SWD NZS 3101 2006 PDF

Shear Wall Design Manual
NZS 3101-2006
Shear Wall
Design Manual
NZS 3101-2006
For ETABS 2015
ISO ETA082914M43 Rev. 0

Proudly developed in the United States of America December 2014
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Copyright Computers & Structures, Inc., 1978-2014

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ASSUMPTIONS OF THE SOFTWARE MODELING, ANALYSIS, AND DESIGN
ALGORITHMS AND COMPENSATE FOR THE ASPECTS THAT ARE NOT
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Contents
Shear Wall Design
1 Introduction
1.1 Notation 1-2
1.2 Design Station Locations 1-8
1.3 Default Design Load Combinations 1-8
1.3.1 Dead Load Component 1-9
1.3.2 Live Load Component 1-9
1.3.3 Wind Load Component 1-9
1.3.4 Earthquake Load Component 1-10
1.3.5 Combinations that Include a Response Spectrum 1-10
1.3.6 Combinations that Include Time History Results 1-11
1.3.7 Combinations that Include Static Nonlinear
Results 1-12
1.4 Shear Wall Design Preferences 1-12
1.5 Shear Wall Design Overwrites 1-13
1.6 Choice of Units 1-13
2 Pier Design
2.1 Wall Pier Shear Design 2-1
i
Shear Wall Design Manual NZS 3101-2006
2.1.1 Determine the Concrete Shear Capacity 2-2

2.1.2 Determine the Require Shear Reinforcing 2-3
2.2 Wall Pier Boundary Elements 2-5
2.2.1 Details of Check for Boundary Element
Requirements 2-5
2.2.2 Transverse Reinforcement for Boundary Elements 2-7
2.3 Wall Pier Flexural Design 2-8
2.3.1 Designing a Simplified Pier Section 2-8
2.3.2 Checking a General or Uniform Reinforcing
Pier Section 2-14
2.3.3 Wall Pier Demand/Capacity Ratio 2-23
2.3.4 Designing a General Reinforcing Pier Section 2-24
3 Spandrel Design
3.1 Spandrel Flexural Design 3-1
3.1.1 Determine the Maximum Factored Moments 3-2
3.1.2 Determine the Required Flexural Reinforcing 3-2
3.2 Spandrel Shear Design 3-10
3.2.1 Determine the Concrete Shear Capacity 3-11
3.2.2 Determine the Required Shear Reinforcing 3-12
Appendix A Supported Design Codes
Appendix B Shear Wall Design Preferences
Appendix C Design Procedure Overwrites
Appendix D Analysis Section and Design Sections
Bibliography
ii
Chapter 1
Introduction
This manual describes the details of the shear wall design and stress check al-
gorithms used by the program when the user selects the NZS 3101-2006 design
code. The various notations used in this manual are described in Section 1.1.
The design is based on loading combinations specified by the user (Section

1.2). To facilitate the design process, the program provides a set of default load
combinations that should satisfy requirements for the design of most building
type structures.
The program performs the following design, check, or analysis procedures in

accordance with NZS 3101-2006 requirements:
Design and check of concrete wall piers for flexural and axial loads (Chapter
2)
Design of concrete wall piers for shear (Chapter 2)
Design of concrete shear wall spandrels for flexure (Chapter 3)
Design of concrete wall spandrels for shear (Chapter 3)
Consideration of the confinement reinforcement requirements for concrete

wall piers using an approach based on the requirements of Section 11.4.6 in
NZS 3101-2006 (Chapter 3)
1-1
Shear Wall Design NZS 3101-2006
The program provides detailed output data for Simplified pier section design,
Section Designer pier section design, Section Designer pier section check, and
Spandrel design (Chapter 4).
1.1 Notation
Following is the notation used in this manual.
Acv Area of concrete used to determine shear stress, mm2

Ag Gross area of concrete, mm2
Ah-min Minimum required area of distributed horizontal reinforcing
steel required for shear in a wall spandrel, mm2 / mm
As Area of tension reinforcing steel, mm2
Asc Area of reinforcing steel required for compression in a pier

edge member, or the required area of tension steel required to
balance the compression steel force in a wall spandrel, mm2
Asc-max Maximum area of compression reinforcing steel in a wall pier

edge member, mm2
Asf The required area of tension reinforcing steel for balancing the
concrete compression force in the extruding portion of the
concrete flange of a T-beam, mm2
Ast Area of reinforcing steel required for tension in a pier edge

member, mm2
Ast-max Maximum area of tension reinforcing steel in a wall pier edge

member, mm2
Av Area of reinforcing steel required for shear, mm2 / mm
Avd Area of diagonal shear reinforcement in a coupling beam, mm2
Av-min Minimum required area of distributed vertical reinforcing steel

required for shear in a wall spandrel, mm2 / mm
1-2 Notation
Chapter 1 Introduction
Asw The required area of tension reinforcing steel for balancing the
concrete compression force in a rectangular concrete beam, or
for balancing the concrete compression force in the concrete
web of a T-beam, mm2
A's Area of compression reinforcing steel in a spandrel, mm2
B1, B2... Length of a concrete edge member in a wall with uniform

thickness, mm
Cc Concrete compression force in a wall pier or spandrel, pounds
Cf Concrete compression force in the extruding portion of a T-

beam flange, pounds
Cs Compression force in wall pier or spandrel reinforcing steel,

pounds
Cw Concrete compression force in the web of a T-beam, pounds
D/C Demand/Capacity ratio as measured on an interaction curve

for a wall pier, unitless
DB1 Length of a user-defined wall pier edge member, mm. This

can be different on the left and right sides of the pier, and it
also can be different at the top and the bottom of the pier.
DB2 Width of a user-defined wall pier edge member, mm. This can
be different on the left and right sides of the pier, and it also
can be different at the top and the bottom of the pier.
Es Modulus of elasticity of reinforcing steel, MPa
IP-max The maximum ratio of reinforcing considered in the design of

a pier with a Section Designer section, unitless
IP-min The minimum ratio of reinforcing considered in the design of

a pier with a Section Designer section, unitless
LBZ Horizontal length of the boundary zone at each end of a wall

pier, mm
Lw Horizontal length of wall pier, mm. This can be different at the

top and the bottom of the pier
Notation 1-3
Ls Horizontal length of wall spandrel, mm
LL Live load
Mn Nominal bending strength, Newton-mm
M* Factored bending moment at a design section, Newton-mm
M*c In a wall spandrel with compression reinforcing, the factored

bending moment at a design section resisted by the couple be-
tween the concrete in compression and the tension steel, New-
ton-mm
M*f In a wall spandrel with a T-beam section and compression re-

inforcing, the factored bending moment at a design section
resisted by the couple between the concrete in compression in
the extruding portion of the flange and the tension steel, New-
ton-mm
M*s In a wall spandrel with compression reinforcing, the factored

bending moment at a design section resisted by the couple be-
tween the compression steel and the tension steel, Newton-mm
M*w In a wall spandrel with a T-beam section and compression re-

inforcing, the factored bending moment at a design section
resisted by the couple between the concrete in compression in
the web and the tension steel, Newton-mm
OC On a wall pier interaction curve the "distance" from the origin

to the capacity associated with the point considered
OL On a wall pier interaction curve the "distance" from the origin

to the point considered
Nb The axial force in a wall pier at a balanced strain condition,

Newton
Nleft Equivalent axial force in the left edge member of a wall pier
used for design, pounds. This may be different at the top and
the bottom of the wall pier.
Nmax Limit on the maximum compressive design strength specified

by NZS 3101-2006, Newton
1-4 Notation
Nmax Factor Factor used to reduce the allowable maximum compressive

design strength, unitless. NZS 3101-2006 specifies this factor
to be 1.0. This factor can be revised in the preferences.
Nn Nominal axial strength, Newton
N0 Nominal axial load strength of a wall pier, Newton
Noc The maximum compression force a wall pier can carry with
strength reduction factors set equal to one, Newton
Not The maximum tension force a wall pier can carry with
strength reduction factors set equal to one, Newton
Nright Equivalent axial force in the right edge member of a wall pier
used for design, pounds. This may be different at the top and
the bottom of the wall pier.
N* Factored axial force at a design section, Newton
NCmax Maximum ratio of compression steel in an edge member of a

wall pier, unitless
NTmax Maximum ratio of tension steel in an edge member of a wall

pier, unitless
RLW Shear strength reduction factor as specified in the concrete

material properties, unitless. This reduction factor applies to
light-weight concrete. It is equal to 1 for normal weight con-
crete.
RLL Reduced live load
Ts Tension force in wall pier reinforcing steel, Newton
Vc The portion of the shear force carried by the concrete, Newton
Vn Nominal shear strength, Newton
Vs The portion of the shear force in a spandrel carried by the

shear reinforcing steel, Newton
V* Factored shear force at a design section, Newton
WL Wind load
Notation 1-5
a Depth of the wall pier or spandrel compression block, mm
a1 Depth of the compression block in the web of a T-beam, mm
bs Width of the compression flange in a T-beam, mm. This can

be different on the left and right ends of the T-beam.
c Distance from the extreme compression fiber of the wall pier

or spandrel to the neutral axis, mm
dr-bot Distance from the bottom of the spandrel beam to the centroid
of the bottom reinforcing steel, mm. This can be different on
the left and right ends of the beam.
dr-top Distance from the top of the spandrel beam to the centroid of
the top reinforcing steel, mm. This can be different on the left
and right ends of the beam.
ds Depth of the compression flange in a T-beam, mm. This can

be different on the left and right ends of the T-beam.
dspandrel Depth of the spandrel beam minus the cover to the centroid of
reinforcing, mm
fy Yield strength of steel reinforcing, Newton per square mm.

This value is used for flexural and axial design calculations.
fys Yield strength of steel reinforcing, Newton per square mm.

