Conditional Sentences

Conditional sentences - type I
Use
It is possible to fulfil a condition which is given in the if-clause.
Form
if clause main clause

will-future
or
Simple Present infinitive
or
Modal + infinitive
Examples
If I study, I will pass the exams.

If you see John tonight, tell him to e-mail me.
If Ben gets up early, he can catch the bus.
The if-clause can be at the beginning or at the end of the sentence.
If I study, I will pass the exams.

I will pass the exams if I study.
Use
It is theoretically possible to fulfil a condition which is given in the if-clause.
Form

would + infinitive
or
Simple Past
could + infinitive
or
might + infinitive
Examples
If I studied, I would pass the exams.

If I studied, I could pass the exams.
If I studied, I might pass the exams.
If I studied, I would pass the exams.

I would pass the exams if I studied.
Conditional sentences - type III

Conditional sentences (if-clauses, main clauses)
Use
It is impossible to fulfil a condition which is given in the if-clause.
Form

would + have + past participle
or
Past Perfect
could + have + past participle
or
might + have + past participle
Examples
If I had studied, I would have passed the exams.

If I had studied, I could have passed the exams.
If I had studied, I might have passed the exams.
If I had studied, I would have passed the exams.

I would have passed the exams if I had studied.
Conditional sentences, type I, statements - Exercise 1
Explanation: Conditional sentences - type I
Put the verbs in brackets into the gaps. Form a Conditional sentence - type I. Only use the will-
future in the main clauses.
Toggle example
1) If I (to study), I (to pass) the exams.
2) If the sun (to shine), we (to walk) to the town.
3) If he (to have) a temperature, he (to see) the doctor.
4) If my friends (to come), I (to be) very happy.
5) If she (to earn) a lot of money, she (to fly) to New York.
6) If we (to travel) to London, we (to visit) the museums.
7) If you (to wear) sandals in the mountains, you (to slip) on the rocks.
8) If Rita (to forget) her homework, the teacher (to give) her a low mark.
9) If they (to go) to the disco, they (to listen) to loud music.
10) If you (to wait) a minute, I (to ask) my parents.
Conditional sentences, type II, statements - Exercise 1

Explanation: Conditional sentences - type II
Put the verbs in brackets into the gaps. Form a Conditional sentence - type II.
Toggle example
1) If I (to come) home earlier, I (to prepare) dinner.
2) If we (to live) in Rome, Francesco (to visit) us.
3) If Tim and Tom (to be) older, they (to play) in our hockey team.
4) If he (to be) my friend, I (to invite) him to my birthday party.
5) If Susan (to study) harder, she (to be) better at school.
6) If they (to have) enough money, they (to buy) a new car.
7) If you (to do) a paper round, you (to earn) a little extra money.
8) If Michael (to get) more pocket money, he (to ask) Doris out for dinner.
9) If we (to hurry), we (to catch) the bus.
10) If it (to rain), Nina (to take) an umbrella with her.
Conditional sentences, type III, Negations - Exercise

Explanation: Conditional sentences - type III
Put the verbs in brackets into the gaps. Form a Conditional sentence - type III. Mind the negations in
the sentences.
Toggle example
1) If you (to check) the car, it (not/to break) down in the

middle of the desert.
2) If it (not/to rain), the children (to play) outside.
3) If my parents (not/to be) so tired, they (to watch) the

film on TV.
4) If she (to buy) a new hard disk, she (not/to lose) all
data.
5) If we (to use) the town map, we (not/to get) lost.
6) If Tom (to eat) more salad, he (not/to catch) a cold.
7) If the police (not/to stop) me, I (to reach) you in time.
8) If his older brother (not/to drive) so fast, he (not/to

crash) into the other car.
9) If Fred (not/to cheat) at the test, his teacher (not/to

