GRAVITY SEWERAGE

CODE OF AUSTRALIA
Hunter Water Corporation Edition
Version 2

WSA 022014
Gravity Sewerage Code of Australia

WSA 022014-3.1

Hunter Water Edition

Version 2

Previous edition WSA 02:2002-2. 3

Previous Hunter Water edition WSA 02 December 2009
 CONTENTS
PREFACE
INTRODUCTION
PART 0: GLOSSARY OF TERMS AND ABBREVIATIONS

I Glossary of Terms
II Abbreviations
III Referenced Documents

PART 1: PLANNING AND DESIGN

Contents
1 General
2 System Planning
3 Flow Estimation
4 Products and Materials
5 Detail Design
6 Property Connection
7 Maintenance Structures
8 Ancillary Structures
9 Structural Design
10 Design Review and Drawings

PART 2: CONSTRUCTION

Contents
11 General
12 General Construction
13 Products and Materials
14 Excavation
15 Bedding for Pipes and Maintenance Structures
16 Pipe Laying and Jointing
17 Maintenance Holes (MHs)
18 Maintenance Shafts (MS and TMS), Maintenance Chambers (MC and
Inspection Openings (IO) or Inspection Shafts (IS)
19 Pipe Embedment and Support
20 Fill
21 Acceptance Testing
22 Tolerances on As-Constructed Work
23 Connections to Existing Sewers
24 Restoration
25 Work As Constructed Details
 3 WSA 022014- 3.1

PART 3: DRAWINGS
Contents
HW 26 Introduction
HW 27 Listing of Drawings
HW 28 Commentary on SEW-1100 Series Pipeline Layout
HW 29 Commentary on SEW-1200 Series Embedment and Trench Fill
HW 30 Commentary on SEW-1300 Series Maintenance Structures
HW 31 Commentary on SEW-1400 Series Special Crossings/Structure
Arrangements
HW 32 Commentary on SEW-1500 Series Insertions and Repair Systems
GRAVITY SEWERAGE CODE OF AUSTRALIA VERSION 3.1 (HUNTER WATER
EDITION) VERSION 2

APPENDICES

Appendix A Generic Infrastructure Protection Guidance

Appendix D Protection Against Degradation
Appendix E Ventilation of Reticulation Sewers Guidelines
Appendix F Trenchless Technologies
Appendix G Use of Bends, Fittings and Terminal Maintenance Shafts/Maintenance
Chambers
Appendix H Property Connection Types
Appendix I Maximum Depth to Invert for Standard Support Types
Appendix J Sewers in Slip and Potentially Unstable Areas
Appendix K Ovality Testing of Gravity Sewers
Appendix L Specification for Internal Inspection
Appendix HWM Telemetry Signal Requirements
Appendix HWN Estimation of Equivalent Tenements (ET), Storm Allowance (SA) and
Design Flow
Appendix HWO Gauging of Sewer Overflows, Flows, Levels and Velocities
Appendix HWP Analysis of Flow Gauging Results from Existing Systems
Appendix HWQ Computer Flow Modelling
Appendix HWR Gravity Sewer Capacities, Pipe Sizing and Grading Tables
Appendix HWS Quality Assurance of Products Quality Assurance Options and
Selection
Appendix HWT Environmental Considerations
Appendix HWU Design Review Checklist
WSA 022014- 3.1 1