This value is used for shear design calculations.
f 'c Concrete compressive strength, Newton per square mm. This

value is used for flexural and axial design calculations.
f 'cs Concrete compressive strength, Newton per square mm. This

value is used for shear design calculations.
f 's Stress in compression steel of a wall spandrel, Newton per

square mm.
hs Height of a wall spandrel, mm. This can be different on the

left and right ends of the spandrel.
pmax Maximum ratio of reinforcing steel in a wall pier with a Sec-

tion Designer section that is designed (not checked), unitless.
1-6 Notation
pmin Minimum ratio of reinforcing steel in a wall pier with a Sec-

tion Designer section that is designed (not checked), unitless.
tw Thickness of a wall pier, mm. This can be different at the top

and bottom of the pier.
ts Thickness of a wall spandrel, mm. This can be different on the

left and right ends of the spandrel.
DL The sum of all dead load cases.
LL The sum of all live load cases.
RLL The sum of all reduced live load cases.
The angle between the diagonal reinforcing and the longitudi-

nal axis of a coupling beam
Unitless factor defined in Section 10.6.2 of NZS 3101-2006
Reinforcing steel strain, unitless
s Reinforcing steel strain in a wall pier, unitless
's Compression steel strain in a wall spandrel, unitless
Strength reduction factor, unitless
b Strength reduction factor for bending, unitless. The default

value is 0.85.
c Strength reduction factor for bending plus high axial compres-

sion in a concrete pier, unitless. The default value is 0.85.
vns Strength reduction factor for shear in a nonseismic pier or

spandrel, unitless. The default value is 0.75.
vs Strength reduction factor for shear in a seismic pier or span-

drel, unitless. The default value is 0.6.
s Reinforcing steel stress in a wall pier, Newton per square mm.
Notation 1-7
1.2 Design Station Locations

The program designs wall piers at stations located at the top and bottom of the
pier only. To design at the mid-height of a pier, break the pier into two separate
"half-height" piers.
The program designs wall spandrels at stations located at the left and right ends
of the spandrel only. To design at the mid-length of a spandrel, break the span-
drel into two separate "half-length" piers. Note that if you break a spandrel into
pieces, the program will calculate the seismic diagonal shear reinforcing sepa-
rately for each piece. The angle used to calculate the seismic diagonal shear re-
inforcing for each piece is based on the length of the piece, not the length of the
entire spandrel. This can cause the required area of diagonal reinforcing to be
significantly underestimated. Thus, if you break a spandrel into pieces, cal-
culate the seismic diagonal shear reinforcing separately by hand.
1.3 Default Design Load Combinations

The design load combinations automatically created by the program for con-
crete shear wall design are given by Equations 1 through 10 (AS/NZS 1170.0-
02, 4.2.2(a) to (f)).
1.35DL Eqn. 1
1.2DL + 1.5(LL + RLL) Eqn. 2
1.2DL + 0.6LL + 0.4RLL + 1.0WL Eqn. 3
1.2DL + 0.6LL + 0.4RLL 1.0WL Eqn. 4
0.9DL + 1.0WL Eqn. 5
0.9DL 1.0WL Eqn. 6
1.0DL + 0.6LL + 0.3RLL + 1.0E Eqn. 7
1.0DL + 0.6LL + 0.3RLL 1.0E Eqn. 8
1.0DL + 1.0E Eqn. 9
1.0DL 1.0E Eqn. 10
1-8 Design Station Locations

In Equations 1 through 10,
DL = The sum of all dead load (DL) load cases defined for the model.
LL = The sum of all live load (LL) load cases defined for the model. Note
that this includes roof live loads as well as floor live loads.
RLL = The sum of all reducible live load (RLL) load cases defined for the
model.
WL = Any single wind load (WL) load case defined for the model.
E = Any single earthquake load (E) load case defined for the model.
1.3.1 Dead Load Component

The dead load component of the default design load combinations consists of
the sum of all dead loads multiplied by the specified factor. Individual dead
load cases are not considered separately in the default design load combina-
tions.
See the description of the earthquake load component later in this chapter for
additional information.
1.3.2 Live Load Component

The live load component of the default design load combinations consists of
the sum of all live loads, both reducible and nonreducible, multiplied by the
specified factor. Individual live load cases are not considered separately in the
default design load combinations.
1.3.3 Wind Load Component

The wind load component of the default design load combinations consists of
the contribution from a single wind load case. Thus, if multiple wind load cases
are defined in the program model, each of Equations 3 through 6 will contrib-
ute multiple design load combinations, one for each wind load case that is de-
fined.
Default Design Load Combinations 1-9

1.3.4 Earthquake Load Component

The earthquake load component of the default design load combinations con-
sists of the contribution from a single earthquake load case. Thus, if multiple
earthquake load cases are defined in the program model, each of Equations 7
through 10 will contribute multiple design load combinations, one for each
earthquake load case that is defined.
The earthquake load cases considered when creating the default design load
combinations include all static load cases that are defined as earthquake loads
and all response spectrum cases. Default design load combinations are not cre-
ated for time history cases or for static nonlinear cases.
1.3.5 Combinations That Include a Response Spectrum

In the program all response spectrum cases are assumed to be earthquake load
cases. Default design load combinations are created that include the response
spectrum cases.
The output from a response spectrum is all positive. Any program shear wall
design load combination that includes a response spectrum load case is checked
for all possible combinations of signs on the response spectrum values. Thus,
when checking shear in a wall pier or a wall spandrel, the response spectrum
contribution of shear to the design load combination is considered once as a
positive shear and then a second time as a negative shear. Similarly, when
checking moment in a wall spandrel, the response spectrum contribution of
moment to the design load combination is considered once as a positive mo-
ment and then a second time as a negative moment. When checking the flexur-
al behavior of a two-dimensional wall pier or spandrel, four possible combina-
tions are considered for the contribution of response spectrum load to the de-
sign load combination. They are:
+N and +M
+N and M
N and +M
N and M
1-10 Default Design Load Combinations

where N is the axial load in the pier and M is the moment in the pier. Similarly,
eight possible combinations of N, M2 and M3 are considered for three-
dimensional wall piers.
Note that based on the preceding, Equations 7 and 8 are redundant for a load
combination with a response spectrum, and similarly, Equations 9 and 10 are
redundant for a load combination with a response spectrum. For this reason, the
program creates default design load combinations based only on Equations 7
and 9 for response spectra. Default design load combinations using Equations 8
and 10 are not created for response spectra.
1.3.6 Combinations that Include Time History Results

The default shear wall design load combinations do not include any time histo-
ry results. To include time history forces in a design load combination, define
the load combination yourself.
When a design load combination includes time history results, the design can
be for the envelope of those results or for each step of the time history. The
type of time history design can be specified in the shear wall design prefer-
ences (Appendix B).
When envelopes are used, the design is for the maximum of each response
quantity (axial load, moment, and the like) as if they occurred simultaneously.
Typically, this is not the realistic case, and in some instances, it may be
unconservative. Designing for each step of a time history gives the correct cor-
respondence between different response quantities, but designing for each step
can be very time consuming.
When the program gets the envelope results for a time history, it gets a maxi-
mum and a minimum value for each response quantity. Thus, for wall piers it
gets maximum and minimum values of axial load, shear and moment; and for
wall spandrels, it gets maximum and minimum values of shear and moment.
For a design load combination in the program shear wall design module, any
load combination that includes a time history load case in it is checked for all
possible combinations of maximum and minimum time history design values.
Thus, when checking shear in a wall pier or a wall spandrel, the time history
contribution of shear to the design load combination is considered once as a
maximum shear and then a second time as a minimum shear. Similarly, when
Default Design Load Combinations 1-11

checking moment in a wall spandrel, the time history contribution of moment

to the design load combination is considered once as a maximum moment and
then a second time as a minimum moment. When checking the flexural behav-
ior of a wall pier, four possible combinations are considered for the contribu-
tion of time history load to the design load combination. They are:
Nmax and Mmax
Nmax and Mmin
Nmin and Mmax
Nmin and Mmin
where N is the axial load in the pier and M is the moment in the pier.
If a single design load combination has more than one time history case in it,
that design load combination is designed for the envelopes of the time histo-
ries, regardless of what is specified for the Time History Design item in the
preferences.
1.3.7 Combinations that Include Static Nonlinear Results

The default shear wall design load combinations do not include any static non-
linear results. To include static nonlinear results in a design load combination,
define the load combination yourself.
If a design load combination includes a single static nonlinear case and nothing
else, the design is performed for each step of the static nonlinear analysis. Oth-
erwise, the design is only performed for the last step of the static nonlinear
analysis.
1.4 Shear Wall Design Preferences

The shear wall design preferences are basic properties that apply to all wall pier
and spandrel elements. Appendix B identifies shear wall design preferences for
NZS 3101-2006. Default values are provided for all shear wall design prefer-
ence items. Thus, it is not required that preferences be specified. However, at
least review the default values for the preference items to make sure they are
acceptable.
1-12 Shear Wall Design Preferences

1.5 Shear Wall Design Overwrites

The shear wall design overwrites are basic assignments that apply only to those
piers or spandrels to which they are assigned. The overwrites for piers and
spandrels are separate. Appendix C identifies the shear wall overwrites for
NZS 3101-2006. Note that the available overwrites change depending on the
pier section type (Uniform Reinforcing, General Reinforcing, or Simplified T
and C). Default values are provided for all pier and spandrel overwrite items.
Thus, it is not necessary to specify or change any of the overwrites. However,
at least review the default values for the overwrite items to make sure they are
acceptable. When changes are made to overwrite items, the program applies the
changes only to the elements to which they are specifically assigned; that is, to
the elements that are selected when the overwrites are changed.
1.6 Choice of Units

For shear wall design in this program, any set of consistent units can be used
for input. Also, the system of units being used can be changed at any time.
Typically, design codes are based on one specific set of units.
The NZS 3101-2006 code is based on Newton-Millimeter-Second units. For

simplicity, all equations and descriptions presented in this manual correspond
to Newton-mm-second units unless otherwise noted.
The shear wall design preferences allow the user to specify special units for
concentrated and distributed areas of reinforcing. These units are then used for
reinforcing in the model, regardless of the current model units displayed in the
drop-down list on the status bar (or within a specific form). The special units
specified for concentrated and distributed areas of reinforcing can only be
changed in the shear wall design preferences.
The choices available in the shear wall design preferences for the units associ-
ated with an area of concentrated reinforcing are in2, cm2, mm2, and current
units. The choices available for the units associated with an area per unit length
of distributed reinforcing are in2/ft, cm2/m. mm2/m, and current units.
The current units option uses whatever units are currently displayed in the
drop-down list on the status bar (or within a specific form). If the current length
Shear Wall Design Overwrites 1-13

units are m, this option means concentrated areas of reinforcing are in m2 and
distributed areas of reinforcing are in m2/mm. Note that when using the "cur-
rent" option, areas of distributed reinforcing are specified in Length2/Length
units, where Length is the currently active length unit. For example, if you are
working in kN and m units, the area of distributed reinforcing is specified in
m2/m. If you are in Newton and mm, the area of distributed reinforcing is spec-
ified in mm2/mm.
1-14 Choice of Units

Chapter 2
Pier Design
This chapter describes how the program designs each leg of concrete wall piers
for shear using NZS 3101-2006. Note that in this program you cannot specify
shear reinforcing and then have the program check it. The program only de-
signs the pier for shear and reports how much shear reinforcing is required.
The shear design is performed at stations at the top and bottom of the pier.
This chapter also describes how the program designs and checks concrete wall
piers for flexural and axial loads using NZS 3101-2006. First we describe how
the program designs piers that are specified by a Simplified Section. Next we
describe how the program checks piers that are specified by a Section Designer
Section. Then we describe how the program designs piers that are specified by
a Section Designer Section.
2.1 Wall Pier Shear Design

