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1 I
Structure
17.0 Objectives
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Phrasal Verbs
17.2.1 The Idiomatic Nature of Phrasal Verbs
17.2.2 The Unity of Phrasal Verbs
17.2.3 Transitive and Intransitive Phrpsal Verbs
17.3 The Use of Phrasal Verbs
17.3.1 Phrasal Verbs in Normal Day-to-Day Use
17.3.2 Phrzsal Verbs in Literary Use : Passage
for Reading
17.4 Let Us Sum Up
17.5 Key Words
Answers
17.0 OBJECTIVES
17.1 INTRODUCTION
1 He gave up smoking.
2 Sheput out the light.
3 His car broke down.
The verb phrases in these sentences have been italicized. You will see that they
consist of a verb and a small word, which is called aparticle. The particles occurring
in these verb phrases are up, out, and dswn. In Block 3, Unit 14, we saw that these
particles can occur either as prepositions or as adverbs. In these sentences these
particles do not occur as prepositions: they occur as adverbs. How do we decide this?
In Unit 14, we said that prepositions express a relation between two things. One of
these things is represented by the noun or noun-like expression that follows the
preposition and is called the object of the preposition, the other by what goes before
the preposition. The preposition+noun (or noun-like expression) is called a
prepositional phrase. Prepositional phrases express various kinds of meanings, e.g.,
location or direction in space, point or duration of time, manner, instrument, etc. The
following sentences contain prepositions and prepositional phrases:
4 Swami climbed up the tree.
5 He went out of the door.
6 He ran down the stairs.
The preposition phrases in these sentences have been italicized: they begin with the
preposition up, out ox and down respectively. The prepositions combine with the
following noun phrases to express the meaning of direction: up the tree, out of the
i Phrasal Vcrbs; door, down the stairs. The point to note is that the preposition in each case is closely
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Word Formation linked to its object and cannot be separated from it. In other words, the prepositional
phrase forms a single unit. If we want to move the words occurring in the
prepositional phrase to another position in the sentence separately, we cannot do so.
We must move the entire unit. Thus we can move the whole prepositional phrase to
the front of the sentence, but not its parts:
Now let us look at sentences 1, 2 and 3. Here the words up, out, and down are not
linked at all closely with the following noun phrase; in fact, there is no noun phrase
after down in 3. Down, therefore, cannot be a preposition in 3 at all. In sentences 1
and 2, up smoking and out the light are not prepositional phrases: for example, they
cannot be moved to the front of the sentencqs. On the other hand, up and out are
closely connected with the verbs they follow: gave up is a single verb with the
meaning 'stopped', put out is also a single verb meaning 'extinguished' or 'switched
off.' If we separate up h m gawe and out from put, these sentences become
meaningless.and ungrammatical:
* 10 Up smoking, he gave.
Ungrammatical
* 11 Out the light, he put.
(The sign * indicates an unacceptable form.)
In other words, in sentences 1, 2 and 3 the 'verb + up/out/down' form single (verb)
units, just as' in 4, 5 and 6 the 'preposition + noun phrase' form single (prepositional
phrase) units.
There is one more thing which shows that gave up and put out are single verb-units in
1 and 2 respectively. If we regard these combinations as single verbs, then the noun
phrases that follow these verbs (smoking and the light respectively) must be
considered objecyaf these verbs, and the verbs must be considered transitive verbs.
We know that sentences with transitive verbs have passive forms in which the object
of the active sentence becomes the subject. Do 1 and 2 have passive fonns? Yes, they
do. Look at the following:
On the other hand, such passive sentences are not possible with 4,5 and 6. This again
shows what whjle give up, put out and break down are single units in our examples
(sentences I, 2 and 3), climb up, go out and run down in sentences 4,5 and 6 are not.
You will notice that the same verb + adverb particle combination occurs in 14a and
14b (ran out), 15a and 15b (put out) and 16a and 16b (took in). Some books on
English grammar call all of these phrasal verbs, but we shall use the term 'phrasal
verb' for only those combinations which occur in 14b, 15b andl6b. The combinations
which occur in 14a, and 16%we shall call free combinations. What is our reason for
making this distinction?
