DESIGN OF CONCRETE MIXTURE:

Importance of Design of Concrete Mixture

Concrete is a composite material that consists essentially of a binding

medium within which are embedded particles or fragments of aggregates. The binder
is formed from a mixture of cement and water.

The design of concrete mixture is the determination of the relative

proportion of cement, fine aggregate, coarse aggregate and water. It is designed to
give the most practical combination of the materials which will produced the desired
workability, strength, and durability.

The concrete design is based on a fixed cement content, with the use of duly
approved aggregates. The maximum net water content and the maximum strength
requirement are specified.

It will be necessary for the Project Engineer to determine in advance of

construction, by means of trial mixes, the exact proportions by weight for each class
of concrete. If the trial mixes will be done in the Regional or District Office,
representative samples of the concrete materials which will be used in the project
should be furnished. However, in some aspects it is preferable to conduct the trial
mixes right on the jobsite, using the intended batch design during actual construction
and the contractors regular batching and mixing equipment. Specimen samples are
taken from the trial batches to be tested for strength whether in Regional or District
Office.

Concrete Composition:

Air 6%
Portland Cement 11%
Gravel or Crushed Stone (Coarse Aggregate) 41%
Sand (Fine Aggregate) 26%
Water 16%

Water:

If you can drink it, you can use it. In the jobsite, you may check the following:
1. SMELL the water should not have any usual smell.
2. TASTE the water should not taste unusual. Remember not to drink it if
you doubt its portable quality
3. CLEAR the water should look clear and clean with little or no sediments.
It is also important that no oil is present.

Coarse Aggregate:

The best coarse aggregates are:

- Strong crushed mountain rock
- Minimal weathered material
- Fairly free of rock dust
- Nearly cubical in shape
 Particle size distribution is determined by getting how much percentage of
the aggregates goes into each sieve.

If the size ranges are in an optimum proportion that they are all fit well
together such that they require minimum cement paste to fill the voids,
then this gives denser and stronger concrete.

Fine Aggregates:

Crusher sand or manufactured sand (S-1) can be used if it is not too flaky and
there is little rock dust.

It shall also consist of natural sand, stone screening or other inert materials
with similar characteristics, or combinations thereof, having hard, strong and durable
particles.

Use of beach sand is not allowed.

Chemical Admixtures:

Type Description Effect

A Water-Reducer The fresh concrete will
require less water to
achieve the same
workability
B Set Retarder The setting time is
delayed: good for hot
weather concreting
C Accelerator The setting time and
strength development
becomes faster
D Water Reducer and Set Combined A and B
Retarder
F High-Range Water Same as Type A, with
Reducer much less water is
required; good for higher
strength concrete
G High-Range Water Combined Type A and B
Reducer and Set Retarder

The first trial mix is selected on the basis of established relationships such as
those given in TABLE V. The values in Table V are based on the mix having a water-
cement ratio of 0.57 by weight, 75 mm slump and natural sand having fineness
modulus of 2.75. For other conditions, it will be necessary to make certain changes
in accordance with the corrections or adjustments given below Table V.
Illustrative Example:

The following example illustrates the necessary steps and calculations to

determine the weight proportions, using materials from Bongabong River. The
following are the preliminary data from the quality test results of fine and coarse
aggregates.

From Preliminary Tests:

(See worksheet of D.S Mix for the Conc. of Roxas-Mansalay Road)
Rounded Aggregate - can be determined thru Visual Inspection
Maximum Size of Aggregate can be determine in the sieve analysis result
of coarse aggregate.
Maximum size of aggregate is the smallest sieve size opening through which
the entire amount of aggregate is required to pass
(100% passing).
Specific Gravity - Saturated Surface Dry

Reminder:

The concrete design mixes should be prepared by the project/materials

engineer of the contractor to be approved by the government Project/Materials
Engineer.
DETERMINATION OF PROPORTION BY WEIGHT BASIS

CEMENT = 40.00 KG
F.A = 61.16 KG
C.A = 165.71 KG
WATER = 14.29 KG
--------------
TOTAL WEIGHT= 280.16 KG

VOLUME OF BEAM MOLD= LWH

= (21) (6) (6)
CU. FT
= 756 CU. IN (12) 3 CU. IN
CU.M X (3)
= 0.4375 CU. FT. (3.28) 3CU.FT.
= 0.0372 CU.M

UNIT WEIGHT OF CONCRETE = 2400 KG/CU.M

TOTAL WEIGHT OF CONCRETE = DV= 0.0372 (2400) = 89.28 KG.

