Velocity Field Analysis

Problem 2.
1 [Difficulty: 1]
Given: Velocity fields
Find: Whether flows are 1, 2 or 3D, steady or unsteady.
Solution:

(1) V = V ( x , y) 2D V = V ( t) Unsteady

(2) V = V ( x , y) 2D V V ( t) Steady

(3) V = V ( x) 1D V V ( t) Steady

(4) V = V ( x) 1D V V ( t) Steady

(5) V = V ( x) 1D V = V ( t) Unsteady

(6) V = V ( x , y) 2D V V ( t) Steady


(8) V = V ( x , y , z) 3D V V ( t) Steady
Problem 2.2 [Difficulty: 1]
Given: Velocity fields
Find: Whether flows are 1, 2 or 3D, steady or unsteady.
Solution:

(1) V = V ( y) 1D V = V ( t) Unsteady

(2) V = V ( x) 1D V V ( t) Steady



(5) V = V ( x) 1D V = V ( t) Unsteady



Given: Viscous liquid sheared between parallel disks.

Upper disk rotates, lower fixed.
r r z
Velocity field is: V = e
h
Find:
a. Dimensions of velocity field.
b. Satisfy physical boundary conditions.
r r
Solution: To find dimensions, compare to V = V ( x, y , z ) form.
r r
The given field is V = V (r , z ) . Two space coordinates are included, so the field is 2-D.
Flow must satisfy the no-slip condition:

r
1. At lower disk, V = 0 since stationary.
r r 0
z = 0, so V = e = 0 , so satisfied.
h
r
2. At upper disk, V = e r since it rotates as a solid body.
r r h
z = h, so V = e = e r , so satisfied.
h
Given: Velocity field
Find: Equation for streamlines

Streamline Plots
Solution: 5
2 C=1
v dy B x y B y
For streamlines = = = 4
C=2
u dx 2 A x C=3
A x y
C=4
dy B dx 3
=
y (m)
So, separating variables
y A x
2
B 1
Integrating ln( y ) = ln( x ) + c = ln( x ) + c
A 2 1
C
The solution is y=
0 1 2 3 4 5
x
x (m)
The plot can be easily done in Excel.
Find: Equation for streamlines; Plot several in the first quadrant, including one that passes through point (0,0)
Solution:
v dy
Governing equation: For streamlines =
u dx
Assumption: 2D flow
v dy A y y
Hence = = = Streamline Plots
u dx A x x
5
C=1
dy dx
So, separating variables = 4
C=2
y x C=3
C=4
Integrating ln( y ) = ln( x ) + c 3
y (m)
2
The solution is ln( x y ) = c
1
C
or y=
x
0 1 2 3 4 5
The plot can be easily done in Excel.
x (m)
The streamline passing through (0,0) is given by the vertical axis, then the horizontal axis.
The value of A is irrelevant to streamline shapes but IS relevant for computing the velocity at each point.
Find: Whether field is 1D, 2D or 3D; Velocity components at (2,1/2); Equation for streamlines; Plot
Solution:
The velocity field is a function of x and y. It is therefore 2D.
1 1 m
At point (2,1/2), the velocity components are u = a x y = 2 2 m m u = 2
m s 2 s
2
2 1 1 m 3 m
v = b y = 6 2 v=
m s 2 s
2
v dy b y b y
For streamlines = = =
u dx a x y a x
dy b dx
So, separating variables =
y a x
b
b a
Integrating ln( y ) = ln( x) + c y = C x
a
3
The solution is y = C x
1 3 1 3 4
The streamline passing through point (2,1/2) is given by = C 2 C = 2 C= 4 y=
2 2 3
x
20
Streamline for C
16 Streamline for 2C
Streamline for 3C
12 Streamline for 4C
1 1.3 1.7 2
This can be plotted in Excel.

t=0 t =1 s t = 20 s
(### means too large to view)
c=1 c=2 c=3 c=1 c=2 c=3 c=1 c=2 c=3
x y y y x y y y x y y y
0.05 1.00 2.00 3.00 0.05 20.00 40.00 60.00 0.05 ###### ###### ######
0.10 1.00 2.00 3.00 0.10 10.00 20.00 30.00 0.10 ###### ###### ######
0.20 1.00 2.00 3.00 0.20 5.00 10.00 15.00 0.20 ###### ###### ######
0.30 1.00 2.00 3.00 0.30 3.33 6.67 10.00 0.30 ###### ###### ######
0.40 1.00 2.00 3.00 0.40 2.50 5.00 7.50 0.40 ###### ###### ######
0.50 1.00 2.00 3.00 0.50 2.00 4.00 6.00 0.50 ###### ###### ######
0.60 1.00 2.00 3.00 0.60 1.67 3.33 5.00 0.60 ###### ###### ######
0.70 1.00 2.00 3.00 0.70 1.43 2.86 4.29 0.70 ###### ###### ######
0.80 1.00 2.00 3.00 0.80 1.25 2.50 3.75 0.80 86.74 173.47 260.21
0.90 1.00 2.00 3.00 0.90 1.11 2.22 3.33 0.90 8.23 16.45 24.68
1.00 1.00 2.00 3.00 1.00 1.00 2.00 3.00 1.00 1.00 2.00 3.00
1.10 1.00 2.00 3.00 1.10 0.91 1.82 2.73 1.10 0.15 0.30 0.45
1.20 1.00 2.00 3.00 1.20 0.83 1.67 2.50 1.20 0.03 0.05 0.08
1.30 1.00 2.00 3.00 1.30 0.77 1.54 2.31 1.30 0.01 0.01 0.02
1.40 1.00 2.00 3.00 1.40 0.71 1.43 2.14 1.40 0.00 0.00 0.00
1.50 1.00 2.00 3.00 1.50 0.67 1.33 2.00 1.50 0.00 0.00 0.00
1.60 1.00 2.00 3.00 1.60 0.63 1.25 1.88 1.60 0.00 0.00 0.00
1.70 1.00 2.00 3.00 1.70 0.59 1.18 1.76 1.70 0.00 0.00 0.00
1.80 1.00 2.00 3.00 1.80 0.56 1.11 1.67 1.80 0.00 0.00 0.00
1.90 1.00 2.00 3.00 1.90 0.53 1.05 1.58 1.90 0.00 0.00 0.00
2.00 1.00 2.00 3.00 2.00 0.50 1.00 1.50 2.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Streamline Plot (t = 0)
3.5
c=1
3.0
c=2
2.5 c=3
2.0
y
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0
x
Streamline Plot (t = 1 s)
70
c=1
60
c=2
50 c=3
40
y
30
20
10
0
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0
x
Streamline Plot (t = 20 s)
20
18 c=1
16 c=2
14 c=3
12
10
y
8
6
4
2
0
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2
x
a= 1
b= 1
C= 0 2 4 6
x y y y y
0.05 0.16 0.15 0.14 0.14
0.10 0.22 0.20 0.19 0.18
0.20 0.32 0.27 0.24 0.21
0.30 0.39 0.31 0.26 0.23 Streamline Plot
0.40 0.45 0.33 0.28 0.24 1.2
0.50 0.50 0.35 0.29 0.25
0.60 0.55 0.37 0.30 0.26 1.0
c=0
0.70 0.59 0.38 0.30 0.26 c=2
0.80 0.63 0.39 0.31 0.26 c=4
0.8
0.90 0.67 0.40 0.31 0.27 c=6
1.00 0.71 0.41 0.32 0.27
y 0.6
1.10 0.74 0.41 0.32 0.27
1.20 0.77 0.42 0.32 0.27
0.4
1.30 0.81 0.42 0.32 0.27
1.40 0.84 0.43 0.33 0.27
0.2
1.50 0.87 0.43 0.33 0.27
1.60 0.89 0.44 0.33 0.27
0.0
1.70 0.92 0.44 0.33 0.28
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0
1.80 0.95 0.44 0.33 0.28
1.90 0.97 0.44 0.33 0.28 x
2.00 1.00 0.45 0.33 0.28
A = 10
B = 20
C=
1 2 4 6
x y y y y
0.00 0.50 1.00 2.00 3.00
0.10 0.48 0.95 1.90 2.86
0.20 0.45 0.91 1.82 2.73 Streamline Plot
0.30 0.43 0.87 1.74 2.61 3.5
0.40 0.42 0.83 1.67 2.50 c=1
0.50 0.40 0.80 1.60 2.40 3.0 c=2
0.60 0.38 0.77 1.54 2.31 c=4
0.70 0.37 0.74 1.48 2.22 2.5 c = 6 ((x,y) = (1.2)
0.80 0.36 0.71 1.43 2.14
0.90 0.34 0.69 1.38 2.07 2.0
1.00 0.33 0.67 1.33 2.00
y
1.10 0.32 0.65 1.29 1.94 1.5

1.20 0.31 0.63 1.25 1.88
1.30 0.30 0.61 1.21 1.82 1.0
1.40 0.29 0.59 1.18 1.76
1.50 0.29 0.57 1.14 1.71 0.5
1.60 0.28 0.56 1.11 1.67
0.0
1.70 0.27 0.54 1.08 1.62
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0
1.80 0.26 0.53 1.05 1.58
1.90 0.26 0.51 1.03 1.54 x
2.00 0.25 0.50 1.00 1.50
Find: Equation for streamline through (1,3)
Solution: y
A
2
v dy x y
u dx A x
x
dy dx
y x
Integrating ln( y ) = ln( x ) + c
The solution is y = C x which is the equation of a straight line.
For the streamline through point (1,3) 3 = C 1 C=3 and y = 3 x

2
dx A x c
For a particle up = = or x dx = A dt x= 2 A t + c t=
dt x 2 A 2 A
Hence the time for a particle to go from x = 1 to x = 2 m is
2 2 2 2
( 2 m) c ( 1 m) c 4 m 1 m
t = t( x = 2 ) t( x = 1 ) t = = t = 0.75 s
2 A 2 A 2
m
2 2
s
Given: Flow field
Find: Plot of velocity magnitude along axes, and y = x; Equation for streamlines
Solution:
M y M x
On the x axis, y = 0, so u= =0 v=
2 2
Plotting
200
150
v (m/s)
100
50
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
x (km)
The velocity is perpendicular to the axis and increases linearly with distance x.
This can also be plotted in Excel.

M y M x
On the y axis, x = 0, so u= v= =0
2 2
Plotting
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
50
u (m/s)
100
150
200
y (km)
The velocity is perpendicular to the axis and increases linearly with distance y.
M y M x M x
On the y = x u= = v=
axis 2 2 2
The flow is perpendicular to line y = x: Slope of line y = 1

x:
u
Slope of trajectory of = 1
motion: v
2 2 2 2
If we define the radial position: r= x +y then along y = r= x + x = 2 x
x
2 2 M 2 2 M 2 x M r
Then the magnitude of the velocity along y = x is V = u +v = x +x = =
2 2 2
Plotting
200
150
V(m/s)
100
50
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
r (km)
This can also be plotted in

Excel. M x
v dy 2 x
For = = =
streamlines u dx M y y

2
So, separating y dy = x dx
variables
2 2
y x
Integrati = +c
ng 2 2
2 2
The solution x +y =C which is the equation of a
is circle.
The streamlines form a set of concentric circles.
This flow models a rigid body vortex flow. See Example 5.6 for streamline plots. Streamlines are circular, and the velocity
approaches zero as we approach the center. In Problem 2.10, we see that the streamlines are also circular. In a real tornado, at
large distances from the center, the velocities behave as in Problem 2.10; close to the center, they behave as in this problem.
[Difficulty: 3]
Problem 2.12
Given: Flow field
Find: Plot of velocity magnitude along axes, and y = x; Equation of streamlines
Solution:
K y K x K
On the x axis, y = 0, so u= =0 v= =
(2
2 x + y
2) (2
2 x + y )
2 2 x
Plotting
160
80
v( m/s)
1 0.5 0 0.5 1
80
160
x (km)
The velocity is perpendicular to the axis, is very high close to the origin, and falls off to zero.