The wall pier shear reinforcing is designed for each of the design load combi-
nations. The following steps are involved in designing the shear reinforcing for
a particular wall pier section for a particular design loading combination.
1. Determine the factored forces N*, M* and V* that are acting on the wall
pier section. Note that N*and M* are required for the calculation of V*.
2-1
2. Determine the shear force, Vc, that can be carried by the concrete.
Vc = vc*Acv (NZS 11.2.10.3.5)
vc is computed from NZS 11.2.10.3.5.
where Acv = t*d, and
d=0.8Lw (NZS 11.3.10.3.3)
3. Determine the required shear reinforcing to carry the balance of the shear
force.
Step 1 needs no further explanation. The following two sections describe in de-
tail the algorithms associated with the Steps 2 and 3.
2.1.1 Determine the Concrete Shear Capacity

Given the design force set N*, M* and V* acting on a wall pier section, the
shear force carried by the concrete, Vc, is calculated using NZS equations 11-14
and 11-15 from NZS section 11.3.10.3.5.
N*
=Vc 0.27 RLw f c' + ( t *0.8 Lw ) (NZS Eqn. 11-14)
4 Ag
N*
Lw 0.1RLw f c' + 0.2

Ag
=Vc 0.05 RLw f c + ( t *0.8 Lw )
'
M * Lw

V* 2

(NZS Eqn. 11-15)
where Vc shall be the lesser of that calculated from NZS Eqn. 11-14 and 11-15.
M* Lw
N* is negative for tension. NZS Eqn. 11-15 does not apply if *
is
V 2
zero or negative. If the tension is large enough that Equation 11-14 results in
negative number, Vc is set to zero.
2-2 Wall Pier Shear Design

Chapter 2 Pier Design
The term RLW that is used as a multiplier on all f c' terms in this chapter is a
shear strength reduction factor that applies to light-weight concrete. It is equal
to 1 for normal weight concrete. This factor is specified in the concrete
material properties
2.1.2 Determine the Required Shear Reinforcing

2.1.2.1 Seismic and Nonseismic Piers
Design of shear reinforcement for walls shall satisfy the following require-
ments. When the total design shear force exceeds the concrete shear strength,
Vc, ,horizontal reinforcement shall be computed from NZS 11.3.10.3.8.
V*
Vc
Av = (NZS Eqn. 11-16 and 11-18)
s f yt ( 0.8 L p )
0.7t
A v,min = (NZS Eqn. 11-19)
f yt
Abs (V *)
where vmax = must not exceed 0.2 f c or 8 MPa (NZS 11.3.10.3.2).
Acv
Additional requirements for seismic piers
The design shear force at any level above the critical section of the primary
plastic region in a structural wall, Vo* , shall be taken as not less than the corre-
sponding shear forces found from an equivalent static analysis multiplied by an
overstrength factor, o , and a dynamic magnification factor, v , as given be-
low (NZS Appendix D, D4.3).
Vo* = oVE (NZS Eqn. CD-8)
where Vo* = capacity design shear force in the plastic region in a wall in N,
nt
o= 0.9 + for buildings up to six stories (NZS Eqn. CD-9)
10
Wall Pier Shear Design 2-3

nt
o = 1.3 + 1.8 for buildings over six stories (NZS Eqn. CD-10)
30
nt is the number of stories, and
o is the overstrength factor related to flexural actions at the critical

section which is given as:
Flexural overstrength at critialsection

o =
Bending moment at critialsection from an equivalent static analysis
(NZS Eqn. CD-11)
The design shear force at any level below the critical section of the primary
plastic region in the high rise wall shall be taken as the larger of:
a) The calculated shear force when overstrength actions are applied to the
critical section of the primary plastic hinge, or
b) 1.6 the shear force found in an equivalent static analysis.
For shear design of seismic wall piers, the following additional requirements
also are checked.
Shear strength provided by the concrete in the end regions according to sec-
tion (NZS 11.4.3).
N*
Vc = 0.27 RLW f c + t * 0.8 Lw 0 (NZS Eqn. 11-28)
4 Ag

where,
N* = axial load.
= 0.25 for ductile plastic hinge.
= 0.50 for limited ductile plastic regions as defined in NZS Table 2.4.
For walls subjected to tension, the value of N* shall be taken as negative and
the total nominal shear strength Vn shall not exceed the following (NZS
11.4.7.3):
2-4 Wall Pier Shear Design


Vn ow + 0.15 RLw f c' ( 0.8 Lw ) t v max ( 0.8 Lw ) t

(NZS Eqn. 11-29)
where
= 3.0 for limited ductile plastic regions,
= 6.0 for ductile plastic regions defined by NZS Table 2.4.
Linear interpretation between these values may occur when the calculated cur-
vature lies between the limits provided in NZS Table 2.4 for limited ductile
plastic regions and ductile plastic regions.
2.2 Wall Pier Boundary Elements

This section describes how the program considers the boundary element re-
quirements for each leg of concrete wall piers using NZS 3101-2006. The pro-
gram uses an approach based on the requirements of Section 11.4.6.5 of NZS
3101-2006.
Note that the boundary element requirements are considered separately for
each design load case that includes seismic load.
2.2.1 Details of Check for Boundary Element Requirements

The following information is available for the boundary element check:
The design forces P*, V*, and M* for the pier section.
The height of the entire wall, hw, length of the wall pier, Lw, the gross area of
the pier, Ag, and the net area of the pier, Acv. The net area of the pier is the ar-
ea bounded by the web thickness, t, and the length of the pier. (Refer to Fig-
ure 2-5 later in this chapter for an illustration of the dimensions Lw and t.)
The area of steel in the pier, As. This area of steel is calculated by the pro-
gram or it is provided by the user.
The material properties of the pier, fc and fy.
Wall Pier Boundary Elements 2-5

The symmetry of the wall pier (i.e., is the left side of the pier is the same as
the right side of the pier). Only the geometry of the pier is considered, not the
reinforcing, when determining if the pier is symmetrical. Figure 2-1 shows
some examples of symmetrical and unsymmetrical wall piers. Note that a
pier defined using Section Designer is assumed to be unsymmetrical, unless
it is made up of a single rectangular shape.
Figure 2-1 Example Plan Views of Symmetrical and Unsymmetrical Wall Piers
Using this information, the program calculates three quantities that are used to
determine the boundary zone requirements. These quantities are:
Cc
ow
When the neutral axis depth C in the potential yield regions of a wall, comput-
ed for the appropriate design forces for the ultimate limit state, exceeds Cc
(NZS 11.4.6.5) a boundary zone is required.
0.1ow Lw
Cc (NZS Eqn. 11-25)

where Cc = the critical neutral axis depth
= 1.0 for limited ductile region

= 2.0 for ductile plastic region
ow = wall over strength factor is defined as
2-6 Wall Pier Boundary Elements

ow = ratio of the moment of resistance at overstrength to

moment resulting from specified earthquake actions,
where both moments refer to the base section of wall.
If boundary elements are required, the program calculates the minimum re-
quired length of the boundary zone at each end of the wall, LBZ, in accordance
with the requirements of Section 11.4.6.5(b) in NZS 3101-2006. The code re-
quires that LBZ shall not be less than c ' = c 0.7cc and c/2 . Figure 2-2 illus-
trates the boundary zone length LBZ.
Figure 2-2: Illustration of Boundary Zone Length, LBZ
2.2.2 Transverse Reinforcement for Boundary Elements

Where special boundary elements are required by NZS Sections 11.4.6.5, the
program computes and reports the total cross-sectional area of rectangular hoop
reinforcement as follows (NZS 11.4.6.5(a)):
Ag* f c' c
Ash sh h *
"
0.07 (NZS Eqn. 11-26)
Ac f yh Lw
where
h" = the dimension of concrete core of a rectangular section measured

perpendicular to the direction of the hoop bars to the outside pe-
ripheral hoop, and
= 0.175 for limited ductile region.

= 0.25 for ductile plastic region.
Wall Pier Boundary Elements 2-7

Ac* = area of the concrete core extending over the outer c ' length of
the neutral axis depth, which is subjected to compression, meas-
ured to the center of the peripheral hoop legs.
Ag* = gross area of the concrete core extending over the outer c length
of the neutral axis depth, which is subjected to compression.
2.3 Wall Pier Flexural Design

For both designing and checking piers, it is important to understand the local
axis definition for the pier. Access the local axes assignments using the Assign
menu.
2.3.1 Designing a Simplified Pier Section

This section describes how the program designs a pier that is assigned a simpli-
fied section. The geometry associated with the simplified section is illustrated
in Figure 2-3. The pier geometry is defined by a length, thickness and size of
the edge members at each end of the pier (if any).
A simplified T and C pier section is always planar (not three-dimensional).

The dimensions shown in the figure include the following:
The length of the wall pier is designated Lw. This is the horizontal length of
the wall pier in plan.
The thickness of the wall pier is designated tw. The thickness specified for
left and right edge members (DB2left and DB2right) may be different from this
wall thickness.
DB1 represents the horizontal length of the pier edge member. DB1 can be
different at the left and right sides of the pier.
DB2 represents the horizontal width (or thickness) of the pier edge member.
DB2 can be different at the left and right sides of the pier.
The dimensions illustrated are specified in the shear wall overwrites (Appendix
C), and can be specified differently at the top and bottom of the wall pier.
2-8 Wall Pier Flexural Design

Figure 2-3: Typical Wall Pier Dimensions Used for Simplified Design
If no specific edge member dimensions have been specified by the user, the
program assumes that the edge member is the same width as the wall, and the
program determines the required length of the edge member. In all cases,
whether the edge member size is user-specified or program-determined, the
program reports the required area of reinforcing steel at the center of the edge
member. This section describes how the program-determined length of the
edge member is determined and how the program calculates the required rein-
forcing at the center of the edge member.
Three design conditions are possible for a simplified wall pier. These condi-
tions, illustrated in Figure 2-4, are as follows:
The wall pier has program-determined (variable length and fixed width) edge
members on each end.
Wall Pier Flexural Design 2-9

The wall pier has user-defined (fixed length and width) edge members on
each end.
The wall pier has a program-determined (variable length and fixed width)
edge member on one end and a user-defined (fixed length and width) edge
member on the other end.
Design Condition 1 Design Condition 2

Wall pier with uniform thickness and Wall pier with user-defined edge
ETABS-determined (variable length) members
edge members
Design Condition 3 Note:

Wall pier with a user-defined edge In all three conditions, the only
member on one end and an ETABS- reinforcing designed by ETABS is that
determined (variable length) edge required at the center of the edge
member on the other end members
Figure 2-4: Design Conditions for Simplified Wall Piers
2.3.1.1 Design Condition 1

Design condition 1 applies to a wall pier with uniform design thickness and
program-determined edge member length. For this design condition, the design
algorithm focuses on determining the required size (length) of the edge mem-
bers, while limiting the compression and tension reinforcing located at the
center of the edge members to user-specified maximum ratios. The maximum
ratios are specified in the shear wall design preferences and the pier design
overwrites as Edge Design NC-Max and Edge Design NT-Max.
Consider the wall pier shown in Figure 2-5. For a given design section, say the
top of the wall pier, the wall pier for a given design load combination is de-
signed for a factored axial force N*-top and a factored moment M*-top.