PLUS 10% WASTE = 0.10 (89.28) = 8.92 KG.

-----------------TOTAL WEIGHT OF CONCRETE=

98.20 KG.

LABORATORY BATCH PER TRIAL MIX : (3 MOLDS OF BEAM)

CEMENT = 98.20 (40) = 14.02 KG.

280.16

WATER = 98.20 (14.29) = 5.01 KG.

280.16

F.A = 98.20 (61.16) = 21.09 KG.

280.16

C.A = 98.20 (165.71) = 58.08 KG.

280.16

CHECK :

WEIGHT OF CONCRETE = TOTAL WEIGHTS

98.20 = 14.02 + 5.01 + 21.09 + 58.08
98.20 = 98.20
For cylinder mold :

V = D2 H
4

V = (6)2 (12)
4

V = 339.29 CU. IN

FOR THREE (3) MOLDS:

V = 339.29 (3)

V = 1017 CU. IN ( CU. FT. ) CU. M

------------------------ --------------
( 1728 CU. IN ) 35.29 CU. FT

V = 0.0167 CU. M

UNIT WEIGHT OF CONCRETE = 2,400 KG/CU.M

TOTAL WEIGHT OF CONCRETE = DV = 0.0167 (2400) = 40.08 KG
PLUS 10% WASTE = 0.10 (40.08) = 4.01 KG
TOTAL WEIGHT OF CONCRETE = 44.09 KG

LABORATORY BATCH PER TRIAL MIX: FOR THREE (3) CYLINDER MOLDS

CEMENT = 44.09 (40) = 14.32 KG

238.80

WATER = 44.09 (16.79) = 3.10 KG

238.80

CEMENT = 44.09 (59.02) = 10.90 KG

238.80

WATER = 44.09 (122.99) = 22.71 KG

238.80

YIELD is to check the cement content during construction.

Report on Concrete Work

A report on every continues concreting operation is made by accomplishing

the Report on Concrete Work form. Information placed in the report should be
accurate as can be possible. The report should be submitted to the Regional office
together with the design mix.

Cement :

a) Check laboratory reports to see if source is pretested

b) If not pretested, a 10 kgs sample is required for each 2000 bags or
fraction thereof

Concrete Samples :

a) One set of 3 cylinders ( 3 layers of 25 blows per layer) or beams ( 2 layers

of 63 blows per layer) shall be cast for each 75 cu.m of Concrete or
fraction thereof.
b) Date cast and sample numbers shall be written at side of test specimens.
The sample card, filled out in detail, shall accompany each shipment.
c) Field specimens shall be cured in the field in accordance with the standard
procedure.

Shipment and care of samples :

After 4 to 7 days curing in the field, the samples should be carefully packed
and crated, surrounded with damp sawdust or palay straw and then shipped to the
Regional/District Office. This is done in order that the samples shall be protected
from jarring or impact effects, and because the damp packing will continue the moist
curing during transit or transport.

The samples shall be shipped so as to arrive at 24 hours prior to testing.

Minimum Testing Requirements
(Per Item of Work in the DPWH Standard Specifications)

EARTHWORK

Item 100 Clearing and Grubbing

This item shall consist of clearing, grubbing, removing and disposing all
vegetation and debris, except those objects that are designated to remain in place or
as to removed inconsonance with other provisions of this specification.

Minimum Testing Requirement:

I.R Inspection Report

Item 101 Removal of Structures and Obstructions

This item shall consist of the removal wholly or in part and satisfactory
disposal of all buildings, fences, structures, old pavements, abandoned pipe lines,
and any other obstructions which are not designated or permitted to remain, except
for the obstructions to be removed off.

Minimum Testing Requirement:

I.R Inspection Report

Item 102 Excavation

Utilization of the excavated material all suitable material shall be used in the
embankment, subgrade, shoulders, slopes, bedding and backfill for structures.