K y K K x
On the y axis, x = 0, so u= = v= =0
2 ( x +y ) 2 ( x + y )
2 2 2 y 2 2
Plotting 160
80
v( m/s)
1 0.5 0 0.5 1
80
160
y (km)
The velocity is perpendicular to the axis, is very high close to the origin, and falls off to zero.
K x K K x K
On the y = x axis u= = v= =
(
2 x + x
2 2 ) 4 x ( 2
2 x + x
2 ) 4 x
The flow is perpendicular to line y = x: Slope of line y = x: 1
u
Slope of trajectory of motion: = 1
v
2 2 2 2
If we define the radial position: r= x +y then along y = x r= x +x = 2 x
2 2 K 1 1 K K
Then the magnitude of the velocity along y = x is V= u +v = + = =
4 2 2 2 2 x 2 r
x x
Plotting 160
80
v( m/s)
1 0.5 0 0.5 1
80
160
x (km)
K x
v dy (
2 x + y
2 2 ) x
u dx K y y

(2
2 x + y )
2
So, separating variables y dy = x dx
2 2
y x
Integrating = +c
2 2
2 2
The solution is x +y =C which is the equation of a
circle.
Streamlines form a set of concentric circles.
This flow models a vortex flow. See Example 5.6 for streamline plots. Streamlines are circular, and the velocity approaches infinity
as we approach the center. In Problem 2.11, we see that the streamlines are also circular. In a real tornado, at large distances from
the center, the velocities behave as in this problem; close to the center, they behave as in Problem 2.11.
Given: Flow field
Find: Plot of velocity magnitude along axes, and y = x; Equations of streamlines
Solution:
q x q q y
On the x axis, y = 0, so u= = v= =0
(2
2 x + y )
2 2 x (2
2 x + y )
2
Plotting
100
50
u (m/s)
1 0.5 0 0.5 1
50
100
x (km)
The velocity is very high close to the origin, and falls off to zero. It is also along the axis. This can be plotted in Excel.
q x q y q
On the y axis, x = 0, so u= =0 v= =
(2
2 x + y )
2 (2
2 x + y )
2 2 y
Plotting
100
60
v (m/s)
20
1 0.5 20 0 0.5 1
60
100
y (km)
The velocity is again very high close to the origin, and falls off to zero. It is also along the axis.

q x q q x q
On the y = x axis u= = v= =
(
2 x + x
2 2) 4 x (
2 x + x
2 )
2 4 x
The flow is parallel to line y = x: Slope of line y = x: 1
v
Slope of trajectory of motion: =1
u
2 2 2 2
If we define the radial position: r= x +y then along y = x r= x +x = 2 x
2 2 q 1 1 q q
Then the magnitude of the velocity along y = x is V= u +v = + = =
4 2 2 2 2 x 2 r
x x
Plotting
100
60
V(m/s)
20
1 0.5 20 0 0.5 1
60
100
r (km)
q y

For streamlines
v
=
dy
=
(2
2 x + y
2) =
y
u dx q x x

(2
2 x + y
2)
dy dx
y x
The solution is y = C x which is the equation of a straight line.
This flow field corresponds to a sink (discussed in Chapter 6).


A t A t
Find: Proof that the parametric equations for particle motion are x p = c1 e and y p = c2 e ; pathline that was at
(2,2) at t = 0; compare to streamline through same point, and explain why they are similar or not.
Solution:
dx dy v dy
Governing equations: For pathlines up = vp = For streamlines =
dt dt u dx
Assumption: 2D flow
dx dy
Hence for pathlines up = = A x vp = = A y
dt dt
dx dy
So, separating variables = A dt = A dt
x y
Integrating ln( x ) = A t + C1 ln( y ) = A t + C2
A t+ C1 C1 A t A t A t+ C2 C2 A t A t
x=e =e e = c1 e y=e =e e = c2 e
A t A t
The pathlines are x = c1 e y = c2 e
1 1
Eliminating t t=
1
ln
= 1 ln y
x
A c2
A A
ln x y = const or ( A A) = const
ln x y
A
c1
A A
so x y = const or x y = 4 for given data
v dy A y y
u dx A x x
dy dx
y x
The solution is ln( x y ) = c or x y = const or x y = 4 for given data
The streamline passing through (2,2) and the pathline that started at (2,2) coincide because the flow is steady!

A t 2 A t
Find: Proof that the parametric equations for particle motion are x p = c1 e and y p = c2 e ; pathline that was at
(2,2) at t = 0; compare to streamline through same point, and explain why they are similar or not.
Solution:
dx dy v dy
Governing equations: For pathlines up = vp = For =
dt dt streamlines u dx
Assumption: 2D flow
dx dy
Hence for pathlines up = = A x vp = = 2 A y
dt dt
dx dy
So, separating variables = A dt = 2 A dt
x y
Integrating ln( x ) = A t + C1 ln( y ) = 2 A t + C2
A t+ C1 C1 A t A t 2 A t+ C2 C2 2 A t 2 A t
x=e =e e = c1 e y=e =e e = c2 e
A t 2 A t
The pathlines are x = c1 e y = c2 e
2
= c2
2 A t x 2 1 2
Eliminating t y = c2 e so y = c x or y= x for given data
c1 2
v dy 2 A y 2 y
u dx A x x
dy 2 dx
So, separating variables = Integrating ln( y ) = 2 ln( x ) + c
y x
ln
y
2 =c
The solution is
x
2 1 2
or y = C x or y= x for given data
2
The streamline passing through (2,2) and the pathline that started at (2,2) coincide because the flow is steady!
t=0 t =1 s t = 20 s
C=1 C=2 C=3 C=1 C=2 C=3 C=1 C=2 C=3
x y y y x y y y x y y y
0.00 1.00 2.00 3.00 0.000 1.00 1.41 1.73 0.00 1.00 1.41 1.73
0.10 1.00 2.00 3.00 0.025 1.00 1.41 1.73 0.10 1.00 1.41 1.73
0.20 1.00 2.00 3.00 0.050 0.99 1.41 1.73 0.20 1.00 1.41 1.73
0.30 1.00 2.00 3.00 0.075 0.99 1.41 1.73 0.30 0.99 1.41 1.73
0.40 1.00 2.00 3.00 0.100 0.98 1.40 1.72 0.40 0.98 1.40 1.72
0.50 1.00 2.00 3.00 0.125 0.97 1.39 1.71 0.50 0.97 1.40 1.72
0.60 1.00 2.00 3.00 0.150 0.95 1.38 1.71 0.60 0.96 1.39 1.71
0.70 1.00 2.00 3.00 0.175 0.94 1.37 1.70 0.70 0.95 1.38 1.70
0.80 1.00 2.00 3.00 0.200 0.92 1.36 1.69 0.80 0.93 1.37 1.69
0.90 1.00 2.00 3.00 0.225 0.89 1.34 1.67 0.90 0.92 1.36 1.68
1.00 1.00 2.00 3.00 0.250 0.87 1.32 1.66 1.00 0.89 1.34 1.67
1.10 1.00 2.00 3.00 0.275 0.84 1.30 1.64 1.10 0.87 1.33 1.66
1.20 1.00 2.00 3.00 0.300 0.80 1.28 1.62 1.20 0.84 1.31 1.65
1.30 1.00 2.00 3.00 0.325 0.76 1.26 1.61 1.30 0.81 1.29 1.63
1.40 1.00 2.00 3.00 0.350 0.71 1.23 1.58 1.40 0.78 1.27 1.61
1.50 1.00 2.00 3.00 0.375 0.66 1.20 1.56 1.50 0.74 1.24 1.60
1.60 1.00 2.00 3.00 0.400 0.60 1.17 1.54 1.60 0.70 1.22 1.58
1.70 1.00 2.00 3.00 0.425 0.53 1.13 1.51 1.70 0.65 1.19 1.56
1.80 1.00 2.00 3.00 0.450 0.44 1.09 1.48 1.80 0.59 1.16 1.53
1.90 1.00 2.00 3.00 0.475 0.31 1.05 1.45 1.90 0.53 1.13 1.51
2.00 1.00 2.00 3.00 0.500 0.00 1.00 1.41 2.00 0.45 1.10 1.48
Streamline Plot (t = 0)
3.5
c=1
3.0
c=2
2.5 c=3
2.0
y
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0
x
Streamline Plot (t = 1s)

2.0
1.8 c=1
1.6 c=2
1.4 c=3
1.2
1.0
y
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6
x
Streamline Plot (t = 20s)

2.0
1.8 c=1
1.6 c=2
1.4 c=3
1.2
1.0
y
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5
x
Given: Pathlines of particles
Find: Conditions that make them satisfy Problem 2.10 flow field; Also Problem 2.11 flow field; Plot pathlines
Solution:
The given pathlines are x p = a sin ( t) y p = a cos( t)
Ky K x
The velocity field of Problem 2.12 is u= v=
(
2 x + y
2 2 ) (2
2 x + y
2 )
If the pathlines are correct we should be able to substitute xp and y p into the velocity field to find the velocity as a function of time:
Ky K a cos ( t) K cos ( t)
u= = = (1)
(
2 x + y
2 )
2 ( 2 2
2 a sin ( t) + a cos ( t)
2 2) 2 a
Kx K ( a sin ( t) ) K sin ( t)
v= = = (2)
2 ( x +y ) 2 ( a sin ( t) + a cos ( t) )
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 a
We should also be able to find the velocity field as a function of time from the pathline equations (Eq. 2.9):
dxp dxp (2.9)

=u =v
dt dt
dxp dyp
u= = a cos( t) v= = a sin( t) (3)
dt dt
K cos( t) K sin( t)
Comparing Eqs. 1, 2 and 3 u = a cos( t) = v = a sin( t) =
2 a 2 a
K K
Hence we see that a = or = for the pathlines to be correct.
2 a 2
2 a
The pathlines are
a = 300 m To plot this in Excel, compute x p and y p

400 a = 400 m for t ranging from 0 to 60 s, with given
a = 500 m by the above formula. Plot y p versus xp.
Note that outer particles travel much
200 slower!
This is the free vortex flow discussed in

400 200 0 200 400 Example 5.6
200
400
M y M x
The velocity field of Problem 2.11 is u= v=
2 2
If the pathlines are correct we should be able to substitute xp and y p into the velocity field to find the velocity as a function of time:
M y M ( a cos( t) ) M a cos( t)
u= = = (4)
2 2 2
M x M ( a sin( t) ) M a sin( t)
v= = = (5)
2 2 2
dxp dyp
Recall that u= = a cos( t) v= = a sin( t) (3)
dt dt
M a cos( t) M a sin( t)
Comparing Eqs. 1, 4 and 5 u = a cos( t) = v = a sin( t) =
2 2
M
Hence we see that = for the pathlines to be correct.
2
The pathlines
To plot this in Excel, compute x p and y p

400
for t ranging from 0 to 75 s, with given
by the above formula. Plot y p versus xp.
Note that outer particles travel faster!
200
This is the forced vortex flow discussed in

400 200 0 200 400 Example 5.6
200
400 a = 300 m
a = 400 m
a = 500 m Note that this is rigid
600 body rotation!
Given: Time-varying velocity field
Find: Streamlines at t = 0 s; Streamline through (3,3); velocity vector; will streamlines change with time
Solution:
v dy a y ( 2 + cos( t) ) y
u dx a x ( 2 + cos( t) ) x
dy y
At t = 0 (actually all times!) =
dx x
dy dx
y x
C
The solution is y= which is the equation of a hyperbola.
x
3 1
For the streamline through point (3,3) C = C=1 and y=
3 x
The streamlines will not change with time since dy/dx does not change with time.
1
At t = 0 u = a x ( 2 + cos( t) ) = 5 3 m 3
5 s
m
4 u = 45
s
3 1
v = a y ( 2 + cos( t) ) = 5 3 m 3
y
s
2 m
v = 45
s
1
The velocity vector is tangent to the curve;
0 1 2 3 4 5
dy y
x Tangent of curve at (3,3) is = = 1
dx x
v
Direction of velocity at (3,3) is = 1
This curve can be plotted in Excel. u
Find: Plot of pathline traced out by particle that passes through point (1,1) at t = 0; compare to streamlines through same
point at the instants t = 0, 1 and 2s
Solution:
dx dy v dy
dt dt u dx
Assumption: 2D flow
dx m 1 dy 1
Hence for pathlines up = = A ( 1 + B t) A = 1 B = 1 vp = = C t y C = 1
dt s s dt 2
s
dy
So, separating variables dx = A ( 1 + B t) dt = C t dt
y
t
2
1
x = A t + B
2
Integrating + C1 ln( y ) = C t + C2
2 2
1 2 1 2 1 2
C t + C2 C t C t
2 C2 2 2
y=e =e e = c2 e
1 2
C t
t
2
x = A t + B
2
The pathlines are + C1 y = c2 e
2
1 2
C t
t
2
x = A t + B
2
Using given data +1 y=e
2
v dy C y t
For streamlines = =
u dx A ( 1 + B t)
dy C
So, separating variables ( 1 + B t) = t dx which we can integrate for any given t (t is treated as a constant)
y A
C
Integrating ( 1 + B t) ln( y ) = t x + c
A
1
( 1+ B t)
1+ B t C C t x + const
The solution is y = t x + const y=
A A
1 1
2 3
For particles at (1,1) at t = 0, 1, and 2s, using A, B, and C data: y=1 y=x y = (2 x 1)
Streamline and Pathline Plots

