PROCEEDINGSOFTHESULAWESIMINERALRESOURCES2011SEMINARMGEIIAGI

2829November2011,Manado,NorthSulawesi,Indonesia

TheDiscovery,GeologyandExplorationoftheHighSulphidation
AuMineralizationSystemintheBakanDistrict,NorthSulawesi

IipHardjana

JResourcesNusantara

ABSTRACT

ThesuccessofAvocetsNorthLanutminepromptedthecompanytolookforsimilaroxidized,heapleachable,gold
deposits.Thetargetdepositsshouldsupportadumpleachorheapleachoperationcapableofproducingatleast
50,000 ounces gold annually over at minimum a 5year mine life. Bakan stands out as a prime candidate, as
previous exploration identified several silica ledges exhibiting features of high sulphidation alteration and
mineralization.Thedistrictpossessesanumberofepithermalhighsulphidationgoldoccurrencesoveranareaof3
by4kilometres.

GoldmineralizationinBakanishostedbydacitictuffsofthePlioPleistoceneBakansequence.Thetuffsoverlie
unconformably the Miocene basement units comprising of andesitic lavas, feldspathic sandstones and diorite
porphyry.StructuresthattappedtheacidsulphatefluidsareorientedNWtoWNWandNStoNNE.Thelatter
structural trend seems to favour gold mineralization. Hydrothermal alteration is characterised by a core of
vuggy silica alteration that grades outward to silicaalunite and aluniteclay. Gold mineralization is mostly
withinthesiliciccore(vuggymassivesilicification)oftheadvancedargillicalteredrock.

The project was explored by Newmont, but was not adequately tested by drilling. Avocet, recognising the
untestedpotentialatBakan,embarkedonaprogramthatinitiallycomprisedgeologicalmapping,rocksampling,
IPsurveyandtrenching.After8monthsoftheinitialworkstartinginApril2004,Avocetdrilledthebesttargets
intheareaandcompleteditsprefeasibilitydevelopmentprograminMarch2007.

The drilling program at Bakan has demonstrated potential for a small, highgrade gold resource at the Osela
prospect and a higher tonnage, lower grade, gold resource in the Durian prospect. Avocets drilling programs
comprised28,636metresin229holesandproducedMeasuredandIndicatedResourcesof10.32milliontonnes
withagradeof1.07g/tAu,abovetheeconomiccutoffof0.3g/tAufor355,000ouncesofgold(seetablebelow)
as well as an Inferred Resource of 6.56 million tonnes with a grade of 0.77 g/t Au, for 163,000 ounces of gold.
TheseresourceshavebeenestimatedandreportedinaccordancewiththeJORCCode(2004).

Tonnes (Mt) Augrade (g/t) Ounces

Measured 5.42 1.20 209,000

Indicated 4.90 0.93 146,000

Total 10.32 1.07 355,000

INTRODUCTION and mining rights over the 58,100hectare

Bakan is situated at the southern section of the
northarmofSulawesi(Figure1).TheDistrictlies
about25kilometressouthsouthwestofthetown
of Kotamobagu, North Sulawesi, Indonesia. It is
within the 6th generation Contract of Work that
PT Avocet Bolaang Mongondow (ABM) acquired
fromNewmont.ABM,awhollyownedsubsidiary
of Avocet Mining Plc in London, has exploration
tenement.
In late 1980s Placer DomeBHP/Utah Pacific
conducted extensive stream sampling and
greenfieldexplorationovertheregiononBolaang
Mongondowbutwithdrewthetenementin1994.
Newmont followed up Placers geochem
anomalies within Bakan District but was not
adequately tested by their drilling program.

161
AvocettookoverthetenementfromNewmontin
2002, drilled the best targets in the area and
produced JORCcompliant Measured, Indicated
andInferredResourcesforatotalof16.87million
tonneswithanaveragegradeof0.96g/tAu.
The Bakan mineralization district comprises of
severalsilicaledges.Theseledgesareessentially
advancedargillicalterationzonesassociatedwith
a high sulphidation epithermal system. The
alteration system consists of a vuggy silica core,
envelopedbysilicaalunite,kaolinitealunite,and
illitesmectiteassemblages.Thesilicacoresform
ridges because of their resistance to weathering
and erosion. The gold prospects at Bakan were
initiallyidentifiedthroughtheseresistantridges.
Whilethegeologyhadbeendescribedinseveral
internal reviews by various authors, no
compilation has previously been made to
document the geological aspects for publication.
This paper compiles and describes briefly the
discovery, geology and exploration of the Bakan
District from existing unpublished internal
reports.
DISCOVERYHISTORY
Bakanwasfirstrecognisedasastreamsediment
anomaly target by the Placer DomeAneka
Tambang JV in 1989. Streams draining to the
north and south of the Bakan ridge shed
anomalous gold. Followup works; however, by
Placer and Antam geologists failed to recognize
the importance of vuggy silica and silicaalunite
altered floats and decided to leave the prospect
area.
Newmont commenced prospect level work to
evaluate the potential of the Bakan area in April
1996. After almost a year of work, Newmont
completed base line surveying, stream sediment
sampling, rock chip sampling, grid soil sampling,
detailed geologic mapping at 1: 2500 scale,
geophysical surveys including ground magnetics
and Induced Polarisation (IP) gradient array.
Hand dug trenching and bulldozer costeaning
were also employed to test geochemical and
geophysicalanomalies.
Newmontappliedfora6thgenerationContractof
Work under the name of PT Newmont
Mongondow Mining and with its approval in
1997,Newmontresumedactivitiesontheproject
in August 1997. Further alteration mapping
guidedbyPIMA,trenchingandchannelsampling
andIPDipoledipolewereconductedtoreassess
thedrilltargets.
Newmonts exploration works in Bakan were
driven by the interpretation that the controlling
structuresareNESW.Allthealterationpatterns
arefittedtotheNESWorientation.Newmonts
drill program was partly successful as they point
to significant gold mineralization in Durian and
Osela.
The target generation works led to a second
phase exploratory drilling that tested Durian,
Jalina, and Osela prospects, completing 6 drill
holes aggregating 1,083.0 metres by August
1998.Onedrillhole(BHD12)atDurianprospect,
collaredunderneathastretchofchannelsamples
averaging 1.22 g/t Au over 40m, successfully
intersectedahydrothermalbrecciabodyassaying
1.13 g/t Au over 65m. Likewise, the drilling at
Osela (BHD14 and 15) intersected 7.5m @ 3.6
g/t Au and 13.0m @ 3.31 g/t Au, respectively.
Thisprovidedencouragementfortheprojectbut
not enough to get Newmont to commit further
fundingontheproject.Newmontwithdrewfrom
BakanandshifteditsexplorationinNorthLanut.
Avocet acquired the tenement in April 2002 and
started work in Bakan in April 2004. Avocets
program in Bakan consisted of two (2) phases,
thetargetgenerationandtheresourcedefinition
phases. The target generation phase revealed
some new concepts on the mineralization
controls. It became evident from the alteration
patterns and the elongation of ridges that the
orientation of advance argillic zones are
essentiallycontrolledbyaconjugatesetofNNE
SSW and NWSE fractures (Bautista, 2006). The
IP survey, done on EW lines, became more
meaningful. Resistive zones were correlated
fromonelinetothenext.Durianstoodoutasa
coherent zone elongated for 600 metres on a
NNESSW direction. Osela becomes clearer and
162
 Figure1. Tectonic andterrane map ofSulawesi Island (after Wilson andMoss,1999 in
Umbalet.al.,2007)

