technology
reputation profitability suppliers / service
providers77
67
4.4. PESTILE Analysis
The Macro landscape in India indicates that government is consciously promoting the growth
of wastewater sector. Necessary funds are made available through lending bodies and bureau-
cratic bottlenecks are getting resolved. EUs sophisticated technology has high demand in India;
however it needs to be customised as per local requirements due to cost sensitivity and climatic
considerations. The same factors have been highlighted in the model below.
Relative Impor-
FACTORS
tance of Factors
Wastewater Companies in Wastewater Companies in In-
for EU Wastewater
India dia
Companies
Relative importance
Dynamics (=,>,<)
Time (N,F,N / F)
Type (-,+)
(C, vi, I, s)
Free Trade Agreement (FTA)
Reason: India - EU FTA talks are extremely important to address disputes related to en-
try barriers and IPR regulations. EU wastewater companies are economically and opera-
tionally impacted by this.
68
High Growth Sector
KOLs Perception
Sophisticated EU machinery
Low cost machines have is more expensive than the
ECONOMIC
High Tariff
Reason: Indian tariff rates are higher than the EU average. Thus it would be a compara-
tively expensive proposition for technology importers.
Trade Association
Reason: Wastewater companies would not have a body that could promote their interest
in the short term, although this has a limited impact on operations
Multiple Technologies
69
Rising Demand of Sophisticated Machinery
Varied Climate
70
4.5. Exemplified Strategies
The NEWATEC network companies can take reference from the strategies adopted by many
European wastewater companies in the Indian context. Various companies are manufacturing in
India and offering a portfolio of solutions to effectively cater to Indian needs.
Bureaucracy Information not available in the public domain, solutions vary from case to
case basis
Cost Sensitivity Wartsila a European Company decided to import critical parts and manufac-
ture others locally in India. The company started importing high capacity
diesel engines from European suppliers and manufactured less critical parts
in India.
Market Entry REMONDIS, a German waste and water management company entered India
in 2009 by acquiring a local company called Shrushti Consultants. RE-
MONDIS carefully screened the Indian market, did its initial due diligence
and feasibility analysis and choose Shrushti, which had over 11 ongoing
wastewater contracts and catered to clients such as Tata, VW and Seco
Tools. By following this mechanism REMONDIS reduced its market entry
challenge.
Feasibility of EIMCO Water Tech. offers a complete suite of water management solutions.
European Ma- The company services Municipal and Industrial sectors, thereby catering to
chinery in In- varied needs and requirements. It also offers a complete range of water
dia management offering such as Sludge, Reuse, Waste to Energy, Water Treat-
ment products and services. In addition, it provides Engineering, Manufac-
turing, and Installation services.
Capital Raising Degremont, a subsidiary of the French water giant Suez was awarded a 33
M agreement by Delhi Jal Board (DJB) for a drinking water treatment plant,
the project was externally funded. Degremont was provided with land,
electricity and treatment cost. Kept free from transmission losses and
revenue collection with assured purchase of treated water and produc-
tivity incentives once the plant begins operations. 79
4.6. Recommendations
4.6.1. Water Management in Bangalore City
BWSSB and the Government of Karnataka have to take necessary actions to solve the water
problems in the city. With respect to demand and supply BWSSB should find alternative and
economical ways to solve the water scarcity of the city. The water losses due to UFW in the dis-
tribution system have to be minimized so that not only more revenue will be generated but also
more water will be available to serve more population.
BWSSB should execute the UFW project successfully to reduce the UFW from 37% to 16% as
planned and in the future they should maintain the lowest leakage level possible in the system.
To achieve this NEWATEC might have solutions.
71
BWSSB should provide training to its manpower and workers in using new techniques and
equipment to minimize UFW. Here NEWATEC could offer solutions as well.
Reuse of water schemes have to be implemented by BWSSB fast to get the additional supply into
the system. There are tertiary treatment plants in the city, so BWSSB should increase their ca-
pacity and number to meet the maximum industrial demand. Otherwise, water application for
indirect potable and non-potable use has to be considered.
Public awareness and education of people to conserve water should be properly done and ex-
tended. BWSSB have already done many activities in rain water harvesting; now they should
emphasize more on this and spread the public awareness all over the city to save water.