Minimum Testing Requirement:

For every 1,500 cu.m or fraction thereof:

1 - Grading
1 - Plasticity Test (LL, PL, PI)
1 - Laboratory Compaction
At least one group of three in-situ density tests for every 500 sq.m of each
layer of compaction fill or fraction thereof. The layer shall be placed not exceeding
200 mm in loose measurement.
D= Volume X 3
500 (0.20 )
or
D= Volume X 3
100

All unsuitable materials shall be disposed off on the designated disposal area
and submit:

CWM Certificate of Waste Materials to offset the required field test

Item 103 Structure Excavation

If materials excavated were to be used as for foundations of bridges, culverts,

under drains:

Minimum Testing Requirement:

Same requirement as in Item 102 except for density test to be determined by:
D -1/trench or per line of pipes

All unsuitable materials shall be disposed off on the designated disposal area
and submit:

CWM Certificate of Waste Materials to offset the required field test

Item 104 Embankment

Minimum Testing Requirement :

For every For every 1,500 cu.m or fraction thereof:
1 - Grading
1 - Plasticity Test (LL, PL, PI)
1 - Laboratory Compaction

At least one group of three in-situ density tests for every 500 sq.m of each
layer of compaction fill or fraction thereof. The layer shall be placed not exceeding
200 mm in loose measurement.

D= Volume X 3
500 (0.20 )
or
D= Volume X 3
100

Item 105 Subgrade Preparation

Shall consist of the preparation of the subgrade for the support of of overlying
structural layers which shall be extended to the full width of the roadway.

Minimum Testing Requirement :

For every For every 1,500 cu.m or fraction thereof:
1 - Grading
1 - Plasticity Test (LL, PL, PI)
1 - Laboratory Compaction
At least one group of three in-situ density tests for every 500 sq.m of each
layer of compaction fill or fraction thereof. The layer shall be placed not exceeding
200 mm in loose measurement.

SUBGRADE AND BASE COURSE

Item 200 Aggregate Subbase Course

Minimum Testing Requirement:

For every 300 cu.m or fraction thereof:

1 Grading
1 Plasticity Test (LL, PL, PI)

For every 1500 cu.m or fraction thereof:

1 Laboratory Compaction
1 Abrasion test

For every 2500 cu.m or fraction thereof:

1 California Bearing Ratio, CBR

For every layer of 150 mm of compacted depth based on the results of

compacted trials:

At least one group of three in-situ density tests for each 500 sq.m or
fraction thereof.
D= Volume X 3
500 (0.15 )
or
D= Volume X 3
75
Item 201 Aggregate Base Course

Minimum Testing Requirement:

For every 300 cu.m or fraction thereof:
1 Grading
1 Plasticity Test (LL, PL, PI)

For every 1500 cu.m or fraction thereof:

1 Laboratory Compaction
1 Quality Test (Grading, Plasticity Test, Abrasion)

For every 2500 cu.m or fraction thereof:

1 California Bearing Ratio, CBR

For every layer of 150 mm of compacted depth based on the results of

compacted trials:
At least one group of three in-situ density tests for each 500 sq.m or
fraction thereof.
D= Volume X 3
500 (0.15 )
or
D= Volume X 3
75

Item 202 - Crushed Aggregate Base Course

Minimum Testing Requirement:

 For every 300 cu.m or fraction thereof:
1 Grading
1 Plasticity Test (LL, PL, PI)

For every 1500 cu.m or fraction thereof:

1 Laboratory Compaction
1 Quality Test (Grading, Plasticity Test, Abrasion)
1 Fractured Face, F

For every 2500 cu.m or fraction thereof:

1 California Bearing Ratio, CBR

For every layer of 150 mm of compacted depth based on the results of

compacted trials:
At least one group of three in-situ density tests for each 500 sq.m or
fraction thereof.
D= Volume X 3
500 (0.15 )
or
D= Volume X 3
75

Item 300 Aggregate Surface Course

Minimum Testing Requirement:

For every 300 cu.m or fraction thereof:

1 Grading
1 Plasticity Test (LL, PL, PI)

For every 1500 cu.m or fraction thereof:

1 Laboratory Compaction
1 Quality Test (Grading, Plasticity Test, Abrasion)

For every 2500 cu.m or fraction thereof:

1 California Bearing Ratio, CBR

For every layer of 150 mm of compacted depth based on the results of

compacted trials:
At least one group of three in-situ density tests for each 500 sq.m or
fraction thereof.
D= Volume X 3
500 (0.15 )
or
D= Volume X 3
75
For crushed gravel or crushed stone, 1500 cu.m or fraction thereof :
1 Fractured Face, F
DPWH Standard Specifications in Soil Construction and Issuances/Policies on
Quality Control Related to Soil (Materials Requirements and Method of
Incorporation)

Item 102 Excavation

Classification of Excavation

a) Roadway Excavation
1. Unclassified Excavation shall consist of the excavation and disposal
of all materials regardless of its nature, and included in the Bill of
Quantities under other pay item.