Table1CombinesJORCResourcesofDurianandOselaprospectsinBakan(2007)

Tonnes Augrade
Ounces
(Mt) (g/t)
Measured 5.42 1.20 209,000
Indicated 4.90 0.93 146,000
Inferred 6.56 0.77 163,000
Total 16.87 0.96 518,000

163
the two Newmont holes (BHD14 and BHD15)
areinterpretedtobeontheedgeofthezone.
To verify further the interpretation, continuous
channelsamplingandtrenchingwereconducted.
One of the trenches crosscut the hydrothermal
breccia at North Osela and returned an average
gradeof4.31g/tAuover16metres.Scoutdrilling
wasconductedoveranumberofareastoinitially
testthedifferentadvanceargilliczones.Thefirst
hole,wasdrilledintheCampBrecciaprospectto
verifythecylindricalbrecciapipe.Drilledtowards
northwest, this hole hit a long stretch of
mineralizationof102metres@1.63g/tAu.This
revealed that there is a NWSE control on the
emplacement of the hydrothermal breccia
(Bautista,2006).
The Main Ridge (ie. Jalina, PDI, Bukit Tengkorak
and Busa) is thought to be an area where both
NWSE and NNESSW fractures control the
alteration trends. The alterations coalesce to
form an area of about 500m by 1,200m.
Unfortunately, the scout drilling in Main Ridge
returned mostly low grade assays over relatively
long intervals. Significant intercepts in the Main
Ridgeare:44m@0.60g/tAu,13m@0.74g/tAu
and 8.2m @ 1.25 g/t Au, 84m @ 0.39 g/t Au,
127m @ 0.39 g/t Au in, 59m @ 0.61 g/t Au and
15.2m @ 1.32 g/t Au in the first six holes.
Although, the results are not very good, there is
still a chance that high grade zones exist within
thewidealterationenvelopes.
Drill testing in Durian was more straightforward
astheIPdatashowsacoherentresistiveanomaly
elongated on a NNESSW direction. Newmonts
hole BHD12 also gives confidence that this
resistive body is mineralized. Three of the four
scout holes drilled in Durian hit quite significant
goldgrades,towit:
HoleBKD020:50m@1.0g/tAufrom42m,
Hole BKD021: 84m @ 1.23 g/t Au from 2m,
and
HoleBKD031:55m@2.35g/tAufrom6m.
In Osela, the scout drilling results gave the
necessary boost for the project. Testing below
the areas with high trench assays revealed high
gradedrillintersections.Theyare:
Hole OSD032: 47m @ 10.1 g/t Au from
surface,
HoleOSD033:57m@1.36g/tAufrom3m,
Hole OSD034: 65m @ 2.49 g/t Au from
surface,and
HoleOSD036:14m@2.16g/tAufrom10m.
The success of the target generation exploration
readily justifies the next phase program or
resource definition drilling. The resource
definition drilling program drilled a total of
28,635.8 metres on 229 holes in Durian and
Osela. Using the inverse distance method, this
work has produced JORCcompliant Measured,
Indicated and Inferred Resources for a total of
16.87milliontonneswithagradeof0.96g/tAu,
above the economic cutoff of 0.3 g/t Au to
containofabout518,000ouncesgold(Table1).
REGIONALGEOLOGY
The geology of North Sulawesi is dominated by
Cenozoic volcanics and associated intrusives,
which form a composite island arc (Figure 2).
This arc structure is believed to be largely
underlain by oceanic crust formed during the
opening of the Celebes Sea in the Eocene (van
Leeuwen and Muhardjo, 2005) and by thin
continental crust at the western part (Carlile at
all.,1990).
Three main arc events have been recognized in
theNorthSulawesiregion:
i) Middle Eocene earliest Miocene, which is
characterized by a thick series of dominantly
basaltic volcanics of tholeiitic composition
associated with deep marine sediments (van
LeeuwenandMuhardjo,2005);
ii) Miocene, represented by calcalkaline
volcanics intruded by comagmatic granitoids
and interfingering with shallow marine
sedimentaryrocksand;
iii) Pliocene Recent, consisting largely of sub
aerial volcanics of andesitic dacitic
composition and comagmatic high level
intrusions(Carlileetal.,1990;Kavalierisetal.,
1992;PearsonandCaira,1999).
164
The three arc groups are separated by regional
unconformities(Kavalierisetal.,1992)associated
with rapid uplifts and pronounced periods
volcanomagmatic activities (i.e. and associated
mineralization).
PearsonandCaira(1999)showedthattheNorth
Sulawesi arc hosts early Miocene mineralization
developed under a regional dextral wrench
tectonic regime and Pliocene mineralization
developed under a sinistral wrenchtectonic
regime. NNW arcnormal ESE arcparallel faults,
developed in the Miocene dominates the
structural fabric. The intersections of these
major fault sets are favoured sites for lowgrade
earlyMioceneporphyryCuAumineralization.
Sinistral reactivation of the major Miocene
structures in the lateMiocene and Pliocene led
to rifting and ENEdirected dilation. Plio
Pleistocene intrusion and related mineralization
exploitthesedilatantsettings.Thelatersinistral
faulting is a result of an EW (or WNWESE)
orientedstressduetotheinitiationofsubduction
along the west margin of the Maluku sea. The
interplay of these structures proved to be an
important component in the mineralization at
Bakan(Bautistaet.al,2006).
DISTRICTGEOLOGY
The Bakan District encompasses two magmatic
eventsanolderMioceneeventcharacterizedby
diorite intrusion on andesitic lavas and
sedimentaryunitsandayoungerPlioPleistocene
volcanic event that is responsible for the dacitic
pyroclastics and associated acidsulphate
alteration. An unconformity separates the
formerfromthelatter.
Stratigraphy
Based on actual field observations, corroborated
by regional and district wide correlation, the
stratigraphy of Bakan district can be described,
fromtheoldesttotheyoungest,asfollow:
MiddletoUpperMiocenerocks,asbasement
PlioPleistoceneBakanSequence
Pleistocenerockunits,and
Recentdeposits
The Stratigraphy of Bakan District is summarized
intheFigures3and4.
Middle to Upper Miocene Basement Rocks.
These consist of interbedded marine to
submarine feldspathic sedimentary rocks that
include sandstone, siltstone, mudstone,
graywackes, minor conglomerates, and
occasionallylensesofgreymuddylimestone.The
sedimentary sequences were overlain by and/or
interfingeringwithandesitelavaflow.Theserock
piles were intruded by fine to medium grained
diorite,emplacedasstocksanddikesparticularly
eastofBakan.
PlioPleistocene Bakan Sequence.
Unconformablyoverlyingthebasementunit, the
Bakan sequence consists of a lower unit of
intercalated crystal, ash, and lithic tuffs with
coeval hypabyssal dacite porphyry and an upper
unitofconsolidatedlaharicrocks.
The layered Bakan sequence is subaerially to
aerially emplaced on a paleosurface formed by
the basement units. Partially intruding the
basement units and possibly forming
simultaneous with the dacite pyroclastics are
subvolcanic intrusions or small domes of dacite
porphyries. During the waning stage of
volcanism, hydrothermal fluids must have cause
hydro fracturing and brecciation, forming
structurallycontrolled hydrothermal breccias.
The hydrothermal breccias, like the one in the
Camp Site prospect, pickedup rock materials
from older formations (even basement rocks)
thatbecomeclastsinthebreccia.Thelaterstage
ofvolcanismisalsomarkedbythereworkingand
erosion of the dacites to form laharic breccias
with dominant dacitic clasts. The Bakan
sequence is the most widespread formation in
thedistrict.
Pleistocene rock units. Continued and renewed
volcanism possibly resumed in Pleistocene to
early Recent times depositing tuffaceous laharic
breccia and debris slide breccias. The tuffaceous
laharic breccia is characterized by rounded
subroundedpolymicticclastsofolderrockssetin
tuffaceous and/or clayey matrix. Umbal et.al.
(2007) postulated that this rock unit was
165