0.5Lp
0.5tp 0.5tp
tp tp
tp
B1-left B1-right
B2-left B2-right
B3-left B3-right
Lp
CL
Wall Pier Plan
Pleft-top Pu-top Pright-top

Mu-top
Top of
pier
Right edge member
Left edge member
Bottom
of pier
Mu-bot
Pleft-bot Pu-bot Pright-bot

Wall Pier Elevation
Figure 2-5: Wall Pier for Design Condition 1

The program initiates the design procedure by assuming an edge member at the
left end of the wall of thickness tw and width B1-left, and an edge member at the
right end of the wall of thickness tw and width B1-right. Initially B1-left = B1-right =
tw.
The moment and axial force are converted to an equivalent force set Nleft-top and
Nright-top using the relationships shown in the following Equations. (Similar
equations apply at the bottom of the pier.)
N *-top M *-top
N= +
left-top
2 ( Lw 0.5B1-left 0.5B1-right )
N *-top M *-top
N=
right-top
2 ( Lw 0.5B1-left 0.5B1-right )
For any given loading combination, the net values for Nleft-top and Nright-top could
be tension or compression.
Note that for dynamic loads, Nleft-top and Nright-top are obtained at the modal level
and the modal combinations are made, before combining with other loads. Also
for design loading combinations involving SRSS, the Nleft-top and Nright-top forces
are obtained first for each load case before the combinations are made.
If any value of Nleft-top or Nright-top is tension, the area of steel required for tension,
Ast, is calculated as:
N
Ast = .
b f ys
If any value of Nleft-top or Nright-top is compression, for section adequacy, the area
of steel required for compression, Asc, must satisfy the following relationship.
=
Abs ( N * ) ( N max Factor ) [1 fc( Ag Ast ) + f y Ast ]
where N is either Nleft-top or Nright-top, Ag = twB1 and the Nmax Factor is defined in
the shear wall design preferences (the default is 0.85 for Ordinary and Nominal
walls (NZS 10.3.4.2) and 0.7 for Ductile and Limited Ductile walls (NZS
10.4.4)). In general, we recommend that you use the default value. From the
preceding equations:

Abs ( N )
1 f cAg
( N max Factor )
Asc = .
f y 1 f c
If Asc calculates as negative, no compression reinforcing is needed.
The maximum tensile reinforcing to be packed within the tw times B1 concrete

edge member is limited by:
Ast -max = NTmax tw B1
Similarly, the compression reinforcing is limited by:
Asc -max = NCmax tw B1
If Ast is less than or equal to Ast-max and Asc is less than or equal to Asc-max, the
program will proceed to check the next loading combination; otherwise the
program will increment the appropriate B1 dimension (left, right or both, de-
pending on which edge member is inadequate) by one-half of the wall thick-
ness to B2 (i.e., 1.5tw) and calculate new values for Nleft-top and Nright-top resulting
in new values of Ast and Asc. This iterative procedure continues until Ast and Asc
are within the allowed steel ratios for all design load combinations.
If the value of the width of the edge member B increments to where it reaches a
value larger than or equal to Lw /2, the iteration is terminated and a failure con-
dition is reported.
This design algorithm is an approximate but convenient algorithm. Wall piers

that are declared overstressed using this algorithm could be found to be ade-
quate if the reinforcing steel is user-specified and the wall pier is accurately
evaluated using interaction diagrams.

Design condition 2 applies to a wall pier with user-specified edge members at
each end of the pier. The size of the edge members is assumed to be fixed; that
is, the program does not modify them. For this design condition, the design al-
gorithm determines the area of steel required in the center edge members and
checks if that area gives reinforcing ratios less than the user-specified maxi-

mum ratios. The design algorithm used is the same as described for condition
1; however, no iteration is required.

Design condition 3 applies to a wall pier with a user-specified (fixed dimen-
sion) edge member at one end of the pier and a variable length (program-
determined) edge member at the other end. The width of the variable length
edge member is equal to the width of the wall.
The design is similar to that which has previously been described for design
conditions 1 and 2. The size of the user-specified edge member is not changed.
Iteration only occurs on the size of the variable length edge member.
2.3.2 Checking a General or Uniform Reinforcing Pier Section

When a General Reinforcing or Uniform Reinforcing pier section is specified
to be checked, the program creates an interaction surface for that pier and uses
that interaction surface to determine the critical flexural demand/capacity ratio
for the pier. This section describes how the program generates the interaction
surface for the pier and how it determines the demand/capacity ratio for a given
design load combination.
Note: In this program, the interaction surface is defined by a series of NMM interac-
tion curves that are equally spaced around a 360-degree circle.
2.3.2.1 Interaction Surface

In this program, a three-dimensional interaction surface is defined with refer-
ence to the N, M2 and M3 axes. The surface is developed using a series of
interaction curves that are created by rotating the direction of the pier neutral
axis in equally spaced increments around a 360-degree circle. For example, if
24 NMM curves are specified (the default), there is one curve every 15 degrees
(360/24 curves = 15). Figure 2-6 illustrates the assumed orientation of the
pier neutral axis and the associated sides of the neutral axis where the section is
in tension (designated T in the figure) or compression (designated C in the
figure) for various angles.
Note that the orientation of the neutral axis is the same for an angle of and
+180. Only the side of the neutral axis where the section is in tension or

compression changes. We recommend that you use 24 interaction curves (or

more) to define a three-dimensional interaction surface.
Each NMM interaction curve that makes up the interaction surface is numeri-
cally described by a series of discrete points connected by straight lines. The
coordinates of these points are determined by rotating a plane of linear strain
about the neutral axis on the section of the pier. Details of this process are de-
scribed later in the section entitled "Details of the Strain Compatibility Analy-
sis."
By default, 11 points are used to define a NMM interaction curve. This number
can be changed in the preferences; any odd number of points greater than or
equal to 11 can be specified, to be used in creating the interaction curve. If an
even number is specified for this item in the preferences, the program will in-
crement up to the next higher odd number.
T C Interaction curve is Interaction curve is

for a neutral axis for a neutral axis
parallel to this axis C parallel to this axis
3 3
T
Pier section Pier section
2 2
45
a) Angle is 0 degrees b) Angle is 45 degrees
Interaction curve is Interaction curve is

for a neutral axis for a neutral axis
parallel to this axis parallel to this axis
3 3
Pier section Pier section
2 2
C T 225
T
a) Angle is 180 degrees b) Angle is 225 degrees

C
Figure 2-6: Orientation of the Pier Neutral Axis for Various Angles

Note that when creating an interaction surface for a two-dimensional wall pier,
the program considers only two interaction curvesthe 0 curve and the 180
curveregardless of the number of curves specified in the preferences. Fur-
thermore, only moments about the M3 axis are considered for two-dimensional
walls.
2.3.2.2 Formulation of the Interaction Surface

The formulation of the interaction surface in this program is based consistently
on the basic principles of ultimate strength design given in Sections 7.4.2.7 of
NZS 3101-2006. The program uses the requirements of force equilibrium and
strain compatibility to determine the nominal axial load and moment strength
(Nn, M2n, M3n) of the wall pier. This nominal strength is then multiplied by the
appropriate strength reduction factor, , to obtain the design strength (Nn,
M2n, M3n) of the pier. For the pier to be deemed adequate, the required
strength (N*, M2*, M3*) must be less than or equal to the design strength, as in-
dicated in the following equation.
(N*, M2*, M3*) (Nn, M2n, M3n)
The effect of the strength reduction factor, , is included in the generation of

the interaction surface. The strength reduction factor, , is defined as given in
the following table (NZS 2.3.2.2):
Type of action effect Strength reduction fac-

tor ()
b = Flexure with or without axial tension or compression 0.85
c = Axial compression 0.85
s = Shear 0.75
t = Torsion 0.75
For actions derived from overstrength of elements (2.6.5) 1.00
Note: Strength reduction factors are specified in the shear wall design preference (Ap-
pendix B).
You can revise the strength reduction factors in the preferences and the over-
writes (Appendix C).

The theoretical maximum compressive force that the wall pier can carry, as-
suming the c factor is equal to 1, is designated Noc and is given by the follow-
ing equation:
Noc = [1 f c ( Ag Ast ) + f y Ast ]
The theoretical maximum tension force that the wall pier can carry, assuming
the b factor is equal to 1, is designated Not and is given as:
Not = fyAst
If the wall pier geometry and reinforcing is symmetrical in plan, the moments
associated with both Noc and Not are zero. For unsymmetrical geometry or rein-
forcing, there will be moments associated with Noc and Not.
The NZS 3101-2006 limits the maximum compressive design strength, Nuo in
the following equation.
Nuo = [1 f c( Ag Ast ) + f y Ast ]
where =0.85 for axial compression without bending (NZS 2.3.2.2).

Note: The number of points to be used in creating interaction diagrams can be speci-
fied in the shear wall preferences and overwrites.
As previously mentioned, by default, 11 points are used to define a single in-
teraction curve. When creating a single interaction curve, the program includes
the points at Nb, Noc and Not on the interaction curve. Half of the remaining
number of specified points on the interaction curve occur between Nb and Noc at
approximately equal spacing along the Nn axis. The other half of the remain-
ing number of specified points on the interaction curve occur between Nb and
Not at approximately equal spacing along the Nn axis.
Figure 2-7 shows a plan view of an example two-dimensional wall pier. Notice
that the concrete is symmetrical but the reinforcing is not symmetrical in this
example. Figure 2-8 shows several interaction surfaces for the wall pier illus-
trated in Figure 2-7.

# 5@12 o.c.,
12'-6"
each face, except
3" 12 spaces at 1'-0" = 12'-0" 3" as noted
1'
fc = 4 ksi
2-#9
2-#9
2-#6
fy = 60 ksi
Figure 2-7: Example Two-Dimensional Wall Pier With Unsymmetrical

Reinforcing
-7000
Poc Pn = 0.7 to 0.9 per UBC97
= 1.0
Pmax Factor = 1.0 Pmax Factor = 1.0
-6000
180 curves 0 curves

-5000
-4000
Pb for 180
curve
-3000 Pb for
0 curve
Pb for 180 Pb for
-2000
curve 0 curve
-1000
-12000 -10000 -8000 -6000 -4000 -2000 0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000
0
= 0.7 to 0.9 per UBC97 M3n
Pmax Factor = 0.80 per UBC97 Pot
1000
Figure 2-8 : Interaction Curves for Example Wall Pier Shown in Figure 2-7
Note the following about Figure 2-8:
Because the pier is two-dimensional, the interaction surface consists of two

interaction curves. One curve is at 0 and the other is at 180. Only M3 mo-
ments are considered because this is a two-dimensional example.