Gravity Sewerage Code of Australia

WSA 022014-3.1

Hunter Water Edition

Version 2

Part 1: Planning and Design

 CONTENTS
1 GENERAL
1.1 SCOPE
1.2 PLA NNING A ND DES IGN
1.2.1 Objectives
1.2.2 Sc ope and requirements
1.2.3 S ervicing strategies
1.2.4 Functional design requirements
1.2.5 Concept plan format
1.2.6 Critical infrast ructure protection
1.2.6. 1 General
1.2.6. 2 Asset categorisation
1.2.6. 3 All hazards Infrastruct ure prot ection
1.2.7 Det ailed design
1.2.7. 1 Designers needs and res ponsibilities
1.2.7. 2 Requirements to be addressed
1.2.7. 3 Design outputs
1.2.7. 4 Safety in design
1.3 CONS ULTA TION WITH OTHE R PARTIES
1.3.1 Design life
1.3.2 Instrumentation and cont rol systems
HW 1.4 SYS TEM S TRA TEGIES
HW 1.4. 1 Regional servicing strat egies
HW 1.4. 2 Loc al (developer) servicing strategies
HW 1.4. 3 Validity of st rategies and designs
2 SYSTEM PLANNING
2.1 GE NE RAL
2.2 SEWER SYS TEM PHILOS OP HY AND DEFINITION
2.2.1 Disaggregation
2.2.2 Level 1 Total system
2.2.3 Level 2 Transport ation subsystems
2.2.4 Level 3 operating units
2.2.4. 1 Sewers
2.2.4. 2 Sewage pumping stations (SPSs)
2.2.4. 3 Storage
2.3 PLA NNING P RINCIPLES
2.3.1 Planning horizon
2.3.2 Concept plan
2.3.3 Catc hment analysis
2.3.4 P rovision for fut ure gauging needs
2.4 PLA NNING PA RAME TE RS
2.4.1 Loading per serviced lot
2.4.2 Estimating future catchment loads
2.4.3 Estimating existing system loads
2.4.4 Climate c hange impacts
2.4.5 E nvironmental, cult ural and heritage impacts
2.4.6 Geotec hnic al investigations
2.4.7 Contaminated sites
2.4.8 Operations and maintenance considerations
2.4.9 S ewer mining
HW 2.4. 10 Restrictions to surcharging of s ewers
2.5 SEWAGE QUA LITY
2.5.1 S epticity
2.5.2 A ustralian sewage quality management guidelines
2.6 PLA NNING REV IEW
 HW 2.7 MHS FOR MONITORING P URPOSES
HW 2.7. 1 Flow gauge MHs
HW 2.7. 2 Infiltration checking MHs
3 FLOW ESTIM ATION
3.1 GE NE RAL
3.2 NOT USE D
3.3 DESIGN FLOW ES TIMA TION ME THOD
3.3.1 General
3.3.2 Not used
3.3.3 Not used
3.3.4 Not used
3.3.5 Not used
HW 3.3. 6 Calculation of theoretic al gravity flows
HW 3.3. 7 Pumped flows
HW 3.3. 8 Flow calc ulation summary
HW 3.3. 9 Sewer Layout and Flow Diagram
4 PRODUCTS AND M ATERIALS
4.1 GE NE RAL
4.2 IDE NTIFICA TION OF SEWE R SYS TEMS
4.3 SE RVICAB ILITY OF SEWE R SYS TEMS
4.4 P ROTE CTION AGA INS T DEGRA DA TION
4.5 DUCTILE IRON GRAV ITY SEWERS
4.5.1 P roduct S pecifications
4.5.2 Siz es and configurations
4.5.3 Cement mortar lining
4.5.4 Sleeving
4.6 PV C GRAV ITY SEWERS
4.6.1 P roduct S pecifications
4.6.2 Siz es and configurations
4.7 POLYE THY LENE GRAVITY SEWERS
4.7.1 P roduct S pecifications
4.7.2 Siz es and configurations
4.8 POLYP ROPY LE NE GRAV ITY SEWERS
4.8.1 P roduct S pecifications
4.8.2 Siz es and configurations
4.9 GRP GRAV ITY SEWE RS
4.9.1 P roduct S pecifications
4.9.2 Siz es and configurations
4.10 P LAS TICS-LINED CONCRE TE GRAV ITY SEWERS
4.10. 1 Product Specific ations
4.10. 2 Sizes and configurations
4.11 V ITRIFIE D CLAY SEWE RS
4.11. 1 Product Specific ations
4.11. 2 Sizes and configurations
4.12 S TEEL GRAV ITY SEWERS
4.12. 1 Product Specific ations
4.12. 2 Sizes and configurations
4.12. 3 Joints
4.12. 4 Field welding
4.12. 5 Flanged joints
4.13 MAINTENA NCE S TRUCTURES
4.13. 1 Product Specific ations
4.13. 2 Classification and applic ation
4.13. 3 Sizes and configurations
4.14 MARK ING TAPES
4.14. 1 Product Specific ations
 4.14. 2 Application
4.15 A CCESS COVE RS A ND FRA MES
4.15. 1 Product Specific ations
4.15. 2 Application
4.15. 3 Cast iron access covers and frames
4.15. 4 Macro-composite acc ess covers and frames
4.15. 5 Thermoplastic access covers and frames
4.15. 6 Size and configuration
4.15. 7 Marking of access covers and frames
4.16 VE NT S HAFTS
4.16. 1 Product Specific ations
4.16. 2 Application
5 DETAIL DESIGN
5.1 DE TA IL DES IGN P ROCESS
5.2 DE TA IL DES IGN CONS IDERA TIONS
5.2.1 Catc hment design
5.2.2 Design accuracy
HW 5.2. 2.1 Survey control
5.2.3 S ewer lay out
5.2.4 Loc ation of sewers
5.2.4. 1 General