phone) his father.
10) If I (not/to switch off) the radio, I (to know) about

the second goal.
Present Perfect Progressive - Use
1) Actions beginning in the past and still continuing (focus is on the action) - mostly with
since (point of time) or for (period of time)
I have been waiting for you for three hours. (It was a long time.)
2) Recently completed actions (focus is on the action)
She has been watching too many videos. (It was too much time.)
Signal words
all day, the whole day, since, for
Questions with how long
Form
have/has + been + infinitive + -ing
Examples
Affirmative sentences:
I have been playing handball. You have been playing handball.
I've been playing handball. You've been playing handball.
Negative sentences:
I have not been playing handball. You have not been playing handball.
I've not been playing handball. You've not been playing handball.
I haven't been playing handball. You haven't been playing handball.
Questions:
Have I been playing handball? Have you been playing handball?
There are no unambiguous signal words for the Present Perfect Progressive. We often use
expressions of time with this tense. The following words/phrases can indicate that the Present
Perfect Progressive should be used:
all day
the whole day
since
for
Questions with how long
EXERCISE
1)Put in the verbs in Present Perfect Progressive and form negative sentences.
Toggle example
1) Carl to the teacher for the last ten minutes. (not/to listen)
2) The students to learn the new words. (not/to try)
3) Kim crossword puzzles. (not/to do)
4) The teachers in the sun. (not/to lie)
5) I in the last lesson. (not/to sleep)
6) The doctor the patients. (not/to examine)
7) They loudly. (not/to laugh)
8) We the whole evening. (not/to phone)
9) My father dinner. (not/to prepare)
10) Zack the whole evening. (not/to dance)
Past Perfect - Use
1) Together with the Simple Past
Mary had read the book before she watched a film.
2) the past equivalent of the Present Perfect
He had played hockey.

Signal words
no unambiguous ones
Form
had + past participle
Examples
Affirmative sentences:
I had played hockey. You had played hockey.
I'd played hockey. You'd played hockey.
Negative sentences:
I had not played hockey. You had not played hockey.
I'd not played hockey. You'd not played hockey.
I hadn't played hockey. You hadn't played hockey.
Questions:
Had you played hockey? Had you played hockey?
Attention
Past Perfect - Simple Past Simple Past - Simple Past
The match had started when he arrived. The match started when he arrived.
EXERCISE
2)Put in the verbs in brackets into the gaps and form sentences in Past Perfect. Use contracted
forms only when there are personal pronouns.
Toggle example
1) She in Sweden before she went to Norway. (to live)
2) After we the cornflakes, Henry came in. (to eat)
3) Before Ken ran to Kerry's house, he him. (to phone)
4) After they their rucksacks, they rode away on their bikes. (to pack)
5) Gerry helped his grandma in the house because his father him so. (to tell)
6) The cat hid under the chair because the children so loud. (to be)
7) Before the students started to write, the teacher their mobile phones. (to collect)
8) After Max his breakfast, he left the flat. (to finish)
9) Laura repaired her glasses because her brother them. (to break)
10) By the time the show began, all friends . (to arrive)
Conditional sentences, type I, negations - Exercise

Explanation: Conditional sentences - type I
Put the verbs in brackets into the gaps. Form a Conditional sentence - type I. Only use the will-
future in the main clauses. Mind the negations in the sentences.
Toggle example
1) If it (to rain), the children (not/to go) for a walk.
2) If she (not/to read) the novel, she (not/to pass) the literature
test.
3) If I (not/to argue) with my father, he (to lend) me his motorbike.
4) If we (to take) the bus, we (not/to arrive) in time.
5) If Dick (not/to buy) the book, his friends (to be) angry with him.
6) If Tom (not/to tidy up) his room, Victoria (not/to help) him with
the muffins.
7) If the boys (not/to play) football, the girls (not/to come) to the
football pitch.
8) If you (to eat) too much junk food, you (not/to lose) weight.
9) If I (not/to make) breakfast tomorrow morning, my girlfriend

(not/to love) me anymore.
10) If they (not/to hurry), they (not/to catch) the train.

Conditional sentences, type II, negations - Exercise 2
Explanation: Conditional sentences - type II
Put the verbs in brackets into the gaps. Form a Conditional sentence - type II. Mind the negations in
the sentences.
Toggle example
1) If Oliver (to find) money, he (not/to keep) it.
2) If they (not/to wear) pullovers in the mountains, it (to be) too

cold during the night.
3) If Tony (to know) her phone number, he (not/to give) it to

Frank.
4) If we (not/to visit) this museum, you (not/to write) a good

report.
5) If it (not/to be) so late, we (to play) a game of chess.
6) If Jeff (not/to like) Jessica, he (not/to buy) her an ice-cream.
7) If I (to be) you, I (not/to go) to Eric's party.
8) If you (to drop) this bottle, it (not/to break).
9) If she (not/to bully) her classmates, she (to have) more

friends.
10) If he (not/to print) the document, I (not/to correct) it.