Figure 2. Regional Geology of the eastern part of North Sulawesi showing the Figure3.BakanStratigraphicColumn(ABM,2007)
locationofRiskaMineandBakanproject
166
 Figure4.GeologyoftheBakanDistrictshowingdrillholelocations

Figure5.MapoftheBakanDistrictshowingalterations,structures,andprospectlocations

167
probably deposited by debris flow mechanism,
relatively distal to source rocks. Debris slide
breccia is characterized by very angular to sub
roundedmonomictorpolymictclasts,verypoorly
sorted,unconsolidatedmaterialinterpretedtobe
depositedonslopesproximaltothesource.
Recent Deposits. The Recent time is
characterized by continued uplift of the district
with attendant erosion leading to development
of raised alluvial gravels, outwash fans and
extensive slope rubbles. Weathering yielded
alluvium, fluvial gravels and development of soil
horizons.
StructuralGeology
The Middle to Upper Miocene andesites and
intercalated sediments were moderately folded
probably due to the emplacement of fine to
mediumgraineddiorite/quartzdioritestocksand
dykes. Dips of beds up to 650 were observed
along the junction of the east and west fork of
theUpperDumaginRiver(Purbaet.al,1998).
Structuresmappedinthedistrictmainlycomprise
a conjugate set of NWSE and NNESSW, with
subvertical dips. These structures tapped the
acidrich, hydrothermal fluids that form the
advanced argillic alterations. At the Main Ridge
area, several NWSE fractures host vuggy silica
alterations that coalesce to form a large
alterationzoneofabout500mby1,200m.They
form resistant silica ridges at Busa, PDI, and
Jalina.TheCampSiteBrecciaalsoexhibitsslight
elongationalongtheNWSEdirection.
The NNESSW structures seem to favor better
grade mineralization as demonstrated in Durian
and Osela prospects. It is also observed that in
Durian,highgradepodsoccurattheintersection
oftheconjugateNWSEandNNESSWstructures.
ENEWSW structures appear to be late, showing
apparent dextral displacement of the Durian ore
body.Thisstructuraltrendalsoformedgrabenin
theregionexemplifiedbytheBakanandDomoga
valleyssuggestingthatthisisalaterevent.
In Osela, the host NNESSW structure bends to
the northeast at its northern end. The bend
coincideswiththehighgradeoccurrenceinNorth
Osela reflecting a possible dilatation zone.
Chalcedonic veins showing crustiform banding
also trend NESW and may represent a later
mineralization event dominated by near neutral
pHfluids.
ALTERATIONANDMINERALIZATION
Alteration in Bakan is dominated by epithermal
high sulphidation type alteration mineral
assemblages (Figure 5). The high sulphidation
alteration assemblages, hosted by a number of
structures of different orientation, form zones
that coalesce into a large altered area in Bakan,
measuring about 2.5 X 3.5km. Acidrich fluids
ascending through fractures progressively
reacted with the host rocks and ground water
producing a zoned advance argillic alteration
pattern. The fluidwall rock interaction formed
structurally controlled vuggy silica core, grading
outwards to silicaalunite, kaolinitealunite, and
illitesmectite alteration assemblages. The silica
core of this advanced argillic zone hosts
disseminatedgoldandsilverinfinegrainedsilica
while at depth, enargite and covellite forms.
Bakan is equivalent to the high level alteration
features where gold and silver are disseminated
withinthevuggysilicaandsilicaalunitealteration
assemblage.
In Osela, the presence of banded chalcedonic
veins and extremely finegrained quartz is
suggestive of openspace deposition by near
neutral pH waters, which is typical of low
sulphidation epithermal veins (SKM Report,
2006). These veins are overprinted on high
sulphidation mineralization indicating a later
pulseofmineralizationthatprobablycausedgold
enrichmentatOsela.
Evidences of gold enrichment by supergene
process were also observed associated with
supergene clays, halloysite and kaolinite, which
are weathering products of alunite (SKM, 2006).
Gold also occurs in vugs and cavities in
association with goethite and limonite indicating
alatersupergenedepositionalprocess.
Some higher grade drill results (> 3 g/t Au),
believedtobetheproductsofupflow(i.e.feeder)
168
channels in Durian, exhibit alteration
assemblages dominated by vuggy silica or
complex mixtures of vuggy silica, alunite, and
massive chalcedonic silica. These feeder zones
also contain finegrained pyrite, often altered to
limonitewithintheoxidezone.Interestingly,no
CuAssulphosaltswereobservedassociatedwith
gold.SomedeeperintersectionsatDurian,Main
Ridge,andCampSiteprospectsdoshowenargite
and covellite, but the gold content is quite low
(<0.1g/tAu)intheseintercepts.
Porphyry style alteration was noted in a very
limited area in the district. A narrow and deep
valley, immediately east of the main ridge,
exposed a diorite intrusive with magnetite
anomalyandweakpotassicalteration (Figure5).
This alteration appears to be limited to the
underlyingMiocenedioriteporphyryanditsclose
proximity to the advanced argillic alteration
suggestthatthisporphyrystylealterationmaybe
unrelated to the PlioPleistocene high
sulphidation system. PIMA analysis of clay
minerals, however, describes dominance of high
temperature clay minerals (e.g. pyrophyllites)
proximaltothediorite.
Silicified hydrothermal breccias commonly host
highgradesectionsoftheore.Thesebrecciasare
observed in the Camp Prospect, Durian, and
Oselaprospects.Theyconsistofangularclastsof
silicified rock fragments and vuggy silica in a
matrix of chalcedonic silica. The intense
alterationsofboththeclastsandmatrixindicate
multiplepulsesofhydrothermalfluids.Theouter
margins beyond these alteration zones are
characterised by a dominantly propylitic
alterationassemblages.
EXPLORATIONWORKS
PREAVOCETEXPLORATIONACTIVITIES
ThepreAvocetexplorationactivitiesintheBakan
District are almost synonymous to the
comprehensive geological, geochemical and
geophysical data acquisition undertaken by
NewmontIndonesia.PlacerDomeUtah/BHPPT
Aneka Tembangs more focused on its advanced
prospects within the CoW, and only conducted
limitedregionalexplorationactivities/evaluation
(e.g. stream sediment sampling and
reconnaissance level geologic mapping), but was
nonetheless crucial in defining the mineral
prospectivity of the region prior to Newmonts
entry.
StreamSedimentSampling
ToenablerapidassessmentofitsCoWsmineral
prospectivity,regionalstreamsedimentsampling
(i.e. 3,282 BLEG, 80 mesh and pan concentrate
samples) and reconnaissance geologic mapping
were undertaken by Placer DomeUtah/BHP PT
AnekaTambangJVbetween1986to1989.Multi
element(i.e.Au,Ag,Pb,ZnandminorCu)stream
sedimentgeochemicalanomalieswereidentified
within the upper reaches of S. Mopopungu, S.
Tobayagan and S. Dumagin river systems (i.e.
which partially drain the Bakan area), and led to
the identification of several argillicsilica altered
areas within the Tobayagan area. The assay
results of rock samples, however, were deemed
notencouragingatthattimewiththebestresult
returning 1.25 g/t Au, and the others less than
0.1 g/t Au (Placer, 1990). Consequently, Placer
prioritized its exploration efforts in other
prospectswithintheCoWfrom1990to1994.
Upon acquisition of the Kotamobagu CoW in
1995 and review of Placers data, Newmont
expandedthepreviousregionalstreamsediment
sampling program by targeting smaller
tributaries, and thus, further constraining the
geochemical anomalous drainages previously
identifiedbythePlacerledJV(Figure6).Strong
geochemical anomalies were delineated in
Bolaang (i.e. 52 ppb Au), Tapagale (42 ppb Au)
and Osela (57 ppb Au) creeks that were
eventually traced to subcropping mineralized
silica ledges within these small watershed and
intotheBakanarea.
GeodeticSurveyLines
TotesttheinferredNEtrendofmineralizationin
the Bakan area, grid lines were designed to be
oriented in a northsouth direction. Baselines
were established using EDM Theodolite (i.e.
5.2km), and attendant transect (i.e. cross) lines
surveyed by tape and compass. Transect lines
wereorientedintheNSdirection,andspacedat
169