In this program, compression is negative and tension is positive.
The 0 and 180 interaction curves are not symmetric because the wall pier
reinforcing is not symmetric.
The smaller interaction surface (drawn with a heavier line) has the strength
reduction factor, as specified by NZS 3101-2006.
The dashed line shows the effect of setting the Nmax Factor to 1.0.
The larger interaction surface has both the strength reduction factor and the
Nmax Factor set to 1.0.
The interaction surfaces shown are created using the default value of 11
points for each interaction curve.
Figure 2-9 shows the 0 interaction curves for the wall pier illustrated in Figure
2-7. Additional interaction curves are also added to Figure 2-9.
-7000
Pn
= 1.0
-6000
= 0.9
-5000
= 0.7
-4000
-3000
= from c = 0.7 to t = 0.9 per UBC97
Pmax Factor = 0.80 per UBC97
-2000
-1000
-2000 0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000

0
M3n
1000
Figure 2-9: Interaction Curves for Example Wall Pier Shown in Figure 2-7

The smaller, heavier curve in Figure 2-9 has the strength reduction factor as
specified in NZS 3101-2006. The other three curves, which are plotted for =
0.7, 0.9 and 1.0, all have Nmax Factors of 1.0. The purpose of showing these in-
teraction curves is to explain how the program creates the interaction curve.
Recall that the strength reduction factors 0.7 and 0.9 are actually c and b, and
that their values can be revised in the overwrites as required.
2.3.2.3 Details of the Strain Compatibility Analysis

As previously mentioned, the program uses the requirements of force equilibri-
um and strain compatibility to determine the nominal axial load and moment
strength (Nn, M2n, M3n) of the wall pier. The coordinates of these points are
determined by rotating a plane of linear strain on the section of the wall pier.
Figure 2-10 illustrates varying planes of linear strain such as those that the pro-
gram considers on a wall pier section for a neutral axis orientation angle of 0
degrees.
Varying
neutral axis
locations
0.000
-0.003
Varying Linear Strain Diagram -
Plan View of Wall Pier
Figure 2-10: Varying Planes of Linear Strain

In these planes, the maximum concrete strain is always taken as 0.003 and the
maximum steel strain is varied from 0.003 to plus infinity. (Recall that in this
program compression is negative and tension is positive.) When the steel strain
is 0.003, the maximum compressive force in the wall pier, Noc, is obtained
from the strain compatibility analysis. When the steel strain is plus infinity, the
maximum tensile force in the wall pier, Not, is obtained. When the maximum
steel strain is equal to the yield strain for the reinforcing, Nb is obtained.
Figure 2-11 illustrates the concrete wall pier stress-strain relationship that is
obtained from a strain compatibility analysis of a typical plane of linear strain
shown in Figure 2-10. In Figure 2-11 the compressive stress in the concrete, Cc,
is calculated using the following equation (NZS 7.4.2.7c and NZS 7.4.2.7d):
Cc = 1f 'c(1c)tw
In Figure 2-10, the value for maximum strain in the reinforcing steel is as-
sumed. Then the strain in all other reinforcing steel is determined based on the
assumed plane of linear strain. Next the stress in the reinforcing steel is calcu-
lated as shown below, where s is the strain, Es is the modulus of elasticity, s
is the stress, and fy is the yield stress of the reinforcing steel.
s = sEs fs.
The force in the reinforcing steel (Ts for tension or Cs for compression) is cal-
culated as given below:
Ts or Cs = sAs.
For the given distribution of strain, the value of Nn is calculated as
Nn = (Ts Cc Cs) Nmax.
In the preceding equation, the tensile force Ts and the compressive forces Cc
and Cs are all positive. If Nn is positive, it is tension, and if it is negative, it is
compression.
The value of M2n is calculated by summing the moments due to all of the
forces about the pier local 2 axis. Similarly, the value of M3n is calculated by
summing the moments due to all of the forces about the pier local 3 axis. The

forces whose moments are summed to determine M2n and M3n are Nn, Cc,
all of the Ts forces and all of the Cs forces.
13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Ts Ts Ts Ts Ts Ts Ts Ts Ts Cs Cs Cs Cs
0.85f'c
Cc
a = 1c
Stress Diagram
13s

12
s
11s 10
s
9s 8 c
s
7s 6 5
s
s
= 0.003
4s 3
s
2s 1
s
Linear Strain Diagram
tp
Plan View of Wall Pier
Figure 2-11: Wall Pier Stress-Strain Relationship
The Nn, M2n and M3n values calculated as described in the preceding para-
graph make up one point on the wall pier interaction diagram. Additional
points on the diagram are obtained by making different assumptions for the
maximum steel stress; that is, considering a different plane of linear strain, and
repeating the process.
When one interaction curve is complete, the next orientation of the neutral axis
is assumed and the points for the associated new interaction curve are calculat-

ed. This process continues until the points for all of the specified curves have
been calculated.
2.3.3 Wall Pier Demand/Capacity Ratio

Refer to Figure 2-12, which shows a typical two-dimensional wall pier interac-
tion diagram. The forces obtained from a given design load combination are N*
and M3*. The point L, defined by (N*, M3*), is placed on the interaction dia-
gram, as shown in the figure. If the point lies within the interaction curve, the
wall pier capacity is adequate. If the point lies outside of the interaction curve,
the wall pier is overstressed.
Pn
Pu L
Axial
Compression
Axial O M3u M3n
Tension
Figure 2-12: Two-Dimensional Wall Pier Demand/Capacity Ratio
As a measure of the stress condition in the wall pier, the program calculates a
stress ratio. The ratio is achieved by plotting the point L and determining the
location of point C. The point C is defined as the point where the line OL (ex-
tended outward if needed) intersects the interaction curve. The de-
mand/capacity ratio, D/C, is given by D/C = OL / OC where OL is the "dis-
tance" from point O (the origin) to point L, and OC is the "distance" from point
O to point C. Note the following about the demand/capacity ratio:
If OL = OC (or D/C = 1), the point (N*, M3*) lies on the interaction curve and
the wall pier is stressed to capacity.

If OL < OC (or D/C < 1), the point (N*, M3*) lies within the interaction curve
and the wall pier capacity is adequate.
If OL > OC (or D/C > 1), the point (N*, M3*) lies outside of the interaction
curve and the wall pier is overstressed.
The wall pier demand/capacity ratio is a factor that gives an indication of the
stress condition of the wall with respect to the capacity of the wall.
The demand/capacity ratio for a three-dimensional wall pier is determined in a

similar manner to that described here for two-dimensional piers.
2.3.4 Designing a General Reinforcing Pier Section

When a General Reinforcing pier section is specified to be designed, the pro-
gram creates a series of interaction surfaces for the pier based on the following
items:
The size of the pier as specified in Section Designer.
The location of the reinforcing specified in Section Designer.
The size of each reinforcing bar specified in Section Designer relative to the
size of the other bars.
The interaction surfaces are developed for eight different ratios of reinforcing-
steel-area-to-pier-area. The pier area is held constant and the rebar area is mod-
ified to obtain these different ratios; however, the relative size (area) of each
rebar compared to the other bars is always kept constant.
The smallest of the eight reinforcing ratios used is that specified in the shear
wall design preferences as Section Design IP-Min. Similarly, the largest of the
eight reinforcing ratios used is that specified in the shear wall design prefer-
ences as Section Design IP-Max.
The eight reinforcing ratios used are the maximum and the minimum ratios
plus six more ratios. The spacing between the reinforcing ratios is calculated as
an increasing arithmetic series in which the space between the first two ratios is
equal to one-third of the space between the last two ratios. Table 1 illustrates
the spacing, both in general terms and for a specific example, when the mini-
mum reinforcing ratio, IPmin, is 0.0025 and the maximum, IPmax, is 0.02.

After the eight reinforcing ratios have been determined, the program develops
interaction surfaces for all eight of the ratios using the process described earlier
in the section entitled "Checking a General or Uniform Reinforcing Pier Sec-
tion."
Next, for a given design load combination, the program generates a de-
mand/capacity ratio associated with each of the eight interaction surfaces. The
program then uses linear interpolation between the eight interaction surfaces to
determine the reinforcing ratio that gives an demand/capacity ratio of 1 (actual-
ly the program uses 0.99 instead of 1). This process is repeated for all design
load combinations and the largest required reinforcing ratio is reported.
Design of a Uniform Reinforcing pier section is similar to that described herein

for the General Reinforcing section.
Table 2-1 The Eight Reinforcing Ratios Used by the Program
Curve Ratio Example
1 IPmin 0.0025
IPmax IPmin
2 IPmin + 0.0038
14
7 IPmax IPmin
3 IPmin + 0.0054
3 14
IPmax IPmin
4 IPmin + 4 0.0075
14
IPmax IPmin
5 IPmin + 6 0.0100
14
25 IPmax IPmin
6 IPmin + 0.0129
3 14
IPmax IPmin
7 IPmin + 11 0.0163
14
8 IPmax 0.0200

Chapter 3
Spandrel Design
This chapter describes how the program designs concrete shear wall spandrels
for flexure and shear when NZS 3101-2006 is the selected design code. The
program allows consideration of rectangular sections and T-beam sections for
shear wall spandrels. Note that the program designs spandrels at stations
located at the ends of the spandrel. No design is performed at the center (mid-
length) of the spandrel. The program does not allow shear reinforcing to be
specified and then checked. The program only designs the spandrel for shear
and reports how much shear reinforcing is required.
3.1 Spandrel Flexural Design

In this program, wall spandrels are designed for major direction flexure and
shear only. Effects caused by any axial forces, minor direction bending, torsion
or minor direction shear that may exist in the spandrels must be investigated by
the user independent of the program. Spandrel flexural reinforcing is designed
for each of the design load combinations. The required area of reinforcing for
flexure is calculated and reported only at the ends of the spandrel beam.
The following steps are involved in designing the flexural reinforcing for a par-
ticular wall spandrel section for a particular design loading combination at a
particular station.
3-1
Determine the maximum factored moment M*.
Determine the required flexural reinforcing.
These steps are described in the following sections.
3.1.1 Determine the Maximum Factored Moments

In the design of flexural reinforcing for spandrels, the factored moments for
each design load combination at a particular beam station are first obtained.
The beam section is then designed for the maximum positive and the maximum
negative factored moments obtained from all of the design load combinations.
3.1.2 Determine the Required Flexural Reinforcing

In this program, negative beam moments produce top steel. In such cases, the
beam is always designed as a rectangular section.
In this program, positive beam moments produce bottom steel. In such cases,
the beam may be designed as a rectangular section, or as a T-beam section. In-
dicate that a spandrel is to be designed as a T-beam by specifying the appropri-
ate slab width, and depth dimensions are provided in the spandrel design over-
writes (Appendix C).
The flexural design procedure is based on a simplified rectangular stress block,

as shown in Figure 3-1. The maximum allowable depth of the rectangular
compression block, amax, is given by
amax = 0.75cb. (NZS 9.3.8.1)
where,
600
cb = d. (NZS 7.4.2.8)
600 + f y
3-2 Spandrel Flexural Design

Chapter 3 Spandrel Design
Figure 3-1 Rectangular Spandrel Beam Design, Positive Moment
It is assumed that the compression depth carried by the concrete is less than or
equal to amax. When the applied moment exceeds the moment capacity at amax,
the program calculates an area of compression reinforcement assuming that the
additional moment is carried by compression reinforcing and additional tension
reinforcing.
The procedure used by the program for both rectangular and T-beam sections
is given in the subsections that follow.
3.1.2.1 Rectangular Beam Flexural Reinforcing