The reason lies in the meaning of phrasal verbs. Though a phrasal verb consists of
two words, it carries a single meaning, and this meaning is not the sum of the
meaning of the two words. This is what we mean when we speak of the 'idiomatic'
nature of the phrasal verbs. Idioms are expressions like to rain cars and dogs, to lose
heart, to beat one's head against a brick wall, to eat humble pie, etc. The special
thing about idioms is that they have an idiomatic meaning which cannot be guessed
from the combination of the actual words used. Thus, to rain cats and dogs has
nothing to do with cats and dogs: it simply means 'to rain heavily'. Phrasal verbs are
also idioms in this sense. For example, ran out in 14b means 'came to an end'; put our
in 15b means 'extinguish', and took in in 16b means 'deceived'. You will see that these
meanings have nothing to do with the meanings of the verbs (run, put, take) and
adverbs (out, in) €hat occur in these phrasal verbs. In 14a, 15%and 16a, on the other
hand, the meaning of the verb phrase seems to be a combination of the meaning of
the verb and the meaning of the adverb. Thus, in 14a ran out means 'ran
outsidelaway, etc., in 15a put out means 'put outside'; in 16a took in means 'took
inside'. There is thus a clear distinction between the way the same verb phrases are
used in a- and in b-sentences: their use is 'literal' in a-sentences and 'idiomatic' in b-
sentences). Only when a verb phrase consisting of a verb + an adverb particle is used
in the idiomatic way do we call it a phrasal verb; when it is used in the literal
meaning (as in the a-sentences) we call it a free combination.
We have distinguished phrasal verbs from free combinations on the basis of meaning,
but it will be seen that they also show a difference in the degree of unity: the verb and
the adverb particle are more closely joined in a phrasal verb than in a free
combination. As a result, we can separate them in a free combination but not in a
phrasal verb. We can, for example, put a modifying adverb between the verb and the
particle in a free combination but not in a phrasal verb. We can say
cut down : You must cut down your expenses. (Transitive = 'reduce')
fall out : The two friends havefallen out again. (Intransitive = 'quarrelled')
Some of these phrasal verbs also have other meanings, both .in transitive and
intransitive uses, which have not been illustrated here. For example, blow up also has
the meaning 'to inflate' as in She blew up the balloons, where its use is transitive.
Another meaning of this phrasal verb is 'to enlarge (a photograph)' as in 'The
photographer blew the girl's photograph up and entered it in a photo contest'. From
this meaning of the verb we now have a noun 'a blow-up' which means an enlarged
photograph. Such nouns have also been derived from some other phrasal verbs, e.g.,
outcome (from come out), outburst (from burst out), breakdown (from break down),
breakthrough (from break through), and so on.
With transitive phrasal verbs, the two parts of the verb can usually be separated and
the adverb particle can be (but does not have to be) put after the object. This has been
done above in the example 'the photographer blew the girl's photograph up...', where
the adverb particle up has been separated from the verb blew and put after the object
the girl's photograph. Here are some more examples :
These forms exist side by side with the forms in which the verb and the adverb
particle occur together (He put out the fire, etc.). However, if the object of the verb is
a pronoun, the adverb particle has to be compulsorily put after the pronoun and the
other form (in which the verb and the particle are together) is ungrammatical.
A few things must be remembered about these two rules. [The two rules are: (1) With
transitive phrasal verbs, the particle can be put after the noun object to produce
another form of the sentence, and (2) If the object is a pronoun, the particle must be
put after the object.] The things to remember are:
i) These ples apply only to transitive phrasal verbs. Intransitive phrasal verbs
have no object, hence the question of putting the particle after the object does
not arise.
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ii) These rules apply to phrasal verbs as well as fiee combinations. Thus, side by
side with
iii) These rules apply to most transitive phrasal verbs and free combinations but
not to all of them. For example, the following sentences with noun objects
are unacceptable:
* I have given hope up. (Say 'I have given up hope'.)
* They laid their arms down. (Say 'They laid down their arms'.)
* He carried my orders out. (Say 'He carried out my orders'.)
The verb and the particle should also not be separated when the object of 'the phrasal
verb is a long noun-like expression (a long phrase, or a phrase containing a clause).
E.g., we do not say
In such cases the particle should stay next to the verb and we should say
Against the number of each sentence in your answer, quote the verb + adverb
particle construction and write PV against it if it is a phrasal verb and give its
meaning. If the combination is not a phrasal verb, write FC against it to indicate '
2. In the foregoing, we have emphasized the point that phrasal verbs have idiomatic
meanings, which cannot be derived from their parts. These meanings can often
(though not always) be expressed by single verbs. For example, the meaning of
the phrasal verb turn down can be expressed by the single verb 'reject', of the
phrasal verb give up by the single verb 'surrender' and so on.
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I Phrasal Verbs-1
Find single verbs to express the meanings of the phrasal verbs used in the
followingsentences: -
vi) I don't believe his story; I think he has just made it up.
vii) He offered me a choice of six colours in shirts. I picked out the green one.
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, ix) Whenever it is budget time, the dealers put up their prices.