Figures6aandb.Streamsedimentsamplingpoints(i.e.BLEGandsilt)withinthe
KotamobaguareaascompiledfromPlacerandNewmontdata(Umbalet.al,2007)

170
100m with corresponding station points at 50m
intervalsalongtheline.
GeologicMapping
Recognition of the silica ledges guided
Newmont to the potential presence of a high
sulphidation deposit in Bakan in the initial
evaluationoftheareain1995.Assayresultshad
validated this initial perception, as preliminary
rock samples yielded consistent anomalous gold
valuesrangingfrom0.10g/tto6.72g/t(Cuffney
et al., 1996). Further mapping recognized three
Auanomalouszones
Amorethan5kmlongNEtrendingzone(i.e.
0.10g/tto3.44g/tAu);
A3kmlongNNEtrendingzone(i.e.0.1g/tto
6.72 g/t Au) with associated vuggy silica
alteration;and
A diffuse NWtrending zone (i.e. 0.2 g/t to
0.88g/tAu).
The interrelationship of these geochemical
structural trends was not well understood,
hamperedbythelackofgoodoutcrops.
Detailed mapping and trenching identified nine
(9) potential mineralized sites within Bakan
Jalina,Tengkorak,MainRidge(ie.PDINorth,PDI
South, Busa), Osela, Camp Prospect, Durian and
Waterfallsites(i.e.refertoFigures5,7andTable
2). Complementary results from soil
geochemistryandgeophysical(i.e.IPandground
magnetic) surveys designated the Jalina, Main
Ridge, Camp Prospect, Durian and Osela to be
includedinthesubsequentdrillingcampaigns.
SoilGeochemistry
Soilsamples(i.e.total1016)collectedfromtheC
horizon by hand auger at depths of one to five
meters during the period of April 1996 to
February1997,wereanalyzedforAu,Ag,Cu,Pb,
Zn, Mo, As and Sb. Soil geochemical anomaly
patterns with Au values above 38 ppb occur as
discreteclustersthatcorrelatewellwithmapped
distribution of silica ledges (Figure 7). Four of
the largest NW and NEtrending anomalous
zones (i.e.with dimensions greater than 100m x
150m) returned Au values above 100 ppb,
confined within a roughly continuous 3 km long
and 1 km wide eastwest trending structural
corridor(Purbaet.al,1998).
GeophysicalSurvey
In the early exploration campaign, Newmont
implemented an airborne magneticradiometric
survey over the Kotamobagu CoW from June to
August 1996, specifically to rapidly assist the
mapping of regional structures, evaluate
potentialstructuralcontrolstomineralizationand
delineate potential prospect areas. From August
1996 to February 1997, additional ground based
geophysical surveys comprising of ground
magnetics,IPgradientarrayandthreelinesofIP
dipoledipolewerecompletedoveranareaof16
km2withintheBakanprospectarea.
AirborneMagneticsandRadiometrics
Resultsoftheairbornemagneticsurvey(Figure8)
show magnetic anomaly distribution patterns
comprisingofpatchylinearmagnetichighsalong
the southern half portion of the coverage area
generallyalignedalonganEWaxis.
Regional structures delineated from the
magneticanomalymapincludesthefollowing
NWtrendingstructures;
NEtrendingstructures;
EWtrendingstructures;
MinorNNWtrendingstructures;and
Arcuateand circularstructuresinterpretedas
volcanic cones, depressions (i.e. caldera) and
intrusions.
Complex crosscutting relationships indicate
repeated reactivation possibly accompanied by
changes in the mode and style of movement
between these regional fault structures. This
interaction is exemplified by the presence of
rhombicshaped regions of magnetic lows
adjacent to the junctions of intersecting NW, NE
and EW faults, which are interpreted as small
pullapartbasins.
Circular and oblateshaped magnetic lows
correspond to volcanic depressions. Some of
these arcuate features exceed one kilometer in
diameter, and are typically referred to as
calderas.
171

Table2.HighlightsofprospectsidentifiedbyNewmontwithintheBakanarea(Purbaet.al,1998)

MINERALISEDINTERCEPTS
PROSPECT DESCRIPTION
(g/tAu)
Jalina Three narrow (i.e. 23m) and laterally persistent (i.e.
Uppercostean 103m@0.76 about 400m) advance argillic zones (i.e. vuggy silica,
Lowercostean 15m@1.75 alunitesilicaandsilicaaluniteassemblages)withindacite
pyroclastics.
MainRidge 12m@0.96 Inferred structurallycontrolled hydrothermal eruption
(i.eTengkorak) breccia within an advance argillic (i.e. alunitesilica and
silicaalunite)alterationhalo.
GunungBotak 28m@1.01g/tAu Silica ledge measuring 150m by 40m, and elongated to
the ENE. Outcrops consist of silicified hydrothermal
breccia, vuggy silica, massive silica and silicaalunite
altereddacitepyroclastics.
MainRidge 10m@0.60 Discontinuous Au mineralisation along the north and
(i.ePDINorth) 15m@1.58 south margin of an ENEtrending dacite porphyry dyke
16m@0.36 with Bakan Volcanic Sequence. Alteration assemblages
17m@0.53 comprise of spotty silica, alunitesilica and massive to
16m@0.56 vuggysilica.
MainRidge 32m@0.77 East contact margin of an ENEtrending dacite porphyry
(i.ePDISouth) dykewithlithicdacitetuff(BVS)characterizedbyalunite
silicaalteration.
MainRidge 20m@0.64 SouthcontactmarginofanENEtrendingdaciteporphyry
(i.eBusa) dykewithlithicdacitetuffcharacterizedbyalunitesilica,
massiveandgranularsilicaalterationassemblages.
Osela 44m@1.90 NEtrending subparallel, steeply dipping, narrow (i.e. 2
incl.22m@2.0 4m) structurallycontrolled alunitesilica altered feeder
structureshostedinalunitekaolinitealtereddacitelapilli
andpumicerichdacitecrystaltuff.
CampProspect Rockchips A 70m wide by 250m long, NNWtrending, steeply
upto12.0 dipping, hydrothermal breccia outcrop with silica
sulphide and alunitesilica altered sections. Anomaly
remainsopentotheSEandatdepth.
Durian 41m.@1.22 Alunitesilica altered, ENEtrending, hydrothermal
breccia. Potential satellite extension 150m to the north
of a ENEtrending breccia outcrop returning 22m @
0.67g/tAu.
Waterfall Rockchips Narrow (i.e. 48m) and laterally persistent (i.e. 500m)
upto4.15 silicasulphide and alunitesilica altered zone hosted in
brecciated dacite lithic tuff proximal to the southern
contact margin of a silicasericitepyrite altered dacite
porphyry.