5.2.4. 2 Sewers loc ated along side boundaries
5.2.4. 3 Sewers loc ated along rear boundaries
5.2.4. 4 Not used
5.2.4. 5 Sewers servicing industrial /commercial lots
5.2.4. 6 Branc h and trunk sewers
5.2.5 Trenchless techniques for pipe inst allation
5.2.6 Near-horizontal boreholes and tunnels
5.2.6. 1 General
5.2.6. 2 Design requirements
5.2.6. 3 Silt traps
5.2.7 E nvironmental, cult ural and heritage considerations
5.2.7. 1 General
5.2.7. 2 Urban salinity
5.2.7. 3 Acid sulphate s oils
5.2.7. 4 Veget ation
5.2.7. 5 Coast al zones
HW 5.2. 7.6 Cont aminat ed sites
5.2.8 E asements
5.2.9 Disus ed s ewers
5.2.10 Special design c onsiderations
5.3 HORIZONTAL A LIGNME NT OF SEWERS
5.3.1 General
5.3.2 Roads, res erves and open space
5.3.3 Railway reserves
5.3.4 Wat erways
5.3.5 Maintenance structures and vent shafts
5.3.6 Changes in direction using an MH
5.3.7 Changes in direction using a TMS or MC
5.3.8 Horiz ontal curves in sewers
5.3.8. 1 General
5.3.8. 2 Us e of manufactured and variable bends in retic ulation s ewers
5.3.8. 3 Cumulative deflection using pipe joints
5.4 OBS TRUCTIONS A ND CLEA RA NCES
5.4.1 General
5.4.2 S urface obstructions
 5.4.3 Clearance from transmission towers and power lines
5.4.4 Clearance from structures
5.4.5 Underground obst ructions and s ervices
5.4.5. 1 General
5.4.5. 2 Clearanc e requirements
5.4.6 Marker posts
HW 5.4. 7 Marker t ape
5.5 P IPE SIZING AND GRA DING
5.5.1 General
5.5.2 E nvironmental protection requirements
5.5.3 Minimum air space
5.5.4 Minimum pipe sizes for maintenance purposes
5.5.5 Maximum E T for reticulation sewers
5.5.5. 1 General
5.5.5. 2 Not used
5.5.6 Limit ation on sewer size reduction
5.5.7 Minimum grades for s elf-cleansing
5.5.7. 1 General
5.5.7. 2 Reticulation sewers
5.5.7. 3 Property connection sewers and end-of-line s ewers
5.5.8 Minimum grades for slime control
5.5.9 Maximum grades
5.5.9. 1 Branc h and trunk sewers
5.5.9. 2 Reticulation sewers
5.6 VE RTICAL A LIGNME NT OF SEWERS
5.6.1 General
5.6.2 Long s ection design plan
5.6.3 Minimum cover over sewers
5.6.4 Lot servicing requirements
5.6.4. 1 General
5.6.4. 2 Serviced area requirements for residential lots
5.6.4. 3 Serviced area requirements for indust rial and commercial lots
5.6.4. 4 Partial lot servic e
5.6.4. 5 Servicing of basements
5.6.4. 6 Servicing of developed lots
5.6.5 Minimum depth of s ewer c onnection point
5.6.5. 1 General
5.6.5. 2 Soffit requirement
5.6.5. 3 Physical losses in cust omer sanitary drains
5.6.5. 4 Dept h of connection point
5.6.6 Grading through MHs
5.6.6. 1 General
5.6.6. 2 Internal fall through MHs joining sewers of same diameter
5.6.6. 3 Internal falls through MHs joining s ewers of different diameters
5.6.6. 4 Major sewer junctions
5.6.6. 5 Large falls at MHs
5.6.6. 6 A voiding hy draulic jumps due to steep grades
5.6.6. 7 A voiding deep channels in MHs due to steep grades
5.6.7 V ertic al curves in sewers
5.6.8 Compound curves
6 PROPERTY CONNECTION
6.1 GE NE RAL
6.2 LIMITA TIONS OF CONNE CTION TO SEWE RS
6.3 ME THODS OF THE P ROPE RTY CONNE CTION
6.3.1 General
6.3.2 IO interfac e met hod
 6.3.3 B uried interfac e met hod
6.3.4 Typical layouts of sewers and general arrangements for property connection sewers
6.3.5 Maximum dept h of property connection point
6.4 NUMBER OF P ROPE RTY CONNE CTION P OINTS
6.4.1 Single occ upancy lots
6.4.2 Multiple occupancy lots
6.5 LOCA TION OF PROPE RTY CONNECTION POINTS
6.5.1 General
6.5.2 V acant lots
6.5.3 Lots with existing buildings
6.6 P ROPE RTY CONNE CTION SEWE RS
6.6.1 General
6.6.2 Ty pe 7 spur or Y property sewer connections
6.7 LE NGTH OF P ROPERTY CONNE CTION SEWE RS
7 M AINTENANCE STRUCTURES
7.1 TYPES OF MA INTE NANCE S TRUCTURES
7.2 LOCA TIONS OF MA INTE NANCE S TRUCTURES
7.3 SPA CING OF MAINTE NA NCE S TRUCTURES
7.3.1 General
7.3.2 Maintenance structure spacingReticulation s ewers
7.3.3 Maintenance structure spacingB ranch and trunk sewers
7.4 SPE CIAL CONS IDERA TIONS FOR LOCA TION OF MA INTE NA NCE S TRUCTURES
7.5 SPECIAL CONSIDERA TIONS FOR CONNECTION OF NEW SEWERS TO EXISTING SEWERS

