ELECTRICAL MACHINES II LAB

Experiment-1 OC & SC TESTS ON SINGLE PHASE TRANSFORMER

1.1 OBJECTIVE:
(a) To predetermine the efficiency and regulation of Single Phase Transformer by
conducting no-load test and short circuit test.
(b) To draw the equivalent circuit of single phase transformer referred to LV side as well as
HV side.
1.2 RESOURCES:
S.No. Meter Type Range Quantity
1. Variac
2. Ammeter
3. Voltmeter
4. Wattmeter
5. Wattmeter
1.3 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

N2>N1
Fig-1

N2<N1
N2<N1
Fig-2

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1.4 THEORY:
These two tests on a single-phase transformer help to determine;
i. The parameters of the equivalent circuit.
ii. The voltage regulation and
iii. Efficiency.
The power required during these two tests is equal to the appropriate power loss
occurring in the transformer.
Open-circuit (or) no-load test:
The circuit diagram for performing open circuit test on a single-phase transformer is as
shown in fig.1. In this diagram a voltmeter, wattmeter and an ammeter are shown,
which are connected on the low voltage side of the transformer. The high voltage side is
left open circuited. The rated frequency voltage applied to the primary .i.e. low voltage
side, is varied with the help of a variable ratio auto-transformer. When the voltmeter
reading is equal to the rated voltage of the l.v.winding, all the three instrument readings
are recorded. The purpose of this test is to determine no-load loss or core loss and no-
load current I0 which is helpful in finding X0 and R0. In the circuit left open as high
voltage winging side. The ammeter records the no-load current (I0) or exciting current
(Ie).since Ie is quite small 2 to 6% of rated current, the primary leakage impedance drop
is almost negligible. The applied voltageV1 is equal to the induced e.m.f. V11.the input
power given by the wattmeter reading consists of core loss and ohmic loss. The exciting
current being about 2 to 6% of the full-load current, the ohmic loss in the primary Ie2.r1
varies from0.04% to 0.36% of the full-load primary ohmic loss. In view of this, the ohmic
loss during open-circuit test is negligible. Hence the wattmeter reading can be taken as
equal to transformer core loss.
Let V1=applied rated voltage on l.v.side.
Ie=exciting current and Pe=core loss, then Pc=V1.Ie.cos0
no-load p.f. =cos0 =Pc/(V1.Ie); Ic=Ie.cos0 and Im=Ie.sin0
Ic=Pc/V1
Core-loss resistance RcL=V1/Ic=V1/ (Ie.cos 0) =V12/ (V1.Ie.cos0)=V12/Pc
Also Ic2.RcL=Pc; RcL=Pc/Ic2=Pc/ (Ie.cos0)2
Magnetizing reactance, XmL=V1/Im=V1/ (Ie.sin0).
Short-circuit test:
This is an economical method for determining the following;
(i). the equivalent impedance, leakage reactance and total resistance of the transformer
as referred to the winding in which the measuring instruments are placed.

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(ii) Copper loss at full load; this loss is used in calculating the efficiency of the
transformer.
The low voltage side of the transformer is short-circuited and the instruments are
placed on the high-voltage side. The applied voltage is adjusted by auto-transformer, to
circulate rated current in the high voltage side. In a transformer, the primary m.m.f. is
almost equal to the secondary m.m.f., therefore, a rated current in the h.v.winding
causes rated current to flow in the l.v.winding. A primary voltage of 2 to 12% of its rated
value is sufficient to circulate rated currents in both primary and secondary windings.
about half(1 to 6%) of the applied voltage appears across the secondary leakage
impedance. the core flux induces the voltage across the exciting branch. the core flux is
1 to 6% of its rated value. hence the core loss being proportional to the square of its
value at rated voltage. the wattmeter, in short-circuit test records the core loss and the
ohmic loss in both the windings. since the core loss has been provided to be almost
negligible. the wattmeter can be taken to register only the ohmic losses in both the
windings. at rated voltage, the exciting current is 2 to 6% of full-load current. when the
voltage across the exciting branch is 1 to 6% of rated voltage, the exciting current may
be 0.02% to 0..36% of its full-load current.
Voltage regulation of a transformer can be determined from the data obtained from
short-circuit-test. Data of both open circuit and short-circuit tests is necessary;
(i) For obtaining all the parameters of exact equivalent and
(ii) For calculating the transformer efficiency.
Let Vsc, Isc and Psc be the voltmeter, ammeter and wattmeter readings, then equivalent
leakage impedance referred to h.v.side, ZeH=Vsc/Isc.
Equivalent resistance referred to h.v.side,ReH=Psc/Isc2 and equivalent leakage reactance
referred to h.v.side, X eH Z eH ReH
2 2