172
Figure 7 Newmont soil and rock geochemistry in Bakan showing focus area for detailed

explorationprogram2004/2005.ModifiedafterUmbalet.al.(2007)

Figure8.AeromagneticcoverageoftheBakanDistrict(blockedarea)andsurrounding
regionsbyNewmont(modifiedafterUmbalet.al.,2007)

173
GroundMagnetics
The ground magnetic survey delineated a
discrete high magnetic body roughly 300m x
200m in dimension lying at the intersection of
NWandNEtrendingregionallineaments(Figure
9).Thehighmagneticsignatureisinterpretedas
beingassociatedtoaporphyryintrusionintothe
dacitic pyroclastics, and modeling estimates its
uppermost portion at a shallow depth of 20m
(Purbaandothers,1998).
Elongated regions of low magnetic response
trendingENE(i.e.about2.5kmlong)andNW(i.e.
about 2.0 km long) were attributed to the
mapped distribution of hydrothermally (i.e.
advance argillic) altered dacitic pyroclastics
(Turner, 1997; Purba and others, 1998). These
regionsoflowmagneticresponseisenvelopedby
a variable medium to high magnetic background
signature associated in the north and southeast
withmappedpostmineralizationUpperPliocene
volcanics and intrusives, and at the southwest
with older Miocene volcanosedimentary
sequences.
IPdipoledipole
TheIPdatawasdifficulttobeinterpreted.Line
toline correlation of resistive zones proved
difficult as signatures tend not to be reflected
consistently along each line. Eventually, the
processed IP data presented a NE to ENE
trending zone characterized by several discreet
high resistivity (i.e. >200 ohmmeter) anomalies
within a broad high chargeability signal (i.e. >40
msec)envelop(Figure10).Thehighchargeability
signals coincide with a region of low magnetic
signatureandclaypyritealterationwhilethehigh
resistivity anomalies correlate well with mapped
silicaalteredvolcanicrocksintheprospect.
The distribution pattern of the IP anomalies
reinforced the accepted perception of
mineralization being controlled by NEtrending
structures. Thus, it became instrumental in
designingthefollowupPhaseIIdrillingprogram.
PIMA Measurements and Alteration Clay
Mineralogy
Portable Infrared Mineral Analyzer (PIMA)
measurements were conducted initially on 778
soilsamplesandadditionallyon256rocksamples
to determine the distribution of alteration clay
minerals with the district (Figure 11). Four
alteration assemblages were delineated (PT
NMM,1997).Theseinclude
Advance argillic high temperature clay
assemblage consisting of pyrophyllitealunite
dickitekaolinite;
Advance argillic low temperature clay
assemblage consisting of alunitedickite
kaolinitesilica;
Argillic high temperature clay assemblage
consisting of illitekaolinitesilicasmectite;
and
Argillic low temperature clay assemblage
consisting of either one or a combination of
illite, illitesmectite, smectite and kaolinite
clays.
DrillingProgramme
The Newmont exploratory drilling program in
Bakan was carried out using a man portable rig
on two (2) campaign seasons Phase I from
November 1996 to February 1997 and Phase II
fromMaytoAugust1998(Figure12).Thedrilling
campaigns was to validate the geometry and
verticalcontinuityofprojectedmineralizedzones
delineated on surface by previous geologic
mapping,soilandgeophysicalsurveys.Atotalof
17 holes were completed with an aggregate
meterageof2008.5m.
Newmont Phase I Scout Drilling (Nov 1996
February1997)
ThePhaseIscoutdrilling programcompleted11
holes totaling 925.8 m. Nine of these holes
focused on testing the depth and lateral
continuity of an outcropping 70 m wide by 250
long, steeply dipping, NNWtrending structure
that returned random chip sampling assays on
the alunite and massive silica altered outcrop of
upto12g/tAu.Thetworemainingholestested
the mineralized outcrops at PDI and G. Botak
areas.
The best drill intercept was from BHD02 (i.e.
verticalhole)returningasignificantinterceptof
174


Figure9.GroundmagneticanomalymapoftheBakanbyNewmont.Enclosedareacorrespondsto

thepresentboundaryoftheBakandevelopmentarea.InterpretedlineamentsarebyABM(ABM
internalreport,2007)

Figure10.IPanomalyoftheBakanarea.NotethestrongENEtrendinbothchargeabilityandresistivity
highscomparedtotheresultofABMsIPsurveyresult

175
Figure11.PIMAdefinedalterationclay distributionwhichhighlightsaprogressivezonationofhotclays
vectoringtowardsthehighmagneticbody(i.e.inferredintrusion)attherightcentralsideofthefigure