Explanation: Conditional sentences - type III
Put the verbs in brackets into the gaps. Form a Conditional sentence - type III. Mind the negations in
the sentences.
Toggle example
1) If you (to check) the car, it (not/to break) down in the

middle of the desert.
2) If it (not/to rain), the children (to play) outside.
3) If my parents (not/to be) so tired, they (to watch) the

film on TV.
4) If she (to buy) a new hard disk, she (not/to lose) all
data.
5) If we (to use) the town map, we (not/to get) lost.
6) If Tom (to eat) more salad, he (not/to catch) a cold.
7) If the police (not/to stop) me, I (to reach) you in time.
8) If his older brother (not/to drive) so fast, he (not/to

crash) into the other car.
9) If Fred (not/to cheat) at the test, his teacher (not/to

phone) his father.
10) If I (not/to switch off) the radio, I (to know) about

the second goal.
Find the correct conditions - Exercise 1
Explanation: Conditional sentences
Find the correct conditions (types of if-clauses). Mind the underlined verb forms.
1) If it rains, I'll wear a raincoat.
type I (probable condition)
type II (improbable condition)
type III (impossible condition)
2) If we had taken enough water, we wouldn't have been thirsty.
3) If the children were older, they would go to the party.
4) Harry could fly to Helsinki if he had more money.
5) If Mark does the washing up, his mother will have more time for him.
6) What would you do if you saw a burglar?
7) We might have had a glass of hot chocolate if you had bought some milk.
8) If I were you I should keep the secret.

9) Ron would understand more if the teacher spoke clearly.
10) If Doris had got up earlier, she wouldn't have been late for school.
Conditional sentences, type I, statements - Exercise 1
1) If I study, I will pass the exams.
2) If the sun shines, we will walk to the town.
3) If he has a temperature, he will see the doctor.
4) If my friends come, I will be very happy.
5) If she earns a lot of money, she will fly to New York.
6) If we travel to London, we will visit the museums.
7) If you wear sandals in the mountains, you will slip on the rocks.
8) If Rita forgets her homework, the teacher will give her a low mark.
9) If they go to the disco, they will listen to loud music.
10) If you wait a minute, I will ask my parents.
Conditional sentences, type II, statements - Exercise 1

1) If I came home earlier, I would prepare dinner.
2) If we lived in Rome, Francesco would visit us.
3) If Tim and Tom were older, they would play in our hockey team.
4) If he was my friend, I would invite him to my birthday party.
5) If Susan studied harder, she would be better at school.
6) If they had enough money, they would buy a new car.
7) If you did a paper round, you would earn a little extra money.
8) If Michael got more pocket money, he would ask Doris out for dinner.
9) If we hurried, we would catch the bus.
10) If it rained, Nina would take an umbrella with her.

1) If you had checked the car, it would not have broken down in the middle of the desert.
2) If it had not rained, the children would have played outside.
3) If my parents had not been so tired, they would have watched the film on TV.
4) If she had bought a new hard disk, she would not have lost all data.
5) If we had used the town map, we would not have got lost.
6) If Tom had eaten more salad, he would not have caught a cold.
7) If the police had not stopped me, I would have reached you in time.
8) If his older brother had not driven so fast, he would not have crashed into the other car.
9) If Fred had not cheated at the test, his teacher would not have phoned his father.
10) If I had not switched of the radio, I would have known about the second goal.
Conditional sentences, type I, negations - Exercise

1) If it rains, the children will not go for a walk.
2) If she does not read the novel, she will not pass the literature test.
3) If I do not argue with my father, he will lend me his motorbike.
4) If we take the bus, we will not arrive in time.
5) If Dick does not buy the book, his friends will be angry with him.
6) If Tom does not tidy up his room, Victoria will not help him with the muffins.
7) If the boys do not play football, the girls will not come to the football pitch.
8) If you eat too much junk food, you will not lose weight.
9) If I do not make breakfast tomorrow morning, my girlfriend will not love me anymore.
10) If they do not hurry, they will not catch the train.
Conditional sentences, type II, negations - Exercise 2

1) If Oliver found money, he would not keep it.
2) If they did not wear pullovers in the mountains, it would be too cold during the night.
3) If Tony knew her phone number, he would not give it to Frank.
4) If we did not visit this museum, you would not write a good report.
5) If it was not so late, we would play a game of chess.
6) If Jeff did not like Jessica, he would not buy her an ice-cream.
7) If I were you, I would not go to Eric's party.
8) If you dropped this bottle, it would not break.
9) If she did not bully her classmates, she would have more friends.
10) If he did not print the document, I would not correct it.