72
Annex I
Krishna Basin Cauvery Basin Godavari Ba- West Flowing River Other Basins
sin Basin (Palar, South and North Pennar)
Pressure on exist- Dharwad, Bellary, Ba- Bangalore (U), - Uttar Kannada Kolar
ing water re- galkot, Bijapur, Tumkur, Kodagu, Hassan,
source- surface Gulbarga, Belgaum, CR. Nagar
Haveri
Salinity and wa- Bellary, Bijapur, Chi- Bangalore (U), Bidar (Chulki- Kali, Pavenje, Netra- -
terlogging tradurga, Raichur, Gul- Mysore nala) vati, Gurpura (UK
barga, Dharwad, Shi- and DK)
moga, Belgaum, Da- D. Kannada,
vangere U. Kannada
Surface Water Davangere (Tungab- Mandya (Hebbal river), Ban- - Uttar Kannada -
Ground Water hadra river Da- galore (Arkavathi Kanaka- (Kali river-
Seepage of Fer- vangere and Harihar) pura town), Mysore (Kabini Dandeli), Dakshin
tilizers and Pes- Shimoga, Belgaum, river- Nanjangud and Cau- Kannada
ticides Davangere very Srirangapattana and (Netravati and
K.R. Nagar) C.R. Nagar (Cau- Sullia)
very-Kollegal)
XII
Tumkur, Chitradurga, Bangalore (R&U), Mandya, Kolar
Gadag, Bagalkot, Da- Tumkur (Kunigal), C.R.
vangere, Dharwad, Nagar
Haveri, Bellary
Raichur, Koppal, Bel- Bangalore (U&R), Mysore, - D. Kannada Kolar
gaum, Dharwad, Kodagu, Mandya, Mandya,
Chikmagalur, Shi- Hassan
moga, Bellary
XIII
Sectors having impact on water resources
XIV
VII. Siltation High - - Low High
Prioritization matrix
Urgency of the
Total Scoring
Irreversibility
Biodiversity
Vulnerable
reversibility
Impact on
Impact on
problem
Ecosystem
Impact on
groups
Health
Loss of
Productivity
Public
critical
Loss
1. Depleting Ground Water Resources 5 5 5 5 3 3 5 31
(i) Surface 5 3 5 3 3 3 5 27
(ii) Ground 5 3 5 3 3 3 5 27
4. Degradation of tanks 3 3 5 3 3 3 5 25
Total 27 23 33 29 23 19 31 185
XV
Impact of other sectors on water supply and Sanitation
Problems Sectors
XVI
Table 15: List of all KIADB Industrial Areas and Zonal Offices in Karnataka
XVII
Mundaragi II Phase B Kattihalli TUMKUR DIST.
Mundaragi III Phase Growth Centre- Sub- Antharasanahally I Ph.
Mundaragi IV Phase [Apparel Layout Antharasanahally 11 Ph.
Park] Hassan Growth Centre Hirehally
Hospef (Sanklapura) Sub Layout (IOCL land) Kunigal I Phase
Textile Zone Kunigal II Phase
BIDAR DIST. Food Processing Zone Sathyamangala
Basavakalyan Bio-Technology & Pharma Vasanthe Narasapura
Basavakalyan Aulonagar IT/ITES SEZ
Humnabad Holenarasipur UDUPI DIST.
Kolhar Thimmenahalli Shivally
Naubad
Naubad Auto Nagar KODAGU DIST. UTTARA KANNADA DIST.
Naubad Housing Kushalnagar Shirwad
YADGIR DIST.
Yodgir
XVIII
Ph: 080-22371884
Spl.Land Acquisition Officer
Spl.Land Acquisition Officer K.I.A.D.B. Zonal Office, Baikampady Industrial
K.I.A.D.B. Zonal Office, Metagalli Industrial Area, New Mangalore - 575 011.
Area, K.R.S. Road, (Near Vikranlh Tyres), Ph.0824-2408160
Mysore - 570 016. Ph.0821-2582081
Spl.Land Acquisition Officer
Spl.Land Acquisition Officer
K.I.A.D.B. Zonal Office, Kapanoor Industrial
K.I.A.D.B. Zonal Office, Lakkammanahalli I.A.