5
Streamline (t=0)
Streamline (t=1)
Streamline (t=2)
4 Pathline
3
y (m)
0 1 2 3 4 5
x (m)
Find: Plot of pathline traced out by particle that passes through point (1,1) at t = 0; compare to streamlines through
same point at the instants t = 0, 1 and 2s
Solution:
dx dy v dy
dt dt u dx
Assumption: 2D flow
dx 1 1 dy 1
Hence for pathlines up = = B x ( 1 + A t) A = 0.5 B = 1 vp = = C y C = 1
dt s s dt s
dx dy
So, separating variables = B ( 1 + A t) dt = C dt
x y
t
2
Integrating ln( x ) = B t + A + C1 ln( y ) = C t + C2
2
2
t 2
t t
2
B t+ A + C1 B t+ A B t+ A C t+ C2 C2 C t C t
C1
x=e
2
= e e
2
= c1 e
2 y=e =e e = c2 e
2
t
B t+ A
x = c1 e
2 C t
The pathlines are y = c2 e
2
t
B t+ A
x=e
2 C t
Using given data y=e
v dy C y
For streamlines = =
u dx B x ( 1 + A t)
dy C dx
So, separating variables ( 1 + A t) = which we can integrate for any given t (t is treated as a constant)
y B x
C
Integrating ( 1 + A t) ln( y ) = ln( x ) + c
B
C
1+ A t B
The solution is y = const x or y = const x
C C C
B ( 1+ A )B ( 1+ 2 A )B
For particles at (1,1) at t = 0, 1, and 2s y=x y=x y=x

5
Streamline (t=0)
Streamline (t=1)
Streamline (t=2)
4 Pathline
3
y (m)
0 1 2 3 4 5
x (m)
Given: Eulerian Velocity field
Find: Lagrangian position function that was at point (1,1) at t = 0; expression for pathline; plot pathline and compare to
streamlines through same point at the instants t = 0, 1 and 2s
Solution:
dx dy v dy
Governing equations: For pathlines (Lagrangian description) up = vp = For streamlines =
dt dt u dx
Assumption: 2D flow
dx m dy m
Hence for pathlines up = =A A = 2 vp = = B t B = 2
dt s dt 2
s
So, separating variables dx = A dt dy = B t dt
2
t
Integrating x = A t + x 0 x0 = 1 m y = B + y0 y0 = 1 m
2
2
t
The Lagrangian description is x ( t) = A t + x 0 y ( t) = B + y0
2
2
Using given data x ( t) = 2 t + 1 y ( t) = 1 t
The pathlines are given by combining the equations t =

x x0 t
2 (x x0)2
y = B + y 0 = B + y0
A 2 2
2 A
( x x0) 2 ( x 1)
2
Hence y ( x ) = y 0 B or, using given data y(x) = 1
2 4
2 A
v dy B t
For streamlines = =
u dx A
B t
So, separating variables dy = dx which we can integrate for any given t (t is treated as a constant)
A
B t B t B t
The solution is y= x + c and for the one through (1,1) 1= 1 + c c=1+
A A A
B t
y = ( x 1) + 1 y = 1 t ( x 1)
A
x = 1 , 1.1 .. 20
Streamline Plots
20
40 5 10 15 20 25
28
y (m)
52
76 Streamline (t=0)
Streamline (t=1)
Streamline (t=2)
Pathline
100
x (m)
Find: Plot of pathline of particle for t = 0 to 1.5 s that was at point (1,1) at t = 0; compare to streamlines through same
point at the instants t = 0, 1 and 1.5 s
Solution:
dx dy v dy
dt dt u dx
Assumption: 2D flow
dx 1 dy 1 1
Hence for pathlines up = = ax a = 2 vp = = b y ( 1 + c t ) b = 2 c = 0.4
dt s dt 2 s
s
dx dy
So, separating variables = a dt dy = b y ( 1 + c t) dt = b ( 1 + c t) dt
x y
ln = a t ln = b t + 1 c t2
x y
Integrating x0 = 1 m 2 y0 = 1 m

x0
y0
1 2
b t+ c t
Hence x ( t) = x 0 e
a t
y ( t) = e 2
2
2 t 2 t+ 0.4 t
Using given data x ( t) = e y ( t) = e
v dy b y ( 1 + c t )
For streamlines = =
u dx a x
dy b ( 1 + c t )
So, separating variables = dx which we can integrate for any given t (t is treated as a constant)
y a x
ln = b ( 1 + c t) ln x
y
Hence x
y0 a 0
b
( 1+ c t)
a
y = y 0
x
The solution is
x0
b b b
( 1+ c t) ( 1+ c t) ( 1+ c t)
a a a
y = y 0 t = 1 y = y 0 y = y 0
x x 1.4 x 1.6
For t = 0 = x = x t = 1.5 = x
x0 x0 x0

10
Streamline (t=0)
Streamline (t=1)
Streamline (t=1.5)
Pathline
8
6
y (m)
0 2 4 6 8 10
x (m)
Find: Plot of pathline of particle for t = 0 to 1.5 s that was at point (1,1) at t = 0; compare to streamlines through same
point at the instants t = 0, 1 and 1.5 s
Solution:
dx dy v dy
dt dt u dx
Assumption: 2D flow
dx 1 1 dy 1 1
Hence for pathlines up = = a x a = vp = = b y t b =
dt 5 s dt 25 2
s
dx dy
So, separating variables = a dt dy = b y t dt = b t dt
x y
ln = a t ln = b 1 t2
x y
Integrating x0 = 1 m y0 = 1 m

x0
y0 2
1 2
b t
a t 2
Hence x ( t) = x 0 e y ( t) = y 0 e
2
t t
5 50
Using given data x ( t) = e y ( t) = e
v dy b y t
For streamlines = =
u dx a x
dy b t
So, separating variables = dx which we can integrate for any given t (t is treated as a constant)
y a x
ln = b t ln x
y
Hence x
y0 a 0
b
t
a b
y = y 0
x = 0.2 x0 = 1 y0 = 1
The solution is a
x0
b
t
a
y = y 0
x
For t = 0 = 1
x0
b
t
a
y = y 0
x b
t = 5 = x t = 1

x0 a
b
t
a
y = y 0
x 2 b
t = 10 = x t = 2

x0 a

10
6
y (m)
2 Streamline (t=0)
Streamline (t=1)
Streamline (t=1.5)
Pathline
0 2 4 6 8 10
x (m)
Pathline Streamlines
t=0 t=1s t=2s
t x y x y x y x y
0.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
0.25 1.00 0.78 1.00 0.78 1.00 0.97 1.00 0.98
0.50 1.01 0.61 1.00 0.61 1.01 0.88 1.01 0.94
0.75 1.03 0.47 1.00 0.47 1.03 0.75 1.03 0.87
1.00 1.05 0.37 1.00 0.37 1.05 0.61 1.05 0.78
1.25 1.08 0.29 1.00 0.29 1.08 0.46 1.08 0.68
1.50 1.12 0.22 1.00 0.22 1.12 0.32 1.12 0.57
1.75 1.17 0.17 1.00 0.17 1.17 0.22 1.17 0.47
2.00 1.22 0.14 1.00 0.14 1.22 0.14 1.22 0.37
2.25 1.29 0.11 1.00 0.11 1.29 0.08 1.29 0.28
2.50 1.37 0.08 1.00 0.08 1.37 0.04 1.37 0.21
2.75 1.46 0.06 1.00 0.06 1.46 0.02 1.46 0.15
3.00 1.57 0.05 1.00 0.05 1.57 0.01 1.57 0.11
3.25 1.70 0.04 1.00 0.04 1.70 0.01 1.70 0.07
3.50 1.85 0.03 1.00 0.03 1.85 0.00 1.85 0.05
3.75 2.02 0.02 1.00 0.02 2.02 0.00 2.02 0.03
4.00 2.23 0.02 1.00 0.02 2.23 0.00 2.23 0.02
4.25 2.47 0.01 1.00 0.01 2.47 0.00 2.47 0.01
4.50 2.75 0.01 1.00 0.01 2.75 0.00 2.75 0.01
4.75 3.09 0.01 1.00 0.01 3.09 0.00 3.09 0.00
5.00 3.49 0.01 1.00 0.01 3.49 0.00 3.49 0.00
Pathline and Streamline Plots

1.0
Pathline
0.8
Streamline (t = 0)
0.6
Streamline (t = 1 s)
Streamline (t = 2 s)
y
0.4
0.2
0.0
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5
x
Given: Flow field
Find: Pathline for particle starting at (3,1); Streamlines through same point at t = 1, 2, and 3 s
Solution:
dx dy
For particle paths = u = a x t an =v=b
dt d dt
dx 1 2
Separating variables and integrating = a t dt or ln( x ) = a t + c1
x 2
dy = b dt or y = b t + c2
Using initial condition (x,y) = (3,1) and the given values for a and b
c1 = ln( 3 m) an c2 = 1 m
d
2
0.05 t
The pathline is then x = 3 e and y = 4 t + 1
v dy b
For streamlines (at any time t) = =
u dx a x t
b dx
So, separating variables dy =
a t x
b
Integrating y= ln( x ) + c
a t
We are interested in instantaneous streamlines at various times that always pass through point (3,1). Using a and b values:
b 4
c=y ln( x) = 1 ln( 3)
a t 0.1 t
ln
40 x
The streamline equation is y= 1+
t 3
30
Pathline
Streamline (t=1)
20
Streamline (t=2)
Streamline (t=3)
10
y
0 1 2 3 4 5
10
20 These curves can be plotted in

Excel.
x
Find: Plot streamlines that are at origin at various times and pathlines that left origin at these times
Solution:
v 0 sin t
x
u0
For streamlines
v
=
dy
=

u dx u0
v 0 sin t
x
u0
So, separating variables (t=const) dy =
dx
u0
v 0 cos t
x
u0
Integrating y=
+ c

v 0 cos t cos( t)
x
u0
Using condition y = 0 when x = 0 y=

This gives streamlines y(x) at each time t
dx
For particle paths, first find x(t) = u = u0
dt
Separating variables and integrating dx = u 0 dt o x = u 0 t + c1

r
Using initial condition x = 0 at t = c1 = u 0 x = u 0 ( t )
u 0 ( t )
= v = v 0 sin t
dy x dy
For y(t) we have so = v = v 0 sin t
dt
u 0 dt
u0

dy
and = v = v 0 sin( )
dt
Separating variables and integrating dy = v 0 sin( ) dt y = v 0 sin( ) t + c2
Using initial condition y = 0 at t = c2 = v 0 sin( ) y = v 0 sin( ) ( t )
The pathline is then
x ( t , ) = u 0 ( t ) y ( t , ) = v 0 sin( ) ( t ) These terms give the path of a particle (x(t),y(t)) that started at t = .
0.5
0.25
0 1 2 3
0.25
0.5
Streamline t = 0s
Streamline t = 0.05s
Streamline t = 0.1s
Streamline t = 0.15s
Pathline starting t = 0s
Pathline starting t = 0.05s
The streamlines are sinusoids; the pathlines are straight (once a water particle is fired it travels in a straight line).
These curves can be plotted in Excel.
Find: Plot streakline for first second of flow
Solution:
Following the discussion leading up to Eq. 2.10, we first find equations for the pathlines in form
(
x p( t) = x t , x 0 , y 0 , t0 ) and (
y p( t) = y t , x 0 , y 0 , t0 )
where x 0, y 0 is the position of the particle at t = t0, and re-interprete the results as streaklines
( ) (
x st t0 = x t , x 0 , y 0 , t0 ) and ( ) (
y st t0 = y t , x 0 , y 0 , t0 )
which gives the streakline at t, where x 0, y 0 is the point at which dye is released (t0 is varied from 0 to t)
dx
For particle paths, first find x(t) = u = u0
dt
Separating variables and integrating dx = u 0 dt o

r
x = x0 + u0 t t0 ( )
(
x 0 + u 0 t t0 )
= v = v 0 sin t
dy x dy
= v = v 0 sin t
u0
For y(t) we have so
dt
dt
u0

dy x 0
and = v = v 0 sin t0
dt
u0

x 0 x 0
Separating variables and integrating dy = v 0 sin t0 dt y = y 0 + v 0 sin t0 t t0 ( )
u0
u0

x 0
The streakline is then ( )
x st t0 = x 0 + u 0 t t0 ( ) ( )
y st t0 = y 0 + v 0 sin t0 t t0 ( )
u0

With x0 = y0 = 0
( )
x st t0 = u 0 t t0 ( ) ( ) ( ) (
y st t0 = v 0 sin t0 t t0
)
Streakline for First Second
2
1
y (m)
0 2 4 6 8 10
x (m)
This curve can be plotted in Excel. For t = 1, t0 ranges from 0 to t.
Find: Plot of streakline for t = 0 to 3 s at point (1,1); compare to streamlines through same point at the instants t = 0, 1
and 2 s
Solution:
dx dy v dy
dt dt u dx
(
x p( t) = x t , x 0 , y 0 , t0 ) and (
y p( t) = y t , x 0 , y 0 , t0 )
( ) (
x st t0 = x t , x 0 , y 0 , t0 ) and ( ) (
y st t0 = y t , x 0 , y 0 , t0 )
Assumption: 2D flow
dx 1 1 dy 1
For pathlines up = = B x ( 1 + A t) A = 0.5 B = 1 vp = = C y C = 1
dt s s dt s
dx dy
So, separating variables = B ( 1 + A t) dt = C dt
x y
t t0
2 2
x
ln = C t t
( 0)
y
Integrating ln = B t t0 + A

x0 2 y0

t t0
2 2
B t t0+ A ( )
C t t0
x = x0 e
2 y = y0 e
t t0
2 2
The pathlines are

B t t0+ A
x p( t) = x 0 e
2
y p( t) = y 0 e
( )
C t t0
where x 0, y 0 is the position of the particle at t = t0. Re-interpreting the results as streaklines:
t t0
2 2
B t t0+ A
x st( t0 ) = x 0 e
2 ( )
C t t0
The streaklines are then ( )
y st t0 = y 0 e
where x 0, y 0 is the point at which dye is released (t0 is varied from 0 to t)

v dy C y
For streamlines = =
u dx B x ( 1 + A t)
dy C dx
So, separating variables ( 1 + A t) = which we can integrate for any given t (t is treated as a constant)
y B x
C
Integrating ( 1 + A t) ln( y ) = ln( x ) + const
B
C
1+ A t B
The solution is y = const x
2 1
3 2