7.6 MA INTE NA NCE HOLES (MHS)

7.6.1 General
7.6.2 Ty pes of MH construction
7.6.3 Design paramet ers for MHs
7.6.4 Design requirements for connection of sewers to MHs
7.6.4. 1 Pre-c ast concrete MH bas e units
7.6.4. 2 Cast in-situ concrete MH base units
7.6.4. 3 Rocker pipes
7.6.5 Connection of property connection sewers int o MHs
7.6.6 MH drops
7.6.7 Diamet ers of MHs
7.6.8 MH base layout
7.6.9 Ladders, step irons and landings
7.7 TE RMINAL MA INTE NA NCE SHA FTS (TMSS ) / MAINTE NA NCE CHAMBE RS (MCS)
7.7.1 General
7.7.2 Design paramet ers for MCs and TMSs
7.7.3 Connections to MCs and TMSs
7.7.3. 1 Connections to PE MSs and TMSs
7.7.3. 2 Connections to pre-cast conc ret e MC bas e units
7.7.3. 3 Connections to PP MCs and TMSs
7.7.4 High-level connections to MCs and TMSs
7.7.4. 1 High-level connections int o a pre-cast concrete MC
7.7.4. 2 High-level connections int o a PE MC and TMS
7.7.4. 3 High-level connections int o a PV C-U TMS
7.7.4. 4 High-level connections int o a PP MC and TMS
7.8 INSPE CTION SHA FTS (ISS )
7.8.1 General
7.8.2 Terminal inspection s haft (Ty pe A )
7.8.3 V ertic al drop ins pection shaft (Ty pe B )
7.8.4 Intermediate ins pection shaft (Ty pe C)
7.8.5 E nds of pipe
7.8.5. 1 Temporary ends of pipe
 7.8.5. 2 Permanent ends of pipe
7.9 MA INTE NA NCE S TRUCTURE COVE RS
7.9.1 General
7.9.2 Cross-fall on MH covers
7.9.3 Modifications to existing maint enanc e holes
7.10 SEWE RS FROM JUNCTIONS
7.11 OTHER MAINTENANCE STRUCTURES AT INTERFACE OF PROPERTY CONNECTION
SEWERS AND SA NITA RY DRA INS
8 ANCILLIARY STRUCTURES
8.1 GE NE RAL
8.2 WATER SEALS, BOUNDARY TRAPS, WATER-SEALED MHS AND GAS CHECK MHS
8.2.1 B oundary traps on s anit ary drains
8.2.1. 1 General
8.2.1. 2 Responsibility for installation of boundary traps
8.2.2 Wat er s eals, water-sealed MHs and gas check MHs
8.2.2. 1 General
8.2.2. 2 Not used
8.2.2. 3 Not used
8.2.3 Wat er-sealed MHs and gas check MHs
8.2.3. 1 General
8.2.3. 2 Water-s ealed MHs
8.2.3. 3 Gas check MHs
8.3 VE RTICAL A ND NEA R VE RTICAL SEWERS
8.3.1 General
8.3.2 Design parameters for bored, exposed and encased vertical and near vertical sewers
8.4 VE NTILA TION
8.4.1 General
8.4.2 Design paramet ers for ventilation and loc ation of vent shafts
8.4.3 Design det ails for ventilation lines, vent shafts and cowls
8.5 VORTE X INLE TS AND WA TE R CUS HIONS
8.6 INVE RTED SYP HONS
8.6.1 General
8.6.2 Design paramet ers for invert ed syphons
8.7 EME RGE NCY RELIEF S TRUCTURES
8.7.1 General
8.7.2 Design paramet ers for E RSs
8.7.2. 1 General
8.7.2. 2 Configuration
8.7.2. 3 Overflow pipe
8.7.2. 4 Overflow level
8.8 FLOW MEAS URING DEV ICES
8.8.1 General
8.8.2 Within the sewer system
8.8.3 At a s ewage pumping station
8.9 WE T WEA THER S TORAGE
8.9.1 General
8.9.2 Design considerations
9 STRUCTURAL DESIGN
9.1 GE NE RAL
9.2 P RODUCTS AND MA TERIA LS
9.3 S TRUCTURA L CONS IDE RA TIONS
9.3.1 Pipes
9.3.2 Design factors affecting buried flexible and rigid pipes
9.3.3 Maintenance structures
9.4 LOA DINGS
9.4.1 External forces
 9.4.2 Native soil strength
9.4.3 Embedment zone dimensions
9.4.4 Pipe embedment
9.4.5 B uoy ancy
9.4.6 Flot ation
9.5 FOUNDA TION DES IGN A ND GROUNDWA TE R CONTROL
9.5.1 Migration of fines
9.6 GE OTE CHNICA L CONSIDE RA TIONS
9.6.1 General
9.6.2 Pipelines in engineered or controlled fill
9.6.3 Pipelines in non-engineered fill
9.6.4 Filling along route of pipeline
9.6.5 Mine subsidence
9.6.6 Slip areas
9.6.7 Wat er-charged ground
9.7 SPE CIAL EMBE DME NT CONCRE TE A ND S TAB ILISE D SUPP ORTS
9.7.1 General
9.7.2 Requirements
9.8 ABOVE GROUND CROSS INGS
9.9 P IPE COVE R
9.10 B ULKHEADS A ND TRENCHS TOPS
9.11 TRE NCH DRA INAGE
10 DESIGN REVIEW AND DRAWINGS
10.1 DES IGN REV IEW
10.2 DES IGN DRAWINGS
10.2. 1 General
10.2. 2 Composition of Design Drawings
10.2. 3 Scale
10.2. 4 Real property information
10.2. 5 Sewers
10.2. 6 Structures
10.2. 7 Longitudinal sections (profiles)
10.2. 8 Title block not ation and standard notes
10.2. 9 Ot her
10.3 SEWE R SYS TEM A CRONYMS
10.4 SPE CIFICA TIONS
10.5 RE CORDING OF WORK AS CONS TRUCTE D INFORMA TION
TABLES
Table 1.1 Asset Categories
Table 1.2 Typical Asset Design Life
Table 1.3 Planning and Design Approach
Table 4.1 Colour Identific at ion of Components in Reticulation Sewer Systems
Table 4.2 Limitations of Sewage Chemistry Constituents for Use of Different
Types of Cement
Table 5.1 Maximum Limit of Deviation in Level and Line of Boreholes and
Tunnels
Table 5.2 Maximum Allowable Deflections Through an MH
Table 5.3 Methods of Achieving Curved Sewers
Table 5.4 Clearances Between Sewers and Other Underground Services
Table 5.5 Minimum Pipe Sizes for Reticulation and Property Connection
Sewers
Table 5.6 Not used
Table 5.7 Manning Coeffic ient
Table 5.8 Not used
Table 5.9 Minimum Grades for Property Connection Sewers
Table 5.10 Minimum Grades for End-of-line Sewers
Table 5.11 Minimum Cover over Sewers
Table 5.12 Minimum Internal Fall Through an MH Joining Reticulation Sewers
of Same Diameter
Table 5.13 Limitations on Large Falls at MHs Using Internal and External Drops
Table 5.14 Steep Sewers Requiring Special Treatment
Table 7.1 Acceptable Maintenance Structure Options for Reticulation and
Property Connection Sewers
Table 7.2 External MH Drop Pipe Structure
Table 7.3 Rocker Pipe Dimensions
Table 7.4 Minimum Drop Height Details for PP
Table 7.5 Guide to Selection of Maintenance Structure Access Covers, Class
and Finished Surface Levels
Table 8.1 Requirements for Vortex Inlets and Water Cushions
Table 8.2 ERS Structure Components
Table 9.1 Requirements for Bulkheads and Trenchst ops