Area, Humnabad Road, Gulburgo - 585 102.
Poona-Bengaluru Rood, Dharwad- 580004.
Ph.08352-258048
Ph.0836-2462953
80
XIX
An institutional arrangement for promotion, regulation and controlling efficient
use of water will be established for this purpose at the national level
Recycle and reuse of water, including return flows, should be encouraged to the
extent possible
Project financing should be structured to incentivize efficient and economic use of water
and facilitate early completion of ongoing projects
Water pricing
Over and above the pre-emptive uses for sustaining life and eco-system, water needs to
be treated as an economic good and therefore, may be priced to promote efficient use
and maximizing value from water. While the practice of administered prices may have to
be continued, economic principles need to increasingly guide the administered
prices
every State should establish a water tariff system and fix the criteria for water charges,
preferably on volumetric basis, based on the principle that the water charges shall re-
flect the full recovery of the cost of administration, operation and maintenance of
water resources projects taking into account the cross subsidy, if any.
Recycle and reuse of water, after treatment to specified standards, should be en-
couraged through a properly planned tariff system, in which there is a cost for the
quantity withdrawn, a refund for properly treated water returned for reuse, and
heavy fines for returning polluted waters.
Preservation of river corridors, water bodies and infrastructure
Sources of water and water bodies should not be allowed to get polluted. System of third
party periodic inspection should be evolved and heavy penalty should be imposed on
the basis of polluter pays principle. The money recovered from penalty may be put in a
fund for facilitating water treatment.
It needs to be ensured that industrial effluents, local cess pools, residues of fertilizers
and chemicals, etc., do not reach the ground water
The water resources infrastructure shall be maintained properly to continue to get the
intended benefits. A suitable percentage of the costs of infrastructure development may
be set aside along with collected water charges, for repair and maintenance. Contract for
construction of projects should have inbuilt provision for longer periods of proper main-
tenance and handing over back the infrastructure in good condition.
Water supply and sanitation
Improved water supply in rural areas needs to be provided with proper sewerage
facilities
Reuse of urban water effluents from kitchens and bathrooms, after primary treat-
ment, in flush toilets should be encouraged
In urban and industrial areas, de-salinization, wherever techno-economically feasible,
should be encouraged to increase availability of utilizable water
Urban water supply and sewage treatment schemes should be integrated and exe-
cuted simultaneously. Water supply bills should include sewerage charges
Industries in water short regions have an obligation to return treated effluent to a
specified standard back to the hydrologic system
Subsidies and incentives should be implemented to encourage recovery of indus-
trial pollutants and recycling / reuse, which are otherwise capital intensive
Institutional arrangements
Water Regulatory Authority should be established in each State. The Authority, inter-alia,
will fix and regulate the water tariff system and charges, regulate allocations, monitoring
operations, reviewing performance and suggesting policy changes, etc.
XX
The Service Provider role of the state has to be gradually shifted to that of a regu-
lator of services and facilitator for strengthening the institutions responsible for
planning, implementation and management of water resources. The water related
services should be transferred to community and / or private sector with appro-
priate Public Private Partnership model
Database and Information system
All water related data, should be integrated with well defined procedures and formats to
ensure online updating and transfer of data to facilitate development of database
for informed decision making in the management of water
Ahmedabad
In 2002, the Ahmedabad Urban Development Authority (AUDA) had made rainwater harvesting
mandatory for all buildings covering an area of over 1,500 m. According to the rule, for a cover
area of over 1,500 m, one percolation well is mandatory to ensure ground water recharge. For
every additional 4,000 m cover area, another well needs to be built.
Bangalore
In order to conserve water and ensure ground water recharge, the Karnataka government in
February 2009 announced that buildings, constructed in the city will have to compulsorily adopt
rain water harvesting facility. Residential sites, which exceed an area of 240 m (4 x 6 m), shall
create rain harvesting facility according to the new law.
Port Blair
In 2007, Port Blair Municipal Council (PBMC) directed all the persons related to construction
work to provide a proper spout or tank for the collection of rain water to be utilised for various
domestic purposes other than drinking. As per the existing building by-laws 1999 the slab or
roof of the building would have to be provided with a proper spout or gutter for collection of
rain water, which would be beneficial for the residents of the municipal area during water crisis.