Refer to Figure 3-1. For a rectangular beam, the factored moment, M*, is resist-
ed by a couple between the concrete in compression and the tension in rein-
forcing steel. This is expressed as follows:
a
=M * Cc dspandrel
2
where Cc =1 b f ca ts and dspandrel is equal to hs dr-bot for positive bending

and hs dr-top for negative bending.
Spandrel Flexural Design 3-3

The preceding equation can be solved for the depth of the compression block,
a.
2M *
a =dspandrel dspandrel
2

1 f c b ts
The program uses the preceding equation to determine the depth of the com-
pression block, a. The depth of the compression block, a, is compared with
amax.
3.1.2.1.1 Tension Reinforcing Only Required

If a amax, no compression reinforcing is required and the program calculates
the area of tension reinforcing using the following equation:
M*
As = .
a
b f y dspandrel
2
The steel is placed at the bottom for positive moment and at the top for nega-
tive moment.
Note: The program reports the ratio of top and bottom steel required in the web area.
When compression steel is required, those ratios may be large because there is no limit
on them. However, the program reports an overstress when the ratio exceeds 4%.
3.1.2.1.2 Tension and Compression Reinforcing Required

If a > amax, compression reinforcing is required and the program calculates
required compression and tension reinforcing as follows.
The depth of the concrete compression block, a, is set equal to a = amax. The
compressive force developed in the concrete alone is given by:
Cc = 1 f camax ts
The moment resisted by the couple between the concrete in compression and
the tension steel, M c* , is given by:

a
M c* =
b Cc dspandrel max
2
Therefore, the additional moment to be resisted by the couple between the

compression steel and the additional tension steel, M s* , is given by
M=
s
*
M * M c*
The force carried by the compression steel, Cs, is given by:
M s*
Cs =
dspandrel d r
Referring to Figure 3-1, the strain in the compression steel, 's, is given by:
0.003 ( c d r )
s =
c
The stress in the compression steel, f 's, is given by:
0.003Es ( c d r )
f s = Es s =
c
The term dr in the preceding equations is equal to dr-top for positive bending and
equal to dr-bot for negative bending, and the term c is equal to amax .
where,
=1 0.85 for f c 30, (NZS 7.4.2.7)
1 = 0.85 0.008 ( f c 30), 0.65 1 0.85, and (NZS 7.4.2.7)
the total required area of compression steel, A's, is calculated as:
Cs
As = .
b ( f s 1 f c )

The required area of tension steel for balancing the compression in the concrete
web, Asw, is:

M c*
Asw = .
a
b f y dspandrel max
2
The required area of tension steel for balancing the compression steel, Asc, is:
M s*
Asc = .
b f y ( dspandrel d r )
In the preceding equations, dspandrel is equal to hs dr-bot for positive bending and
hs dr-top for negative bending and, dr is equal to dr-top for positive bending and
dr-bot for negative bending.
The total tension reinforcement As is given by:
=
As Asw + Asc
Thus, for total tension reinforcement, As, and the total compression reinforce-
ment, As', As is to be placed at the bottom of the beam and As' at the top of the
beam for positive bending and vice versa for negative bending.
3.1.2.2 T-Beam Flexural Reinforcing

T-beam action is considered effective only for positive moment. When design-
ing T-beams for negative moment (i.e., designing top steel), the calculation of
required steel is as described in the previous section for rectangular sections.
No T-beam data is used in this design. The width of the beam is taken equal to
the width of the web.
See Figure 3-2. For positive moment, the depth of the compression block, a, is
initially determined using the following equation:
2 M*
a=d d 2
. (NZS 7.4.2)
1 f c' b bs
The maximum allowed depth of the compression block is given by
amax = 0.75 cb . (NZS 9.3.8.1 and NZS 7.4.2.7)

If a ds, the subsequent calculations for the reinforcing steel are exactly
the same as previously defined for rectangular section design. However, in
that case, the width of the compression block is taken to be equal to the
width of the compression flange, bs. Compression reinforcement is provid-
ed when the dimension "a" exceeds amax.
If a > ds, the subsequent calculations for the required area of reinforcing
steel are performed in two parts. First, the tension steel required to balance
the compressive force in the flange is determined, and second, the tension
steel required to balance the compressive force in the web is determined. If
necessary, compression steel is added to help resist the design moment.
The remainder of this section describes in detail the design process used by the
program for T-beam spandrels when a > ds.
Refer to Figure 3-2. The compression force in the protruding portion of the
flange, Cf, is given by the following equation. The protruding portion of the
flange is shown cross-hatched.
=C f 1 f c ( bs ts ) d s
Note: T-beam action is considered for positive moment only.
Figure 3-2: Design of a Wall Spandrel with a T-Beam Section, Positive Moment
The required area of tension steel for balancing the compression force in the
concrete flange, Asf, is:

Cf
Asf = .
fy
The portion of the total moment, M*, that is resisted by the flange, M *f , is giv-
en by:
d
M *f =
b C f dspandrel s .
2
Therefore, the balance of the moment to be carried by the web, M w* , is given

by
M=
*
w M * M *f .
The web is a rectangular section of width ts and depth hs for which the design
depth of the compression block, a1, is recalculated as:
2 M w*
a1 =dspandrel dspandrel
2
.
1 f c' b ts
3.1.2.2.1 Tension Reinforcing Only Required

If a1 amax, no compression reinforcing is required and the program calculates
the area of tension steel for balancing the compression force in the concrete
web, Asw, using the following equation.
M w*
Asw =
a
b f y dspandrel 1
2
=
As Asf + Asw
The total tension reinforcement, As, is to be placed at the bottom of the beam
for positive bending.

3.1.2.2.2 Tension and Compression Reinforcing Required

If a1 > amax, compression reinforcing is required. In that case, the required rein-
forcing is computed as follows.
The depth of the concrete compression block, a, is set equal to a = amax. The
compressive force developed in the web concrete alone is given by:
Cw = 1 f cats .
The moment resisted by the couple between the concrete web in compression
and the tension steel, M c* , is given by:
a
M c* =
b Cw dspandrel .
2
Therefore, the additional moment to be resisted by the couple between the

compression steel and the tension steel, M s* , is given by:
=
M *
s M w* M c* .
Referring to Figure 3-2, the force carried by the compression steel, Cs, is given
by:
M s*
Cs = .
dspandrel d r -top
The strain in the compression steel, s', is given by:
0.003 ( c d r -top )
s = .
c
The stress in the compression steel, fs', is given by:
0.003Es ( c d r -top )
f s = Es s = .
c
In the preceding equations the term c is equal to amax .

The required area of compression steel, As', is calculated using the following
equation.
Cs
As = .
b f s
The required area of tension steel for balancing the compression in the concrete
web, Asw, is:
M c*
Asw = .
a
b f y dspandel
2
The required area of tension steel for balancing the compression steel, Asc, is:
M s*
Asc = .
b f y ( dspandrel d r top )
As = Asf + Asw + Asc
The total tension reinforcementer As is to be placed at the bottom of the beam,

and As' at the top of the beam.
3.2 Spandrel Shear Design

The program allows consideration of rectangular sections and T-beam sections
for wall spandrels. The shear design for both of these types of spandrel sections
is identical.
The wall spandrel shear reinforcing is designed for each of the design load
combinations. The required area of reinforcing for vertical shear is calculated
only at the ends of the spandrel beam.
In this program, wall spandrels are designed for major direction flexure and
shear forces only. Effects caused by any axial forces, minor direction bending,
torsion or minor direction shear that may exist in the spandrels must be investi-
gated by the user independent of the program.
3-10 Spandrel Shear Design

The following steps are involved in designing the shear reinforcing for a par-
ticular wall spandrel section for a particular design loading combination at a
particular station.
1. Determine the factored shear force V*.
2. Determine the shear force, Vc, that can be carried by the concrete.
3. Determine the required shear reinforcing to carry the balance of the shear
force.
Note: In the overwrites, Vc can be specified to be ignored (set to zero) for spandrel
shear calculations.
Step 1 needs no further explanation. The following two sections describe in de-
tail the algorithms associated with Steps 2 and 3.
3.2.1 Determine the Concrete Shear Capacity

The shear force carried by the concrete, Vc, is calculated as follows:
Vc = vc Acv
The allowable shear capacity is given by,
c = kd ka b. (NZS 9.3.9.3.4)
The basic shear strength for rectangular section is computed as,
As
b = 0.07 + 10 f c , where (NZS 9.3.9.3.4)
ts dspandrel
f c 50 MPa, and (NZS 9.3.9.3.4)
0.08 f c b 0.2 f c . (NZS 9.3.9.3.4)
The factor ka allows for the influence of maximum aggregate size on shear
strength. For concrete with a maximum aggregate size of 20 mm or more, ka
shall be taken as 1.0. For concrete where maximum aggregate size is of 10 mm
or less, the value of ka shall be taken as 0.85. Interpolation may be used
Spandrel Shear Design 3-11

between these limits. Program default for ka is 1.0, and the user can overwrite
this value if needed.
The factor kd allows for the influence of member depth on strength, and it shall
be calculated from the following conditions:
kd = 1.0 for members with shear reinforcement equal to or greater than

the nominal shear reinforcement given in NZS 9.3.9.4
kd = 1.0 for members with an effective depth equal to or smaller than

400 mm
kd = ( 400 / d )
0.25
for members with an effective depth greater than 400,
where d is in mm
kd = ( 400 / d )
0.25
, where 0.9 kd 1.0 for members with longitudinal
reinforcement in the web, with a ratio of 0.003 or more, for the ar-
ea between the principal flexural tension reinforcement and the
mid-depth of the beam, and with a bar spacing which does not ex-
ceed 300 mm in any direction. This condition is currently not
checked by program and user can overwrite the kd value if neces-
sary.
Note: The term RLW that is used as a multiplier on all f c terms in this manual
is a shear strength reduction factor that applies to light-weight concrete. It is
equal to 1 for normal weight concrete. This factor is specified in the concrete
material properties.
3.2.2 Determine the Required Shear Reinforcing

One of the terms used in calculating the spandrel shear reinforcing is dspandrel,
which is the distance from the extreme compression fiber to the centroid of the
tension steel. For shear design, the program takes dspandrel to be equal to the
smaller of hs dr-top and hs dr-bot.
3.2.2.1 Seismic and Nonseismic Spandrels

Given V* and Vc, the required force to be carried by the shear reinforcing, Vs, is
calculated using the following equation (NZS 9.3.9.3.6).