10
Streamline (t=0)
Streamline (t=1)
Streamline (t=2)
Streakline
8
6
y (m)
0 2 4 6 8 10
x (m)
Find: Plot of streakline for t = 0 to 3 s at point (1,1); compare to streamlines through same point at the instants t = 0, 1
and 2 s
Solution:
dx dy v dy
dt dt u dx
(
x p( t) = x t , x 0 , y 0 , t0 ) and (
y p( t) = y t , x 0 , y 0 , t0 )
( ) (
x st t0 = x t , x 0 , y 0 , t0 ) and ( ) (
y st t0 = y t , x 0 , y 0 , t0 )
Assumption: 2D flow
dx 1 1 1 dy 1
For pathlines up = = a x ( 1 + b t ) a = 1 b = vp = = c y c = 1
dt s 5 s dt s
dx dy
So, separating variables = a ( 1 + b t) dt = c dt
x y
t t0
2 2
x
ln = c t t
( 0)
y
Integrating ln = a t t 0 + b
x0 2 y0

t t0
2 2
a t t0+ b ( )
c t t0
x = x0 e
2 y = y0 e
t t0
2 2
The pathlines are

a t t0+ b
x p( t) = x 0 e
2
y p( t) = y 0 e
( )
c t t0
t t0
2 2
a t t0+ b
x st( t0 ) = x 0 e
2 ( )
c t t0
The streaklines are then ( )
y st t0 = y 0 e
v dy c y
For streamlines = =
u dx a x ( 1 + b t )
dy c dx
So, separating variables ( 1 + b t) = which we can integrate for any given t (t is treated as a constant)
y a x
c
Integrating ( 1 + b t) ln( y ) = ln( x ) + const
a
c
1+ b t a
The solution is y = const x
2 1
3 2

5
Streamline (t=0)
Streamline (t=1)
Streamline (t=2)
4 Streakline
3
y (m)
0 1 2 3 4 5
x (m)
Find: Plot of pathline for t = 0 to 3 s for particle that started at point (1,2) at t = 0; compare to streakline through same
point at the instant t = 3
Solution:
dx dy
Governing equations: For pathlines up = vp =
dt dt
(
x p( t) = x t , x 0 , y 0 , t0 ) and (
y p( t) = y t , x 0 , y 0 , t0 )
( ) (
x st t0 = x t , x 0 , y 0 , t0 ) and ( ) (
y st t0 = y t , x 0 , y 0 , t0 )
Assumption: 2D flow
dx 1 1 1 m dy
For pathlines up = = a x t a = b = vp = =b
dt 4 2 3 s dt
s
dx
So, separating variables = a t dt dy = b dt
x
ln = a t2 t 2
( )
x
Integrating y y0 = b t t0
0
x0 2
t t0
a 2 2
x = x0 e
2 (
y = y0 + b t t0 )
t t0
a 2 2

The pathlines are x p( t) = x 0 e
2
(
y p( t) = y 0 + b t t0 )
t t0
a 2 2

The pathlines are then ( )
x st t0 = x 0 e
2
( ) (
y st t0 = y 0 + b t t0 )
Streakline and Pathline Plots
2
Streakline
Pathline
1.5
y (m)
0.5
0 1 2 3 4
x (m)
Given: 2D velocity field
Find: Streamlines passing through (6,6); Coordinates of particle starting at (1,4); that pathlines, streamlines and
streaklines coincide
Solution:

v dy b 2
For streamlines = = or
a y dy = b dx
u dx
a y
2
3
a y
Integrating = b x + c
3
3
For the streamline through point (6,6) c = 60 and y = 6 x + 180

dx 2 2
For particle that passed through (1,4) at t = 0 u= = a y 1 dx = x x 0 = a y dt We need y(t)
dt
dy
v= =b 1 dy = b dt y = y0 + b t = y0 + 2 t
dt

t 2 3
b t
Then
2
x x 0 = a y 0 + b t dt

( ) x = x 0 + a y 0 t + b y 0 t +

2 2
3
0
2 4 3
Hence, with x0 = 1 y0 = 4 x = 1 + 16 t + 8 t + t At t = 1 s x = 26.3 m
3
y = 4 + 2 t y = 6 m

For particle that passed through (-3,0) at t = 1 1 dy = b dt

(
y = y0 + b t t0 )

t
2
3
x = x 0 + a y 0 t t0 + b y 0 t t0
2
( )
x x 0 = a y 0 + b t dt ( ) t t0
b

2 2 2 3
+
3
t
0
Hence, with x 0 = -3, y 0 = 0 at t0 = 1 x = 3 +

4
3
( 3 )
t 1 =
1
3
( 3
4 t 13 ) y = 2 ( t 1)
Evaluating at t = 3 x = 31.7 m y = 4 m
This is a steady flow, so pathlines, streamlines and streaklines always coincide

Solution The particle starting at t = 3 s follows the particle starting at t = 2 s;

The particle starting at t = 4 s doesn't move!
Pathlines: Starting at t = 0 Starting at t = 1 s Starting at t = 2 s Streakline at t = 4 s
t x y x y x y x y
0.00 0.00 0.00 2.00 2.00
0.20 0.20 0.40 1.80 1.60
0.40 0.40 0.80 1.60 1.20
0.60 0.60 1.20 1.40 0.80
0.80 0.80 1.60 1.20 0.40
1.00 1.00 2.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 0.00
1.20 1.20 2.40 0.20 0.40 0.80 -0.40
1.40 1.40 2.80 0.40 0.80 0.60 -0.80
1.60 1.60 3.20 0.60 1.20 0.40 -1.20
1.80 1.80 3.60 0.80 1.60 0.20 -1.60
2.00 2.00 4.00 1.00 2.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 -2.00
2.20 2.00 3.80 1.00 1.80 0.00 -0.20 0.00 -1.80
2.40 2.00 3.60 1.00 1.60 0.00 -0.40 0.00 -1.60
2.60 2.00 3.40 1.00 1.40 0.00 -0.60 0.00 -1.40
2.80 2.00 3.20 1.00 1.20 0.00 -0.80 0.00 -1.20
3.00 2.00 3.00 1.00 1.00 0.00 -1.00 0.00 -1.00
3.20 2.00 2.80 1.00 0.80 0.00 -1.20 0.00 -0.80
3.40 2.00 2.60 1.00 0.60 0.00 -1.40 0.00 -0.60
3.60 2.00 2.40 1.00 0.40 0.00 -1.60 0.00 -0.40
3.80 2.00 2.20 1.00 0.20 0.00 -1.80 0.00 -0.20
4.00 2.00 2.00 1.00 0.00 0.00 -2.00 0.00 0.00
Pathline and Streakline Plots

4
1
y
0
-0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5
-1 Pathline starting at t = 0
Pathline starting at t = 1 s
-2 Pathline starting at t = 2 s
Streakline at t = 4 s
-3
x
Find: Equation for streamline through point (1.1); coordinates of particle at t = 5 s and t = 10 s that was at (1,1) at t = 0;
compare pathline, streamline, streakline
Solution:
v dy dx dy
Governing equations: For streamlines = For pathlines up = vp =
u dx dt dt
Assumption: 2D flow
1 1 m
Given data a = b = 1 x0 = 1 y0 = 1 t0 = 0
5 s s
v dy b
For streamlines = =
u dx a x
a dx
So, separating variables dy =
b x
y y 0 = ln
( )
a x
Integrating
b
x0
y = y 0 + ln = 5 ln( x ) + 1
b x
The solution is then
a x0

dx dy
Hence for pathlines up = = a x vp = =b
dt dt
dx
Hence = a dt dy = b dt
x
ln = a t t
( 0) ( )
x
x0

( )
a t t0
y = y 0 + ln
( )
b x
The pathlines are x = x0 e y = y0 + b t t0 or
a

x0
For a particle that was at x 0 = 1 m, y 0 = 1 m at t0 = 0 s, at time t = 1 s we find the position is
1
( )
a t t0
x = x0 e = e
5
m ( )
y = y 0 + b t t0 = 2 m
( )
a t t0
x = x0 e = e m ( )
y = y 0 + b t t0 = 6 m
For a particle that was at x 0 = 1 m, y 0 = 1 at t0 = 0 s, at time t = 10 s we find the position is
( )
a t t0
x = x0 e = e
2
m ( )
y = y 0 + b t t0 = 11 m
For this steady flow streamlines, streaklines and pathlines coincide
Streamline and Position Plots

15
Streamline
Position at t = 1 s
Position at t = 5 s
Position at t = 10 s
12
9
y (m)
0 2 4 6 8 10
x (m)
Find: Equation for streamline through point (2.5); coordinates of particle at t = 2 s that was at (0,4) at t = 0; coordinates of
particle at t = 3 s that was at (1,4.25) at t = 1 s; compare pathline, streamline, streakline
Solution:
v dy dx dy
Governing equations: For streamlines = For pathlines up = vp =
u dx dt dt
Assumption: 2D flow
m 1
Given data a = 2 b = 1 x0 = 2 y0 = 5 x = 1 x = x
s s
v dy b x
For streamlines = =
u dx a
a
So, separating variables dy = x dx
b
y y0 = x x0
( )
a 1 2 2
Integrating
b 2
2
b 2
x x0 =
2 x
The solution is then y = y0 + +4
2 a 4
dx dy
Hence for pathlines up = =a vp = = b x
dt dt
Hence dx = a dt dy = b x dt
Integrating x x 0 = a t t 0 ( ) ( )
dy = b x 0 + a t t0 dt

y y 0 = b x 0 t t0 + t t0 a t0 t t0
( ) ( )
a 2 2
2
( ) y = y 0 + b x 0 t t0 + t t0 a t0 t t0
( ) ( )
a 2 2
The pathlines are x = x 0 + a t t 0
2
For a particle that was at x 0 = 0 m, y 0 = 4 m at t0 = 0s, at time t = 2 s we find the position is
( ) y = y 0 + b x 0 t t0 + t t0 a t0 t t0 = 8m
( ) ( )
a 2 2
x = x 0 + a t t 0 = 4 m
2
For a particle that was at x 0 = 1 m, y 0 = 4.25 m at t0 = 1 s, at time t = 3 s we find the position is
( ) y = y 0 + b x 0 t t0 + t t0 a t0 t t0 = 10.25
( ) ( )
a 2 2
x = x 0 + a t t 0 = 5 m
2
m
For this steady flow streamlines, streaklines and pathlines coincide; the particles refered to are the same particle!
Streamline and Position Plots

