UNIVERSITY OF BRISTOL

FACULTY OF ENGINEERING

Second Year Examination for the Degrees of

Bachelor and Master of Engineering

MAY/JUNE 2012 2 Hours

HYDRAULICS 2C

CENG21300

This paper contains four questions.

Answer all four questions

All questions carry 25 marks each

WORKED SOLUTIONS
 Hydraulics II Solution 2012

Q1
a) On land, evapotranspiration is a combination of evaporation from the soil surface and transpiration from vegetation
(3 marks).
In addition to energy and water transport, the availability of soil water is also important. When water availability is not
a limiting factor, evapotranspiration reaches its full potential and is called potential evapotranspiration. In practice, a
value for the potential evapotranspiration is calculated at a local climate station on a reference surface (the hypothetical
grass reference surface). This value is called the reference evapotranspiration, and can be converted to a potential
evapotranspiration by multiplying with a surface coefficient. In agriculture, this is called a crop coefficient. As the soil
dries out, the rate of evapotranspiration drops below the potential evapotranspiration rate.

Based on the Penman-Monteith Equation for the reference evapotranspiration

0.9
0.408Rn u2 es ea
ET0 T 273
1 0.34u2

The factors affecting the reference evapotranspiration include solar radiation, air temperature, wind, water vapour
pressure (or relative humidity) and air pressure.

For the potential evapotranspiration, extra factors include crop types and growing seasons, and soil moisture.
(7 marks)

b) Return period is the average time interval between occurrences of a hydrological event of a given or greater
magnitude, usually expressed in years.
(5 marks)

To estimate 100-year flood from 50 years of data, the flood records should be ranked from high to low and the
empirical exceedance probabilities are estimated from the Weibull formula

m
Pm P( X xm )
n 1
where n is the total number of data points and m is the rank of an individual point,

Plot the floods and exceedance probabilities on a probability paper (only 4 are plotted for illustration) and draw a
straight line among the points to best fit the data points.

The 100-year flood can be read from the line.

(10 marks)

Q2
a) Total runoff in mm
80, 000m3 80, 000m3
0.032m 32mm
Area 2.5 106 m2
Water balance
7 20 25 12 8 5 32mm
Solve it with
7.5mm
Since each should be 0 , neglect 7 and 5 which didnt contribute to the runoff
A new balance will be
20 25 12 8 32mm
Solve it with
8.25mm
Check 0 , ignore 8
A new balance will be
20 25 12 32mm
Solve it with
8.33mm
Check 0 , so the final 8.33 mm is the right answer.

b)
From Hortons equation
ft f c ( f 0 f c )e kt

for t= 0, f 0 3.50mm / hr
k
for t=1 hour, 0.65 f c (3.50 f c )e
for t=100 hour,f c 0.60 mm/hr
The infiltration rate at 100 hour could be assumed as the final infiltration capacity, so
f c 0.600 mm/hr
From 1 hour infiltration rate,
0.65 0.60 (3.50 0.60)e k
so
e k 0.0172 hence k 4.06
(8 marks)
Integrating over the interval [0, T] gives:

F f c ( f 0 f c )e kt dt f cT ( f 0 f c ) 1 e kT
T 1
0 k
3.5 0.6 1 e4.06T 0.6T 0.71 0.71e4.06T 2.00
1
0.6T
4.06
Move all to the left hand side,
0.6T 0.71e4.06T 1.29 0
Trial and error,
T= 1, LHS= -0.70
T=2, LHS= -0.09 this is close to zero, so T=2 hours
(7 marks)