FIGURES
Figure 2.1 Disaggregat ion Model for Transport at ion Subsystems
Figure HW Flow Gauging MH General Arrangement
2.2
Figure 3.1 Not used
Figure 5.1 Physical Losses in Customer Sanitary Drains
Figure 5.2 Depth of Point of Connection and Use of Risers
Figure 5.3 Excessively Deep Channels Caused By Steep Grades
Figure 5.4 Incoming Level Adjusted to Prevent Deep Channel
Figure 6.1 Not used
Figure 6.2 Not used
Figure 6.3 Not used
Figure 6.4 Property Connection Points for Sewers in Road Reserves IO
Interfac e Method
Figure 6.5 Property Connection Points for Sewers in Easements and Private
Lots Buried Interface Method
Figure 6.6 Typical Connection to Deep Sewers in Private Property
Figure 6.7 Type 7 Spur or Y Property Sewer Connections Buried Interface
Method
Figure 7.1 MC Between Consecutive MHs
Figure 7.2 MC Between Consecutive MHs
Figure 7.3 No MC Between Last MH and IS, TMS or MC
Figure 7.4 Single MC Between Last MH and IS, TMS or MC
Figure 7.5 Typical Pre-Cast MH Base with Pre-Formed Benching
Figure 7.6 Typical Pre-Cast Concrete MH Base with Conical Benching
Figure 7.7 Typical Cast In-Situ Concrete MH Base for VC, RC and DI RRJ
Sewers
Figure 7.8 Typical Cast In-Situ Concrete MH Base for PVC RRJ Sewers
Figure 7.9 Typical Cast In-Situ Concrete MH Base for PVC-U SCJ
Figure 7.10 Typical Cast In-Situ Concrete MH Base for VC and GRP Sleeved
Coupled Sewers
Figure 7.11 Typical Cast In-Situ Concrete MH Base for Profile Wall PP Sewers
Figure 7.12 Typical Cast In-Situ Concrete MH Base for Solid Wall PE Sewers
Figure 7.13 Typical Cast In-Situ Concrete MH with External Drop Pipe (PVC-U
DWV RRJ Sewer Pipe Shown)
Figure 7.14 Typical Pre-Cast Concrete MH with External Drop Pipe (PVC-U
DWV RRJ Sewer Pipe Shown)
Figure 7.15 Typical Cast In-Situ Concrete MH with Internal Drop Pipe (PVC-U
DWV Sewer Pipe Shown)
Figure 7.16 Typical MH Base Design
Figure 7.17 Typical Arrangements for the Connection of PE Sewers
Figure 7.18 Typical Arrangements for the Connection of a PE TMS to PE
Sewers
Figure 7.19 Typical PVC-U Cap Assembly and Fittings
Figure 7.20 Typical Arrangement for the Connection to a Pre-Cast Concrete MC
Figure 7.21 Typical PP MC and TMS Connection Details
Figure 7.22 Typical TMS with Property Connection Ahead
Figure 7.23 Typical Pre-Cast MC with High-Level Connection
Figure 7.24 Typical PE MC or TMS Drop Detail Dimensions
Figure 7.25 Typical PVC-U TMS Drop Detail Dimensions
Figure 7.26 Typical PP MC/TMS With High-Level Connection
Figure 7.27 Typical External Sewer Drop Structure Type A - 45 Slope Junction
Figure 7.28 Typical External Sewer Drop Structure Type B 90 Slope Junction
Figure 7.29 Terminal Inspection Shaft Type A
Figure 7.30 Vertical Drop Inspection Shaft Type B
Figure 7.31 Intermediat e Inspection Shaft Type C
Figure 7.32 Access Requirements for Sewers from Junctions
Figure 8.1 Application of Water Seal Arrangements
Figure 8.2 Typical Boundary Trap and Shaft
Figure 8.3 Not used
Figure 8.4 Typical Water-Sealed MH with External Drop Plan View
Figure 8.5 Typical Water-Sealed MH with External Drop Elevation
Figure 8.6 Typical Water-Sealed MH with Minimum Drop Plan View
Figure 8.7 Typical Water-Sealed MH with Minimum Drop Elevation
Figure 8.8 Typical Gas Check MH Sectional Plan
Figure 8.9 Typical Gas Check MH Section Elevation
Figure 8.10 Typical Gas Check MH Internal Drop Arrangement Section
Elevation
Figure 8.11 Not used
Figure 8.12 Not used
Figure 8.13 Not used
Figure 8.14 Not used
Figure 8.15 Not used
Figure 9.1 Not used
Figure 9.2 Not used
Figure 9.3 Not used
Figure 9.4 Not used
Figure 9.5 Not used
Figure 9.6 Not used
Figure 9.7 Not used
Figure 9.8 Not used
Figure 9.9 Not used
Figure 9.10 Not used
Figure 9.11 Not used
Figure 9.12 Not used
Figure 9.13 Not used
Figure 9.14 Not used
Figure 9.15 Not used
Figure 9.16 Not used
Figure 9.17 Not used
Figure 9.18 Not used
Figure 9.19 Not used
Figure 9.20 Not used
Figure 9.21 Not used
Figure 9.22 Not used
 Gravity Sewerage Code of Australia
WSA 022014-3.1

Hunter Water Edition

Version 2
Part 2: Construction

HUNTER WATER EDITION V ERSION 2 COPY RIGHT JULY 2017

WSA 022014- 3.1 200

CONTENTS

11 GENERAL
11.1 S COPE
11.1. 1 Resolution of c omplaints
11.2 INTE RP RE TA TION
12 GENERAL CONSTRUCTION
12.1 GE NERA L
12.2 ORDE R OF CONS TRUCTION, TES TING A ND COMMISS IONING
12.3 CONTRA CT INTE RFA CES
12.4 CUS TOME R FOCUS
12.4. 1 General
12.4. 2 Resolution of c omplaints
12.5 P ROTE CTION OF PROPE RTY A ND E NV IRONME NT
12.5. 1 Protection of other services
12.5. 2 Road reserves or other thoroughfares
12.5. 2.1 Road opening permits
12.5. 2.2 Treatment of pavements and other surfac es
12.5. 2.3 Cleanliness of roads, pat hs, accesses and drainage pat hs
12.5. 2.4 St orage of products, materials, equipment and excavated mat erial
12.5. 2.5 Obstruction of street drainage
12.5. 3 Private and public lands
12.5. 4 Protection of t he environment and heritage areas
12.5. 4.1 General
12.5. 4.2 Collection and disposal of wastes
12.5. 4.3 P rot ection of adjac ent lands and veget ation
12.5. 4.4 Control of wat er pollution
12.5. 4.5 Contaminated soils
12.5. 4.6 Control of nois e and atmos pheric pollution
12.5. 4.7 E quipment and mac hinery use in bus h fire prone areas
12.6 DIS USE D SEWERS
12.7 OPE RA TION OF WA TER S UPP LY NE TW ORK
12.8 A LTE RA TION OF E XIS TING SE RV ICES
12.9 S URVEY MA RKS
12.10 CONS TRUCTION TOLE RA NCES
12.11 LA TE NT CONDITIONS
13 PRODUCTS AND M ATERIALS
13.1 APP ROVE D PRODUCTS A ND MA TE RIALS
HW 13. 1.1 General
13.2 DE LIVERY INSPE CTION OF PRODUCTS A ND MA TE RIA LS
13.3 TRANSPORTA TION, HANDLING AND STORAGE OF PRODUCTS AND MATERIALS
13.3. 1 General
13.3. 2 Transport ation
13.3. 3 Unloading and handling
13.3. 4 On-sit e storage
13.3. 5 Plastics-lined concrete products
13.3. 6 Coiled plastics pipe
13.4 CONCRE TE WORKS
13.5 S UPP LY OF WA TE R TO THE WORKS
14 EXCAVATION
14.1 P RE CA UTIONS
14.2 LIMITS OF CLEA RING A ND E XCAVA TION
14.3 P ROTE CTION OF TREES
14.3. 1 General precautions