15
Streamline
Position at t = 1 s
Position at t = 5 s
Position at t = 10 s
12
9
y (m)
0 1.2 2.4 3.6 4.8 6
x (m)
Find: Coordinates of particle at t = 2 s that was at (1,2) at t = 0; coordinates of particle at t = 3 s that was at (1,2) at t = 2 s;
plot pathline and streakline through point (1,2) and compare with streamlines through same point at t = 0, 1 and 2 s
Solution
: dx dy v dy
(
x p( t) = x t , x 0 , y 0 , t0 ) and (
y p( t) = y t , x 0 , y 0 , t0 )
( ) (
x st t0 = x t , x 0 , y 0 , t0 ) and ( ) (
y st t0 = y t , x 0 , y 0 , t0 )
Assumption: 2D flow
1 m
Given data a = 0.2 b = 0.4
s 2
s
dx dy
Hence for pathlines up = = a y vp = = b t
dt dt
y y0 = t t0
b 2 2
Hence dx = a y dt dy = b t dt
2
dx = a y 0 + a t t0 dt
b 2 2
For x
2
3 t 3
x x 0 = a y 0 ( t t 0 ) + a t0 ( t t0 )
b t 0 2
Integrating
2 3 3
3 t 3
x ( t ) = x 0 + a y 0 ( t t 0 ) + a t0 ( t t0 ) y ( t) = y0 + t t0
b t 0 2 b 2 2
The pathlines are
2 3 3 2
These give the position (x,y) at any time t of a particle that was at (x 0,y 0) at time t0
Note that streaklines are obtained using the logic of the Governing equations, above
3 t 3
x ( t 0 ) = x 0 + a y 0 ( t t 0 ) + a t0 ( t t0 ) y t0 = y 0 + t t0
( )
t 0 b 2 b 2 2
The streaklines are
2 3 3 2
These gives the streakline at t, where x 0, y 0 is the point at which dye is released (t0 is varied from 0 to t)
For a particle that was at x 0 = 1 m, y 0 = 2 m at t0 = 0s, at time t = 2 s we find the position is (from pathline equations)
3 t 3
x = x 0 + a y 0 ( t t 0 ) + a t0 ( t t0 ) = 1.91m y = y 0 + t t0 = 2.8 m
bt 0 2 b 2 2
2 3 3 2
3 t 3
x = x 0 + a y 0 ( t t 0 ) + a t0 ( t t0 ) = 1.49m y = y 0 + t t0 = 3.0
bt 0 2 b 2 2
2 m
2 3 3
v dy b t
For streamlines = =
u dx a y
b
So, separating variables y dy = t dx where we treat t as a constant
a
2 2
y y0 b t
Integrating
2
=
a
(
x x0 ) and we have x0 = 1 m y0 = 2 m
2 b t
The streamlines are then y = y0 +
2
a
(
x x0 = ) 4 t ( x 1) + 4
Pathline Plots Streamline Plots
5 15
Pathline (t0=0) Streamline (t=0)
4 Streakline 12 Streamline (t=2)
Streamline (t=3)
3 9
y (m)
y (m)
2 6
1 3
0 0.6 1.2 1.8 2.4 3 0 2 4 6 8 10
x (m) x (m)
Find: Coordinates of particle at t = 2 s that was at (2,1) at t = 0; coordinates of particle at t = 3 s that was at (2,1) at t = 2 s;
plot pathline and streakline through point (2,1) and compare with streamlines through same point at t = 0, 1 and 2 s
Solution:
dx dy v dy
(
x p( t) = x t , x 0 , y 0 , t0 ) and (
y p( t) = y t , x 0 , y 0 , t0 )
( ) (
x st t0 = x t , x 0 , y 0 , t0 ) and ( ) (
y st t0 = y t , x 0 , y 0 , t0 )
Assumption: 2D flow
m m
Given data a = 0.4 b = 2
2 2
s s
dx dy
Hence for pathlines up = = a t vp = =b
dt dt
Hence dx = a t dt dy = b dt
x x0 = t t0 ( )
a 2 2
2
x ( t) = x0 + t t0 ( )
a 2 2
The pathlines are y ( t) = y0 + b t t0
2
These give the position (x,y) at any time t of a particle that was at (x 0,y 0) at time t0
Note that streaklines are obtained using the logic of the Governing equations, above
x t0 = x 0 + t t0
( ) ( ) ( )
a 2 2
The streaklines are y t0 = y 0 + b t t0
2
These gives the streakline at t, where x 0, y 0 is the point at which dye is released (t0 is varied from 0 to t)
For a particle that was at x 0 = 2 m, y 0 = 1 m at t0 = 0s, at time t = 2 s we find the position is (from pathline equations)
x = x 0 + t t0 = 2.8 m ( )
a 2 2
y = y 0 + b t t0 = 5 m
2
x = x 0 + t t0 = 3 m ( )
a 2 2
y = y 0 + b t t0 = 3 m
2
v dy b
For streamlines = =
u dx a t
b
So, separating variables dy = dx where we treat t as a constant
a t
( )
b
Integrating y y0 = x x0 and we have x0 = 2 m y0 = 1 m
a t
5 ( x 2)
( )
b
The streamlines are then y = y0 + x x0 = +1
a t t
Pathline Plots Streamline Plots

8 8
6 Streakline 6 Streamline (t=2)
y (m)
y (m)
4 4
2 2
0 1 2 3 4 5 0 1 2 3 4 5
x (m) x (m)
Given: Sutherland equation
Find: Corresponding equation for kinematic viscosity
Solution: 1
2
b T
Governing equation: = Sutherland equation p = R T Ideal gas equation
S
1+
T
Assumptions: Sutherland equation is valid; air is an ideal gas
6 kg J
The given data is b = 1.458 10 S = 110.4 K R = 286.9 p = 101.3 kPa
1 kg K
2
m s K
1 3 3
2 2 2
R T R T b T R b T b' T
The kinematic viscosity is = = = = =
p p S p S S
1+ 1+ 1+
T T T
2
R b 9 m
where b' = b' = 4.129 10
p 1.5
K s
2 2
N m 6 kg m 9 m
b' = 286.9 1.458 10 = 4.129 10
kg K 1 3 3
101.3 10 N
2 2
m s K s K
3
2 2
b' T 9 m S = 110.4 K
Hence = with b' = 4.129 10
S 3
1+
T 2
s K
2
5 m
Check with Appendix A, Table A.10. At T = 0 C we find T = 273.1 K = 1.33 10
s
3
2
9 m 2
4.129 10 ( 273.1 K)
3
2 2
s K 5 m
= = 1.33 10 Check!
110.4 s
1+
273.1
2
5 m
At T = 100 C we find T = 373.1 K = 2.29 10
s
3
2
9 m 2
4.129 10 ( 373.1 K)
3
2 2
s K 5 m
= = 2.30 10 Check!
110.4 s
1+
373.1
Viscosity as a Function of Temperature

5
2.5 10
Calculated
Table A.10
Kinematic Viscosity (m2/s)
5
2 10
5
1.5 10
0 20 40 60 80 100
Temperature (C)
Given: Sutherland equation with SI units
Find: Corresponding equation in BG units
Solution: 1
2
b T
Governing equation: = Sutherland equation
S
1+
T
Assumption: Sutherland equation is valid
6 kg
The given data is b = 1.458 10 S = 110.4 K
1
2
m s K
1
2
6 kg lbm slug 0.3048 m 5 K 8 slug
Converting constants b = 1.458 10 9 R b = 2.27 10
1 0.454 kg 32.2 lbm ft 1
2 2
m s K ft s R
2
8 slug lbf s 8 lbf s
Alternatively b = 2.27 10 b = 2.27 10
1 slug ft 1
2 2 2
ft s R ft R
9 R
Also S = 110.4 K S = 198.7 R
5 K
1
2
and b T lbf s
= with T in Rankine, in
S 2
1+ ft
T
7 lbf s
Check with Appendix A, Table A.9. At T = 68 F we find T = 527.7 R = 3.79 10
2
ft
1
8 lbf s 2
2.27 10 ( 527.7 R)
1
2 2
ft R 7 lbf s
= = 3.79 10 Check!
198.7 2
1+ ft
527.7
7 lbf s
At T = 200 F we find T = 659.7 R = 4.48 10
2
ft
1
8 lbf s 2
2.27 10 ( 659.7 R)
1
2 2
ft R 7 lbf s
= = 4.48 10 Check!
198.7 2
1+ ft
659.7
Data: Using procedure of Appendix A.3:
T (oC) T (K) (x105) T (K) T3/2/

0 273 1.86E-05 273 2.43E+08
100 373 2.31E-05 373 3.12E+08
200 473 2.72E-05 473 3.78E+08
300 573 3.11E-05 573 4.41E+08
400 673 3.46E-05 673 5.05E+08
The equation to solve for coefficients

S and b is
1
3 2
T S
= T +

b b
From the built-in Excel Hence:

Linear Regression functions:
. . 1/2
Slope = 6.534E+05 b = 1.531E-06 kg/m s K
Intercept = 6.660E+07 S = 101.9 K
R2 = 0.9996
Plot of Basic Data and Trend Line

6.E+08
Data Plot
5.E+08
Least Squares Fit
4.E+08
T3/2/ 3.E+08
2.E+08
1.E+08
0.E+00
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800
T
Given: Velocity distribution between flat plates
Find: Shear stress on upper plate; Sketch stress distribution
Solution:
2 y = u 4 2 y = 8 umax y
2
du du d
Basic equation yx = = u max 1 h max 2
dy dy dy 2
h h
8 u max y
yx =
2
h
h m 3 N s
At the upper surface y= and h = 0.1 mm u max = 0.1 = 1.14 10 (Table A.8)
2 s 2
m
2
3 N s m 0.1 1 m 1 1000 mm N
Hence yx = 8 1.14 10 0.1 mm 0.1 mm yx = 4.56
m
2 s 2 1000 mm 1 m
m
2
The upper plate is a minus y surface. Since yx < 0, the shear stress on the upper plate must act in the plus x direction.
8 umax
The shear stress varies linearly with y yx( y ) = y
h2

0.05
0.04
0.03
0.02
0.01
y (mm)
5 4 3 2 1 0 1 2 3 4 5
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
Shear Stress (Pa)

Given: Velocity distribution between parallel plates
Find: Force on lower plate
Solution:
du
Basic equations F = yx A yx =
dy
2 y = u 4 2 y = 8 umax y
2
du d
= u max 1 h max 2
dy dy 2
h h
8 u max y 8 A u max y
so yx = and F=
2 2
h h
h 2
At the lower surface y= and h = 0.1 mm A = 1 m
2
m 3 N s
u max = 0.05 = 1.14 10 (Table
s 2 A.8)
m
2
2 3 N s m 0.1 1 m 1 1 1000 mm
Hence F = 8 1 m 1.14 10 0.05 mm 0.1 mm
2
m
s 2 1000 mm 1 m
F = 2.28 N (to the right)

Open-Ended Problem Statement: Explain how an ice skate interacts with the ice surface.
What mechanism acts to reduce sliding friction between skate and ice?
Discussion: The normal freezing and melting temperature of ice is 0C (32F) at atmospheric
pressure. The melting temperature of ice decreases as pressure is increased. Therefore ice can be caused to
melt at a temperature below the normal melting temperature when the ice is subjected to increased pressure.
A skater is supported by relatively narrow blades with a short contact against the ice. The blade of a typical
skate is less than 3 mm wide. The length of blade in contact with the ice may be just ten or so millimeters.
With a 3 mm by 10 mm contact patch, a 75 kg skater is supported by a pressure between skate blade and
ice on the order of tens of megaPascals (hundreds of atmospheres). Such a pressure is enough to cause ice
to melt rapidly.
When pressure is applied to the ice surface by the skater, a thin surface layer of ice melts to become liquid
water and the skate glides on this thin liquid film. Viscous friction is quite small, so the effective friction
coefficient is much smaller than for sliding friction.
The magnitude of the viscous drag force acting on each skate blade depends on the speed of the skater, the
area of contact, and the thickness of the water layer on top of the ice.
The phenomenon of static friction giving way to viscous friction is similar to the hydroplaning of a
pneumatic tire caused by a layer of water on the road surface.
Given: Velocity profile
Find: Plot of velocity profile; shear stress on surface
Solution:
g y
2
g h
2
The velocity profile is u=
h y sin( ) so the maximum velocity is at y = h u max = sin( )
2 2
y 2

u 1 y
Hence we can plot = 2
u max h 2 h
0.75
y/h
0.5
0.25
0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1
u/umax
This graph can be plotted in Excel

3 lbf s
The given data is h = 0.1 in = 2.15 10 = 45 deg
2
ft
d g y
2
du du
Basic equation yx = yx = = h y sin( ) = g ( h y ) sin( )
dy dy dy 2
At the surface y = 0 yx = g h sin( )
2
slug ft 1 ft lbf s lbf
Hence yx = 0.85 1.94 32.2 0.1 in sin( 45 deg) yx = 0.313
3 2 12 in slug ft 2
ft s ft
The surface is a positive y surface. Since yx > 0, the shear stress on the surface must act in the plus x direction.
Given: Ice skater and skate geometry du

yx =
dy
Find: Deceleration of skater V = 20 ft/s
Solution: y
h
du
Governing equation: yx = Fx = M ax
dy x
Assumptions: Laminar flow L
ft
The given data is W = 100 lbf V = 20 L = 11.5 in w = 0.125 in h = 0.0000575 in
s
5 lbf s
= 3.68 10 Table A.7 @32oF
2
ft
du V 5 lbf s ft 1 12 in
Then yx = = = 3.68 10 20
dy h 2 s 0.0000575 in ft
ft
lbf
yx = 154
2
ft
W
Equation of motion Fx = M ax or yx A = a
g x
yx A g yx L w g
ax = =
W W
2
lbf ft 1 ft
ax = 154 11.5 in 0.125 in 32.2
2 2 100 lbf 2
ft s ( 12 in)
ft
ax = 0.495
2
s
Given: Block pulled up incline on oil layer
Find: Force required to pull the block
Solution: U
y
x
x
du
Governing equations: yx =
dy f N
W
d
Fx = M ax
Assumptions: Laminar flow
ft
The given data is W = 10 lbf U = 2 w = 10 in d = 0.001 in = 25 deg
s
2 N s
= 3.7 10 Fig. A.2 @100 oF (38oC)
2
m
Equation of motion Fx = M ax = 0 s F f W sin( ) = 0

o
du U 2
The friction force is f = yx A = A = w
dy d
U 2
Hence F = f + W sin( ) = w + W sin( )
d
2
2 N s lbf s m ft 1 2 ft
F = 3.7 10 0.0209 2 ( 10 in) + 10 lbf sin( 25 deg)
2 2 N s s 0.001 in 12 in
m ft
F = 17.1 lbf
Given: Block moving on incline on oil layer
Find: Speed of block when free, pulled, and pushed
Solution: y
U x
x
du
Governing equations: yx =
dy
f N
W
Fx = M ax d