2. Rock Excavation for boulders 1 cu.m in volume and igneous

sedimentary and metamorphic rock that needs blasting.

3. Common Excavation for Excavation not included in the bill of

Quantities under Item # 2 or other pay items.

4. Muck Excavation for saturated or unsaturated mixtures of soils and

organic matter not suitable for foundation materials regardless of
moisture content.

b) Borrow Excavation
1. Borrow, Case 1 for material obtained from sources designed on the
plans or in the Special Provisions.

2. Borrow, Case 2 for material obtained from sources provided by the

Contractor.

Item 103 Structure Excavation

Consist of excavation for foundations of bridges, culverts, under drains. It also

includes the furnishing and placing of approved filling material for foundation.

It shall also include diverting of live streams, bailing, pimping, draining,

sheeting, bracing and the construction of cribs and cofferdams, and subsequent
removal of cribs and cofferdams and the placing of necessary backfill.

It also includes the furnishing and placing of approved filling material for
foundation.

Item 104 Embankment

Consist of the construction of embankment in accordance with the

specification and in conformity with the lines and grades and dimensions shown in
the plans. Materials shall be suitable either common materials or rock which can be
compacted in the matter specified. Embankment materials is classified as follows:
A-1(Stone fragment gravel and sand), A-2-4 and A-2-5 (silty or clayee gravel and
sand) and A-3 (fine sand).
Materials Requirement:
Suitable materials (Selected Borrow for Topping)
Maximum size - 75 mm (3 inches)
% Passing 0.075 mm (No. 200 sieve) - 15 max
Plasticity Index - 6 max
Liquid Limit - 30 max
% Compaction - 95% min

Item 105 Subgrade Preparation

Materials Requirement:
Unless otherwise sated in the contract and except when the subgrade level to
a depth of 150 mm or to such greater depth as may be specified shall meet the
requirements in Item 104 under Selected Borrow for Topping. The strength of a
subgrade is the principal factor in determining the thickness of the pavement and its
strength is assessed on California Bearing Ratio (CBR) scale.

Item 200 Aggregate Base Course

Consist of furnishing, placing and compacting an aggregate subbase course

on a prepared subgrade in accordance with specifications and lines, grades,
thickness and typical cross-sections shown in the plans.

Materials Requirement:
Fine passing the 0.075 mm (No. 200) sieve shall not exceed two-thirds of the
fraction passing the 0.425 mm (No. 40) sieve:
Maximum size - 50 mm (2 inches)
Liquid Limit - 35 max
Plasticity Index - 12 max
Mass % of wear of retained in No. 10 sieve - 50 max
California Bearing Ratio - 25 min
% Compaction - 100% min

Sieve Designation
Standard Alternate U.S Mass Percent
(mm) Standard Passing
(in)
50 2 100
25 1 55 85
9.5 3/8 40 75
0.075 No. 200 0 12

Item 201 Aggregate Base Course

Consist of furnishing, placing and compacting an aggregate base course on a

prepared subgrade/subbase in accordance with Specifications and the lines, grades,
thickness and typical sections shown on the plans.

Materials Requirements:
Aggregate for base course shall consist of hard, durable particles or
fragments of crushed stone, crushed slag or crushed or natural gravel and filler of
natural or crushed sand or other finely divided mineral matter. The composite
material shall be free from vegetable matter and lumps or balls of clay, and shall be
of such nature that it can be compacted readily to form a stable base.

In some areas where the conventional base course materials are scarcer non-
available, the use of 40% weathered limestone blended with 60% crushed stones or
gravel shall be allowed, provided that the blended materials meet the requirement.

If filler is used for base to meet the grading requirement, it shall be uniformly
blended with the base material on the road or in pugmill. It shall be free from hard
lump and shall not contain 15% of material retained on the 4.75 mm (No. 4) sieve.