Figure 12. Bakan structural and alteration map showing locations of the

NewmontsprospectareasanddrillholesBKD001toBKD017

176
91m@2.4g/tAuinclusiveof51m(i.e.from0to
51m)@3.7g/tAuinCampSitearea.
Newmont Phase II Scout Drilling (MayAugust
1998)
The Phase II drilling program completed six (6)
holes with a cumulative intercept of 1,082.5m.
The drilling campaign was implemented from
MaytoAugust1998.Incontrasttotheprevious
drilling program and benefiting from new
information, data review and understanding of
the geology of the area, sites were prudently
spaced farther apart. Sites tested include
promisinggroundsinJalina,DurianandOsela.
The first drill hole (i.e. BHD12) tested Durian,
and successfully intersected a hydrothermal
breccia body averaging 65m@1.13g/t Au. Drill
results at Osela were similarly encouraging with
BHD14 intersecting 7.5m@3.60g/t Au and BHD
15intersecting13.0m@3.31g/tAu.Whilethese
results provided encouragement for the project,
it was not enough to convince Newmont to
commit further funding on the project.
Subsequently, Newmont withdrew from Bakan
and shifted its exploration focus in North Lanut
area.
AVOCETEXPLORATIONACTIVITIES
With the acquisition of the Kotamobagu CoW,
Avocet proceeded to conduct exploration works
in the Bakan area. The main objective is to find
bulkminable and dumpleachable gold deposits
containinganaggregateofabout500,000ounces
goldwithina12km2(i.e.3kmby4km)area.
InitialactivitiesfocusedonreviewingNewmonts
data and interpretation, and validating these on
the field. Paramount to this was the perception
ofthepotentialroleofNWandWNWstrikeslip
faults,andNSandNNEfaults(i.e.arcparallel)as
the main structural control to the orientation of
alteration and mineralization zones in the
prospect. The dominant elongation of ridge
forming, erosion resistant silica ledges along
thesetrendslendssupporttothisperception.
This realization proved crucial in designing the
subsequent IP and trench sampling program,
which adopted an EW orientation for its
grid/survey lines rather than the previous NS
orientedgridlinespreferredbyNewmont.
Results by the middle of 2004 were very
encouraging. Alteration mapping and sampling
delineatedabroadadvanceargilliczonebounded
by NNWSSE, NNESSW and NESW faults.
Delineated soil geochemical (i.e. Newmont data)
and IP (i.e. elevated resistivity and chargeability
signatures) anomalies coincided with the
projectedtrendofsilicaledgesintheMainRidge
area(i.ePDINorth,PDISouth,Busa,Tengkorak),
andlowmagneticsignatureinDurian(Figure13).
Concurrent trench and rock channel sampling
(Figure14)returnedsignificantassaysof28m@
1.01g/tAu(i.eG.Botak),23m@1.08g/tAu(i.e.
Busa), 32m @ 0.77 g/t Au and 15m @ 1.58 g/t
Au (i.e. PDI) and 12m @ 0.98 g/t Au (i.e
Tengkorak).
Often(10)prospectsevaluated,six(6)ofthem
Camp Site Prospect, Main Ridge, Jalina,
Waterfalls, Durian, and Osela prospects, proved
promising to be included for validation in 2004
scout drilling program. An initial 16 drill targets
were identified with a cumulative meterage of
3,500m.ThefirstABMhole(BKD018)wasdrilled
on 14 December 2004 using a manportable
diamonddrillrig.
Concurrentwithdrillingactivities,mappinginthe
Osela prospect identified the presence of large
silicified boulders. Twelve trenches were
subsequently dug using an excavator exposing
advanced argillic alteration halo enveloping two
separatedNEandNNEtrendingsilicifiedbreccia
structures referred to as the North and South
Osela zones, respectively. Six trench sites
returnedsignificantassaysof16.0m@4.31g/tAu
(BKT38), 14.0m@3.87 g/t Au (BKT38a),
36.0m@2.75g/tAu(BKT42),10.5m@3.62g/tAu
(BKT47), 5.2m@41.3 g/t Au (BKT53) and
24.5m@4.23g/tAu(BKT57).
Followingup on the successful drilling validation
of IPdelineated potential mineralized targets in
the Main Ridge prospects, a decision was made
toextendtheIPcoverageintothe Oselaareato
177
furtherdefinethegeometryofthedepositbelow
thethicksurficialmaterialcover.