Assumptions: Laminar flow
The given data is M = 10 kg W = M g W = 98.066 N w = 250 mm
d = 0.025 mm = 30 deg F = 75 N
1 Ns
= 10 Fig. A.2 SAE 10-39 @30oC
2
m
Equation of motion Fx = M ax = 0 so F f W sin ( ) = 0
du U 2
The friction force is f = yx A = A = w
dy d
U 2 d ( F W sin( ) )
Hence for uphill motion F = f + W sin ( ) = w + W sin ( ) U= (For downpush change
d 2 sign of W)
w
d W sin( ) m
For no force: U = U = 0.196
2 s
w
d ( F W sin( ) ) m d ( F + W sin ( ) ) m
Pushing up: U = U = 0.104 Pushing down: U = U = 0.496
2 s 2 s
w w
Given: Data on tape mechanism
Find: Maximum gap region that can be pulled without breaking tape
Solution:
du
Basic equation yx = and F = yx A
dy
Here F is the force on each side of the tape; the total force is then FT = 2 F = 2 yx A
du V 0 V
The velocity gradient is linear as shown = =
dy c c
y c
The area of contact is A = w L
t
F,V
V
Combining these results FT = 2 w L x
c
c
FT c
Solving for L L=
2 V w
slug ft
The given data is FT = 25 lbf c = 0.012 in = 0.02 V = 3 w = 1 in
ft s s
1 ft 1 1 ft s 1 s 1 1 12 in slug ft
Hence L = 25 lbf 0.012 in L = 2.5 ft
12 in 2 0.02 slug 3 ft 1 in 1 ft 2
s lbf
Given: Flow data on apparatus
Find: The terminal velocity of mass m
Solution:
Given data: Dpiston = 73 mm Dtube = 75 mm Mass = 2 kg L = 100 mm SG Al = 2.64
kg
Reference data: water = 1000 (maximum density of water)
3
m
N s
From Fig. A.2:, the dynamic viscosity of SAE 10W-30 oil at 25oC is: = 0.13
2
m
The terminal velocity of the mass m is equivalent to the terminal velocity of the piston. At that terminal speed, the acceleration of
the piston is zero. Therefore, all forces acting on the piston must be balanced. This means that the force driving the motion
(i.e. the weight of mass m and the piston) balances the viscous forces acting on the surface of the piston. Thus, at r = Rpiston:
D 2
piston L d V D
Mass + SGAl water g = rz A = z ( piston L)
4 dr
The velocity profile within the oil film is linear ...
d V
Therefore Vz =
dr Dtube Dpiston

2
Thus, the terminal velocity of the piston, V, is:
g SG Al water Dpiston L + 4 Mass Dtube Dpiston

( )
2
V =

8 Dpiston L
m
or V = 10.2
s
Given: Flow data on apparatus
Find: Sketch of piston speed vs time; the time needed for the piston to reach 99% of its new terminal speed.
Solution:
m
Given data: Dpiston = 73 mm Dtube = 75 mm L = 100 mm SG Al = 2.64 V0 = 10.2
s
kg
Reference data: water = 1000 (maximum density of water) (From Problem 2.48)
3
m
N s
From Fig. A.2, the dynamic viscosity of SAE 10W-30 oil at 25oC is: = 0.13
2
m
The free body diagram of the piston after the cord is cut is:
D 2
piston
Piston weight: Wpiston = SGAl water g L
4
Viscous force: Fviscous( V) = rz A
Fviscous( V) = D
( piston L)
V
or
( tube piston)
1
D D
2
dV
Applying Newton's second law: mpiston = Wpiston Fviscous( V)
dt
dV 8
Therefore = g a V where a =
dt (
SGAl water Dpiston Dtube Dpiston )
dX dV
If V = g a V then = a
dt dt
dX
The differential equation becomes = a X where X( 0 ) = g a V0
dt
a t a t
The solution to this differential equation is: X( t) = X0 e or ( )
g a V( t) = g a V0 e
V( t) = V0 e
g ( a t) g
Therefore +
a a
Plotting piston speed vs. time (which can be done in Excel)
Piston speed vs. time

12
10
V ( t) 6
0 1 2 3
t
The terminal speed of the piston, Vt, is evaluated as t approaches infinity
g m
Vt = or Vt = 3.63
a s
The time needed for the piston to slow down to within 1% of its terminal velocity is:
V g
1 0 a
t = ln or t = 1.93 s
a
1.01 Vt g
a
Given: Block on oil layer pulled by hanging weight
Find: Expression for viscous force at speed V; differential equation for motion; block speed as function of time; oil viscosity
Mg
x
Ft
Solution: Ft y
du
Governing equations: yx = Fx = M ax
dy Fv
mg
Assumptions: Laminar flow; linear velocity profile in oil layer N
2
The given data is M = 5 kg W = m g = 9.81 N A = 25 cm h = 0.05 mm
dV
Equation of motion (block) Fx = M ax so Ft Fv = M ( 1)
dt
dV
Equation of motion (block) Fy = m ay so m g Ft = m ( 2)
dt
dV
Adding Eqs. (1) and (2) m g Fv = ( M + m)
dt
du V
The friction force is Fv = yx A = A = A
dy h
A dV
Hence m g V = ( M + m)
h dt
M+m
To solve separate variables dt = dV
A
m g V
h
( M + m) h A ( M + m) h A
t= ln m g V ln( m g ) = ln 1 V
A h A m g h
A
t
A ( M+ m) h
Hence taking antilogarithms 1 V = e
m g h

A
t
m g h ( M + m) h m g h
Finally V= 1 e The maximum velocity is V =
A A
In Excel:
The data is M= 5.00 kg To find the viscosity for which the speed is 1 m/s after 1 s
m= 1.00 kg use Goal Seek with the velocity targeted to be 1 m/s by varying
g= 9.81 m/s2 the viscosity in the set of cell below:
0= 1.30 N.s/m2
A= 25 cm 2 t (s) V (m/s)
h= 0.5 mm 1.00 1.000
Speed V of Block vs Time t

1.6
t (s) V (m/s)
0.00 0.000 1.4
0.10 0.155
0.20 0.294 1.2
0.30 0.419
1.0
0.40 0.531
0.50 0.632 V (m/s) 0.8
0.60 0.722
0.70 0.803 0.6
0.80 0.876 0.4
0.90 0.941
1.00 1.00 0.2
1.10 1.05
0.0
1.20 1.10
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0
1.30 1.14
t (s)
1.40 1.18
1.50 1.21
1.60 1.25
1.70 1.27
1.80 1.30
1.90 1.32
2.00 1.34
2.10 1.36
2.20 1.37
2.30 1.39
2.40 1.40
2.50 1.41
2.60 1.42
2.70 1.43
2.80 1.44
2.90 1.45
3.00 1.46
Ff = A
x, V, a
M g
Given: Data on the block and incline
Find: Initial acceleration; formula for speed of block; plot; find speed after 0.1 s. Find oil viscosity if speed is 0.3 m/s after
0.1 s
Solution:
2
Given data M = 5 kg A = ( 0.1 m) d = 0.2 mm = 30 deg
N s
From Fig. A.2 = 0.4
2
m
Applying Newton's 2nd law to initial instant (no friction) M a = M g sin( ) Ff = M g sin( )
m m
so ainit = g sin( ) = 9.81 sin( 30 deg) ainit = 4.9
2 2
s s
du V
Applying Newton's 2nd law at any instant M a = M g sin( ) Ff and Ff = A = A = A
dy d
dV A
so M a = M = M g sin( ) V
dt d
dV
Separating variables = dt
A
g sin( ) V
M d
M d A
Integrating and using limits ln 1 V = t
A M g d sin( )
A
t
M g d sin( ) M d
or V( t) = 1 e
A
0.4 0.01 0.1

2
N s
2
1 e
m m 5 0.0002
At t = 0.1 s V = 5 kg 9.81 0.0002 m sin( 30 deg)
2 2 kg m
s 0.4 N s ( 0.1 m)
m
V( 0.1 s) = 0.404
s
The plot looks like
1.5
1
V (m/s)
0.5
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
t (s)
To find the viscosity for which V(0.1 s) = 0.3 m/s, we must solve
A
( t= 0.1 s )
M g d sin( ) M d
V( t = 0.1 s) = 1 e
A
The viscosity is implicit in this equation, so solution must be found by manual iteration, or by any of a number of classic
root-finding numerical methods, or by using Excel's Goal Seek
N s
Using Excel: = 1.08
2
m
Given: Block sliding on oil layer
Find: Direction of friction on bottom of block and on plate; expression for speed U versus time; time required to lose 95%
of initial speed
Solution: U
du Fv
dy
y
h
Assumptions: Laminar flow; linear velocity profile in oil layer
x
The bottom of the block is a -y surface, so yx acts to the left; The plate
is a +y surface, so yx acts to the right
dU
Equation of motion Fx = M ax so Fv = M
dt
du U 2
The friction force is Fv = yx A = A = a
dy h
2
a dU
Hence U = M
h dt
2
1 a
To solve separate variables dU = dt
U M h
2
ln
U = a t
U
U0 M h

2
a
t
M h
Hence taking antilogarithms U = U0 e
t
M h
ln
U
Solving for t t=
a
2
U0
U M h
Hence for = 0.05 t = 3.0
U0 2
a
Given: Varnish-coated wire drawn through die
Find: Force required to pull wire r

F
x d D
Solution:
du
dy L
Assumptions: Laminar flow; linear velocity profile in varnish layer
m 2
The given data is D = 1 mm d = 0.9 mm L = 50 mm V = 50 = 20 10 poise
s
Equation of motion Fx = M ax so F Fv = 0 for steady speed
du V
The friction force is Fv = yx A = A = d L
dr D d

2
Hence F Fv = 0
2 V d L
so F =
D d
2 0.1 kg m 1 m
F = 2 20 10 poise 50 0.9 mm 50 mm
m s poise s ( 1 0.9) mm 1000 mm
F = 2.83 N
Given: Data on annular tube
Find: Whether no-slip is satisfied; location of zeroshear stress; viscous forces
Solution:
2
Ro Ri
2
ln
1 p2 2 r
The velocity profile is u z( r) = Ri r
4 L Ri Ri
ln
Ro
Ro
2 2
Ro Ri
Check the no-slip condition. When r = Ro u z( R o ) =
1 p
2 2
Ri Ro ln
4 L Ri Ri
ln
Ro
1 p 2
( ) R Ro + Ro Ri = 0
2 2 2
u z Ro =
4 L i
Ri
2 2
Ro Ri
When r = Ri u z( R i ) =
1

p 2 2
Ri Ri ln =0
4 L Ri Ri

ln

Ro

The no-slip condition is satisfied.
The given data is Ri = 5 mm Ro = 25 mm p = 125 kPa L = 2 m
N s
The viscosity of the honey is = 5
2
m
The plot looks like
25
Radial Position (mm)
20
15
10
0 0.25 0.5 0.75
Velocity (m/s)
du
For each, shear stress is given by rx =
dr
duz( r) 2
Ro Ri
2
ln
d 1 p 2 2 r
rx = = Ri r
dr dr 4 L Ri Ri
ln
Ro
Ro Ri
2 2
1 p
Hence rx = 2 r
4 L Ri
ln r
Ro
2 2 2 2
Ro Ri Ri Ro
2 r =0 or r = r = 13.7 mm
For zero stress
Ri Ri
ln r 2 ln
Ro Ro
Ro Ri
2 2
On the outer surface 1 p
Fo = rx A = 2 Ro 2 R o L
4 L Ri
ln Ro
Ro
Ro Ri
2 2
2
Fo = p Ro
Ri
2 ln
Ro

( 25 mm) 2 ( 5 mm) 2 1 m
2
1 m 1000 mm
25 mm
3 N
Fo = 125 10
1000 mm
2 ln
2 5
m
25
Fo = 172 N
Ro Ri
2 2
1 p
On the inner surface Fi = rx A = 2 Ri 2 R i L
4 L Ri
ln Ri
Ro
Ro Ri
2 2
2
Fi = p Ri
Ri
2 ln
Ro
2 1 m
2

( 25 mm)
2
( 5 mm )

2
1 m 1000 mm
5 mm
3 N
Hence Fi = 125 10
1000 mm
2 ln
2 5
m
25
Fi = 63.4 N
p Ro Ri
2 2
Fo Fi = 236 N
= 236 N
Note that and