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I x) He set up a new record when he scored 100 runs off 72 balls.
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xi) I was taken aback by the news of his sudden departure.
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xii) 1'11 talk it over with my wite before giving you the final answer.
There are some phrasal verbs whose meanings cannot be expressed by single-
word equivalents. For example, the meaning of Look out (in, e.g. ,look out, there
are chitdren on the road) must be expressed as 'take care'; the meaning of take
over (as in Rajiv Gandhi took over as PM in 1984) as 'assume charge,
responsibility, etc.', and so on.
The sentences below contain meanings (see the italicized part) which can,be
idiomatically conveyed by phrasal verbs. Rewrite the sentences using ;the
appropriate phrasal verb. As a hint, the verb part of the phrasal verb is giveh in
brackets: .
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ii) Finally my patience was exhausted and I threw him out. (give)
Phrasal verbs; iii) I want to become a pilot when I become an adult. (grow)
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Word Formation
iv) Whenever you are in Delhi do come and see me. (look)
v) He is very ill but he will recover from the illness, if we look after him
carefully. (pull)
ix) At first he disliked school but now he has become accustomed to the place.
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(settle)
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x) The plane has le$ the ground. (take)
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phrasal vsrbs occur with great frequency in the spoken variety of English and in
informal writing. They lend fluency to our style and make our language idiomatic.
Students learning English as a second or foreign language should, therefore, acquire
these forms and use them when speaking, or when writing letters to fiiends,
descriptive or narrative essays, stories, descriptions of events and actions, etc.
The use of.phrasa1 verbs and other verb + adverb particle combinations gives a tone
of familiarity to the writing. Therefore, while their use is welcome in such writing,
where the author is justified in establishing a friendly relationship with the reader, it
is generally avoided in formal writing, where the author is required to maintain a
I certain distance fiom the reader, e.g., when writing applications for jobs, making
factual inquiries fiom unknown persons, offices, and institutions, writing academic
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papers, commentaries, or technical reports, delivering formal talks, etc.
These differences of style can be illustrated with a few examples. These examples
show how the same action, event, etc. is described with the help of a verb + adverb
particle construction in the informal style, while in* the formal style a single verb is
used instead:
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The meeting was put ofi (Informal) Phrasal Verbs-1
The meeting was postponed. (Formal)
I couldn't make out what he was driving at. (Informal)
I couldn't understand where his argument was leading. (Formal)
The Manager wanted to kick him out, but the staff backed him up. (Informal)
The Manager wanted to dismiss him, but the staff supported him. (Formal)
Some phrasal verbs have now become so common in certain contexts that alternative
expressions are hard to find and very clumsy. In such cases, ,the phrasal expression is
used universally. E.g.,
1. Read the passage from Swami and Friends quoted above carefully and do the
following:
2.. We have stated in thk unit that the use of phrasal verbs is a characteristic of
informal style. They occur most frequently in the kind of situation where the
speaker wishes to establish a direct relationship with the listener and to take
him into his confidence. They are rare in the formal style where the writer
has reasons to maintain a distance from the reader.
Rewrite the following sentences (which are rather formal) in the informal
style. Make whatever changes you think necessary. Each sentence also .
contains some words which can be replaced by phrasal verbs, thus helping
the style 10become direct and informal.
Sujata resembles her mother to such a degree that people are often
deceived.
vii) He has proposed a new theory. He is of the view that the new
discoveries confirm it. -
Phrasal Verbs; viii) I am sorry to say that it is not possible for me to provide you with
Word - Formation food and accommodation.
ix) What was the reason for your not telephoning me?
x) 'It's not possible for me to let you ,go unpunished', said the policeman.
In this first part of our study of English phrasal verbs we have made the following
points:
,Adverb particle: An adverb particle is a small word like up, away, down, etc. which
follows a lexical verb and functions as an adverb.
Fluency of style: A style of speaking or writing which is not marked by pauses, Phrasal Verbs-1
hesitations, inaccuracies, etc. (such as, for example, are caused by searches for the
right words in mid-speech) is said to be fluent, or to have fluency. A style of speaking
or writing'with an unbroken flow.
Tone of familiarity: When a writer writes in a style and uses devices which enable
him to take the reader into his confidence, and to communicate with him as if he were
a friend sitting before him, his writing is said to have the tone of familiarity.
Informal style: The style of language use characterized by the use of common and
familiar words and certain common types of grammatical structures which is
generally employed when communicating with people we know well.
Formal style: The style of language use characterized by the use of serious and less
commonly used words, a greater variety of grammatical structures, and a strict regard
for grammatical rules. This style is generally employed in official situations, when
talking to someone important, delivering a lecture, etc.
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