The PBMC had advised all the owners of buildings in the Municipal area to comply with the pro-
visions within four months failing which action would be taken against them by the Council.
Chennai
Rainwater harvesting was made mandatory in three storied buildings (irrespective of the size of
the rooftop area). All new water and sewer connections are provided only after the installation
of rainwater harvesting systems.
XXI
Kerala
The Kerala Municipality Building Rules, 1999 was amended by a notification dated January 12,
2004 issued by the Government of Kerala to include rainwater harvesting structures in new con-
struction.
New Delhi
Since June 2001, the Ministry of Urban affairs and Poverty Alleviation has made rainwater har-
vesting mandatory in all new buildings with a roof area of more than 100 m and in all plots with
an area of more than 1000 m that are being developed.
The Central Ground Water Authority (CGWA) has made rainwater harvesting mandatory in all
institutions and residential colonies in notified areas (South and southwest Delhi and adjoining
areas like Faridabad, Gurgaon and Ghaziabad). This is also applicable to all the buildings in noti-
fied areas that have tubewells. The deadline for this was for March 31, 2002.
The CGWA has also banned drilling of tubewells in notified areas.
Tamil Nadu
Through an ordinance titled Tamilnadu Muncipal Laws ordinance, 2003, dated July 19, 2003, the
government of Tamil Nadu has made rainwater harvesting mandatory for all the buildings, both
public and private, in the state. The deadline to construct rainwater harvesting structures is Au-
gust 31, 2003. The ordinance cautions, "Where the rain water harvesting structure is not pro-
vided as required, the Commissioner or any person authorised by him in this behalf may, after
giving notice to the owner or occupier of the building, cause rain water harvesting structure to
be provided in such building and recover the cost of such provision along with the incidental ex-
pense thereof in the same manner as property tax". It also warns the citizens on disconnection of
water supply connection provided rainwater harvesting structures are not provided.
Haryana
Haryana Urban Development Authority (HUDA) has made rainwater harvesting mandatory in all
new buildings irrespective of roof area.
In the notified areas in Gurgaon town and the adjoining industrial areas all the institutions and
residential colonies have been asked to adopt water harvesting by the CGWA. This is also appli-
cable to all the buildings in notified areas having a tubewell, deadline was for March 31, 2002.
The CGWA has also banned drilling of tubewells in notified areas.
XXII
Rajasthan
The state government has made rainwater harvesting mandatory for all public and establish-
ments and all properties in plots covering more than 500 m in urban areas.
Mumbai
The state government has made rainwater harvesting mandatory for all buildings that are being
constructed on plots that are more than 1,000 m in size.
The deadline set for this was October, 2002.
Gujarat
The state roads and buildings department has made rainwater harvesting mandatory for all gov-
ernment buildings.
XXIII
Table 16: Competitors and Potential Partners in the Indian Market
XXIV
National Water Companies
XXV
National Water Companies
XXVII
National Water Companies
XXIX
National Water Companies
XXX
National Water Companies
XXXI
National Water Companies
XXXIII
National Water Companies
www.wapcos.gov.in
Hindustan Dorr-Oliver Ltd.,
18 Hindustan Hindustan Dorr-Oliver Limited is a leader in the industrial EPC market. The Company has a
GGR TOWERS, Ground Floor,
Dara Oliver pan India presence, with offices in every major city in India - Mumbai, Bangalore, Chennai,
F18/2B, Ambali Pura, Sar-
Kolkota, Delhi and Ahmedabad.
japura Road, Bengaluru-
HDO has been involved in major industrial projects in areas of Mining and Minerals, Water 560103, India.
and Wastewater, Fertilizers, Chemicals, Pulp and Paper. The company has done water
management and effluent treatment for many major refineries in India in the past five Tel: 080 - 42465500
years.