The Avocets Phase I drilling program at Bakan
ended with the completion of BKD036 (i.e.
renamed OSD036) on 9 July 2007. Twenty drill
holes within the Camp Site (i.e. one hole @
223.3m), Main Ridge (i.e. 5 holes @ 1195.3),
Jalina (i.e. 3 holes @ 515.0m), Waterfall (one
hole @ 55.6m), Durian (4 holes @ 463.6m), and
Osela (6 holes @ 487.3m) prospects were
completed with a combined meterage of
2,947.2m. This drilling program has successfully
identified a significant dumpleachable gold
potential at Durian and Osela prospects (Figure
15). Using simple polygonal technique, the
combined potential from these two prospects
amounts to an inferred resource of 7.18 Mt @
1.8g/tAuor422,000ouncesAu.RoutineCN/FA
Au assays returned values >0.8, indicating good
goldrecoveriesbycyanideleaching.
PartialLeachSoilSampling
The partial leach soil gridline sampling program
wasinitiatedinJuly2006andcompletedonJune
2007 eventually covering an area of 1,117ha
(Figure 16). Soil samples were taken at regular
100m grid interval, and complemented by 50m
spacedinfillsamplinginareasshowingevidences
of possible mineralization (e.g. rock floats,
alterationsignaturesandpreviousanomaloussoil
signature). A 500gm sample is taken and
shipped to Genalysis Laboratory in Australia for
analysis. Element parameters analyzed include
Au,Ag,As,Cu,Mo,Pb,Se,TeandZn.Atotalof LondonsAIMstocksexchange.
2,215 samples were collected by the end of the
program.
ResultswereprocessedusingIOgasstatisticaland
imaging software. Geochemical anomaly images
are shown in Figure 16. Overlay of soil
geochemical anomaly images with the
interpreted geologic structures, mapped
alteration and mineralization zones showed
distribution patterns suggesting a causative
relationship.OnlytheelementsSe,Pb,Te,andto
some degree, Au exhibit a positive correlation
with both Durian and Osela deposits, while Cu
shows a negative relationship in both ore
deposits.
IPDipoledipoleSurvey
Successful application of the IP provided an
incentive to acquire the equipment and develop
aninhousecapabilityinbothdatagatheringand
processing. The IP lines were extended
eventually covering an area of 1,175 ha by the
endofJune2007(Figure17).
The Durian and Osela bodies both exhibit
coincident high resistivity and chargeability
signatures, as is also the case for the Camp Site
prospect,whiletheremainingprospectsinBakan
exhibitaconsistenthighresistivitysignature.This
highlightsthecoincidentoccurrenceofbothhigh
resistivity and chargeability anomalies as a
valuable relational tool in discriminating
prospectiveIPdelineatedtargets.
PostdiscoveryDrillingProgram
Thepostdiscoverydrillingprogramcomprisedof
essentially two phases, a first stage infill drilling
program (called Phase II program in the
database)involving62diamonddrillholes,anda
secondstageinfill(calledPhaseIIIprograminthe
database)of106diamonddrillholes,usedinthe
March2007resourceestimation.
The Phase II drilling program drilled a total of
6,908 metres in 62 holes, distributed at 50m
centres across the ore bodies at Durian and
Osela.TheprogramwascompletedinMay2006
and a subsequent inferred resource of 533,000
ounces @ 0.9 g/t Au was reported in the
ThePhaseIIIdrillingprogramcommencedatthe
end of May 2006 and drilled a total of 106
diamond drill holes by March 2007. This cutoff
date marks the data freezing to give way for
anotherresourceestimate.Thedrillingprogram
basicallydrilled25mspacedholesonmostlyEW
pattern at Durian and Osela. Results of this
drilling program defined JORCcompliant
measured, indicated, and inferred resources of
518,000 ounces at 0.96 g/t Au, and reported in
the market on July 2007. The Phase III infill
drilling continues even after the March 2007
resource cutoff to infill further the highgrade
zones, define the edges of the ore body, and a
178
 Figure13.OutlineofIPresistivezonesintheBakanarea(leftfigure).Rightfigureisa3Dviewofareashowingprospectlocationsincomparison
withIPdelineatedresistivezones(yelloworange)
179