V*
=
V Vc .

s
The average shear stress is computed for a rectangular section as,

*
V
= *
. (NZS 7.5.1)
bw d
The average shear stress is limited to a maximum limit of,
vmax = min {0.2 f c, 8MPa} . (NZS 9.3.9.3.3)
Given Vs, the following equation initially calculates the required vertical shear
reinforcing in area per unit length (e.g., square mm per m) for both seismic and
nonseismic wall spandrels (as indicated in the preferences). Note that addition-
al requirements that are checked for both seismic and nonseismic wall span-
drels are given by the following equation (NZS 9.3.9.4.2):
V*
- Vc
Av Vs
= = (NZS 9.3.9.4.2)
sv f yt dspandrel f yt dspandrel
Av ,min 1 bw
= f c , (NZS 9.3.9.4.15)
s 16 f yt
Note: The output units for the distributed shear reinforcing can be set in the
shear wall design preferences.
3.2.2.2 Seismic Spandrels Only

The following additional checks also are performed for seismic spandrels in
ductile and limited ductile plastic regions.
The design shear at a section in a beam, Vo* , shall be determined from consid-
eration of the flexural overstrength being developed at the most probable
location of the critical sections within the member, and the gravity loads with
load factors specified in NZS 2.6.5.2.
Spandrel Shear Design 3-13

M oI + M oJ
=Vo* + VDL + LL (NZS 9.4.4.1.1)
L
where,
Vo* = design shear at a section in the beam,
M oI , M oJ = overstrength bending moment at beam I and J ends,
VDL + LL = Gravity loads with load factors specified in NZS 2.6.5.2
Design of shear reinforcement shall be in accordance with NZS 7.5 and NZS
9.3.9.3.6, but Vc in potential plastic regions shall be taken as follows:
Vc = 0 for ductile plastic region.
Vc = 0.5vc Acv for limited ductile plastic regions.
The allowable shear capacity is given by NZS 9.3.9.3.4,
c = kd ka b. (NZS 9.3.9.3.4)

Appendix A
Supported Design Codes
Only one design code may be used in any one design run. That is, it is not
possible to design some beams for one code and others for a different code in
the same design run. However, it is possible to perform different design runs
using different design codes without rerunning the analysis.
The program supports the following shear wall design codes:
ACI 318-05
ACI 318-02
ACI 318-99
BS 8110-97
BS 8110-89
CSA A23.3-04
CSA A23.3-94
IS 456-2000
UBC97
A-1
Appendix B
Shear Wall Design Preferences
The shear wall design preferences are basic properties that apply to all wall
pier and spandrel elements. Table B1 identifies shear wall design preferences
for NZS 3101-06. Default values are provided for all shear wall design
preference items. Thus, it is not required that preferences be specified.
However, at least review the default values for the preference items to make
sure they are acceptable. Refer to the program Help for an explanation of
how to change a preference.
Table B1 Shear Wall Preferences

Possible Default
Item Values Value Description
Design Code Any code in UBC 97 Design code used for design of
the program concrete shear wall elements (wall
piers and spandrels)
B-1

Possible Default
Time History Envelopes or Envelopes Toggle for design load combinations
Design Step-by-Step that include a time history designed for
the envelope of the time history, or
designed step-by-step for the entire
time history. If a single design load
combination has more than one time
history case in it, that design load
combination is designed for the
envelopes of the time histories,
regardless of what is specified here.
Rebar units in2, cm2, mm2, in2 or mm2 Units used for concentrated areas of
current reinforcing steel.
Rebar/Length in2/ft, cm2/m, in2/ft or mm2/m Units used for distributed areas of
Units mm2/m, reinforcing steel.
current
Phi (Tension >0 0.80 The strength reduction factor for
Controlled) bending in a wall pier or spandrel in a
tension controlled section.
Phi >0 0.60 The strength reduction factor for axial
(Compression compression in a wall pier.
Controlled)
Phi (Shear >0 0.70 The strength reduction factor for shear
and/or Torsion) in a wall pier or spandrel for a
nonseismic condition.
Phi (Shear >0 0.60 The strength reduction factor for shear
Seismic) in a wall pier or spandrel for a seismic
condition.
Nmax Factor >0 1.0 A factor used to reduce the allowable
maximum compressive design strength.
Number of 4 24 Number of equally spaced interaction
Curves curves used to create a full 360-degree
interaction surface (this item should be
a multiple of four). We recommend that
you use 24 for this item.
Number of 11 11 Number of points used for defining a
Points single curve in a wall pier interaction
surface (this item should be odd)..
B-2
Appendix B Preferences

Possible Default
Edge Design >0 0.06 Maximum ratio of tension reinforcing
PT-max allowed in edge members, PTmax..
Edge Design >0 0.04 Maximum ratio of compression
PC-max reinforcing allowed in edge members,
PCmax.
Section Design Section 0.02 The maximum ratio of reinforcing
IP-Max Design IP-Min considered in the design of a pier with a
Section Designer section.
Section Design >0 0.0025 The minimum ratio of reinforcing
IP-Min considered in the design of a pier with a
Section Designer section.
B-3
Appendix C
Design Procedure Overwrites
The shear wall design overwrites are basic assignments that apply only to
those piers or spandrels to which they are assigned. The overwrites for piers
and spandrels are separate. Tables C1 and C2 identify the shear wall
overwrites for piers and spandrels, respectively, for NZS 3101-2006. Note
that the available overwrites change depending on the pier section type
(Uniform Reinforcing, General Reinforcing, or Simplified T and C).
Default values are provided for all pier and spandrel overwrite items. Thus, it
is not necessary to specify or change any of the overwrites. However, at least
review the default values for the overwrite items to make sure they are
accept-able. When changes are made to overwrite items, the program applies
the changes only to the elements to which they are specifically assigned; that
is, to the elements that are selected when the overwrites are changed. Refer to
the program Help for an explanation of how to change the overwrites.
Table C-1: Pier Design Overwrites
Pier Overwrite Possible Default

Item Values Value Pier Overwrite Description
Design this Yes or No Yes Toggle for design of the pier when you
Pier click the Design menu > Shear Wall
Design > Start Design/Check
command.
C-1

LL Reduction Program Program A reducible live load is multiplied by this
Factor calculated, calculated factor to obtain the reduced live load.
>0 Entering 0 for this item means that it is
program calculated. See the subsection
entitled "LL Reduction Factor" later in
this appendix for more information.
Design is Yes or No Yes Toggle for design as seismic or
Seismic nonseismic. Additional design checks
are performed for seismic elements
compared to nonseismic elements.
Also, in some cases, the strength
reduction factors are different.
Pier Section Uniform Uniform This item indicates the type of pier. The
Type Reinforcing, Reinforcing General Reinforcing option is not
General available unless General pier sections
Reinforcing, have previously been defined in
Simplified Section Designer.
T and C
Overwrites Applicable to Uniform Reinforcing Pier Sections

Edge Bar Any defined Varies The size of the uniformly spaced edge
Name bar size bars.
Edge Bar >0 250 mm The spacing of the uniformly spaced
Spacing edge bars.
End/Corner Any defined Varies The size of end and corner bars.
Bar Name bar size
Clear Cover >0 40 mm The clear cover for the edge, end and
corners bars.
Material Any defined Varies The material property associated with
concrete the pier.
material
property
Check/Design Check or Design This item indicate whether the pier
Reinforcing Design section is to be designed or checked.
C-2
Appendix C Overwrites

Overwrites Applicable to General Reinforcing Pier Sections

Section Bottom Any general The first pier in Name of a pier section, defined in
pier section the list of Section Designer that is assigned to the
defined in Section bottom of the pier.
Section Designer piers
Designer
Section Top Any general The first pier in Name of a pier section, defined in
pier section the list of Section Designer, that is assigned to
defined in Section the top of the pier.
Section Designer piers
Designer
Check/Design Check or Design This item indicates whether the pier
Reinforcing Design section is to be designed or checked.
Overwrites Applicable to Simplified T and C Pier Sections

ThickBot Program Program Wall pier thickness at bottom of pier, tp.
calculated, calculated Inputting 0 means the item is to be
or > 0 program calculated.
LengthBot Program Program Wall pier length at bottom of pier, Lp.
DB1LeftBot 0 0 Length of the bottom of a user-defined
edge member on the left side of a wall
pier, DB1left.
DB2LeftBot 0 0 Width of the bottom of a user-defined
pier, DB2left. See the subsection entitled
"User-Defined Edge Members" for
more information.
DB1RightBot 0 Same as Length of the bottom of a user-defined
DB1-left-bot edge member on the right side of a wall
pier, DB1right.
DB2RightBot 0 Same as Width of the bottom of a user-defined
pier, DB2right.
C-3

ThickTop Program Program Wall pier thickness at top of pier,
calculated, calculated tp. Inputting 0 means the item is to be
LengthTop Program Program Wall pier length at top of pier, Lp.
DB1LeftTop 0 0 Length of the top of a user-defined
pier, DB1left.
DB2LeftTop 0 0 Width of the top of a user-defined edge
member on the left side of a wall pier,
DB2left.
DB1RightTop 0 Same as Length of the top of a user-defined
pier, DB1right.
DB2RightTop 0 Same as Width of the top of a user-defined edge
DB2-left-bot member on the right side of a wall pier,
DB2right.
Material Any defined See "Material Material property associated with the
concrete Properties" in pier.
material Shear Wall
property Design
Technical Note
6 Wall Pier
Design Section
Edge Design >0 Specified in Maximum ratio of compression
NC-max Preferences reinforcing allowed in edge members,
NCmax.
Edge Design >0 Specified in Maximum ratio of tension reinforcing
NT-max Preferences allowed in edge members, NTmax.
C-4
Table C-2 Spandrel Design Overwrites
Spandrel
Overwrite Possible Default
Item Values Value Spandrel Overwrite Description
Design this Yes or No Yes Toggle for design of the spandrel when
Spandrel you click the Design menu > Shear
Wall Design > Start Design/Check
command.
LL Reduction Program Program A reducible live load is multiplied by this
Factor calculated, calculated factor to obtain the reduced live load.
>0 Entering 0 for this item means that it is
program calculated. See the subsection
entitled "LL Reduction Factor" later in
this appendix for more information.
Design is Yes or No Yes Toggle for design as seismic or
Seismic nonseismic. Additional design checks
are performed for seismic elements
compared to nonseismic elements.
Also, in some cases the strength
reduction factors are different.
Length Program Program Wall spandrel length, Ls. Inputting 0
calculated, calculated means the item is to be program
or > 0 calculated.
ThickLeft Program Program Wall spandrel thickness at left side of
calculated, calculated spandrel, ts. Inputting 0 means the item
or > 0 is to be program calculated.
DepthLeft Program Program Wall spandrel depth at left side of
calculated, calculated spandrel, hs. Inputting 0 means the item
or > 0 is to be program calculated.
CoverBotLeft Program Program Distance from the bottom of the
calculated, calculated spandrel to the centroid of the bottom
or > 0 reinforcing, dr-bot left on the left side of
the beam. Inputting 0 means the item is
to be program calculated as 0.1hs.
CoverTopLeft Program Program Distance from the top of the spandrel to
calculated, calculated the centroid of the top reinforcing, dr-top
or > 0 left on the left side of the beam. Inputting
0 means the item is to be program
calculated as 0.1hs.
SlabWidthLeft 0 0 Slab width for T-beams at the left end
of the spandrel, bs.
C-5
Table C-2 Spandrel Design Overwrites
Spandrel
Overwrite Possible Default
Item Values Value Spandrel Overwrite Description
SlabDepthLeft 0 0 Slab depth for T-beams at the left end
of the spandrel, ds.
ThickRight Program Program Wall spandrel thickness at the right side
calculated, calculated of the spandrel, ts. Inputting 0 means
or > 0 the item is to be program calculated.
DepthRight Program Program Wall spandrel depth at the right side of
calculated, calculated the spandrel, hs. Inputting 0 means the
or > 0 item is to be program calculated.
CoverBotRight Program Program Distance from the bottom of the
calculated, calculated spandrel to the centroid of the bottom
or > 0 reinforcing, dr-bot right on the right side of
the beam. Inputting 0 means the item is
to be program calculated as 0.1hs.
Cover- Program Program Distance from the top of the spandrel to
TopRight calculated, calculated the centroid of the top reinforcing, dr-top
or > 0 right on the right side of the beam.
Inputting 0 means the item is to be
program calculated as 0.1hs.
SlabWidthRigh 0 0 Slab width for T-beams at the right end
t of the spandrel, bs.
SlabDepthRigh 0 0 Slab depth for T-beams at the right end
t of the spandrel, ds.
Material Any defined See "Default Material property associated with the
concrete Design spandrel.
material Material
property Property" in
Shear Wall
Design
Technical Note
7 Wall
Spandrel
Design
Sections
Consider Vc Yes or No Yes Toggle switch to consider Vuc (concrete
shear capacity) when computing the
shear capacity of the spandrel.
C-6
C.1 LL Reduction Factor