The net pressure force just balances the net

viscous force!
Given: Data on flow through a tube with a filament
Find: Whether no-slip is satisfied; location of zero stress;stress on tube and filament
Solution:
2
D d
2
2 r
ln
1 p 2 2
The velocity profile is V( r) = d 4 r
16 L d
ln
d
D
D d
2 2
D
V
D
ln
D 1 p 2 2
Check the no-slip condition. r= = d D
2 16 L d
ln
When 2 d
D
V( D) =
1
16 L

p 2 2 (
d D + D d
2 2 ) = 0
D d
2 2
d
ln
d 1 p 2 2
When r= V( d ) = d d =0
16 L d
ln
2 d
D
The no-slip condition is satisfied.
The given data is d = 1 m D = 20 mm p = 5 kPa L = 10 m
2 N s
The viscosity of SAE 10-30 oil at 100 oC is (Fig. A.2) = 1 10
2
m
The plot looks like
10
8
0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1
Velocity (m/s)
du
For each, shear stress is given by rx =
dr
1 p 2 2
D d
2
2 r
ln
dV( r) d 2
rx = = d 4 r
16 L
ln Di
dr dr d
D
1 p D d
2 2
rx( r) = 8 r
16 L
ln r
d
D
2 2 2 2
D d d D
For the zero-stress point 8 r =0 or r = r = 2.25 mm
ln r 8 ln
d d
D D
10
7.5
2.5
3 2 1 0 1 2 3 4
Stress (Pa)
rx = 2.374 Pa rx = 2.524 kPa

D d
Using the stress formula

2
2
Given: Flow between two plates
Find: Force to move upper plate; Interface velocity
Solution:
The shear stress is the same throughout (the velocity gradients are linear, and the stresses in the fluid at the interface must be
equal and opposite).
du1 du2 Vi ( V Vi )
Hence = 1 = 2 or 1 = 2 where V i is the interface velocity
dy dy h1 h2
m
1
V s m
Solving for the interface Vi = = Vi = 0.714
velocity V i 1 h 2 0.1 0.3 s
1+ 1+
2 h 1 0.15 0.5
Vi N s m 1 1000 mm 2
Then the force F = A = 1 A = 0.1 0.714 1 m F = 143 N
required is h1 2 s 0.5 mm 1 m
m
Given: Flow of three fluids between two plates
Find: Upper plate velocity; Interface velocities; plot velocity distribution
Solution:
The shear stress is the same throughout (the velocity gradients are linear, and the stresses in the fluids at the interfaces must be
equal and opposite).
Given data F = 100 N h 1 = 0.5 mm h 2 = 0.25 mm h 3 = 0.2 mm
2 N s N s N s
A = 1 m 1 = 0.15 2 = 0.5 3 = 0.2
2 2 2
m m m
F
The (constant) stress is = = 100 Pa
A
V y
For each fluid = or V = where V is the overall change in velocity over distance y
y
h 1 m
Hence V12 = V12 = 0.333 where V 12 is the velocity at the 1 - 2 interface
1 s
h 2 m
Hence V23 = + V12 V23 = 0.383 where V 23 is the velocity at the 2 - 3 interface
2 s
h 3 m
Hence V = + V23 V = 0.483 where V is the velocity at the upper plate
3 s
0.75
Position (mm)
0.5
0.25
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
Velocity (m/s)
Given: Data on the viscometer
Find: Time for viscometer to lose 99% of speed
Solution:
2 N s
The given data is R = 50 mm H = 80 mm a = 0.20 mm I = 0.0273 kg m = 0.1
2
m
The equation of motion for the slowing viscometer is I = Torque = A R
where is the angular acceleration and is the viscous stress, and A is the surface area of the viscometer
du V 0 V R
The stress is given by = = = =
dy a a a
where V and are the instantaneous linear and angular velocities.

2
d R R A
Hence I = I = A R =
dt a a
2
d R A
Separating variables = dt
a I
2
R A
t
a I
Integrating and using IC = 0 ( t) = 0 e
2
R A
t
a I a I
The time to slow down by 99% is obtained from solving 0.01 0 = 0 e so t= ln( 0.01)
2
R A
a I
Note that A = 2 R H so t= ln( 0.01)
3
2 R H
2 2 2
0.0002 m 0.0273 kg m m 1 1 N s
t = ln( 0.01) t = 4.00 s
2 0.1 N s 3 0.08 m kg m
( 0.05 m)
Problem 2.62 Difficulty: [2]
Given: Shock-free coupling assembly
Find: Required viscosity
Solution:
du
Basic equation r = Shear force F = A Torque T = F R Power P = T
dr
Assumptions: Newtonian fluid, linear velocity 1 R 2 ( R + )

du V
profile r = = =
dr r
V2 = 2(R + )
(1 2) R
r = Because << R

V1 = 1R
(
1 2 R )
Then P = T 2 = F R 2 = A2 R 2 = 2 R L R 2

( )
2 2 1 2 R L
3
P=

P
Hence =
( )
3
2 2 1 2 R L
4 2 2
10 W 2.5 10 m 1 min 1 min 1 1 N m rev 60 s
= 2 rad
2 9000 rev 1000 rev
( .01 m)
3 0.02 m s W min
N s
= 0.202 = 2.02 poise which corresponds to SAE 30 oil at 30oC.
2
m
Problem 2.65 [Difficulty: 4] Part 1/2
Problem 2.65 [Difficulty: 4] Part 2/2
N (rpm) (Ns/m )
2
The data is
10 0.121
20 0.139
30 0.153
40 0.159
50 0.172
60 0.172
70 0.183
80 0.185
The computed data is
(rad/s) / (1/s) (Ns/m x10 )

2 3
1.047 120 121

2.094 240 139
3.142 360 153
4.189 480 159
5.236 600 172
6.283 720 172
7.330 840 183
8.378 960 185
From the Trendline analysis
k = 0.0449
n - 1 = 0.2068
n = 1.21 The fluid is dilatant
The apparent viscosities at 90 and 100 rpm can now be computed
N (rpm) (rad/s) / (1/s) (Ns/m2x103)

90 9.42 1080 191
100 10.47 1200 195
Viscosity vs Shear Rate
1000
Data
(N.s/m x10 )
3
Power Trendline
2
100
= 44.94(/)0.2068
R2 = 0.9925
10
100 1000
Shear Rate / (1/s)
Given: Data on insulation material

Find: Type of material; replacement material
Solution:
The velocity gradient is
du/dy = U/ where = 0.001 m
Data and (Pa) U (m/s) du/dy (s-1)

computations 50 0.000 0
100 0.000 0
150 0.000 0
163 0.005 5
171 0.01 10
170 0.03 25
202 0.05 50
246 0.1 100
349 0.2 200
444 0.3 300
Hence we have a Bingham plastic, with y = 154 Pa

p = 0.963 Ns/m2
At = 450 Pa, based on the linear fit

-1
du/dy = 307 s
For a fluid with y = 250 Pa
we can use the Bingham plastic formula to solve for p given , y and du/dy from above
2
p = 0.652 Ns/m
Shear Stress vs Shear Strain

500
450
400
350
(Pa)
300
250
Linear data fit:
200 = 0.9632(du/dy ) + 154.34
150 R2 = 0.9977
100
50
0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350
du/dy (1/s)
Given: Viscometer data

Find: Value of k and n in Eq. 2.17
Solution:
The data is (Pa) du/dy (s-1) Shear Stress vs Shear Strain
0.0457 5
10
0.119 10 Data
0.241 25
0.375 50 Power Trendline
0.634 100
(Pa)
1
1.06 200
1 10 100 1000
1.46 300
1.78 400
0.1 = 0.0162(du/dy)0.7934
R2 = 0.9902
0.01
du/dy (1/s)
Hence we have k = 0.0162

n = 0.7934 Blood is pseudoplastic (shear thinning)
The apparent viscosity from = k (du/dy )n -1
du/dy (s-1) (Ns/m2) water = 0.001 Ns/m at 20 C

2 o
5 0.0116
10 0.0101 Hence, blood is "thicker" than water!
25 0.0083
50 0.0072
100 0.0063
200 0.0054
300 0.0050
400 0.0047
Given: Conical bearing geometry
Find: Expression for shear stress; Viscous torque on shaft
Solution: ds dz
du z
Basic equation = dT = r dA Infinitesimal shear torque AA
dy
r
Assumptions: Newtonian fluid, linear velocity profile (in narrow clearance gap), no slip condition
Section AA
r U = r
tan( ) = so r = z tan( )
z
a
du u ( r 0 ) z tan( )
Then = = = =
dy y (a 0) a
As we move up the device, shear stress increases linearly (because rate of shear strain does)
dz
But from the sketch dz = ds cos( ) dA = 2 r ds = 2 r
cos( )
3 3
z tan( ) dz 2 z tan( )
The viscous torque on the element of area is dT = r dA = r 2 r dT = dz
a cos( ) a cos( )
3 4
tan( ) H
Integrating and using limits z = H and z = 0 T=
2 a cos( )
2 a cos( ) T
=
Solving for 3 4
tan( ) H
rev
Using given data H = 25 mm = 30 deg a = 0.2 mm = 75 T = 0.325 N m
s
2 a cos( ) T N s
= = 1.012
3 4 2
tan( ) H m
From Fig. A.2, at 20oC, CASTOR OIL has this viscosity!

Given: Geometry of rotating bearing
Find: Expression for shear stress; Maximum shear stress; Expression for total torque; Total torque
Solution:
du
Basic equation = dT = r dA
dy
Assumptions: Newtonian fluid, narrow clearance gap, laminar motion
du u0 u
From the figure r = R sin( ) u = r = R sin( ) = =
dy h h
h = a + R ( 1 cos( ) ) dA = 2 r dr = 2 R sin( ) R cos( ) d
du R sin( )
Then = =
dy a + R ( 1 cos( ) )
d R sin( ) R ( R cos( ) R + a cos( ) )

To find the maximum set =0 so =0
d a + R ( 1 cos( ) ) 2
( R + a R cos( ) )
= acos = acos 75
R
R cos( ) R + a cos( ) = 0 75 + 0.5 = 6.6 deg
R + a
kg
2
m s 70 rad 1 N s
= 12.5 poise 0.1 2 0.075 m sin( 6.6 deg)
poise 60 s [ 0.0005 + 0.075 ( 1 cos( 6.6 deg) ) ] m m kg
N
= 79.2
2
m

max 4 2
R sin( ) cos( ) R0
The torque is T = r A d = d wher max = asin max = 15.5 deg
a + R ( 1 cos( ) ) R
e
0
3
This integral is best evaluated numerically using Excel, Mathcad, or a good calculator T = 1.02 10 N m
Given: Data on size of various needles
Find: Which needles, if any, will float
Solution:
For a steel needle of length L, diameter D, density s, to float in water with surface tension and contact angle , the vertical
force due to surface tension must equal or exceed the weight
2
D 8 cos( )
2 L cos( ) W = m g = s L g or D
4 s g
3 N kg
From Table A.4 = 72.8 10 = 0 deg and for water = 1000
m 3
m
From Table A.1, for steel SG = 7.83
3 2
8 cos( ) 8 3 N m s kg m 3
Hence = 72.8 10 = 1.55 10 m = 1.55 mm
SG g 7.83 m 999 kg 9.81 m 2
N s
Hence D < 1.55 mm. Only the 1 mm needles float (needle length is irrelevant)
Given: Caplillary rise data

Find: Values of A and b
Solution:
D (in.) h (in.)
0.1 0.232
0.2 0.183
0.3 0.090
0.4 0.059
0.5 0.052
0.6 0.033 A = 0.403
0.7 0.017 b = 4.530
0.8 0.010
0.9 0.006 The fit is a good one (R2 = 0.9919)
1.0 0.004
1.1 0.003
Capillary Rise vs. Tube Diameter
0.3
h = 0.403e-4.5296D
R2 = 0.9919
0.2
h (in.)
0.1
0.0
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2
D (in.)
Open-Ended Problem Statement: Slowly fill a glass with water to the maximum possible
level before it overflows. Observe the water level closely. Explain how it can be higher than the rim of the
glass.
Discussion: Surface tension can cause the maximum water level in a glass to be higher than the rim of
the glass. The same phenomenon causes an isolated drop of water to bead up on a smooth surface.
Surface tension between the water/air interface and the glass acts as an invisible membrane that allows
trapped water to rise above the level of the rim of the glass. The mechanism can be envisioned as forces
that act in the surface of the liquid above the rim of the glass. Thus the water appears to defy gravity by
attaining a level higher than the rim of the glass.
To experimentally demonstrate that this phenomenon is the result of surface tension, set the liquid level
nearly as far above the glass rim as you can get it, using plain water. Add a drop of liquid detergent (the
detergent contains additives that reduce the surface tension of water). Watch as the excess water runs over
the side of the glass.
Open-Ended Problem Statement: Plan an experiment to measure the surface tension of a

liquid similar to water. If necessary, review the NCFMF video Surface Tension for ideas. Which method
would be most suitable for use in an undergraduate laboratory? What experimental precision could be
expected?
Discussion: Two basic kinds of experiment are possible for an undergraduate laboratory:
1. Using a clear small-diameter tube, compare the capillary rise of the unknown liquid with that of a
known liquid (compare with water, because it is similar to the unknown liquid).
This method would be simple to set up and should give fairly accurate results. A vertical
traversing optical microscope could be used to increase the precision of measuring the liquid
height in each tube.
A drawback to this method is that the specific gravity and co ntact angle of the two liquids must be
the same to allow the capillary rises to be compared.
The capillary rise would be largest and therefore easiest to measure accurately in a tube with the
smallest practical diameter. Tubes of several diameters could be used if desired.
2. Dip an object into a pool of test liquid and measure the vertical force required to pull the object
from the liquid surface.
The object might be made rectangular (e.g., a sheet of plastic material) or circular (e.g., a metal
ring). The net force needed to pull the same object from each liquid should be proportional to the
surface tension of each liquid.
This method would be simple to set up. However, the force magnitudes to be measured would be
quite small.
A drawback to this method is that the contact angles of the two liquids must be the same.
The first method is probably best for undergraduate laboratory use. A quantitative estimate of experimental
measurement uncertainty is impossible without knowing details of the test setup. It might be reasonable to
expect results accurate to within 10% of the true surface tension.
*Net force is the total vertical force minus the weight of the object. A buoyancy correction would be
necessary if part of the object were submerged in the test liquid.
Given: Boundary layer velocity profile in terms of constants a, b and c
Find: Constants a, b and c
Solution:
2
u = a + b
y
+ c
y
Basic equation