Q3 a) From the Manning equation

A by 4.5 y , P b 2 y 4.5 2 y
 A5/ 3 S0 (4.5 y )5/ 3 0.002
Since Q so 6.5
nP 2 / 3 0.025(4.5 2 y ) 2 / 3
(4.5 y )5/ 3
Simplifying 3.58 Trial and error, y=1.0m
(4.5 2 y ) 2 / 3
Q 6.5
V1 1.44m / s
A1 4.5 1.0
V12 1.442
Es1 y1 1.0 1.11m
2g 2 9.81
(5 marks)
From Froude number=1
Q A gDm Byc gyc
Q
1/ 3
6.52
y so 0.60
B g
3/ 2
c yc 2
4.5 g
Q
Vc 2.36m / s
yc B
Vc2
Es1 z yc
2g
2.362
1.11 z 0.60
2 9.81

z 0.226m
(5 marks)
b) Use the momentum equation to solve the sequent depth
From
F1 M 1 F2 M 2 , M ( Q)V , F gAy
so
1 1
g y13 Q 2 / y12 g y23 Q 2 / y22
3 3
hence
0.0883 2.7778 3.27 y23 0.25 / y22
rearrange
3.27 y23 0.25 / y22 2.8661 0
(5 marks)
Trial and error above 0.5 m to find y2
Trials y2 (m) LHS
1 1 0.6539
2 0.8 -0.8012
3 0.9 -0.1736
4 0.95 0.2145
5 0.92 -0.0244
So y2=0.92m, and V2 Q / A2 0.5 / 0.92 0.59m / s , V1 Q / A1 0.5 / 0.32 5.56m / s
2

(7 marks)
Energy loss
 V2 V2 5.562 0.592
Eloss y1 1 y2 2 0.3
0.92 0.94m
2g 2g 2g 2g
(3 marks)

Q4 Work out the normal depths for two slopes

2/3
R S0 AR 2 / 3 S 0
V -> Q
n n
Where A 3 y , P 3 2 y , R A / P 3 y /(3 2 y)
3 y 3 y /(3 2 y )
2/3
S0 (3 y )5/ 3 S0
So 11.3
0.013 3 2 y
2/3
0.013
y 5/ 3
For So 0.015 , 0.1921
3 2 y
2/3

Trial and error to find

y LHS
1 1 0.3418
2 0.5 0.1249
3 0.7 0.2054
4 0.6 0.1639
5 0.65 0.1843
So yn1 0.7m
y 5/ 3
For So 0.0016 , 0.5883
3 2 y
2/3

Trial and error to find

y LHS
1 1.5 0.5950
2 1.4 0.5425
3 1.45 0.5686
1.49 0.5897
So yn 2 1.5m
(6 marks)

Find critical depth

1/ 3 1/ 3
V Q Q2 11.32
From Fr 1 , so yc 2 2 1.1m
gyc byc gyc b g 3 g

(2 marks)
A supercritical flow meets a subcritical flow and a hydraulic jump will occur.

The sequent depth from yn1 will be


2
y
y2 _ n1 n1
2
1 8Fr 1 2
n1
yn1
2

1 8
Q
by gy
n1
1



n1

2
0.7
1 1.71m
11.3
1 8
2 3 0.7 0.7 g

This is greater than the normal depth yn2, hence the hydraulic jump will be pushed downstream of
the junction till the initial depth reaches

2
y1_ n 2
yn 2
2

1 8Frn 2 1
2 yn 2
2
1 8

Q
1

byn 2 gyn 2


2
1.5
1 0.83m
11.3
1 8

2
3 1.5 1.5 g

(6 marks)
The hydraulic jump will start at 0.83m and finishes at 1.5m. The location of the jump could be
calculated by
y So S f

x 1 Fr 2 mean
y 0.83 0.7 0.13m
Q 11.3 Q 11.3
Fr1 2.053 , Fr2 1.59
by1 gy1 3 0.7 0.7 g by2 gy2 3 0.83 0.83 g
2 2
nV 0.013 11.3
2
nQ
S f 2/3 2/3
2/3
R by[by /(b 2 y )] 3 y[3 y /(3 2 y )]
S f 1 0.0131 y 0.7 , S f 2 0.0080 y 0.83
A hydraulic jump will happen at (after the slope change)

x

y 1 Fr 2 mean


0.13 1 (2.0532 1.592 ) / 2 34m
S o Sf mean
0.0016 (0.0131 0.0080) / 2
(8 marks)
The energy loss is
V12 V2 11.32 11.32
Eloss y1 y2 2 0.83 1.5 0.0583m
2g 2g 3 0.83 2 g
2
3 1.5
2
2 g

In kW
P gHQ 9.8 0.0583 11.3=6.5kW

(3 marks)