Maximum size - 50 mm (2 inches)

Liquid Limit - 25 max
Plasticity Index - 6 max
Mass % of wear of retained in No. 10 sieve - 50 max
California Bearing Ratio - 80 min
% Compaction - 100% min

Sieve Designation Mass Percent Passing

Standard Alternate U.S
(mm) Standard Grading A Grading B
(in)
50 2 100
37.50 1 - 100
25 1 60 85 -
19 - 60 85
12.50 35 65 -
4.75 No. 4 20 50 30 55
0.425 No. 40 5 20 8 25
0.075 No. 200 0 12 2 14

Fraction passing the 0.075 mm ( No. 200) sieve shall not exceed two-thirds of
the fraction passing the 0.425 mm (No. 40) sieve

Item 202 Crushed Aggregate Base Course

Shall consist of furnishing, placing and compacting crushed gravel, crushed

stone or crushed rock on a prepared subgrade/subbase in one or more layers in
accordance with the Specifications and line, grades, thickness and typical cross-
sections shown on the plans.

Materials Requirements:

Crushed Aggregate:

It shall consist of hard, durable particles or fragments of stone or gravel

crushed to the size and of the quality requirements of this item. It shall be such
nature that it can be compacted readily to form a firm, stable base.
 Sieve Designation Mass Percent Passing
Standard Alternate U.S
(mm) Standard Grading A Grading B
(in)
37.50 1 100
25 1 - 100
19 60 85 -
12.50 - 60 90
4.75 No. 4 30 55 35 65
0.425 No. 40 8 25 10 30
0.075 No. 200 2 14 5 15

Fine passing the No. 200 sieve shall not exceed two-thirds of the fraction
passing the No. 40 sieve. If filler is necessary to meet the grading requirement, it
shall be uniformly blended with crushed base course materials on the road or in
pugmill. It shall be free from hard lumps and not contain not more than 15% of
material retained on No. 4 sieve.

Maximum size - 37.5 mm (1 inches)

Liquid Limit - 25 max
Plasticity Index - 6 max
Mass % of wear of retained in No. 10 sieve - 45 max
California Bearing Ratio - 80 min
% Compaction - 100% min

Item 300 Aggregate Surface Course

Shall consist of wearing or top course composed of gravel or crushed

aggregate and binder material, constructed on a prepared base in accordance with
the Specification and in conformity with the lines, grades and typical cross-sections
shown on the plans.

Materials Requirement:

The aggregate shall consist of hard, durable particles or fragments of stone or

gravel and sand or other fine mineral particles free from vegetable matter and lumps
or balls of clay and such nature that it can be cmpacted readily to form a firm, stable
layer. It shall conform to the grading requirements when tested by AASHTO T 11
and T 27.

Fine passing the No. 200 sieve shall not exceed two-thirds of the fraction
passing the No. 40 sieve.
Maximum size - 25 mm (1 inch)
Liquid Limit - 35 maximum
Plasticity Index - 49
Mass % of wear retained in No. 10 Sieve - 45 maximum
% Compaction - 100 minimum
CBR - 25% minimum
80% maximum
 Sieve Designation Mass Percent Passing
Alternate
Standard U.S Grading Grading Grading Grading
(mm) Standard A B C D
(in)
25 1 100 100 100 100
9.5 3/8 50 85 60 100 - -
4.75 No. 4 35 65 50 85 55 100 70 100
2.00 No. 10 25 50 40 70 40 100 55 100
0.425 No. 40 13 30 25 45 20 50 30 70
0.075 No. 200 5 20 5 20 6 20 8 25

When crushed aggregate is called for in the Bill of Quantities, not less than
fifty (50) mass percent of the particles retained on the 4.75 mm (no. 4) sieve shall
have at least one (1) fractured face.
Minimum Testing Requirements
(Per Item of Work in the DPWH Standard Specifications)

CONCRETE TECHNOLOGY

Item 311 Portland Cement Concrete Pavement

Minimum Testing Requirement:

1. Cement:
For every 2000 bags or fraction thereof
1 Quality Test

2. Aggregate:

a) Fine Aggregate
For every 75 cu.m or fraction thereof
1 Grading

For every 1500 cu.m or fraction thereof

1 Quality Test (Grading, Elutriation, Bulk Specific Gravity,
Absorption, Mortar Strength, Soundness, Organic Impurities,
Unit Weight, Percentage Clay Lumps)

b) Coarse Aggregate
For every 75 cu.m or fraction thereof
1 Grading

For every 1500 cu.m or fraction thereof

1 Quality Test (Grading, Bulk Specific Gravity, Absorption,
Abrasion, Soundness and Unit Weight)

3. Water
1 - Certificate from Project Engineer
- Quality Test, if source is questionable

4. Joint Filler
a) Poured Joint Filler
1 Quality Test on each type of ingredient for each shipment

b) Premolded Joint Filler

1 Quality Test on each thickness of filler for each shipment

5. Special Curing Agent

1 Quality test for each shipment

6. Reinforce Steel Bars

 For every 10,000 kgs or fraction thereof for each size
1 Quality Test for Bending Tension and Chemical Analysis

7. Concrete Mix
For every 75 cu.m or fraction thereof or per pouring day
1 Flexural Strength Test (consist of three pieces specimen
samples per set)

8. Completed Pavement
Thickness determination by core drilling on a lot basis:
Five (5) holes per km. per lane or five (5) holes per 500 m when two
(2) lanes are poured concurrently

Item 405 Structural Concrete

Minimum Testing Requirement:

1. Cement:
For every 2000 bags or fraction thereof
1 Quality Test

2. Aggregate:

a) Fine Aggregate
For every 75 cu.m or fraction thereof
1 Grading

For every 1500 cu.m or fraction thereof

1 Quality Test (Grading, Elutriation, Bulk Specific Gravity,
Absorption, Mortar Strength, Soundness, Organic Impurities,
Unit Weight, Percentage Clay Lumps)

b) Coarse Aggregate
For every 75 cu.m or fraction thereof
1 Grading

For every 1500 cu.m or fraction thereof

1 Quality Test (Grading, Bulk Specific Gravity, Absorption,
Abrasion, Soundness and Unit Weight)

3. Water
1 - Certificate from Project Engineer
- Quality Test, if source is questionable

4. Reinforce Steel Bars

For every 10,000 kgs or fraction thereof for each size
1 Quality Test for Bending Tension and Chemical Analysis

5. Joint Filler

1 Quality Test for each shipment

 6. Concrete Mix
For every 75 cu.m or fraction thereof or per pouring day
1 Compression Strength Test (consist of three pieces
specimen samples per set)

Item 406 Prestressed Concrete Structures

Minimum Testing Requirement :

a) Cement
Tests : Same as for Item 405, Class P

b) Steel Reinforcement
Tests : Same as for item 404

c) Wire Strand
Tests : 1 Q , for every 20T or fraction thereof

Item 407 Concrete Structures

Tests : Same Test as for Items 403, 404, 405 and 411
Elastomeric Bearing Pad will be tested to determine its quality

DRAINAGE ANS SLOPE PROTECTION STRUCTURES

Item 500 Pipe Culverts and Storm Drain

Minimum Testing Requirement :

a) Pipes
Tests :
1 Pipe for every 50 pieces : Strength, Absorption and
Dimension
Alternative Requirement :
1 set consisting of 3 concrete cylinder samples for not more
than 25 pieces of pipes cast in the field
1 Inspection Report for each size for not more than 25 Pipes
cast in the field

b) Mortar for Joint

Tests :
Cement, Fine Aggregate and Water same as for Item 405

Item 501 Underdrains

Minimum Testing Requirement

a) Concrete Pipe (Non-Reinforrced)
Tests :
 0.5% of the number of pipes of each size but not less
than 2, for strength, absorption and dimension

Alternative Requirement :
1 set consisting of 3 concrete cylinder samples for not more
than 25 pieces of pipes cast in the field
1 Inspection Report for each size for not more than 25 Pipes
cast in the field

b) Clay Pipe
Tests :
1 Pipe for every 200 pieces each size, with minimum of 2
specimens for strength, absorption and dimension

Item 502 Manholes, Inlets and Catch Basins

Minimum Testing Requirement :

a) Concrete
Tests : Same as for Item 405, Class A

Item 505 Riprap and Grouted Riprap

Minimum Testing Requirement :

Tests : Same as for Item 506

Item 506 Stone Masonry

Minimum Testing Requirement :

a) Cement
Tests :
For every 2000 bags or fraction thereof
1 Quality Test

b) Fine Aggregate
Tests : Same as for Item 405

c) Stone
1 Inspection Report

d) Water
1 - Certificate from Project Engineer
- Quality Test, if source is questionable

Item 507 Rubble Concrete

Minimum Testing Requirement :