Assumptions: No slip, at outer edge u = U and = 0
At y = 0 0=a a=0
At y = U= a+ b+ c b+c=U (1)
du
At y = = =0
dy
2
a + b
y
+ c
d y b y b c
0= = + 2 c = + 2 b + 2 c = 0 (2)
dy 2

From 1 and 2 c = U b = 2 U
2 2
u = 2 U
y
U
y
= 2
u y y
Hence
U
1
Dimensionless Height
0.75
0.5
0.25
0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1
Dimensionless Velocity
Given: Boundary layer velocity profile in terms of constants a, b and c
Find: Constants a, b and c
Solution:
3
u = a + b
y
+ c
y
Basic equation

Assumptions: No slip, at outer edge u = U and = 0
At y = 0 0=a a=0
At y = U= a+ b+ c b+c=U (1)
du
At y = = =0
dy
3 2
a + b
y
+ c
d y b y b c
0= = + 3 c = + 3 b + 3 c = 0 (2)
dy 3

U 3
From 1 and 2 c= b= U
2 2
3 3
3 U

y

y

y

U u 3 1 y
Hence u= =
2 2 U 2 2
1
Dimensionless Height
0.75
0.5
0.25
0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1
Dimensionless Velocity
Given: Local temperature
Find: Minimum speed for compressibility effects
Solution:
Basic equation V = M c and M = 0.3 for compressibility effects
c= k R T For air at STP, k = 1.40 and R = 286.9J/kg.K (53.33 ft.lbf/lbmoR).
Hence V = M c = M k R T
1
2
ft lbf 32.2 lbm ft 60 mph
V = 0.3 1.4 53.33 ( 60 + 460 ) R V = 229 mph
lbm R 2 ft
lbf s 88
s
Given: Geometry of and flow rate through tapered nozzle
Find: At which point becomes turbulent
Solution:
V D
Basic equation For pipe flow (Section 2-6) Re = = 2300 for transition to turbulence

2
D
Also flow rate Q is given by Q= V
4
We can combine these equations and eliminate V to obtain an expression for Re in terms of D and Q
V D D 4 Q 4 Q 4 Q
Re = = = Re =
2 D D
D
For a given flow rate Q, as the diameter is reduced the Reynolds number increases (due to the velocity increasing with A -1 or D -2).
4 Q
Hence for turbulence (Re = 2300), solving for D D=
2300
Din
The nozzle is tapered: Din = 50 mm Dout = Dout = 22.4 mm
5
3 N s kg
Carbon tetrachloride: CT = 10 (Fig A.2) For water = 1000
2 3
m m
kg
SG = 1.595 (Table A.2) CT = SG CT = 1595
3
m
L 4 Q CT 4 Q CT
For the given flow rate Q = 2 = 1354 LAMINAR = 3027 TURBULENT
min CT Din CT Dout
4 Q CT
For the diameter at which we reach turbulence D = D = 29.4 mm
2300 CT
Lturb D Din
But L = 250 mm and linear ratios leads to the distance from D in at which D = 29.4 mm =
L Dout Din
D Din
Lturb = L Lturb = 186 mm
Dout Din
Given: Data on water tube
Find: Reynolds number of flow; Temperature at which flow becomes turbulent
Solution:
V D V D
Basic equation For pipe flow (Section 2-6) Re = =

2
7 m m 1 s
At 20oC, from Fig. A.3 = 9 10 and so Re = 0.25 0.005 m Re = 1389
s s 7 2
9 10 m
V D
For the heated pipe Re = = 2300 for transition to turbulence

2
V D 1 m 7m
Hence = = 0.25 0.005 m = 5.435 10
2300 2300 s s
From Fig. A.3, the temperature of water at this viscosity is approximately T = 52 C

Given: Data on supersonic aircraft
Find: Mach number; Point at which boundary layer becomes turbulent
Solution:
Basic equation V = M c and c= k R T For air at STP, k = 1.40 and R = 286.9J/kg.K (53.33 ft.lbf/lbmoR).
V V
Hence M= =
c k R T
At 27 km the temperature is approximately (from Table A.3) T = 223.5 K

1
2
1 1 kg K 1 N s 1 1 M = 2.5
2
1 hr
M = 2700 10
3 m
hr 3600 s 1.4 286.9 N m kg m 223.5 K
For boundary layer transition, from Section 2-6 Retrans = 500000

V x trans Retrans
Then Retrans = so x trans =
V
We need to find the viscosity and density at this altitude and pressure. The viscosity depends on temperature only, but at 223.5
K = - 50oC, it is off scale of Fig. A.3. Instead we need to use formulas as in Appendix A
kg kg
At this altitude the density is (Table A.3) = 0.02422 1.225 = 0.0297
3 3
1 m m
2
b T 6 kg
For = where b = 1.458 10 S = 110.4 K
S 1
1+
T 2
m s K
5 kg 5 Ns
= 1.459 10 = 1.459 10
m s 2
m
3
5 kg 1 m 1 1 hr 3600 s
Hence x trans = 1.459 10 500000 x trans = 0.327m
m s 0.0297 kg 2700 3 m 1 hr
10
Given: Type of oil, flow rate, and tube geometry
Find: Whether flow is laminar or turbulent
Solution:

Data on SAE 30 oil SG or density is limited in the Appendix. We can Google it or use the following = so =

2
3 N s 5 m
At 100 oC, from Figs. A.2 and A.3 = 9 10 = 1 10
2 s
m
3 N s 1 s kg m kg
= 9 10 = 900
2 5 2 2 3
m 1 10 m s N m
kg
Hence SG = water = 1000 SG = 0.9
water 3
m
2
kg m N s 3 N
The specific weight is = g = 900 9.81 = 8.829 10
3 2 kg m 3
m s m
2
D 4 Q
For pipe flow (Section 2-6) Q= V so V=
4 2
D
6 3 3
10 m 1 1 5m
Q = 100 mL Q = 1.111 10
1 mL 9 s s
3 2
4 5 m 1 1 1000 mm m
Then V = 1.11 10 12 mm V = 0.0981
s 1 m s
V D
Hence Re =

2 2
kg m 1 m N s
Re = 900 0.0981 0.012 m Re = 118
3 s 3 N s kg m
m 9 10
Flow is laminar
Given: Data on seaplane
Find: Transition point of boundary layer
Solution:
For boundary layer transition, from Section 2-6 Retrans = 500000
V x trans V x trans Retrans

Then Retrans = = so x trans =
V
2
ft
2 10.8 2
5 m s 5 ft
At 45oF = 7.2 oC (Fig A.3) = 0.8 10 = 8.64 10
s 2 s
m
1
s
2
5 ft 1 60 mph
x trans = 8.64 10 500000 x trans = 0.295 ft
s 100 mph ft
88
s
As the seaplane touches down:
2
ft
2 10.8 2
5 m s 4 ft
At 45oF = 7.2 oC (Fig A.3) = 1.5 10 = 1.62 10
s 2 s
m
1
s
2
4 ft 1 60 mph
x trans = 1.62 10 500000 x trans = 0.552 ft
s 100 mph ft
88
s
Given: Data on airliner

Find: Sketch of speed versus altitude (M = const)
Solution:
Data on temperature versus height can be obtained from Table A.3
At 5.5 km the temperature is approximately 252 K
The speed of sound is obtained from c= k R T
where k = 1.4
R = 286.9 J/kgK (Table A.6)
c = 318 m/s
We also have
V = 700 km/hr
or V = 194 m/s
Hence M = V/c or
M = 0.611
To compute V for constant M , we use V = M c = 0.611c
At a height of 8 km: V = 677 km/hr

NOTE: Realistically, the aiplane will fly to a maximum height of about 10 km!
z (km) T (K) c (m/s) V (km/hr)

4 262 325 713 Speed vs. Altitude
5 259 322 709
5 256 320 704 750
6 249 316 695

7 243 312 686
8 236 308 677
9 230 304 668
10 223 299 658
700
11 217 295 649
12 217 295 649
13 217 295 649
14 217 295 649
Speed V (km/hr)
15 217 295 649

16 217 295 649
650
17 217 295 649
18 217 295 649
19 217 295 649
20 217 295 649
22 219 296 651
24 221 298 654 600
26 223 299 657
28 225 300 660
30 227 302 663
40 250 317 697
50 271 330 725
60 256 321 705 550
0 20 40 60 80 100
70 220 297 653
Altitude z (km)
80 181 269 592
90 181 269 592
Open-Ended Problem Statement: How does an airplane wing develop lift?
Discussion: The sketch shows the cross-section of a typical airplane wing. The airfoil section is
rounded at the front, curved across the top, reaches maximum thickness about a third of the way back, and
then tapers slowly to a fine trailing edge. The bottom of the airfoil section is relatively flat. (The discussion
below also applies to a symmetric airfoil at an angle of incidence that produces lift.)
NACA 2412 Wing Section

It is both a popular expectation and an experimental fact that air flows more rapidly over the curved top
surface of the airfoil section than along the relatively flat bottom. In the NCFMF video Flow Visualization,
timelines placed in front of the airfoil indicate that fluid flows more rapidly along the top of the section
than along the bottom.
In the absence of viscous effects (this is a valid assumption outside the boundary layers on the airfoil)
pressure falls when flow speed increases. Thus the pressures on the top surface of the airfoil where flow
speed is higher are lower than the pressures on the bottom surface where flow speed does not increase.
(Actual pressure profiles measured for a lifting section are shown in the NCFMF video Boundary Layer
Control.) The unbalanced pressures on the top and bottom surfaces of the airfoil section create a net force
that tends to develop lift on the profile.

Velocity Field Analysis

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Velocity Field Analysis

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Problem 2.

Given: Velocity fields

Find: Whether flows are 1, 2 or 3D, steady or unsteady.

Given: Velocity fields

Find: Whether flows are 1, 2 or 3D, steady or unsteady.

Given: Viscous liquid sheared between parallel disks.

Flow must satisfy the no-slip condition:

Given: Velocity field

Find: Equation for streamlines

Given: Velocity field

Given: Velocity field

This can be plotted in Excel.

1.10 0.32 0.65 1.29 1.94 1.5

Given: Velocity field

Find: Equation for streamline through (1,3)

Integrating ln( y ) = ln( x ) + c

The solution is y = C x which is the equation of a straight line.

For the streamline through point (1,3) 3 = C 1 C=3 and y = 3 x

Hence the time for a particle to go from x = 1 to x = 2 m is

Given: Flow field

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1

This can also be plotted in Excel.

The flow is perpendicular to line y = x: Slope of line y = 1

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1

This can also be plotted in

Given: Flow field

Find: Plot of velocity magnitude along axes, and y = x; Equation of streamlines

This can also be plotted in Excel.

The flow is perpendicular to line y = x: Slope of line y = x: 1

This can also be plotted in Excel.

So, separating variables y dy = x dx

Given: Flow field

Find: Plot of velocity magnitude along axes, and y = x; Equations of streamlines

This can also be plotted in Excel.

The flow is parallel to line y = x: Slope of line y = x: 1

This can also be plotted in Excel.

Integrating ln( y ) = ln( x ) + c

The solution is y = C x which is the equation of a straight line.

This flow field corresponds to a sink (discussed in Chapter 6).

Given: Velocity field

Integrating ln( x ) = A t + C1 ln( y ) = A t + C2

Integrating ln( y ) = ln( x ) + c

The solution is ln( x y ) = c or x y = const or x y = 4 for given data

Given: Velocity field

Integrating ln( x ) = A t + C1 ln( y ) = 2 A t + C2

Streamline Plot (t = 1s)

Streamline Plot (t = 20s)

Given: Pathlines of particles

dxp dxp (2.9)

a = 300 m To plot this in Excel, compute x p and y p

This is the free vortex flow discussed in

To plot this in Excel, compute x p and y p

This is the forced vortex flow discussed in

Given: Time-varying velocity field

Integrating ln( y ) = ln( x ) + c

Given: Velocity field

Streamline and Pathline Plots

Given: Velocity field

Streamline and Pathline Plots

Given: Eulerian Velocity field

So, separating variables dx = A dt dy = B t dt

The pathlines are given by combining the equations t =

Given: Velocity field