1) If you had checked the car, it would not have broken down in the middle of the desert.
2) If it had not rained, the children would have played outside.
3) If my parents had not been so tired, they would have watched the film on TV.
4) If she had bought a new hard disk, she would not have lost all data.
5) If we had used the town map, we would not have got lost.
6) If Tom had eaten more salad, he would not have caught a cold.
7) If the police had not stopped me, I would have reached you in time.
8) If his older brother had not driven so fast, he would not have crashed into the other car.
9) If Fred had not cheated at the test, his teacher would not have phoned his father.
10) If I had not switched of the radio, I would have known about the second goal.
Find the correct conditions - Exercise 1

1) If it rains, I'll wear a raincoat. type I (probable condition)
2) If we had taken enough water, we wouldn't have been thirsty. type III (impossible condition)
3) If the children were older, they would go to the party. type II (improbable condition)
4) Harry could fly to Helsinki if he had more money. type II (improbable condition)
5) If Mark does the washing up, his mother will have more time for him. type I (probable
condition)
6) What would you do if you saw a burglar? type II (improbable condition)
7) We might have had a glass of hot chocolate if you had bought some milk. type III (impossible
condition)
8) If I were you I should keep the secret. type II (improbable condition)
9) Ron would understand more if the teacher spoke clearly. type II (improbable condition)
10) If Doris had got up earlier, she wouldn't have been late for school. type III (impossible
condition)

Conditional Sentences

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Conditional Sentences

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Conditional sentences - type I

It is possible to fulfil a condition which is given in the if-clause.

if clause main clause

If I study, I will pass the exams.

The if-clause can be at the beginning or at the end of the sentence.

If I study, I will pass the exams.

It is theoretically possible to fulfil a condition which is given in the if-clause.

if clause main clause

If I studied, I would pass the exams.

The if-clause can be at the beginning or at the end of the sentence.

If I studied, I would pass the exams.

Conditional sentences - type III

It is impossible to fulfil a condition which is given in the if-clause.

if clause main clause

If I had studied, I would have passed the exams.

The if-clause can be at the beginning or at the end of the sentence.

If I had studied, I would have passed the exams.

1) If I (to study), I (to pass) the exams.

2) If the sun (to shine), we (to walk) to the town.

3) If he (to have) a temperature, he (to see) the doctor.

4) If my friends (to come), I (to be) very happy.

6) If we (to travel) to London, we (to visit) the museums.

10) If you (to wait) a minute, I (to ask) my parents.

Conditional sentences, type II, statements - Exercise 1

1) If I (to come) home earlier, I (to prepare) dinner.

2) If we (to live) in Rome, Francesco (to visit) us.

4) If he (to be) my friend, I (to invite) him to my birthday party.

5) If Susan (to study) harder, she (to be) better at school.

9) If we (to hurry), we (to catch) the bus.

10) If it (to rain), Nina (to take) an umbrella with her.

Conditional sentences, type III, Negations - Exercise

1) If you (to check) the car, it (not/to break) down in the

2) If it (not/to rain), the children (to play) outside.

3) If my parents (not/to be) so tired, they (to watch) the

5) If we (to use) the town map, we (not/to get) lost.

6) If Tom (to eat) more salad, he (not/to catch) a cold.

7) If the police (not/to stop) me, I (to reach) you in time.

8) If his older brother (not/to drive) so fast, he (not/to

9) If Fred (not/to cheat) at the test, his teacher (not/to

10) If I (not/to switch off) the radio, I (to know) about

2) Recently completed actions (focus is on the action)

all day, the whole day, since, for

Questions with how long

have/has + been + infinitive + -ing

Questions with how long

Past Perfect - Use

1) Together with the Simple Past

Mary had read the book before she watched a film.

2) the past equivalent of the Present Perfect

He had played hockey.

had + past participle

Conditional sentences, type I, negations - Exercise

1) If it (to rain), the children (not/to go) for a walk.

3) If I (not/to argue) with my father, he (to lend) me his motorbike.

4) If we (to take) the bus, we (not/to arrive) in time.

9) If I (not/to make) breakfast tomorrow morning, my girlfriend

10) If they (not/to hurry), they (not/to catch) the train.

1) If Oliver (to find) money, he (not/to keep) it.

2) If they (not/to wear) pullovers in the mountains, it (to be) too

3) If Tony (to know) her phone number, he (not/to give) it to

4) If we (not/to visit) this museum, you (not/to write) a good

5) If it (not/to be) so late, we (to play) a game of chess.

6) If Jeff (not/to like) Jessica, he (not/to buy) her an ice-cream.

7) If I (to be) you, I (not/to go) to Eric's party.