If the LL Reduction Factor is program calculated, it is based on the live load
reduction method chosen in the live load reduction preferences. If you
specify your own LL Reduction Factor, the program ignores any reduction
method specified in the live load reduction preferences and simply calculates
the reduced live load for a pier or spandrel by multiplying the specified LL
Reduction Factor times the reducible live load.
Important Note: The LL reduction factor is not applied to any load

combination that is included in a design load combination. For example,
assume you have two static load cases labeled DL and RLL. DL is a dead
load and RLL is a reducible live load. Now assume that you create a design
load combination named DESCOMB1 that includes DL and RLL. Then for
design load combination DESCOMB1, the RLL load is multiplied by the LL
reduction factor. Next assume that you create a load combination called
COMB2 that includes RLL. Now assume that you create a design load
combination called DESCOMB3 that included DL and COMB2. For design
load combination DESCOMB3, the RLL load that is part of COMB2 is not
multiplied by the LL reduction factor.
C.2 User-Defined Edge Members

When defining a user-defined edge member, you must specify both a
nonzero value for DB1 and a nonzero value for DB2. If either DB1 or DB2 is
specified as zero, the edge member width is taken as the same as the pier
thickness and the edge member length is determined by the program.
C-7
Appendix D
Analysis Sections and Design Sections
It is important to understand the difference between analysis sections and

design sections when performing shear wall design. Analysis sections are
simply the objects defined in your model that make up the pier or spandrel
section. The analysis section for wall piers is the assemblage of wall and
column sections that make up the pier. Similarly, the analysis section for
spandrels is the assemblage of wall and beam sections that make up the
spandrel. The analysis is based on these section properties, and thus, the design
forces are based on these analysis section properties.
The design section is completely separate from the analysis section. Three
types of pier design sections are available. They are:
Uniform Reinforcing Section: For flexural designs and/or checks, the

program automatically (and internally) creates a Section Designer pier
section of the same shape as the analysis section pier. Uniform reinforcing is
placed in this pier. The reinforcing can be modified in the pier overwrites.
The Uniform Reinforcing Section pier may be planar or it may be three-
dimensional.
For shear design and boundary zone checks, the program automatically (and
internally) breaks up the analysis section pier into planar legs and then
performs the design on each leg separately and reports the results separately
for each leg. Note that the planar legs are derived from the area objects
defined in the model, not from the pier section defined in Section Designer.
D-1
The pier section defined in Section Designer is only used for the flexural
design/check.
General Reinforcing Section: For flexural designs and/or checks, the pier
geometry and the reinforcing are defined by the user in the Section Designer
utility. The pier defined in Section Designer may be planar or it may be
three-dimensional.
For shear design and boundary zone checks, the program automatically (and
internally) breaks the analysis section pier into planar legs and then performs
the design on each leg separately and reports the results separately for each
leg. Note that the planar legs are derived from the area objects defined in the
model, not from the pier section defined in Section Designer. The pier
section defined in Section Designer is used for the flexural design/check
only.
Simplified Pier Section: This pier section is defined in the pier design
overwrites. The simplified section is defined by a length and a thickness. The
length is in the pier 2-axis direction and the thickness is in the pier 3-axis
direction.
In addition, you can, if desired, specify thickened edge members at one or

both ends of the simplified pier section. You cannot specify reinforcing in a
simplified section. Thus, the simplified section can only be used for design,
not for checking user-specified sections. Simplified sections are always
planar.
Only one type of spandrel design section is available. It is defined in the

spandrel design overwrites. A typical spandrel is defined by a depth,
thickness and length. The depth is in the spandrel 2-axis direction; the
thickness is in the spandrel 3-axis direction; and the length is in the
spandrel 1-axis direction. Spandrel sections are always planar.
In addition, you can, if desired, specify a slab thickness and depth, making
the spandrel design section into a T-beam. You cannot specify reinforcing in
a spandrel section. Thus, you can only design spandrel sections, not check
them.
The pier and spandrel design sections are designed for the forces obtained
from the program's analysis, which is based on the analysis sections. In other
words, the design sections are designed based on the forces obtained for the
analysis sections.
D-2
Bibliography
CSI, 2008. CSi Analysis Reference Manual. Computers and Structures, Inc.,
1995 University Avenue, Berkeley, California, 94704.
NZS, 2006. Concrete Structures Standard (NZS 3101:2006), Part 1 The De-
sign of Concrete and Part 2 Commentary on the Design of Concrete
Structures, Standards New Zealand, Private Bag 2439, Wellington 6140,
New Zealand.
SA/SNZ 2002b. AS/NZS 1170.2:2002 Australia/New Zealand Standard

Structural Design Action, Part 2 : Wind Actions. Jointly published by
Standards Australia International, Ltd., GPO Box 5420, Sydney, NSW
2001, Australia, and Standards New Zealand, Private Bag 2439, Wel-
lington, 6140, New Zealand. ISBN 07337 4473 3
SA/SNZ, 2002a. AS/NZS 1170.0:2002 Australian/New Zealand Standard

Structural Design Actions, Part 0 : General Principles. Jointly published
by Standards Australia International, Ltd., GPO Box 5420, Sydney, NSW
2001, Australia, and Standards New Zealand, Private Bag 2439, Wel-
lington, 6140, New Zealand. ISBN 07337 4469 9
SNZ, 2004. NZS 1170.5:2004 New Zealand Standard Structural Design Ac-
tions, Part 5: Earthquake actions - New Zealand, Standards New Zealand,
Private Bag 2439, Wellington 6140, New Zealand. ISBN 1-86975-018-7
Bibliography - 1
Steel Frame Design NZS 3101-06
White, D.L. and J. F. Hajjar, 1991. Application of Second-Order Elastic

Analysis in LRFD: Research to Practice. Engineering Journal, ACI, Vol.
28, No. 4, pp. 133148.
Bibliography - 2

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Shear Wall Design Manual

ISO ETA082914M43 Rev. 0

Copyright Computers & Structures, Inc., 1978-2014

No part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any

Further information and copies of this documentation may be obtained from:

Computers & Structures, Inc.

info@csiamerica.com (for general information)

CONSIDERABLE TIME, EFFORT AND EXPENSE HAVE GONE INTO THE

THIS PRODUCT IS A PRACTICAL AND POWERFUL TOOL FOR STRUCTURAL

THE INFORMATION PRODUCED BY THE SOFTWARE MUST BE CHECKED BY

Shear Wall Design

2.1.1 Determine the Concrete Shear Capacity 2-2

Appendix A Supported Design Codes

Appendix B Shear Wall Design Preferences

Appendix C Design Procedure Overwrites

Appendix D Analysis Section and Design Sections

The design is based on loading combinations specified by the user (Section

The program performs the following design, check, or analysis procedures in

Design of concrete wall piers for shear (Chapter 2)

Design of concrete shear wall spandrels for flexure (Chapter 3)

Design of concrete wall spandrels for shear (Chapter 3)

Consideration of the confinement reinforcement requirements for concrete

Acv Area of concrete used to determine shear stress, mm2

As Area of tension reinforcing steel, mm2

Asc Area of reinforcing steel required for compression in a pier

Asc-max Maximum area of compression reinforcing steel in a wall pier

Ast Area of reinforcing steel required for tension in a pier edge

Ast-max Maximum area of tension reinforcing steel in a wall pier edge

Av Area of reinforcing steel required for shear, mm2 / mm

Avd Area of diagonal shear reinforcement in a coupling beam, mm2

Av-min Minimum required area of distributed vertical reinforcing steel

A's Area of compression reinforcing steel in a spandrel, mm2

B1, B2... Length of a concrete edge member in a wall with uniform

Cc Concrete compression force in a wall pier or spandrel, pounds

Cf Concrete compression force in the extruding portion of a T-

Cs Compression force in wall pier or spandrel reinforcing steel,

Cw Concrete compression force in the web of a T-beam, pounds

D/C Demand/Capacity ratio as measured on an interaction curve

DB1 Length of a user-defined wall pier edge member, mm. This

Es Modulus of elasticity of reinforcing steel, MPa

IP-max The maximum ratio of reinforcing considered in the design of

IP-min The minimum ratio of reinforcing considered in the design of

LBZ Horizontal length of the boundary zone at each end of a wall

Lw Horizontal length of wall pier, mm. This can be different at the

Ls Horizontal length of wall spandrel, mm

Mn Nominal bending strength, Newton-mm

M* Factored bending moment at a design section, Newton-mm

M*c In a wall spandrel with compression reinforcing, the factored

M*f In a wall spandrel with a T-beam section and compression re-

M*s In a wall spandrel with compression reinforcing, the factored

M*w In a wall spandrel with a T-beam section and compression re-

OC On a wall pier interaction curve the "distance" from the origin

OL On a wall pier interaction curve the "distance" from the origin

Nb The axial force in a wall pier at a balanced strain condition,

Nmax Limit on the maximum compressive design strength specified

Nmax Factor Factor used to reduce the allowable maximum compressive

Nn Nominal axial strength, Newton

N0 Nominal axial load strength of a wall pier, Newton

N* Factored axial force at a design section, Newton

NCmax Maximum ratio of compression steel in an edge member of a

NTmax Maximum ratio of tension steel in an edge member of a wall

RLW Shear strength reduction factor as specified in the concrete

RLL Reduced live load