Figure14.PreAvocetrockassayhighlightsintheBakanarea.Horizontalredbarscorrespondto
limitsofIPdelineatedresistivityanomaly

180
Figure15.LocationmapandassayhighlightsofcompleteddrillholesunderthePhaseIdrillingprogram





Table3Summarylistofpostdiscoverydrillingprograms
NUMBEROFHOLESANDTOTAL
DRILLINGPROGRAMMEME COMMENTS
METREAGE(m)

PhaseI 20(2,947m) Diamond

PhaseII 62(6,908m) Diamond(Durian/Osela)

PhaseIII 178(22,109m) Diamond/RC(Osela;Durian)

181
Figure16.PartialleachsoilgeochemicalanomalymapsoftheBakandistrict

182
Figure16.(Contd)PartialleachsoilgeochemicalanomalymapsoftheBakandistrict

183


Figure17.IPanomalymapoftheBakanarea.Outlinedregionsarelimits
ofdelineatedresistivityandchargeabilitypatterns

184


Figure 18. Summary plot of PIMA spectra from drill cores and RC
cuttings. The plots are labeled by the dominant mineral present and
colourcoded as: magenta K_alunite, aqua Na_alunite, yellow
kaolinite and illite, light yellow halloysite/nacrite/montmorillonite,

orange pyrophyllite, silica magenta, dickite light orange, black
otherminerals




Table4Total(Durian+Osela)March2007ResourceEstimate(at0.3g/tAucutoff)

ResourceCategory Tonnes(Mt) Augrade(g/t) Ounces
Measured 5.42 1.20 209,000

Indicated 4.90 0.93 146,000

Inferred 6.56 0.77 163,000

Meas+Ind+Inf 16.87 0.96 518,000

185
few confirmatory Reverse Circulation (RC)
holes. By early November 2007,a total of 178
holesweredrilled(including5RCholes)witha
totalmeterageof22,109m.Table3summarizes
thedrillingprogramcompletedbyAvocetasof
endNovember2007.
PIMAStudy
AvocetconductedaPIMAworkshoponthefirst
week of November 2007 and designated the
Bakan project as a subject of a case study. A
totalof4,988samplesfromselecteddrillcores
andRCcuttingswereassembledandtheirPIMA
spectra measured. Results are graphically
summarizedinFigure18.
Spectral plots almost unequivocally relate K
alunite (interpreted as upflow zone) with the
gold mineralization. This relationship is evident
at Durian and Camp prospect, which shows a
positive correlation with gold mineralization.
While Naalunite is interpreted as an outflow
zonewithlessmetalbudget.
BAKANRESOURCEESTIMATE
ThegeologicalmodelforbothDurianandOsela
(Flindell,2006)depictsthedepositsasatypical
replacementstyle,highsulphidationepithermal
system with a core of silicification that grades
out through silicaalunite and alunite to clay
alteration.Goldalsogradesoutfromhighgrade
feeders to a lowergrade halo. The intensity of
alteration and gold mineralization is higher
whereNEandNWstrikingfaultsintersectthe
generallyNNEstrikingbodies.
The current Bakan resource estimate
incorporates assay results and geological data
from 106 new drillholes available as of 23rd
March 2007 (Milovanovich, et.al, 2007). The
currentmodelupdateessentiallyconfirmedthe
results of the interim June 2006 modelling
program, and produced a JORCcompliant
Resources for a total of 16.87 million tonnes
with a grade of 0.96 g/t Au, above the
economiccutoffof0.3g/tAu(Table4).
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The authors would like to thank the
management of P.T. JResources Bolaang
Mongondow,andJ&Partnersforthepermission
topublishthispaper.
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