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14.3. 2 Protection of roots

14.4 B LAS TING
14.5 S UPP ORT OF E XCAVA TIONS
14.6 DRA INAGE A ND DEWA TE RING
14.7 E XCAVA TION ACROSS IMPROVE D SURFA CES
14.8 TRE NCH E XCAVA TION
14.8. 1 General
14.8. 2 Construction of embankment
14.8. 3 Clearanc es for on-site works
14.9 REFILL OF E XCESS IVE E XCAVA TION
14.10 FOUNDA TIONS A ND FOUNDA TION S TAB ILISA TION
14.11 S URP LUS E XCAVA TE D MA TE RIAL
14.12 E XCAVA TION A ND PIPE LAY ING US ING TRE NCHLESS TE CHNIQUES
15 BEDDING FOR PIPES AND M AINTENANCE STRUCTURES
15.1 TRE NCH FLOOR P REPA RA TION
15.2 BE DDING MA TE RIA LS
15.2. 1 Plac ement of bedding
15.3 SPE CIA L PIPE S UPP ORT FOR NON-SUPP ORTIVE SOILS
15.4 BEDDING FOR MAINTENANCE CHAMBERS, MAINTENANCE SHAFTS, INSPECTION
SHAFTS A ND BENDS
15.5 BE DDING FOR MAINTE NA NCE HOLES
16 PIPE LAYING AND JOINTING
16.1 INS TA LLA TION OF P IPES
16.1. 1 General
16.1. 2 Cleaning, inspection and joint preparation
16.1. 3 Coiled plastics pipes
16.1. 4 Laying
16.2 HORIZONTA L AND VE RTICAL DEFLECTION OF SEWE RS
16.2. 1 General
16.2. 2 Methods of deflection
16.2. 3 Horizontal curves
16.2. 4 Vertical curves
16.2. 5 Compound curves
16.3 HORIZONTA L AND VE RTICAL SEPA RA TION OF CROSS ING P IPELINES
16.4 FLOTA TION CONTROL
16.5 TRE NCH S TOPS
16.6 B ULKHEADS
16.7 P ROPERTY CONNE CTION SEWERS
16.8 DEA D E NDS
16.9 MARK ING OF P ROPE RTY CONNE CTION SEWE RS AND DEA D ENDS
16.10 CORROS ION P ROTE CTION OF CAS T IRON
16.11 MA RKE RS
16.11.1 Non-detectable marking tape
16.11.2 Detectable marking tape
16.12 BORE D P IPES UNDE R ROA DS, DRIVEWAYS AND ELS EWHE RE
16.13 AQUE DUCTS
16.14 B RIDGE CROSS INGS
16.15 PLAS TICS -LINE D RC P IPE JOINTING
16.15.1 General
16.15.2 Plastics lining work prot ection
16.15.3 Field jointing
16.15.4 Plastics lining ancillary work
16.15.4. 1 Alignment of lining keys
16.15.4. 2 Provision of seepage channels
16.15.4. 3 Us e of jointing accessories and adhesives
16.16 WELDING OF S TEEL P IPE LINES

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16.16.1 General
16.16.2 Field welding of flanges
16.16.3 Reinstat ement of cement mortar lining
16.16.4 Reinstat ement of external corrosion protection at joints using a tape system
16.16.4. 1 Surfac e preparation
16.16.4. 2 Priming surfaces
16.16.4. 3 Mastic filler
16.16.4. 4 Tape applic ation
16.16.5 Reinstatement of external corrosion protection at joints using a heat-shrinkable sleeve
system
16.16.5. 1 Surfac e preparation
16.16.5. 2 Preheat pipe
16.16.5. 3 Priming surfaces
16.16.5. 4 Mastic filler
16.16.5. 5 Heat-shrinkable sleeve preparation
16.16.5. 6 Heat-shrinkable sleeve application
16.17 WELDING OF PE PIPE LINES
16.17.1 General
16.17.2 W elder qualifications
16.17.3 Connections to pipes of ot her mat erials
17 M AINTENANCE HOLES (MHS)
17.1 GE NERA L
17.2 CONCRE TE MHS
17.2. 1 Concrete MH base
17.2. 2 Pre-c ast conc ret e MH systems
17.2. 3 Cast in-situ concrete MH
17.2. 4 Benching and channels
17.2. 5 Concreting for t hermoplastics-lined works
17.2. 5.1 Concrete work planning
17.2. 5.2 Fixing of thermoplastics lining for concrete work
17.2. 5.3 Concrete plac ement and formwork removal
17.2. 6 Int ernal coating of c oncrete MHs
17.3 GLASS RE INFORCE D PLAS TICS (GRP ) MHS
17.4 P OLYE THYLE NE (PE ) MHS
17.5 P OLYP ROPYLE NE (PP) MHS
17.6 TRE NCH DRA INAGE A ROUND MHS
17.7 COVERS
17.8 CONNE CTIONS TO MHS
17.9 MH DROPS
17.10 LA DDE RS, S TEP IRONS AND LA NDINGS
18 MAINTENANCE CHAMBERS (MC), MAINTENANCE SHAFTS (MS AND TMS) AND
INSPECTION OPENINGS (IO) OR INSPECTION SHAFTS (IS)
18.1 GE NERA L
18.2 SEA LING CAPS
18.3 COVERS
18.4 CONNE CTIONS TO MCS, MSS A ND TMSS
19 PIPE EMBEDMENT AND SUPPORT
19.1 GE NERA L
19.2 E MBEDMENT MA TE RIALS
19.3 COMPA CTION OF EMBE DME NT
19.3. 1 Methods
19.3. 2 Compaction t rials / Pre-qualification of embedment compaction met hod
19.3. 2.1 General
19.3. 2.2 Test met hod
19.3. 2.3 Interpret ation and applicability