XXXIV
National Water Companies
http://www.indianhumepipe.
com/
1004 & 5, Raheja Chambers,
21 STUP STUP is a full service project delivery consultancy company offering integrated planning,
10th Floor, Nariman Point,
architectural, engineering and project management services for power, transportation,
XXXV
National Water Companies
XXXVI
National Water Companies
http://www.kirloskar-
electric.com
G.K. TOWER
26 Electrosteel Elcotrosteel Casting is one of Indias leading pipeline solution providers. The company can
19, Camac Street
Casting Ltd render the following technical services:
Kolkata 700 017
Conceptualization of new schemes, preliminary design and feasibility report of pro-
spective water supply & sewerage schemes. Tel: +91-33-22839990
Detailed engineering of water supply systems, including preparation of Detailed 40090600
Project Report (DPR), and Bill of Quantity (BOQ) etc.
XXXVII
National Water Companies
www.wapcos.gov.in
Hindustan Dorr-Oliver Ltd.,
29 Hindustan Hindustan Dorr-Oliver Limited is a leader in the industrial EPC market. The Company has a
GGR TOWERS, Ground Floor,
Dara Oliver pan India presence, with offices in every major city in India - Mumbai, Bangalore, Chennai,
F18/2B, Ambali Pura, Sar-
Kolkota, Delhi and Ahmedabad.
japura Road, Bengaluru-
HDO has been involved in major industrial projects in areas of Mining and Minerals, Water 560103, India.
and Wastewater, Fertilizers, Chemicals, Pulp and Paper. The company has done water
management and effluent treatment for many major refineries in India in the past five Tel: 080 - 42465500
years.
XXXVIII
National Water Companies
http://www.indianhumepipe.
com/
1004 & 5, Raheja Chambers,
32 STUP STUP is a full service project delivery consultancy company offering integrated planning,
10th Floor, Nariman Point,
architectural, engineering and project management services for power, transportation,
XXXIX
National Water Companies
XL
National Water Companies
http://www.sriramgroup.in
NCC House, Madhapur , Hy-
36 NCC NCC is a construction company from India. Its water division was established in the year
derabad - 500 081, Andhra
1999, executing projects to the country's urban and rural areas. Pradesh, INDIA.
Key Areas :
Tel.: +91-40-23268888
Water Supply Projects Fax.: +91-40-23125555.
Water Treatment plants /Sewerage Treatment Projects
Underground Drainage Works http://www.ncclimited.co
P. B. No. 5555, Malleswaram
37 Kirloskar Kirloskar Electric Company Limited is an Engineering and Manufacturing companies in
West, Bangalore - 560055,
India, established in 1946.
Kirloskar Electric makes more than 70 products under 8 different product groups in Tel : +91-80-23374865,
sectors like Power Generation, Transmission and Distribution, Industrial Power, Fax : +91-80-23377706
Transportation, Renewable Energy, etc.
http://www.kirloskar-
electric.com
XLI
International Water Companies
XLII
International Water Companies
XLIII
International Water Companies
Wastewater Service
o Municipal wastewater
o Treatment sludge
XLIV
International Water Companies
XLV
International Water Companies
XLVI
International Water Companies
XLVII
International Water Companies
9 Metamorphosi Metamorphosis is a multi-disciplinary consultancy firm working with industrial, ** #143, 39th Main, 4th Cross,
s infrastructural, developmental, mining and mineral-based industries. There competences Behind Silk Board, BTM Lay-
lie in areas such as Environment, Geology, Mine Planning and Surveying. out II Stage, Bangalore
560068
Metamorphosis is operating across four offices in Karnataka, India. They undertake
environmental-related assignments of various industrial projects focusing on preparation
Tel: + 91 80 26783006
of Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) & Environmental Management Plan (EMP) and
Fax: + 91 80 26783006
amendments thereafter and the Evaluation, exploration, design, planning and management
Email: mail@metamorphosis-
XLVIII
International Water Companies
http://www.metamorphosis-
india.com/
10 Garden City The company is new in the market and active among others in water management and well ** # 37(S), Unnati, 2nd A Main
Environmenta organised and has a promising performance Road, 1st Stage, 2nd Phase,
l Services Chandra Layout, Vijaynagar,
The company is interested in further cooperation with NEWATEC.
Bangalore - 560040.
Chief Executive
K.S. Prabhu
Email: prabhu@gardencity in-
dia.com
Mott MacDonald, 44 Dr R G
11 Mott The Mott MacDonald Group is a diverse management, engineering and development
Thadani Marg, Worli, Mumbai
MacDonald consultancy delivering solutions for public and private clients world-wide.