Tests :
Cement , F.A, C.A, Water, Concrete - Same as for Item 405
Boulders Inspection Report
Weepholes Inspection Report
Item 508 Hand-Laid Rock Embankment

Minimum Testing Requirement :

Tests : Inspection Report

For every 1500 cu.m or fraction thereof

1 Specific Gravity
DPWH Standard Specifications in Concrete Construction and Issuances/Policies on
Quality Control Related to Concrete (Materials Requirements and Method of
Incorporation)

Item 311 Portland Cement Concrete Pavement

Shall consist of pavement of Portland Cement Concrete, with or without

reinforcement, constructed on the prepared base in accordance with this
specification and in conformity with lines, grades, thickness and typical cross-section
shown on the plans.

Materials Requirement

1. Cement only Type I Portland Cement shall be however, the use

of Portland Pozzolan Cement Type IP shall be allowed
provided it meet the requirements of AASHTO M 240/
ASTM C 595
2. Aggregates:
a. Fine Aggregate shall consist of natural sand, stone
screenings
or other inert materials with similar characteristics, or
combinations thereof, having hard, strong and durable
particles.
Maximum size - 9.5 mm (3/8)
Mass % of materials passing No. 200 - 3 maximum
Mass % of Clay lumps - 1 maximum
Soundness ( in 5 cycles) - 10 maximum
Mortar strength ( 7 and 28 days)% - 95 minimum

The use of beach sand shall not be allowed without the approval of
the engineer.

Sieve Mass Percent

Designation Passing
9.5 mm (3/8) 100
4.75 mm (No. 4) 95 100
2.36 mm (No. 8) -
1.18 mm (No. 16) 45 80
0.600 mm (No. 30) -
0.300 mm (No. 50) 5 30
0.150 mm (No. 100) 0 10

b. Coarse Aggregate it shall consist of crushed stone,

gravel,
blast furnace slag, or other inert materials of similar
characteristics, or combinations thereof that is hard,
strong, durable pieces and free from any adherent
coatings.
 Maximum size - 75 mm (3)
Mass % of materials passing No. 200 - 1 maximum
Mass % of Clay lumps - 0.25 maximum
Soundness ( in 5 cycles) - 12 maximum
Mass % of soft fragments - 3.5 maximum
Mass % of wear retained in No. 10 sieve - 40 maximum

Sieve Designation Mass Percent Passing

Standard Alternate U.S Grading Grading Grading
(mm) Standard (in) A B C
75 3 100 - -
63 2 90 100 100 100
50 2 - 90 100 95 100
37.5 1 25 60 35 70 -
25 I - 0 15 35 70
19 0 10 - -
12.5 05 05 10 30
4.75 No. 4 - - 05

3. Reinforce Steel Bar dowel and tie bars shall conform to the
requirements of AASHTO M 31 or M 42. Tie bar shall deform
and dowel shall be 16 mm plain round bar.

Tension Test :
Yield Strength - 406 MPa minimum
Tensile Strength - 582 MPa minimum
% Elongation - 10 minimum
Deformation :
Average Spacing - 8.40 mm maximum
Height - 0.50 1.00 mm
Gap - 9.40 mm maximum
Variation in Weight -+ 6.00% maximum

4. Water shall be reasonably clean and free of oil, salt, acid, alkali,
grass or other substances injurious to the finished product

5. Joint Filler poured Joint Filler shall be mixed asphalt and mineral
or rubber filler conforming to the applicable requirements in
Item 705, Joint Materials. It shall be punched to admit the
dowels where called for in the plans. The filler for each joint
shall be furnished in a single piece for the full depth and
width required for the joint.

6. Admixtures
Air-entraining admixture -shall conform to the requirements of
AASHTO M 154.
Chemical admixtures , if specified or permitted shall conform to
the requirements in AASHTO M 194

Fly Ash, if specified or permitted as a mineral admixture and

as 20% partial replacement of Portland Cement in
 concrete mix shall conform to the requirements of ASTM
C 618

Admixtures shall only be added to the concrete mix to produce

some desired modifications to the properties of concrete where
necessary, but not as partial replacement of cement.

7. Curing Materials
Shall conform to the following requirements :
a) Burlap Cloth - AASHTO M 182
b) Liquid Membrane forming compounds - AASHTO M 148
c) Sheeting (film) materials - AASHTO M 171

Cotton mats and water-proof paper can be used.