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19.3. 3 Compaction control

19.4 SPECIAL BEDDING AND EMBEDMENTS / GEOTEXTILE SURROUND AND PILLOW
19.5 REMOVA L OF TRE NCH S UPP ORTS
19.6 CONCRE TE EMBE DME NT A ND E NCASE MENT
20 FILL
20.1 TRE NCH FILL
20.1. 1 General
20.1. 2 Material requirements
20.1. 2.1 Traffic able areas
20.1. 2.2 Non-traffic able areas
20.1. 3 Plac ement
20.1. 4 Compaction of t rench fill
20.2 E MBANK ME NT FILL
20.3 DRIVES AND TUNNEL FILL
HW 20. 4 PROV ISION FOR SE TTLEME NT
21 ACCEPT ANCE TESTING
21.1 GE NERA L
21.2 V IS UA L INSPE CTIONABOVE -GROUND
21.3 COMPA CTION TES TING
21.3. 1 General
21.3. 2 Compaction testing requirements
21.3. 2.1 General
21.3. 3 Embedment compaction testing
21.3. 3.1 A pplic able pipe sizes
21.3. 3.2 Frequency and loc ation of embedment tests
21.3. 3.3 Ret esting
21.3. 4 Trench fill compaction t esting
21.3. 4.1 Traffic able test zone
21.3. 4.2 Non-traffic able test zone
21.3. 4.3 Test met hod
21.3. 4.4 Frequency and loc ation of tests
21.3. 4.5 Ret esting
21.3. 5 Ot her fill compaction testing
21.3. 5.1 General
21.3. 5.2 Traffic able test zone
21.3. 5.3 Non-traffic able test zone
21.3. 5.4 Frequency and loc ation of tests
21.3. 5.5 Ret esting
21.4 A IR P RESSURE A ND VACUUM TES TING OF SEWE RS
21.4. 1 General
21.4. 2 Air t esting met hods for sewers
21.4. 2.1 V acuum testing
21.4. 2.2 Low pressure air testing
21.4. 3 Testing of sewers >DN 1500
21.4. 3.1 General
21.4. 3.2 Method of test
21.4. 4 Testing of non-press ure PE sewers
21.4. 5 Testing of conc ret e MHs
21.4. 5.1 General
21.4. 5.2 Test met hod
21.5 INFILTRA TION TES TING
21.6 DEFLE CTION (OVA LITY) TES TING OF FLE XIB LE SEWERS
21.6. 1 General
21.6. 2 Ovality proving tools
21.6. 3 Flexible sewers DN 300

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21.6. 4 Flexible sewers >DN 300

21.6. 4.1 General
21.6. 4.2 Flexible sewers > DN 300 and < DN 750
21.6. 4.3 Flexible sewers DN 750
21.7 MEASUREMENT OF SEWE R GRA DE
21.8 INTE RNAL INSPE CTION
21.9 INSPECTION AND TESTING OF THERMOPLASTICS LINED CONCRETE SEWERS AND
MHS
21.9. 1 Visual ins pection
21.9. 2 Spark testing
21.9. 3 Locking key pull-out t ests
21.10 P RESS URE TE S TING OF INVE RTE D SYP HONS
21.10.1 General
21.10.2 Hydrostatic system test pressure
21.10.3 S atisfactory pressure t est
22 TOLERANCES ON AS-CONSTRUCTED WORK
22.1 HORIZONTA L TOLE RANCES
22.1. 1 Sewers and on-line structures
22.1. 2 Property connection sewers
22.2 VE RTICA L TOLE RANCES
22.2. 1 Sewers and structures
22.2. 2 Property connection ris ers and ins pection openings
22.2. 3 Grade
22.2. 4 Verticality (plumb)
22.3 TOLERANCES ON FINIS HED S URFA CE S TRUCTURES A ND FITTINGS
22.4 TOLERANCES ON CAS T IN-S ITU CONCRE TE S TRUCTURES A ND SLABS
23 CONNECTION TO EXISTING SEWERS
24 RESTORATION
24.1 GE NERA L
24.2 PAVE ME NTS
24.3 LAWNS
24.4 GRASSE D AREAS
24.5 B US HLAND
24.6 P ROV ISION FOR A ND RE CTIFICA TION OF SE TTLEME NT
24.7 MAINTENA NCE OF RES TORE D SURFA CES
25 WORK AS CONSTRUCTED DETAILS

TABLES
Table 21.1 Flexible Pipes Minimum Compaction Embedment, Trench Fill And
Embankment Of Flexible Pipes
Table 21.2 Rigid Pipes Minimum Compaction Embedment, Trench Fill And
Embankment
Table 21.3 Pressure And Vacuum Air Testing Acceptance Times For 7 kPa
Pressure Change

Table 21.4 Concrete MH Testing Frequency

Table 21.5 Minimum Test Times For Concret e MHs

Table 21.6 Maximum Allowable Short-Term Pipe Deflections

Table 22.1 Sewer Grade Toleranc es

Table 22.2 Property Connection Sewer Grade Tolerances

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 205 WSA 022014- 3.1

FIGURES
Figure 16.1 Ball and Socket Joint
Figure 16.2 Slip-In Welded Joint
Figure 16.3 Plain End Welded Collar Joint
Figure 16.4 Plain End Butt Welded Joint

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 Gravity Sewerage Code of Australia
WSA 022014-3.1