400 018, India
Ltd The company has been present in India over 40 years in management, engineering and
development consultancy. Tel: +91 (0)22 3981 0100
They are one of the country's largest engineering and management consultancies with Fax: +91 (0)22 2495 0539
1,400 staff and offices in Ahmedabad, Cochin, Bangalore, Kolkata, Chennai, Hyderbad, Delhi Email: mumbai@mottmac-
and Mumbai. india.com
Mott MacDonald provides many services - from business advice to development planning http://www.mottmac.in/
to engineering design to project management. From business case preparation and advice
on key issues to design, implementation and ongoing support.
XLIX
International Water Companies
L
International Water Companies
LI
Selection of Water Sector Equipment Supplier
LII
Selection of Water Sector Equipment Supplier
Temperature t up to 70 C http://www.ksbindia.co.in/
Temperature t up to 40 C
LIII
Selection of Water Sector Equipment Supplier
LIV
Selection of Water Sector Equipment Supplier
LV
Selection of Water Sector Equipment Supplier
Metrohm is active in the Indian Market for more than 2 decades. The company headquarter http://www.metrohm.in/
is at Chennai plus 10 offices across the country. Their Application Laboratory in Chennai
offers Application Support, Method Development and technical trainings.
Emerson & Fisher Rosemount offers measurement and analytical instruments, final-control Emerson
7 Emerson
devices systems and software for pressure, temperature, flow, level, and safety Delphi B Wing, 601 & 602
Process
measurement instrumentation. Their services encompass: 6th Floor, Central Avenue,
Management
Hiranandani Business Park,
& Fisher-
Custom Computer Programming Services Powai, Mumbai 400 076.
Rosemount
(India) Ltd Engineering Services
Instruments and Related Products Manufacturing for Measuring, Displaying, and Tel: (022) 6662 0566
LVI
Selection of Water Sector Equipment Supplier
The Group serves municipal, civil engineering, industrial, energy, and agricultural markets Phone: + 91 832 661 99 99
worldwide, supporting global infrastructure development. The comprehensive range of Fax: + 91 832 661 99 00
Amiantit products includes pipes and accessories for water, sewage, hydro-power, gas, oil Email: amiantit@amiantit-
services, construction, engineering, municipal, industrial, agricultural and marine india.com
applications.
www.amiantit.in
LVII
Selection of Water Sector Equipment Supplier
rkapoor@hydranautics.com
In 2000 Endress + Hauser has set up a 100 % EOU state-of-the-art Flowmeter factory at Endress+Hauser (India) Pvt.
10 Endress +
Aurangabad, India which is one of the companys global manufacturing facility called Ltd.
Hauser
Endress+Hauser Flowtec (India) Pvt. Ltd. In October 2008 the Associated Production Raj Plaza, Wing A & B, 5th
Center Maulburg at Aurangabad started its operation. Floor,
L.B.S.Marg, Vikhroli West,
Endress+Hauser offers a number of services and solutions centered on their calibration Mumbai 400 083
management software CompuCal reaching from comprehensive process solutions for flow,
level, pressure, analysis, temperature, recording and digital communications across a wide Tel.: 022-6648 1111
range of industries, optimizing processes in regards to economic efficiency, safety and en- 022-6648 1272
vironmental protection. Fax: 022-6693 8330
Email: info@in.endress.com
LVIII
Selection of Water Sector Equipment Supplier
LIX
Abbreviations
LXI
Bibliography
LXII
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=13&Itemid=6 (viewed on 18.01.2012)
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Prof. Rishikesha T. Krishnan: Karnataka Vision 2025; Bangalore, Indian Institute of
Management, 2008.
Raghupathi, P.: Status of Water Supply, Sanitation and Solid Waste Management in Urban
Areas; New Delhi, National Institute of Urban Affairs, 2006.
Rain Water Harvesting http://science.gallery.youngesterd.com/2008/08/rain-water-
harvesying.html (viewed 03.02.2012).
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http://www.kiadb.in/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id =12&Itemid =12
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Swedish Trade Council: Market Structure of Environmental Technology in India; Swedish
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2002.
Zerah, M. H.: Water: unreliable supply in Delh; Dehli, Manohar Publishers, 2000.
LXIII