8. Concrete Mix
Slump 40 75 mm (if not vibrated)
10 40 mm (if vibrated)
Flexural Strength 550 psi at 14 days (3.8 MPa)
third point method
- 650 psi at 14 days (4.5 MPa)
mid point method
Strength level of the concrete (core samples) is
Compressive Strength 3,500 psi at 14 days (24.14 MPa)

Other Requirements :
Mixing mixing plant time 50 90 seconds. When transporting mixed
Concrete, the time elapsed from the time water is added to the mix
until the concrete is deposited in place at the site shall not exceed
45 minutes when concrete is hauled in non-agitating truck, nor 90
minutes when hauled truck mixers or agitators.

Placing concrete should be proportioned , placed and consolidated such

that sufficient mortar is available at the surface for finishing
surfaces. Concrete shall be thoroughly consolidated by means of
vibrators inserted in the concrete in a vertical position and shall not
operated than 15 seconds in any one location.

Acceptance of Concrete the strength level of the concrete will be considered

satisfactory if the averages of all sets of three (3) consecutive
strength test results equal or exceed the specified strength and no
individual strength result is deficient by more than 15 % of the
specified strength. In no case, if the strength of concrete does not
meet the requirements and is not feasible to obtain cores from the
structure due to structural considerations, payment of the concrete
will be made at an adjustment price due to strength deficiency of
concrete specimens as specified in the Standard Specifications
Hand Book.
 Deficiency in Strength of Percent (%) of Contract
Concrete Specimens, Percent (%) Price Allowed
Less than 5 100
5 to less than 10 80
10 to less than 15 70
15 to less than 20 60
20 to less than 25 50
25 or more 0

Core Test when obtaining core specimens for test results of concrete beam
samples are not acceptable, at least three representative cores
shall be taken from each member or area of concrete in-place
considered deficient.

Evaluation of Core Samples concrete in the area represented by the cores

will be considered adequate if the average strength of the cores is
equal to at least 85% of, and if no single core is less than 75% of,
the specified strength.

Measurement of Core Samples for each core sample, measurement shall

be made at nine (9) peripherals. The average thickness of the core
obtained from nine measurements, subject to the following :

a) Individual measurements in excess of the specified thickness by

more than 5 mm will considered as specified thickness plus
5 mm.
b) Individual measurements less than the specified thickness by
more than 25 mm shall not be included in the average.

Item 405 Structural Concrete

Concrete shall consist of a mixture of Portland Cement, fine aggregate,

coarse aggregate, admixture when specified, and water mixed in the proportions
specified or approved by the Engineer.

Classes and Uses of Concrete :

Class A All superstructures and heavily reinforced substructures. The
important parts of the structure included are slabs, beams, girders,
columns, arch ribs, box culverts, reinforced abutments, retaining
walls, and reinforced footings.
Class B Footings, pedestals, massive pier shafts, pipe bedding, and gravity
walls, unreinforced or with only a small amount of reinforcement.

Class C Thin reinforced sections, railings, precast R.C Piles and cribbing
and for filler in steel grid floors.
Class P Prestressed concrete structures and members
Seal Concrete deposited in water
Material Requirements:
Portland Cement shall conform to all the requirements for Item 311
Fine Aggregate shall conform to all the requirements of Item 311
Coarse Aggregate shall conform to all the requirements in Item 311 except
for the gradation requirements

Standard Alternate Class Class Class Class Class

(mm) US (in) A B C P Seal
63 2 100
50 2 100 95 100
37.50 1 95 100 - 100
25 1 - 35 70 100 95 100
19 35 70 - 95 100 -
12.5 - 10 30 - 25 60
9.5 3/8 10 30 - 20 55 -
4.75 No. 4 05 05 0 10* 0 10*

*The measured cement content shall be within plus (+) or (-) minus 2 mass percent
of the design cement content

Item 406 Prestressed Concrete Structures

Material Requirements :
a) Concrete and Grout
The materials for concrete and grout shall conform to Item 405, Structural
Concrete. The concrete shall be Class P.
b) Prestressing Reinforcing Steel and Prestressing Steel shall confom to the
requirements of Item 710. Prestressing Steel shall be protected against
physical damage and rust or other results of corrosion at all times from
manufacture to grouting.
c) Elastomeric Bearing Pads Shall conform to requirements of Item 412