Hunter Water Edition

Version 2

Part 3: Drawings

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WSA 022014- 3.1 268

CONTENTS

HW 26 INTRODUCTION
HW 26. 1 GE NERA L
HW 26. 2 DRAWING COMME NTA RY
HW 26. 3 VARIE D DRAW INGS
HW 26. 4 SUPP LEME NTA RY (A DDITIONA L) DRAWINGS
HW 26.5 HUNTER WATER REFERENCE DRAWINGS (SUPERSEDED HUNTER WATER
STA NDA RD CONS TRUCTION P RA CTICE SEWERA GE SERIES )
HW 27 LISTING OF DRAWINGS
HW 28 COMMENTARY ON SEW1100 SERIES PIPELINE LAYOUT
HW 28. 1 GE NERA L
HW 28. 2 SEW1103-V TYP ICAL A RRANGEME NTS
HW 28. 3 SEW1104-V AND SEW1105 PROPE RTY CONNECTION DE TA ILS
HW 28. 4 SEW1106 A ND SEW1107-V PROPE RTY CONNECTION DE TA ILS ME THODS
HW 28. 4.1 SEW1106 IO int erface method
HW 28. 4.2 SEW1107-V B uried interfac e met hod
HW 28.5 SEW1108-V PROPERTY CONNECTION DETAILS Y BRANCH AND AROUND
OBS TRUCTIONS
HW 28.6 SEW1109 PROPERTY CONNECTION DETAILS PRIVATE PROPERTY &
MARK ING SYS TE MS
HW 28. 7 SEW1150-H SEWER SYMB OLS
HW 28. 8 SEW1151-H, SEW1152-H AND SEW1153-H DES IGN LAYOUTS
HW 28. 8.1 SEW1151-H Locality plan
HW 28. 8.2 SEW1152-H Det ail plan
HW 28. 8.3 SEW1153-H Longit udinal s ections
HW 29 COMMENTARY ON SEW1200 SERIES EMBEDMENT AND TRENCH FILL
HW 29. 1 GE NERA L
HW 29. 2 MA XIMUM DEP TH TO INVERT FOR S TA NDA RD S UPP ORT TYPES
HW 29. 3 SEW1200 S OIL CLASS IFICA TION GUIDE LINES
HW 29. 4SEW1201-V EMBEDMENT AND TRE NCHFILL TYP ICAL A RRANGEME NTS
HW 29. 5 SEW1202-V S TA NDARD EMBE DME NT FLE XIB LE AND RIGID PIPES
HW 29. 6 SEW1203 SPE CIAL E MBEDMENT INA DEQUA TE FOUNDA TIONS
HW 29. 7 SEW1204 SPE CIAL E MBEDMENT SUPP ORT USING PILES
HW 29. 8 SEW1205 SPE CIAL E MBEDMENT CONCRE TE A ND S TAB ILISE D S UPPORTS
HW 29. 9 SEW1206 B ULKHEA DS A ND TRE NCHS TOP
HW 29. 10 SEW1207-V TRE NCH DRA INAGE TYP ICA L SYS TEMS
HW 29.11 SEW1208 VERTICALS AND NEAR VERTICALS EXPOSED AND CONCEALED
ME THODS
HW 29. 12 SEW1250-H S TA NDA RD TRE NCH DE TAILS RIGID P IPES (V C & RC)
HW 29. 13 SEW1251-H S TA NDA RD TRE NCH DE TAILS FLE XIB LE PIPES (PV C, GRP & PP)
HW 30 COMMENTARY ON SEW1300 SERIES M AINTENANCE STRUCTURES
HW 30. 1 GE NERA L
HW 30. 2 SEW1300-V SEWERS DN 300 PRE CAS T MH TYP ES P1 A ND P 2
HW 30. 3 SEW1301-V CAS T IN-S ITU MH TYPES C1 A ND C2
HW 30. 4 SEW1302-V MH PIP E CONNE CTION DE TA ILS
HW 30. 5 SEW1303-V SEWERS DN 300 MH CHA NGE IN LEVE L ARRA NGE ME NTS
HW 30. 6 SEW1304-V AND SEW1305-V MH CHANNE L ARRA NGE MENTS AND DE TA ILS
HW 30. 7 SEW1306-V ALTERNA TIVE MH DROP CONNE CTIONS
HW 30. 8 SEW1307-V S TEP IRONS A ND LADDE RS
HW 30. 9 SEW1308-V TYP ICAL MH COVE R A RRANGEME NTS
HW 30. 10 SEW1309-V A ND SEW 1310 LARGE A ND SPE CIA L MHS
HW 30. 10. 1 SEW1309-V Sewers DN 375 to DN 750 MHs

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 269 WSA 022014- 3.1

HW 30. 10. 2 SEW1310 S pecial MHs using permanent formwork

HW 30. 11 SEW1311-V A ND SEW 1312-V DE EP MHS
HW 30. 12 SEW1313-V MH CONNE CTION DE TA ILS PE AND PP PIP E
HW 30.13 SEW1314-V, SEW1315, SEW1316-V AND SEW1317 MAINTENANCE
CHAMBE RS
HW 30.14 SEW1350-H TERMINAL MAINTENANCE SHAFT AT DEAD END OF PROPERTY
CONNE CTION SEWER E XCEE DING 20 M
HW 31 COMMENTARY ON SEW1400 SERIES SPECIAL CROSSINGS / STRUCTURES
ARRANGEMENTS
HW 31. 1 GE NERA L
HW 31. 2 SEW1400 SYP HON A RRANGEME NT
HW 31. 3 SEW1401-V, SEW1402-V A ND SEW1403-V B URIE D CROSS INGS
HW 31. 4 SEW1404-V, SEW1405, SEW1406 A ND SEW -1455-H AERIA L CROSSINGS
HW 31. 5 SEW1407 A ND S CP -1003 VE NTILA TION SYS TEMS
HW 31. 6 SEW1410 WA TE R SEAL A RRA NGEME NTS
HW 31. 7 SEW1412 EME RGE NCY RE LIE F S TRUCTURES
HW 31.8 SEW1455-H AERIAL CROSSINGS CIRCULAR RC PIERS IN NON-FLOOD
CONDITIONS
HW 32 COMMENTARY ON SEW1500 SERIES INSERTIONS AND REPAIR SYSTEMS
HW 32. 1 GE NERA L
HW 32. 2 SEW1500 CUT-IN ME THODS
HW 32. 3 SEW1501-V INSE RTION OF JUNCTIONS
HW 32. 4 SEW1502-V CONS TRUCTION OF MHS A ND MSS OVE R E XIS TING SEWE RS

TABLES
Table HW 28.1 Minimum Reticulation and Property Connection Sewer Sizes
Table HW 28.2 Equivalent Stiffness Classes for PV C Sewers
Table HW 29.1 Maximum Dept h to Invert for PV C Sewers

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