1.5 PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the circuit for no-load test as per the circuit diagram. Shown in fig. (1).
2. Keep the variac in minimum output position and switch on the supply.
3. Apply the rated voltage to the transformer by properly adjusting the variac.
4. Note down the readings of various meters i.e. wattmeter (W0), ammeter (I0), voltmeter
(V1) and then bring back the variac to its original output position, then switch off the
supply.
5. Connect the circuit for SC test as per the circuit diagram, shown in fig (2) with
appropriate ranges of meters.
6. Keep the variac in minimum output position and switch on the supply.

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7. Apply proper voltage (low voltage) to the transformer by adjusting the variac such that
rated current flows through the transformer.
8. Note down the readings of various meters i.e. wattmeter (W0), ammeter (I0), voltmeter
(V1) and then bring back the variac to its original output position, then and switch off
the supply.

1.6 TABULAR COLUMN:

OC Test:
P.F. Load %
S.No V1 (V) Io(A) Wo (w)

SC Test:

S.No Vsc (V) Isc (A) Wsc (w)

1.7 MODEL CALCULATIONS:

Find the equivalent circuit parameters R0, X0, R01, R02, X01 and X02 from the O.C. and S.C. test
results and draw the equivalent circuit referred to L. V. side as well as H. V. side.
From O.C.test:
cos0=Wo/ (V0.I0) =
Ic=I0.cos0=
Im=I0.sin0=
R0=V0/Ic=
X0=V0/Im=
From S.C.test:

cossc=Wsc/ (Vsc.Isc) = ; R02=Wsc/Isc2= ; Z02=Vsc/Isc=

X 02 Z 02 R02 =
2 2
R01=R02xK2= where K=VLv/VHv=

% efficiency= ((x.V2.I2.cos)/ ((x.V2.I2.cos) +w0+ (x2.wsc))) *100.

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efficiency
P.F. Load %
UPF 1(full) efficiency
UPF 1/2 0.8 1(full)
UPF 3/4 0.8 1/2
UPF 1/4 0.8 3/4
0.8 1/4

Input = output + Cu. Loss + constant loss

Output
% efficiency x 100
Input

Regulation: From open circuit and Short circuit test

X * ( I 2 R02 cos I 2 X 02 sin )

% Re gulation x 100
V2
Where x = 1, 1/2, 3/4, 1/4.

+ for lagging power factors

At full- Lag load Lead load
- for leading power factors.
load regulation regulation

(x=1)

1
Graphs: Plots drawn between 0.8
(i) % efficiency Vs output 0.6
(ii) % regulation Vs power factor 0.4
0.2

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1.8 PRECAUTIONS:
1. Connections must be made tight
2. Before making or breaking the circuit, supply must be switched off
1.9 RESULT:
Hence the regulation of transformer is found by using o.c and s.c. test data
1.91 PRE LAB QUESTIONS:
1. What is the purpose of OC and SC tests?
2. Why is the core of a transformer laminated?
3. What is meant by regulation?
4. Define the term transformation ratio?
5. What are the components of no load current?
6. What are the parameters of the equivalent circuit?
7. How are the parameters referred to the HV or LV side? Explain with an example
8. What is the basic principle of operation of a single phase transformer?
9. What are the losses in a transformer?
10. Why the efficiency of transformer is higher than the rotating machines?

1.92 LAB ASSIGNMENT:

1. At full load, copper loss = 80 Watt and Iron loss =30 Watt. What will be the values of
copper loss and Iron loss at half load?

1.93 POST LAB QUESTIONS:

1. For a good transformer regulation should be low or high.

2. What information you will get by conducting O.C & S.C tests?

3. What do you mean by predetermination of efficiency and regulation of a transformer?

4. What happens if the primary of the transformer is excited by a D.C source?

5. What is the condition for maximum efficiency?

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